IELTS Writing Task 1 Tips (P6)

7/25/2019 IELTS Writing Task 1 Tips (P6)

1/49

Pfdd, tbat igeidumfs gur praitliad aem stratf`li stumy

go

tbf LFD]Y Aiamfjli Prltle` ]asc Gef.

At tbls pglet, L wgudm dlcf tg jfetlge aàle a igjjfet orgj tbf Ahgut ]bls Hggc sfitlge tbat

tbfrf arf

eg ja`li aeswfrs

tg ghtalele` bl`bfr haem sigrfs le tbf LFD]Y tfst. Lt ls a tfst

go

Fe`dlsb daeùa`f ahldlty, sg, go igursf, ygu ghtale bl`bfr sigrfs hy bavle` bl`bfr ahldlty.

Ifrtaledy, hy ogddgwle` tbfsf tlps aem blets igrrfitdy aem apprgprlatfdy ygu iae lemffm ljprgvf

ygur ibaeifs `rfatdy, hut ygu

just

ogddgw tbfj igrrfitdy aem apprgprlatfdy.

o

ygu mg egt mg

tbls, ygu wldd try tg usf tbf tlps le tbls hggc, hut jacf jlstacfs, jlx up tbf stratf`lfs, ogr`ft

tbf ljpgrtaet amvlif, aem

egt

prgmuif a hfttfr plfif go wrltle` at add. ]lps gedy wgrc wbfe usfm

adge`slmf sgdlm Fe`dlsb scldds. Bgw iae wrltle` tlps bfdp lo ygu stldd iaeegt wrltf7

Yg, tg amvaeif ygur wrltle` slèloliaetdy hfygem tbf sigrf go ygur prfsfet ahldlty, ygu wldd effm

tg cffp wgrcle` ge ygur Fe`dlsb scldds; wrltle`, `rajjar, aem vgiahudary. \gu adsg effm tg cffp

fxpfrlfeile` tbf wgrdm tg bfdp wltb lemfpfemfet tblecle` scldds. Hy mgle` tbls, tg`ftbfr wltb

iarfoud stumy

go

tbls hggc, ygu wldd hf`le

tg

usf tbf tlps aem blets igrrfitdy aem apprgprlatfdy,

rfaible` ygur `gads, aem `gle` hfygem.

g bfdp wltb tbls, ygu arf egw amvlsfm tg iarfouddy aem jftbgmliaddy wgrc tbrgu`b tbf gtbfr

hggcs

go

tbls sfrlfs

lo

ygu bavf egt mgef sg adrfamy). ]bfsf hggcs arf;

Hggc ; Xfamle`

Hggc

8;

Ypfacle`

Hggc =; Prltle` ]asc ]wg SAiamfjli JgmudfZ

Hggc 6; LFD]Y ]fst ^raitlif Hggc

]bf dast go tbfsf bas slx praitlif tfsts, igjpdftf wltb sajpdf aeswfrs aem aeadysls, addgwle` ygu

tg igesgdlmatf add ygur scldds. @ggm duic, aem tbaec ygu ogr travfddle` tbls rgam wltb jf.

F

>

u

QK


2/49

Appfemlx

_giahudary Fxfrilsf

1 prgoldf ?. irgss sfitlge 11 . trfem

8 oraitlge 0. prgpgrtlge 18. fxpgrtfm

9 igrrfdatlge 2. mftalds 19. igbfrfet

=. oduoo

. sl`epgsts

16. rfdfvaet

Appfemlx 8

]lp

=

Fxfrilsf 9 ^art ]wg; Ogrjad Fe`dlsb

1?. iatf`grlfs

81

. avglm

10. apprgprlatf 88. dlst

12. jaturf 89. ltadlis

1. apprgaib

86. lmfetloy


3/49

gtfs

8. B avf `gt' jfaes tbf sajf as 'bavf', hut tbfy bavf mloofrfet `rajjar. Igjparf 'Pbat bavf ygu

`gt7' tg 'Pbat mg ygu bavf7' ]bfy adsg bavf mloofrfet dfvfds go ogrjadlty. 'Bavf `gt' ls usfm jgrf

le spgcfe Fe`d lsb, wbfrfas 'bavf' ls usfm jgrf le wrlttfe Fe`dlsb3 tbus, lt ls hfttfr tg usf 'bavf' le

LFD]Y wrltle`.

=. 'Dlcf' bfrf ls usfm as a prfpgsltlge. 'Dlcf' as a vfrh ls apprgprlatf S'^fgpdf dlcf iars.'Z, hut 'dlcf' as a

prfpgsltlge S'Bf sguemfm dlcf a prgofsslgead sle`fr. Z sbgudm

hf

avglmfm le ogrjad wrltle`.

6. Mg egt usf tbf olrst-pfrsge prgegues {'L ' aem 'wf') gr tbf sfigem-pfrsge prgegue ('ygu'). LFD]Y ]asc

Gef ls a ogrjad sujjary go oaits, sg pfrsgead prgegues arf egt apprgprlatf.

]bfrf ls a dgt go 'oduoo' le hggcs, `lvle` sfetfeifs suib as 'Pf iae sff orgj tbf ibart tbat.

..

' ]bls ls

hfttfr wrlttfe le tbf passlvf vglif as 'Lt iae

hf

sffe orgj tbf ibart tbat.. .', hut, as ]lp ? fxpdales, lt

ls gedy oduoo aeyway, aem sg wby wrltf lt7

g

slec dlcf a rgic' ls cegwe as

ae

lmlgj. Lmlgjs arf egt ogrjad, aem ygu sbgudm

hf

iarfoud ahgut

usle` tbfj le ]asc Gef wrltle` .

?. ]bf prghdfj bfrf ls tbf usf go a sle`df ml`lt, gr eujhfr, '' ls igrrfit, as

le

'elef jfe aem 1> wgjfe' . Yle`df ml`lts arf, bgwfvfr, aiifptahdf lo tbfy

igjf wltb gtbfr syjhgds, ogr fxajpdf ' 9' gr '9%', sleif tbls 'mguhdfs' tbflr dfe`tb, jacle` tbfj dggc

dfss 'harf', jgrf 'wgrm-dlcf', aem idfarfr. Lo tbf olùrfs ge tbf tasc arf 'mfiljads', suib as 8.=, 9., ?.>, aem =.> rfspfitlvfdy.

0. 62 ls twg ml`lts, hut tbf jfssa`f ls jgrf idfardy `lvfe wltb rguem olùrfs - tbat ls, judtlpdfs go 1>.

]bus, 62 ls hfttfr wrlttfe as 'adjgst ?> , wbldf < le tbf prfvlgus sfetfeif ls hfttfr wrlttfe as 'kust

uemfr 1G gr 'dfss tbae 1G .

2. =< ls aàle twg ml`lts, hut wbfe jacle` igjparlsges (wblib ygu sbgudm ifrtaledy mg - sff ]lp 19),

tbf jfssa`f ls oar hfttfr `lvfe wbfe sbgwe as a or itlge gr prgpgrtlge go gef olùrf aàlest tbf

gtbfr.

As ]lp 18, ârt Ylx fxpdales, ygu iae usf tbf `rajjar;

S Z ls SRZ tljfs bl`bfr tbae) SHZ.


4/49

19. Ghvlgusdy ls egt apprgprlatf sleif wbat ygu olem ghvlgus ls egt adways sg tg gtbfrs . Lt ls hfttfr tg

usf idfardy

gr

idfar .

Judtlpdf-wgrm vfrhs iae usuaddy hf rfpdaifm hy jgrf ogrjad sle`df-wgrm vfrhs . ]bus, `g up ls hfttfr

wrlttfe as leirfasf gr rlsf.

1=. Mg egt hf`le sfetfeifs wltb Aem ... . Vsf Adsg, ...

gr

Le

ammltlge, ...

gr,

lo

sfqufe le`

fvfets adge`

tbf R axls, usf ]bfe , .. .

,

Efxt, ... , Aotfr tbat, . .. aem gtbfr sfqufeile` pbrasfs SYff ]lp ; Yajpdf Ogrfst-_lfws

c A

Gvfr tbf wbgdf pfrlgm , ahsfetfflsj at Ytratbhure rfjales dgw aem hasliaddy ueibae`fm, wbfrfas

Jfdslmf bgdms tbf muhlgus* mlstleitlge* go egt gedy a hl``fr prghdfj, hut adsg a wgrsfele` gef , sffle` a

`rgw

le

` hgmy

go

stumfets egt attfemle` sibggd.

sc H

@fefraddy spfacle` , tbls fstahdlsbjfet ls huslfst at twg mlstleit* tljfs ; fardy

le

tbf jgrele` aem datf

le

tbf aotfregge, wltb tbfsf pfrlgms dg`liaddy igrrfspgemle`* tg tbf jgrele` aem aotfregge rusb bgurs ,

wbfe jgst igjjutle` giiurs.

c I

]bf jale jfssa`f ls tbat Yeazzdf rfjalefm, hy oar, tbf jgst igesujfm seaic har, adtbgu`b tbls

pgp udar lty mlm mfid lef sgjfwbat wltb tbf passle` go tljf, pfrbaps igrrfdatle`* tg tbf stfamy yft

sl`eloliaet asifet go Yeltib .

l p 2 Fxfrilsf 18; Jgrf Yajpdf Ogrfst-_lfws

sc

A

Gvfradd , le add yfars apart orgj gef le tbf jlm-pfrlgm , @J] Velvfrslty fjpdgyfm sl`eloliaetdy jgrf

wgjfe tbae jfe, as wfdd as bavle` sljldar ajguets aem ratlgs* go staoole`. Le tbat jlm-pfrlgm , bgwfvfr,

tbf eujhfr

go

jadf staoo was fxtragrmlearldy bl`b, jgrf tbae mguhdle` tbat

go

tbf gtbfr `femfr, jacle`


5/49

]asc H

Dggcle` as a wbgdf, tbf a`feiy grl`leaddy oguem fjpdgyjfet jgstdy ogr tfaibfrs, wbfrfas tbrff yfars

datfr, tbls idlfetfdf* hfiajf gedy a jlegr part

go

tbf igjpaeys huslefss, wltb tbf fjpbasls bavle`

sblotfm tg tbf twg jfmliad prgofsslges (mgitgrs aem eursfs), wblib, hy àrefrle`* jgrf tbae gef tblrm

faib

go

tbf tgtad turegvfr, mgjleatf rfirultjfet eujhfrs.

]asc

Ge tbf wbgdf, tgurlsts ljprfsslges

go

_litgrla wfrf qultf oavgurahdf lemffm, wltb gedy a sjadd jlegrlty

fxprfssle` efàtlvf sfetljfets.* ^frbaps igesfqufetdy tg tbls, apart orgj gef jlm-pfrlgm mgweture ,

tbls statf hfiajf leirfasle`dy pgpudar as a pdaif ogr tgurlsts tg spfem tbflr bgdlmays.

]asc M

Gvfr tbf wbgdf pfrlgm, ^ftfrs`dfe Velvfrslty udtljatfdy prgvfm hy oar tbf jgst pgpudar, wltb lts stumfet

hgmy fxp emle`

sg oast aem igeslstfetdy tbat, hy tbf olead yf r, lt bam hffe jgrf tbae

twlif

tbf

mfjg`rapbli* slzf

go

tbf gtbfr lestltutfs.

e

ammltlge, add tbfsf pdaifs fxpfrlfeifm `rgwtbs, apart orgj

IJ], wbfrf tbf eujhfr mfsifemfm as tljf wfet hy, udtljatfdy sffle` lt hfigjf tbf dfast-attfemfm

ifetrf go dfarele`.

]asc F

@fefraddy spfacle`, tbfrf arf twg mlstleit* trfems. Olrstdy, tbf bfavy-muty arjs (rlodfs aem sbgtùes)

wfrf adways oar jgrf igstdy tbae tbf dl`btfr wfapgery, hfle` ge avfra`f twg tg tbrff tljfs tbf prlif .

]bf sfigem trfem ls tbat add tbfsf mfvlifs hfiajf leirfasle`dy fxpfeslvf , olelsble` wltb tbflr bl`bfst

ajguets, apart orgj sdu` ùes, wblib , sgjfwbat strae`fdy, mfolfm tbls leodatlgeary* prfssurf, rfjalele`

adjgst tgta ddy statli* gvfr tbf wbgdf pfrlgm .

]asc O

e

`fefrad , tbf jgrf sfmatf* aem statli* jusfujs aem art àddfrlfs arf pgpudar wltb tbf gdmfr `fefratlge,

wbfrfas hfaibfs aem hars, sgjfwbat prfmlitahdy, arf orfqufetfm* jgrf hy tbf ygue`fr irgwm, wbldf

ilefjas rfjale dlcfm hy add a`fs . Ammltlgeaddy, tbfsf trfems hfigjf jgst apparfet at fltbfr fem

go

tbf

a`f spfitruj* , jfaele` tbat add tbfsf rfirfatlgead ifetrfs rfiflvf qultf rfspfitahdf eujhfrs

go

jlmmdf

a`fm patrges*.

Pgrm Dfarele` ]ljf

Jatib tbf wgrms ge tbf dfot

(*

le tbf prfvlgus tfxt wltb tbflr jfaele` ge tbf rl`bt.

muhlgus (amk) tg hf tbf sajf as

gr

jatib sgjftble`

8 mlstleitlge (e) go mguhtoud quadlty gr wgrtb

9 mlstleit (amk) a idfar mloofrfeif gr igetrast

= tg igrrfspgem (v) rfdatle` tg mloofrfeif orgj wbat ls egrjad

gr

fxpfitfm

6 tg igrrfdatf

(v) a rfdatlgesblp hftwffe twg tble`s rfprfsfetfm hy twg eujhfrs

? ratlg (e) tg hf idgsfdy igeefitfm aem aoofit

gr

mfpfem

ge

faib gtbfr

0

aegjadgusdy (amv) a offdle`

gr

ae gplelge, fsp. gef hasfm ge fjgtlges

2

idlfetfdf (e) tg ghtale gr igddfit stb., suib as leogrjatlge gr suppgrt

-

+


6/49

sfetljfet

e)

idfar, pdale, gr uejlstacfahdf3 hfle` egt tbf sajf as gtbfrs

mfjg`rapbli (amk) add tbf iustgjfrs gr idlfets go a sbgp gr gràelsatlge

18

leodatlgeary (amk) tg vlslt a partliudar pdaif gotfe

19 statli

(amk) sdgw, iadj, aem rfdaxfm3 daicle` fxiltfjfet

1=

sfmatf

(amk) a igjpdftf gr wlmf rae`f go stb.

16

tg orfqufet v)

rfdatle` tg a `fefrad rlsf

le

tbf prlifs go `ggms aem sfrvlifs

1?

spfitruj

e)

a pfrsge wbg usfs a partliudar sbgp, stgrf, rfstauraet fti.

10 patrge

e)

rfdatle`

tg

tbf pgpudatlge aem tbf `rgups

wltble

lt

Egtf tbat add tbfsf ogrfst-vlfws ...

1

try tg

igvfr

tbf wbgdf tasc (tbf ogrfst),

aem

egt kust bl`bdl`bt sle`df spfiloli pglets.

8. . . . try tg usf

sgjf

rfad-wgrdm Fe`dlsb as apprgprlatf ('fjpdgyfm', 'pgpudar', h

uslfst',

rfirult-

jfet', 'fxpfeslvf',

'idlfetfdf', 'leodatlgeary',

aem gtbfrs).

9. . . . mg egt `lvf gplelges. ]bfrf arf gedy sgjf bgefst eaturad rfaitlges as apprgprlatf ( fxtragrml

earldy ,

'aegjadgus

d

y', 'sgjfwbat

strae`fd

y',

'prfmlitah

d

y',

aem sg ge).

=. ... mg egt usf olùrfs,

gr

fvfe

matfs. ]bfsf arf `fefraddy rfofrrfm tg ('jlm-pfrlgm', 'grl`leaddy',

'tbrff

yfars

datfr', 'olelsble`',

fti.). Ypfiloli olùrfs aem matfs

iae

appfar le tbf trff-vlfws.

Appfemlx =

]lp

Fxfrilsf 11> sadfs pfrogrjaeifs

go

Yeazzdf , Yjggtbdgw, aem Yeltib ibgig-

datf hars, add tbrff hfle` prgmuits

go

tbf Ibuecy Ibgigdatf igjpaey.

Egt Jfetlgele` tbf ]asc

A. Pbat ogddgws ls a sujjary

go

tbf varlatlges le ahsfetfflsj at Jfdslmf aem Ytratbhure Bl`b Yibggds

tbrgu`bgut a yfar.

H. ]bf oduituatlges

le

tbf passfe`fr usa`f go Eghdf ârc statlge tbrgu`bgut tbf may iae hf suj-

jarlsfm as ogddgws.

I. ]bf ogddgwle` sujjarlsfs tbf 8>1> sadfs pfrogrjaeifs

go

Ibuecy Ibgigdatf Hars wltb rfspfit tg

Yeazzdf, Yjggtbdgw, aem Yeltib.

F

>

u

V

5


8/49

Appfemlx 6

]lp 11 Fxfrilsf

81

; Dfxliad _arlfty

ârt Gef; Dfxliad Ibales

Ibale Gef Ibale ]wg Ibale ]brff Ibale Ogur Ibale Olvf

Orgj SR1) tg SR8Z,

@ffdge` s

prgolt

leirfasfs

a `rfat mfad.

Le tbf pfrlgm SR1Z-SR8Z,

tbls iduh s olùrf rlsfs

`rfatdy.

Le

tbf efxt yfar, tbf tfaj s eujhfr* `rgws

slèloliaetdy.

Le tbf efxVogddgwle`

tbf/lts farele`s idljh

egtlifahdy.

SR8-R1) yfars,

ajguet* hfigjfs `rfatfr.

Eujhfr ls gt usfm wltb ueiguetahdf egues. Mg egt say;

]bf eujhfr

g

orult/watfr/gld . e tbfsf iasfs, usf olùrf ge lts gwe gr ajguet .

Ge tbf igetrary, ajguet

ls gt

usfm wltb iguetahdf egues. Mg egt say;

]bf ajguet g appdfs/iars/pfgpdf . e tbfsf iasfs, usf olùrf ge lts gwe gr eujhfr .

Ibale Ylx

]bfe, orgj SR9Z

tg SR=Z,

@ffdge`s

prgol t

Le

tbf efxt mfiamf (ifetury/

bado yfar/quartfr/ ..)/de tbf

olrst bado

g

tbf pfrlgm/Le tbf

sfigem bado ./Le tbf dast SRZ

yfars/ ... ,

Ibale Yfvfe Ibale Fl`bt

mfirfasfs sdl`btdy.

mfidlefs

a dlttdf.

oadds jar`leaddy.

mrgps

, hut egt slèloliaetdy.

hfigjfs

sjaddfr.

Ibale Elef

stays tbf sajf.

rfjales dfvfd.

. cffps stahdf .

.

mgfs egt ibae`f.

. bas dlttdf ibae`f.


9/49

ârt ]wg Yyegeyjs aem ârapbrasfs

arfa

rf`lge

igjpaey

gràelsatlge

fxpgrts

prgmuits

prgmuitlge

gutput

iustgjfrs idlfetfdf

fdfitrlilty mfjaem

pgwfr effms

dfvfd go fmuiatlge

mf`rff go stumy

letfreatlgead tgurlsts ogrflè travfdfrs

uefjpdgyjfet ratf mf`rff go kghdfssefss

(sbarf) prlif . vaduf

tgurlst mfstleatlges pdaifs vlsltfm

traespgrt jfaes go travfd

olrle` go staoo

mlsjlssad

blrle` go staoo rfirultjfet

bavle` ibldmrfe prgmuile` goosprle`

Kapae mfvfdgpfm iguetry

pftrgd oufd

jfmliad igjpdalets

bfadtb lssufs

ibae`le` aiigjjgmatlge

jgvle` gef s bgusf

dflsurf tljf tljf goo

bgusfbgdm `ggms mgjfstli appdlaeifs

vlslts ahrgam gvfrsfas travfd

ljprlsgejfet leiarifratlge

rfasges ogr igjpdalet

iausfs go `rlfvaeif

sibggd suhkfits aiamfjli arfas

tbf VYA aem Furgpf

hgtb rf`lges

jaea`fjfet stydfs ways go jaea`le`

stumy bgurs tljf levfstfm

jl`ratlge

jgvfjfet

g

pgpudatlge

ibgrfs bgusfbgdm tascs

mlstrlit

huslefss/fetfrprlsf

igjjgmltlfs

ylfdm

pfgpdf sfrvfm

fefr`y igesujfm

sibgdastli aiblfvfjfet

tbgsf `gle` ahrgam

tbgsf wltbgut kghs

wgrtb

oavgurfm dgiatlges

jftbgms

g

jgvle` arguem

tfrjleatlge

g

fjpdgyjfet

olemle` go fjpdgyffs

prgirfatlge

Aslae eatlge

sgurif go pgwfr

hgmldy aldjfets

rfslmfetlad rfdgiatlge

gppgrtueltlfs ogr rfdaxatlge

jaiblefs ogr bgjf usf

ogrflè kgurefys

mftfetlge

sgurifs go mlsigetfet

olfdms go stumy

tbfsf twg parts go tbf wgrdm

jftbgms go baemdle` staoo

bgurs ahsgrhfm

rfdgiatlge tg gtbfr iguetrlfs

mgjfstli mutlfs

F

u

Z)

5


10/49

Appfemlx ?

]lp 18 Fxfrilsf 89; _frh aem Egue @rajjar

_frh @rajjar

_frh

Amvfrh

1. leirfasfs

mrajatliaddy

S\Z

8.

`rgws

raplmdy

9. rlsfs

sbarpdy

=. idljhs

jgmfratfdy

]bf eujhfr

6

asifems

jar`leaddy

?

Saey

go

tbf ahgvf

ogurogdm

1

olvf vfrhsZ

0.

L

oadds

stffpdy

2 .

suhstaetladdy

]bf ol`urf

]bf ajguet

.

mfsifems

`ramuaddy

11 . mrgps sdgwdy

Lt

18

.

mfidlefs sdl`btdy

Egue @rajjar

Amkfitlvf

Egue

1.

mrajatli

leirfasf

]bfrf ls

8. raplm

`rgwtb

S]ljf

sffs

8

9. sbarp rlsf

pfrlgmZ

wltefssfs

8

=.

jgmfratf

idljh

bas

9

6

jar`lead

asifet

tg

hy

?>

orgj

sbgws

?.

ogurogdm

1

Saey

go

tbf ahgvf

a

olvf egues

uemfr`gfs

0. stffp

oadd

S\Z

fxpfrlfeifs

2 . suhstaetlad

. `ramuad

mfsifet

11. sdgw

mrgp

18. sdl`bt

mfidlef

Velts

2>

8

8 6

8 1

- orgj...

tg ...

- le tbf pfrlgm >6-1>.

- le gvfr/tbrgu`bgut/ogr/

murle`) tbf olvf-yfar

pfrlgm./tbfsf olvf yfars./

tbf pfrlgm le qufstlge.

- wltb tbf passle` go tljf.

- as t ljf `gfs hy

Velts

~ ; ? L

2>

orgj

8

8 6

8 1

1

]bls clem

go

amvfrh/amkfitlvf hf`les orgj twgogdm gewarms; tbrffogdm , ogurogdm , olvfogdm , aem sg ge.

8

]bfsf vfrhs iae hf hfttfr uemfrstggm hy lja`lele` tbf tljf pfrlgm as ae ghkfit wltb ae fyf , dggcle` at tbf

ibae`fs giiurrle`. ]bus, tbls pfrlgm mgfs lemffm sff aem wltefss .

9

Xfjfjhfr tbat tbls vfrh ls hfst usfm wltb S\Zs wblib iae sbgw pgssfsslge - ogr fxajpdf, iguetrlfs ( Kapae ),

gr`aelsatlges ( Ibuecy Ibgigdatf ), ratbfr tbae igeifpts ( eujhfr , prgolt , aem gtbfrs).


11/49

Appfemlx 0

]lp 18, Fxfrilsf 8=; @rapb @rajjar aem Ofaturfs

1.

]bf /

....................

.

......

,

..

...

/

........

~

i

l o

)mfirfasfs

1

.

aTP

v f r t l ~ a

T ]bf sadfs T... ../ T

moaG'at.TI ;

axls T

vgdujf .................. 1

) (. "ts)

1

........................ 8.

dtWK

sbgws ad mfirfasf, ~ ; ; .

'

uel

,

...............

...........

mra

L '

r1 T 1. d ~ d

jirfasfk tg

L teat3i K } .

K .

1>>

T8. l rfaibfs a pfac

go

2>. - - ...... . . WWW

s t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ; o T k pfacs at 2>. 1

~ 3 ~ ~ ~ T

.........

ahgut; ....... T ......... .

: orgj

2>)

apprgxljatfdy;

0>

... a mlp ~ ; / ~ . . 3 ; ;

T .............

...

.

..

..........

...

.

...

' -...

....

a

mgweture

1

T

........

T E

a pfac , hy 166

SajguetZ T

6>

..

......

W ;

................

tbf -

go

;

oduituatlges .. ..

K

...

,

.........

.

..

tg

oduituatf

/

^ ~ 3 l g m g o /

tg

36

/ (le)stahldlty a

dgw pgjt

.............................. . ;;;;. tbf dgwfst

pglet

]bf

bgrlzgetad

o

1. Lt mfirfasfs.....------------------- ' ' +-----

b , .

o d u i t u a t l g e s .

>1 >8

>9

>= >6 >? >0 axls

A s t ~ y

.....

b; ;....... Orgj >1 tg >8 ; stahdf T at

ahgut

; s arp ; 1.

Lt

rfjales

1

igestaet.. .. =6.

ka``fm

T Le tbf olrst twg yfars ;. tbf sajf }

T

sjggtb

T Le

tbf

pfrlgm >1->8 8.

Lt sbgws

L

g

"k

.

b

~ ~

< 3

T

sjadd d l t t d f ~

rfjalele` at =6.)

. . K . ~ r . < ~ ;

8. Pbfe mfsirlhle` tbls `rapb dlef, tg avglm gvfrwrltle` (tbat ls, tg avglm leidumle` tgg juib jlegr mftald

aem rfpftltlvf sfetfeif struiturfs), ygu sbgu

dm

plic tbf jakgr trfems, prghahdy mfsirlhle` tbf `rapb

le

tbf tljf ibuecs S>1 tg >8 Z, S>9 tg jl m->=Z, Sjlm->= tg fem->?Z, aem S>0Z. \gu igudm adsg igjhlef tbf

olrst twg tljf pfrlgms tbus startle` wltb S>1 tg jl m->=Z, mfsirlhle` lt as mfidlele` wltb oduituatlges tg

a dgw pglet go ahgut => .

]lp

18, Fxfrilsf 86

Yaj pdf ]asc I Aeswfr orgj ]lp 0, Fxfrilsf 1>)

Vsle` gedy vfrh `rajjar

Ye azzdf hf`les tbf yfar at a bl`b

pg

let go ?> . ]bfe , gvfr tb f ol rs t tb rff quartfrs, lt mfirfasfs stfamldy tg

=6, aotfr wblib lt asifems, hut gedy sdl`btdy. Le igetrast, Yeltib starts at a dgw pglet go 8> hut `rgws wltb

fquad stfam

le

fss

le tb

gsf sajf tbrff quartf

rs

, rfaible` a pfac go 96, aotfr wblib lt mfirfasfs. As ogr

Yjggt

bd

gw, lt jfrfdy od uituatfs

tb

rgu`bgut tbf yfar at arguem 8>.


12/49


13/49

Le

tbf olrst ofw jgetbs, Eghdf ^arc, adtbgu`b igeslstfetdy mfirfasle` tbrgu`bgut tbf yfar, ls sgjfwbat

lrgeliaddy, tbf bl`bfst go tbf tbrff iduhs .

Le

igetrast tg Maemfege` aem Eghdf ^arc, @ffdge` ls tbf gedy iduh wblib fxpfrlfeifs oduituatlges .

^glets

g

gjparlsge

Maemfege` rfaibfs tbf bl`bfst prgolt, at 1>> uelts, wblib ls ahgut 9> uelts bl`bfr tbae tbf sfigem

bl`bfst, @ffdge` (adsg at tbat sajf pglet

le

tljf).

Dlef @rapb (orgj ]lp < Fxfrilsf 1=)

Bl`bs aem Dgws

Yjggtbdgw mfsifems tg tbf dgwfst eujhfr gvfradd (le tbf jlmmdf

go

tbf sfigem quartfr), as wfdd as

rfaible` tbf bl`bfst gvfradd (le tbf dast quartfr) , aem tbus iae ifrtaledy hf salm tg oduituatf tbf jgst.

Yljldar Ofaturfs

Yeazzdf aem Yeltib arf suhstaetladdy igestaet ogr tbf olrst tbrff quartfrs .

Yeazzdf aem Yjggtbdgw start at ahgut tbf sajf dfvfd, hut olelsb wltb wlmfdy mlvfr`fet eujhfrs.

Letfrfstle` ^glets

At tbf fem

go

tbf tblrm quartfr, add tbrff dlefs fxpfrlfeif a summfe ibae`f, pfrbaps lemliatle` sgjf

fxtfread leodufeif aoofitle` add go tbfj at tbf sajf tljf.

Yjggtbdgw starts aem olelsbfs wltb tbf bl`bfst dfvfd go tbf tbrff.

Yeazzdf rfjales bl`bfr tbae Yeltib at add tljfs apart orgj tbf dast ofw jgetbs.

^glets g gjparlsge

Yjggtbdgw aiblfvfs tbf bl`bfst ajguet gvfradd, go ahgut 1>>, le tbf dast quartfr, 8> uelts bl`bfr tbae

Yeazzdf s bl`bfst dfvfd, aiblfvfm le tbf 8em aem 9rm quartfrs.

ppfemlx

)

Egtfs

1.

L, tbf autbgr, iae fasldy wrltf a ]asc Gef go gvfr 86> wgrms le tbf 8> jleutfs. ]g prgvlmf a jgrf

rfadlstli fxajpdf ogr stumfets go Fe`dlsb , L rfmuifm tbf dfe`tb go tbf sajpdf ]asc Gefs le tbls

hggc SAppfemlx < tg 18, 1= tg 1?

10>

, aem 8>) tg ahgut 8>> wgrms, adtbgu`b tbls dfe`tb varlfs

mfpfemle` ge tbf eaturf aem igjpdfxlty

go

tbf tasc.

F

u

+

5


14/49

8. ]ascs A aem H arf sljpdf hy usuad LFD]Y staemarms, sg tbflr aeswfrs arf sbgrtfr. Lt ls letfrfstle`

tg egtf tbat, mfspltf tbls sljpdlilty, tbf jleljuj wgrm dfe`tb go 16> ls fasldy surpassfm, sbgwle`

kust bgw juib leogrjatlge a ]asc Gef aituaddy igetales. ]bls jacfs lt vfry idfar tbat oduoo (as a

jfaes go `alele` wgrms) ls egt efifssary at add (hfslmfs hfle` ham wrltle`) .

]asc A

]bf `rapb rfvfads bgw ratfs go ahsfetfflsj* vary ajge` twg

bl`b sibggds, Jfdslmf aem Ytratbhure, tbrgu`bgut ae aiamfjli

yfar.

Gvfr tbls wbgdf pfrlgm, Ytratbhure fekgys wbat iae hf assujfm

tg hf

1

a dgw, aem, ifrtaledy fssfetladdy ueibae`le`, mf`rff go

truaeiy*, wbfrfas lts iguetfrpart* bgdms tbf muhlgus* mlstleitlge*

go

egt gedy a hl``fr prghdfj, hut adsg a wgrsfele` gef, sffle` a

`rgwle` hgmy go stumfets uewlddle` tg attfem sibggd.

Dggcle` at Ytratbhure le mftald, at tbf hf`leele`, tbf ratf ls kust

uemfr 1

,

aem hasliaddy rfjales tbfrf wltb apparfetdy

8

egtble`

uetgwarm* bappfele` gvfr tbf yfar. ]bf gedy aegjady* ls tbf

tblrm tfrj, wblib sffs sgjf jlegr oduituatlges, le tbf jlmst go

wblib tbf ratf mlps tg lts dgwfst pglet.

Jgvle` ge tg Jfdslmf, tbflr dfvfd hf`les jar`leaddy bl`bfr, hut

tbfe starts a stfamy, aem, gef wgudm tblec, wgrryle` rlsf tg

adjgst 8 hy jlm-pfrlgm. At tbls pglet, tbf `ramlfet aribfs* fvfe

jgrf sbarpdy upwarms, hf`leele` wltb a sjadd rlppdf*, pfrbaps

sljld rdy

oofitfm

hy

tbf

s jf fxtfre d o itgrs

wblib sff

Ytratbhure's igeiurrfet* trfjgurs. Hut wbldf tbf dattfr stahldlsfs,

Jfdslmf igetleufs lts mlvfr`fet* igursf sg tbat at yfar-fem, tbls

ifetrf

go

dfarele` suoofrs orgj = truaeiy*, wblib

ls

tbf bl`bfst

gvfr tbf wbgdf pfrlgm.

(8>> wgrms)

]bf letrgmuitlge. Egtlif tbat tbf

'`rapb' ls efvfr jfetlgefm a`ale.

]bf ogrfst-vlfw, wltb sgjf stydlstli

pbrasle` aem rfad-wgrdm Fe`dlsb.

A tgpli pbrasf. ]bf tasc bas twg

dlefs, `lvle` a idfar mlvlslge. SYff

]lp


15/49

]asc H

]bf oduituatlges

le

tbf iustgjfr usa`f go Eghdf ârc trale sta

tlge

gvfr

lts

maytljf

gpfratle` bgurs

?aj-> passfe

`frs fetfr tbf prfjlsfs*. ]bf

efxt

twg bgurs sff tbls olùrf

jgrf tbae mguhdf, rfaible` tbf olrst aem bl`bfst) pfac

go

adjgst

9>>, aotfr wblib tbf eujhfr oadds wltb tbf sajf stffp `ramlfet tg

16>, rfjalele` tbfrf orgj aj tg 9pj - tbf gedy pfrlgm go

rfdatlvf stahldlty le tbf may.

As ogr tbf rfjalele` tljf, tbf efxt bgur sffs ae aiifdfratle`

rlsf tg tbf sfigem pfac

go

8>>, wblib ls jaletalefm ogr ae bgur

ahgut 6aj tg ?pj) hfogrf a jgrf sfmatf* oadd

le

tbf ogddgwle`

ofw

bgurs.

Hy

pfrlgm-fem, tbf

eujhfr

bas sbruec* tg 1>>,

wblib, igleilmfetaddy*, ls tbf sajf as tbf fardy jgrele`, wbfe

tbf

statlge

àtfs*

olrst gpfe,

hgtb tljfs hfle` tbf

qulftfst

pfrlgms.

(8>1 wgrms)

]bf letrgmuitlge, tbls tljf egt

jfetlgele` tbf `rapb.

]bf ogrfst-vlfw. Egtlif

tbat

tbf

tljfs go tbf rusb bgurs) arf egt

jfetlgefm . @fefraddy, try tg dft

ygur wgrms `lvf tbf jfssa`f bfrf.

A tgpli pbrasf. ]bf tasc bas gef

dlef, sg tbf tljf axls

ls

mlvlmfm letg

twg. SYff ]lp < ârt Gef; ]ry tg

Mlvlmf Z .

]bf sfigem tgpli pbrasf, igvfrle`

tbf sfigem part go tbf wbgdf pfrlgm.

Ae letfrfstle` pglet ls bl`bdl`btfm.

A cfy ofaturf ls bl`bdl`btfm .

Pgrm Dfarele` ]ljf

Jatib tbf wgrms

ge

tbf

dfot *

le tbf tfxt) wltb tbflr jfaele` ge tbf rl`bt.

ahsfetfflsj e) tg hfigjf sjaddfr

8 truaeiy e) a idfar mloofrfeif

gr

igetrast

9 iguetfrpart e) tbf praitlif

go

hfle` ahsfet gr away orgj wgrc gr sibggd

=

muhlgus

amk)

a pfrsge

gr tble` wblib bas tbf sajf pgsltlge gr oueitlge

6

mlstleitlge

e) tg rlsf le tbf ogrj go ae arib gr iurvf

? uetgwarm {amk) tbf ait gr statf go hfle` away orgj sibggd wltbgut pfrjlsslge

0

aegjady

e) a tble` tbat dggcs

gr

jgvfs dlcf a wavf

2

tg arib v) tg travfd rfùdardy gvfr sgjf mlstaeif

F

>

Q.K

5

W

i

4dd

..i.

i

s

s

s


16/49

igeiurrfet amk)

ae gmm gr strae`f sltuatlge gr igemltlge

mlvfr`fet amk)

sdgw, iadj , aem rfdaxfm3 daicle` le fxiltfjfet

18 tg igjjutf

v) a huldmle` tg`ftbfr wltb lts `rguems

19 sur`f e)

go mguhtoud quadlty gr wgrtb

1= tg sustale

v) ueusuad aem uefxpfitfm, aem usuaddy uepdfasaet

16 prfjlsfs

e) bappfele` gr giiurrle` at tbf sajf tljf

1? sfmatf amk)

a summfe leirfasf le tbf ajguet gr eujhfr go sgjftble`

10

tg

sbrlec v)

a harrlfr dlcf a mggr usfm tg idgsf

ae

fetraeif gr fxlt

12 igleilmfetaddy amv) tg suppgrt, cffp, gr bgdm stb. stfamy

1< àtf e) giiurrle` gr fxlstle` at tbf sajf tljf

Appfemlx 1>

Yajpdf Aeswfr tg tbf Oggthadd Iduhs Dlef @rapb (orgj ]lp =)

]bf `rapb jacfs a igjparlsge g tbf prgolt àlefm ogr

Eghdf ârc, Maemfege`, aem @ffdge` oggthadd iduhs gvfr

a iadfemar yfar.

]bf letrgmuitlge sbgrt aem tg tbf pglet aem usle`

mloofrfet `rajjar aem tfrjs orgj tbf tasc qufs

tlge. Egtlif tbat tbf `rapb s efvfr jfetlgefm

aàle le tbf aeswfr.

Dggcle` olrst as a wbgdf, apart orgj a sbgrt leltlad* letfrvad, Maemf-

ege` ls idfardy jgrf prgoltahdf tbae lts twg rlvads*, aem, ammltlgeaddy,

`fefratfs leirfasle`dy bl`bfr farele`s gvfr tbls tljf wbfrfas tbf

gppgsltlge suoofr jlxfm ogrtuefs) , jacle` tbls fstahdlsbjfet. hy oar,

tbf jgst oleaeiladdy suiifssoud.

Egw igeslmfrle` Maemfege` le jgrf mftald

1

, lt hf`les at =6 tbgu-

saem mgddars)

8

, wblib ls sdl`btdy dgwfr tbae Eghdf ârc. Bgwfvfr, hy

tbf fem go tbf olrst quartfr, lt bas rlsfe tg ?>, adrfamy surpassle`* tbf

gtbfrs. ]bls asifet igetleufs le a jaeefr wblib wgudm pdfasf aey

stacfbgdmfr*,

udtljatfdy* rfaible` 1>>, tbf bl`bfst olùrf gvfradd hy

oar, => ahgvf tbf efarfst igjpftltgr*, @ffdge`.

]bf ogrfst-vlfw

wltb sgjf

rfad

wgrdm Fe`dlsb.

Egtlif tbat tbfrf arf eg olùrfs bfrf.

A tgpli pbrasf letrgmuile` tbf trff

vlfw hf`leele` wltb Maemfege` .

Ylèloliaet olùrfs arf wrlttfe bfrf.

]bfrf

s

adsg sgjf bgefst eaturad

rfaitlges/stydlstli pbrasle`.


17/49

As ogr Eghdf ârc, lts prgoldf* ls ae apprgxljatf jlrrgr lja`f

go

Mae

mfege`, mfsifemle` tbrgu`bgut. Lt starts prgjlsle`dy at kust gvfr 6>,

jacle` lt, sgjfwbat lrgeliaddy*, tbf hfst-pfrogrjle` iduh at tbat tljf,

gedy tg olelsb at tbf mguhtdfssdy mlsappgletle` dfvfd go 1>, tbfe hfle`

tbf dgwfst olùrf

go

add, yft at dfast rfjalele` le tbf hdaic .

A tgpli pbrasf, letrgmuile` Eghdf

ârc.

Ygjf eaturad rfaitlges.

]bf lmlgjatli pbrasf sbgwe le

levfrtfm igjjas.

Jgvle` tg @ffdge`, lt ibarts* ae frratli* igursf, oduituatle` ka``fmdy*

hftwffe lts igjpftltgrs*, hut femle` rfspfitahdy

ge

a bl`b pglet go

?>, lts sawtggtb* gutdlef igetrastle` wltb tbf sjggtb igetgurs* go tbf

gtbfrs , wbg rfjale ljjuef* tg wbatfvfr iausfs tbls lestahldlty.

A tgpli pbrasf, letrgmuile` @ff-

dge`.

]bf trfem

ls

sujjarlsfm wltbgut

`lvle` ueefifssary olùrfs.

(88= wgrms)

1

As ]lp tg ibart (v) bavle` a zl`za``fm fm`f, sljldar tg tbf iuttle` fm`f go a saw

frratli

(amk) ae gutdlef go ae ghkfit, fsp. adge` a irgss-sfitlgead pdaef

18

ka``fmdy (amv} egt aoofitfm hy sgjftble`

19 sawtggtb (amk) egt ogddgwle` aey pdae gr rfùdar pattfre

1= igetgur (e) a pfrsge, tfaj, gr igjpaey wblib igjpftfs aàlest gtbfrs

F

>

dK

5

,W

i

rg

..i

i


18/49

^gsslhdf Olead ]bgu`bts

Yff Appfemlx 12 (16 fxtra wgrms)

Appfemlx

]lp 1= Fxfrilsf 99; Yajpdf Aeswfr tg tbf ^lf Ibart

]bf plf ibarts jacf a igjparlsge hftwffe tbf prgpgrtlges go

prgmuits fxpgrtfm orgj Austradla

le 8>>6

aem 8>1>.

]bf jale jfssa`f ls tbat,

le

hgtb yfars, igad aem lrge arf tbf

dar`fst aem sfigem dar`fst rfspfitlvfdy. Ammltlgeaddy, hy tbf sfi-

gem yfar,

igad, tbat sgdlm ogssld oufd, bas rfaibfm adjgst bado go

tbf tgtad, igjpdftfdy mgjleatle`* tbf olfdm , lddustratle` tbat jlele`

tacfs ae gvfrwbfdjle`* olrst pdaif gvfr tbf gtbfr prljary* lemus-

trlfs (a`rliudturf aem jaeuoaiturle`)

le

tbf igetrlhutlge tg tbls

eatlge s ogrflè tramf.

Xfàrmle` tbf olrst yfar, igad aem lrge arf 98 aem 80 rfspfi-

tlvfdy, tacle` tgp pgsltlges , ogddgwfm hy wbfat

(1? )

aem jfat

11 ), wltb add tbf gtbfr igjjgmltlfs* hfle` jgrf gr dfss lesl`-

eloliaet.

Olsb ,

sgjfwbat surprlsle`dy

`lvfe tbf

fxtfet

go

igastdlef avaldahdf), sbarfs tbf dgwfst rue`* wltb vfblidfs at 8 .

Jgvle` ogrwarm bado a mfiamf, wltb igad bavle` rlsfe tg suib a

mgjleaet pgsltlge go

=9 ,

tbfrf just efifssarldy hf igrrfs-

pgemle`* mfirfasfs le gtbfr prgmuits mfstlefm tg `g ahrgam.

]bls ls qultf slèloliaet

le

wbfat, wblib bas mfidlefm orgj 1? tg

1> . Adtbgu`b lrge, orgj

80

tg 8> , adsg sbrlecs* igeslmfrahdy,

lt bas

egt

dgst lts

sfigemary

status. Olsb aàle rfjales tbf

dgwfst at 1

,

egw bavle` tbf uefevlahdf* mlstleitlge go hfle`

tbfrf adgef.

(8>= wgrms)

Pgrm-Dfarele` ]ljf


(* le

tbf tfxt) wltb tbflr jfaele` ge tbf rl`bt.

]bf letrgmuitlge, jfetlgele` tbf ibarts,

hut egtlif tbat tbfy arf efvfr jfetlgefm

aàle.

]bf ogrfst-vlfw, egtle` twg jale pglets,

aem kglele` tbfj tg`ftbfr le a hrgamfr

'rfad-wgrdm' ghsfrvatlge.

Egtlif tbat tbfrf arf eg olùrfs gr matfs.

Ylèloliaet ofaturfs (bl`bs aem dgws) le

8>>6.

Egtlif tbat tbls aeswfr usfs tbf 'spgrts

igjjfetatgr's tfesf'.

Ygjf rfad wgrdm cegwdfm`f.

Ylèloliaet ofaturfs (bl`bs aem dgws) le

8>1>.

Ygjf stydlstli pbrasle`.

tg mgjleatf (v)

gef go tbf bgrlzgetad parts go a dammfr3 (ol`.) a pgsltlge gr raec

8 gvfrwbfdjle`

(amk)

assgilatfm gr igeefitfm wltb stb. tbat ygu bavf kust

jfetlgefm


19/49

9 prljary

(amk)

sg `rfat as tg jacf rfslstaeif gr gppgsltlge usfdfss

= igjjgmlty

(e)

ae artlidf go tramf gr igjjfrif, fsp. a prgmuit

6 rue`

(e)

egt hfle` wgrtby go fevy gr mfslrf tg

hf

tbat way

?

igrrfspgemle`

(amk)

tg dfssfe le slzf3 tg hfigjf sjaddfr

0

tg sbrlec (v)

go tbf `rfatfst

rfdfvaeif, slèloliaeif, gr ljpgrtaeif

2 uefev lahdf

(amk)

tg igetrgd wltb tbf bl`bfst, jgst mftfrjlele` leodufeif

^gsslhdf Olead ]bgu`b

t

Yff Appfemlx

12

(9= fxtra wgrms)

Appfemlx 18

]lp 16 Fxfrilsf 9=; Yajpdf Aeswfrs tg ]wg ]ahdfs go Olùrfs

1. Ogrfst _lfw

8. Oudd Aeswfr

]bf ogddgwle` sujjarlsfs tbf varlatlges

le

lrge prgmuitlge (le

jlddlges go tges) le olvf Austradlae statfs gvfr a 96-yfar pfrlgm;

11>.

Gvfradd, tbfrf arf tbrff trfems. Olrstdy, EYP prgmuifm tbf jgst

go

tbls jftad le add yfars fxifpt tbf dast. Yfigemdy, tbfrf wfrf le

irfasle` ylfdms* le add statfs, fxifpt _li

.3

bgwfvfr, tbf olead trfem

ls

tbat prgmuitlge mfvfdgpfm partliudardy oast

le

Qdm., tg tbf fxtfet

tbat lt gvfrtggc* EYP le tbf dast yfar, lddustratle` tbat tbfsf twg

egrtb-fastfre statfs tg`ftbfr prgmuifm, gvfrwbfdjle`dy*, jgst

go Austradlas lrge, rfemfrle`* tbf rfst go tbf eatlge vlrtuaddy*

leslèloliaet.

Dggcle` at _li., YA, aem PA tbf olrst bam tbf dgwfst gutput go

8.= (jlddlge), sbgwle` eg igeslstfet* `rgwtb, aem tbf gtbfr twg

statfs, startle` at sljldar dfvfds, gedy jaea`fm jlegr àles , tg

=.1

aem 6.0 rfspfitlvfdy - ifrtaledy qultf uelesplrle`* foogrts ,

fspfiladdy `lvfe tbf igeslmfrahdf* tljf orajf levgdvfm.

]bls letrgmuitlge ibggsfs egt tg

jfetlge tbf tasc, hut lt mgfs jfe

tlge jlddlges go tges tg avglm rf

pfatle` lt tbrgu`bgut tbf tasc.

Yleif tbrff trfems bavf hffe

ibgsfe, tbf aeswfr gràelsfs tbfj

wltb olrstdy , sfigemdy , aem

olead . ]wg go tbf trfems arf kglefm

tg`ftbfr ogr a hrgamfr rfad-wgrdm

ghsfrvatlge.

]bf vfrh lddustratf (gr lemliatf )

ls gotfe usfm ogr mrawle`

igeiduslges.

A tgpli pbrasf, `rguple` _li., YA,

aem

P

tg`ftbfr ogr igjparlsge.

Jlddlges ls rfpfatfm geif,

le

hraicfts,

tg

rfjlem tbf rfamfr go

tbf uelt usfm.


F

>

u

Z)

5


20/49

As ogr EYP aem Qdm., le tbf olrst, prgmuitlge hf`ae at 11.9. ]bls

`rfw stfamldy, aem hy pfrlgm-fem bam rfaibfm lts bl`bfst pglet

go

00. Lts egrtbfre efl`bhgur, le igetrast, startfm juib dgwfr at 8.?,

fm`le`* upwarms tg gedy =.?

le

1 igeslstfet

amk)

uelesplrle`

amk)

8

igeslmfrahdf

amk)

19 tg fm`f

v)

1= fxpgefetlad amk)

16

gutput

e)

?

rlvad

e)


tbf rgdf aem rfspgeslhldltlfs

go

ae ljpgrtaet kgh gr pgsltlge

igjpdftfdy daicle`

le

sgjftble`

uemfr tbf `rguem

tbf jale part

go

sgjftble`

tg jgvf abfam

le

aiblfvfjfet, prgmuitlge, gr sigrf

adjgst gr vfry efardy

tg jgvf sdgwdy

le

a partliudar mlrfitlge

mfprfssle`3 egt iausle` `ggm offdle`

tbf tgtad ajguet

go

irgps, prgolt, fti. prgmuifm

ratbfr dar`f

le

slzf, mlstaeif,

gr

fxtfet, fti.

tg iausf stb./sh. tg hf

le

a partliudar statf gr igemltlge

tbf ajguet

go

sgjftble` prgmuifm

igestaetdy ogddgwle` tbf sajf igursf

vfry `rfat aem pgwfroud, jacle` rfslstaeif gr gppgsltlge

usfdfss

a pfrsge, igjpaey, gr tble`, tbat igjpftfs wltb aegtbfr

`rgwle` hy leirfasle`dy `rfatfr mf`rffs

Yff Appfemlx 12 8= fxtra wgrms)


21/49

Appfemlx 19

]lp 1? Fxfrilsf 9? ârt Gef; ]brff Yajpdf Mla`raj Ogrfst-_lfws

1 Vsle` Ytfps/Yta`fs

Gvfradd, tbfrf arf tbrff sta`fs

le

tbls traesogrjatlge* prgifss, tbf olrst hfle` tbf pbysliad irusble`* aem

oldtfrle`

go

tbf leput grf*, wblib adsg addgws a offmhaic aem rf-irusble` . ]bfe ogddgws tbf dlqulm-hasfm

sta`f, levgdvle` ml`fstle` * aem prfilpltatle`* gut tbf rfqulrfm prgmuit, dfamle` tg tbf mry olead sta`f; tbf

tbfrjad* hacle`* aem stgra`f, tbus igjpdftle` tbf prgifss.

8 Vsle` Eaturad Ogrifs SYff adsg Appfemlx 1?Z

Dggcle` as a wbgdf, tbf prgifss levgdvfs tbf systfjatli aem stfamy rfmuitlge go dar`f, sgdlm, aem ljpurf

rgic tg a rfolefm* pgwmfr tbrgu`b tbf utldlsatlge

go

pbysliad, ibfjliad, aem tbfrjad* jfaes.

S,

hfle`

pudvfrlsatlge , ailmli aitlge, aem bfat, rfspfitlvfdy. (pgsslhdf fxtra part)Z

9 Vsle` ^bysliad ârts

@fefraddy spfacle`, tbf prgifss ls a oaitgry-hasfm aem fssfetladdy dlefar* systfj

go

igevfygrs aem

igetalefrs*, letfrigeefitfm ogr tbf purpgsf go igevfrtle`* hauxltf grf (at tbf leput) tg rfolefm* adujlea (at

tbf gutput), wbldf apprgprlatfdy rfjgvle` tbf watfr aem rfslmuf wastf prgmuit

le

tbf jlm-prgifss.

Egtlif tbat tbfsf ogrfst-vlfws avglm mlrfitdy eajle` parts gr `lvle` spfiloli mftalds. ]bfy arf lemffm ogrfst-vlfws ,

tryle`

tg

hrgamdy sujjarlsf tbf prgifss wblib ls sbgwe.

Pgrm-Dfarele` ]ljf

Jatib tbf wgrms ge tbf dfot (* le tbf prfvlgus tfxt wltb

tb

flr jfaele` ge tbf rl`bt.

traesogrjatlge (e)

tg prfss gr squffzf stb. wltb a ogrif tbat hrfacs gr mfogrjs lt

8 tg irusb

(v) jftad-hfarle` jlefrad gr rgic

9

grf (e)

tg sfparatf as a sgdlm orgj tbf dlqulm

gr

às ogrj

= tg ml`fst (v)

le a olef gr purf statf, orff orgj ljpurltlfs

6 tg prfilpltatf

(v)

tbf ait

gr

prgifss go traesogrjle`

gr

ibae`le` stb.

?

tbfrjad (amk)

tg igevfrt stb., fsp. oggm , letg usfahdf ogrj

0 tg hacf (v)

tg pbysliaddy hrfac sgjftble` letg olef pgwmfr

2

rfolefm (amk)

fxtfemfm, arrae`fm le, gr ogddgwle` a dlef

dlef r (amk)

tg ibae`f gr jacf stb. ibae`f orgj gef ogrj tg aegtbfr

igetalefr (e)

igeefitfm wltb bfat

18

tg igevfrt (v) aeytble` tbat igetales

gr

bgdms sgjftble`

F

>

QK

5

3;3

i;

;

s;3;

i;


22/49

Appfemlx 1=

]lp 1? Fxfrilsf 9? ârt ]wg; Yajpdf Aeswfr tg tbf Fyf Mla`raj

]bf jaeefr le wblib tbf letfread* igjpgefets go tbf bujae fyf

igddfitlvfdy oueitlge iae

hf

sujjarlsfm as ogddgws.

Gvfradd

tbfrf arf

tbrff

sta`fs

tbf

olrst hfle`

tbf lja`f

rfifptlge, le wblib tbf dl`bt rays orgj a vlfwfm ghkfit pass

tbrgu`b tbf idujp* go orget dayfrs. ]bfe tbfrf ls tbf ogiussle`*

sta`f, wblib sffs tbfsf rays pass tbrgu`b tbf jale hgmy go tbf

fyf tg strlcf* tbf rfar, at wblib pglet hf`les tbf fdfitrli-pudsf

sta`f, as tbf fyf rfspgems* hy sfemle` slèads tg tbf hrale tg

hf

letfrprftfm* as vlslge.

@fefraddy spfacle`, tbf prgifss levgdvfs tbf dlefar prgpaàtlge*

go dl`bt tbrgu`b tbf fyf, aem, prljarldy* hy jusiudar odfxle`*, tbf

ogiussle` go tbls dl`bt sg tbat tbf rfsudtaet* fdfitrliad slèads iae

travfd tg tbf hrale ogr tbf ogrjudatlge* go

ae

lja`f.

Dggcle` olrst as a wbgdf, tbf prgifss levgdvfs tbf sgot, dlefar*,

aem mguhtdfssdy vfry letrliatf igeefitlge go traesparfet* hlgdg`l

iad* dayfrs, efvfrtbfdfss hfle` mlrfitdy igjparahdf tg a jfibae

liad iajfra le hgtb tbf tbrgu`b

traesjlsslge

go

dl`bt, aem,

udtljatfdy*, tbf igevfrslge

go

dl`bt letg lja`f.

Dggcle` at tbf gutfr dayfrs, dl`bt orgj a vlfwfm ghkfit passfs

tbrgu`b tbf igekueitlva, a prgtfitlvf jfjhraef* gvfr tbf fyf.

]bls dl`bt tbfe jffts tbf aqufgus bujgur, wblib, as tbf eajf

su``fsts, ls cfpt olddfm wltb odulm, sfrvle` tg prgtfit tbf `dghudar*

dfes wltble . ]bf dl`bt jffts tbls igjpgefet, wbgsf purpgsf, as

wltb aey dfes, ls tg ogius* tbf rays tg ogrj a sbarp lja`f.

As ogr tbf letfrlgr, tbls egw ogiussfm dl`bt passfs tbrgu`b tbf kfd

dy-dlcf* vltrfgus bujgur, wblib

ls

hy oar, tbf dar`fst part go tbf

fyf, jaletalele` tbf sbapf aem prgtfitle` tbf apparfetdy* vfry

mfdliatf* rftlea, dlele`* tbf rfar. ]bls, upge hfle` struic, sfems

fdfitrliad ljpudsfs tg tbf hrale vla* tbf gptli efrvf ogr tbf ogrju

datlge* go vlsuad* lja`fs.

Jgvle` tg ege-gptliad* igjpgefets, tbfrf fxlst rfitus jusidfs

ogr tbf fyf tg swlvfd* tbf fyfhadd ltsfdo, aem hdggm vfssfds ogr tbf

prgvlslge go gxy`fe tg tbf rftlea aem ljjfmlatf surrguems.

Ae letrgmuitlge egt jfetlgele`

tbf tasc.

Egtlif tbat add

tbrff ogrfst-

A ogrfst-vlfw

vlfws bfrf

usle` tbf sta`fs.

avglm spfilol-

iaddy eajle`

parts gr plfifs.

A ogrfst-vlfw

usle` tbf

eaturad ogrifs.

A ogrfst-vlfw

usle`

tbf pbysliad

parts.

]bls ogrfst-vlfw wldd hf usfm le

tbls aeswfr.

Ogddgwle` tbf mla`raj dg`liaddy

orgj tbf rl`bt tg tbf dfot.

Ygjf fxtfread cegwdfm`f.

Aotfr a dg`liad para`rapb hrfac, tbf

mfsirlptlge igetleufs.

Aotfr aegtbfr dg`liad para`rapb

hrfac, sgjf olead mftalds arf `lvfe.


23/49

Pgrm Dfarele` ]ljf

Jatib tbf wgrms ge tbf dfot(* le tbf prfvlgus tfxt) wltb t flr jfaele` ge tbf rl`bt.

letfread

(amk) a sjadd, idgsf `rgup3 a dujp gr jass

8 idujp

(e) tbat iae

hf

sffe tbrgu`b 3 addgwle` ygu tg sff tbrgu`b lt

9

tg ogius (v)

tg rfam gr hrle` gut tbf jfaele` go sgjftble`

= tg strlcf (v)

a jgvfjfet tbrgu`b spaif gr gtbfr suhstaeifs

6

tg

rfspgem

(v) iausfm hy tbf tble` tbat bas kust hffe jfetlgefm

? tg letfrprft (v) sbapfm dlcf a `dghf3 spbfrliad gr hadd-sbapfm

0 prgpa`atlge (e) a tble sbfft gr dayfr go tlssuf

2

prljarl dy (amv) fxtfemfm , arrae`fm

le

gr ogddgwle` a dlef

rfsudtaet (amk)

irfatlge gr prfparatlge levgdvle` iarf aem mftald

11

ogrjudatlge

(e)

rfdatle` tg dlof, dlvle` tble`s, gr dlvle` gr`aelsjs

18

dlefar (amk) tg blt gr hae` letg stb.

19 traesparfet (amk) jgstdy3 iblfody3 ogr tbf jgst part

1= hlgdg`liad (amk) tg rfait hy sgjf aitlge

16 udtljatfdy (amv) a sgot, fdastli, aem gotfe traesparfet jatfrlad

1?

jfjhraef

(e)

tg ture arguem as lo

ge

a swlvfd gr turele` mfvlif

10

`dghudar

(amk)

hy way go3 tbrgu`b a pdaif

12 kfddy (e)

sffjle` tg

hf

sg aiigrmle` tg appfaraeif gr leltla d fvlmfeif

1< apparfetdy (amv) rfdatle` tg dl`bt aem vlslge

8>

mfdliatf

(amk)

leslmf go sgjftble`3 rfdatle` tg tbf leefr part

81

tg dlef (v)

tg hfem eaturaddy wltbgut hrfacle`

88 vla (prfp) tg hrle` stb . letg ogius3 tg ait tg prgmuif a sbarp, idfar lja`f

89 vlsuad (amk)

tg igvfr tbf leslmf go stb . wltb a dayfr

8= gptliad (amk)

ora`ldf, fasldy maja`fm gr burt

86 tg swlvfd (v)

rfdatle` tg vlslge, sl`bt, aem sffle`

F

>

u

+-

(Z.)


Yff Appfemlx 12

81

fxtra wgrms)

5

,W

+-

i

ru

.. ;;

;..

:

:

:


24/49

6

tNdl,S. NYJ

Appfemlx 16

]lp 1? Fxfrilsf 9? ârt ]wg; Yajpdf Aeswfr tg tbf @advaegjftfr Mla`raj

]bf mla`raj sbgws bgw a àdvaegjftfr oueitlges tg aiiuratfdy

jfasurf tbf ajguet go ae fdfitrli iurrfet passle` tbrgu`b lt.

Gvfra dd tbfrf arf twg prgifssfs at wgrc , tbf olrst hfle` fdfitrl

iad , levgdvle` tbf

iurrfet

passle` tbrgu`b a wlrf-igldfm aem

plvgtfm* letfrlgr. Yfigemdy, tbfrf giiurs tbf sljudtaefgus* pbysl

iad* foofit, wblib mfodfits* tbf ifetrfplfif aem attaibfm pgletfr

prgpgrtlgeaddy tg tbf ajguet go tbf iurrfet hfle` jfasurfm .

Dggcle`

t

tbf ifetrad igjpgefets, tbf aituad pgletfr bas a

iguetfrwfl`bt ge gef fem , kust hfygem tbf splemdf* gvfr wblib

tbf ifetrad lrge iydlemfr rgtatfs* .

Le

ammltlge, tbfrf ls a ifetra ddy

attaibfm rfture sprle` tg apprgprlatfdy iguetfrait tbf pbysliad

Dgrfetz ogrif prgmuifm (orgj tbf letfraitlge* go tbf jaèftli

aem fdfitrli olfdms}, addgwle` tbf pgletfr tg stgp, as wfdd as rfture

le` lt tg zfrg

le

tbf ahsfeif go leput.

Xfàrmle` tbf vlsuad rfamle` go tbls iurrfet , tbf siadf ls ari*

sbapfm , wltb `ramuatlges aem eujfrliad jarcle`s apprgprlatfdy

i

ad

lhratfm* tg tbf rae`f tbf mfvlif* bas hffe mfslèfm tg jfa

surf. ]bls just hf mlrfit (as gppgsfm tg adtfreatle`), aem ls

le

uelts go ajpfrfs gr 'ajps' , gotfe as dgw as jlirg-ajps wbfe le

vgdvle` fdfitrliad ilriultry. Add tbls `lvfs tbf jftfr ae aiiuraiy go

pdus gr jleus 1.6 .

( 1


25/49

2 ari

stb. sbapfm dlcf a ple gr sbaot ge wblib stb. fdsf tures

< tg iadlhratf

(e)

(v)

(e)

rfdatle` tg aituad fxlstfeif aem jgvfjfet

1>

mfvlif

tg mftfrjlef, olx, gr jarc tbf `ramuatlges

^gsslhdf Ole ad ]bgu`bts

Yff Appfemlx 12 1 8 gr 10 fxtra wgrms)

Appfemlx ?

lp ?; Yajpdf Aeswfr tg tbf ^rgifss Mla`raj

Bfrf

ls

a sujjary

go

bgw tbf grf, hauxltf,

ls

igevfrtfm letg

aduj

le

a.

Dggcle` as a wbgdf, tbf prgifss levgdvfs tbf systfjatli aem

stfamy rfmuitlge go dar`f, sgdlm, aem ljpurf rgic tg a rfolefm

pgwmfr tbrgu`b tbf utldlsatlge go pbysliad, ibfjliad , aem tbfrjad

jfaes, hfle` pudvfrlsatlge, ailmli aitlge, aem bfat, rfspfitlvfdy.

Xf`armle` tbf leltlad* pbasf, aotfr hfle` mfdlvfrfm, tbf grf ls

passfm tbrgu`b a rgtary irusbfr. ]bf rfsudt et plfifs arf

mfpgsltfm* le a Ml`fstfr , wbfrf prfdljleary oldtfrle` fxidumfs

jatfrlad lesuoolilfetdy rfmuifm. ]bls ls rfturefm tg tbf grl`lead le

put igevfygrs* tg hf rf-ofm tbrgu`b tbf irusbfr, fstahdlsble` a

offmhaic dggp* fesurle` gedy apprgprlatfdy sjadd partlidfs arf

igevfyfm* gewarms.

Jgvle` ge tg tbf ibfjliad pbasf, tbf Ml`fstfr mlssgdvfs* tbls

jftad-hfarle` rgic

le ae

ailm hatb, tbfrfhy irfatle`

ae

ljpurf

adujlea sgdutlge*. ]bls ls oldtfrfm a`ale tg rfjgvf wastf rfslmuf*

(wblib ls truicfm tg daemoldds), dfavle` tbf egw purfr adujlea

dlqulm tg hf plpfm,

le

tbf efxt stfp, tg a ^rfilpltatgr , wbfrf tbf

fxifss watfr ls rfjgvfm, aem tbf adujlea, dg`liaddy fegu`b, ls

prfilpltatfm letg a sfmljfetary sdum`f*.

As ogr tbf olead pbasf, tbls rfolefm jatfrlad ls mfdlvfrfm tg a rgta

ry

clde wblib, tbrgu`b tbf appdliatlge go bl`b tfjpfraturf, hacfs*

gut tbf rfslmuad jglsturf, ljprgvle` tbf tfxturf* tg irfatf tbf

fem adujlea pgwmfr.

]bf letrgmuitlge, egt jfetlgele`

tbf mla`raj.

]bf ogrfst-vlfw, usle` tbf 'eaturad

ogrifs' apprgaib.

Egtf tbf sfqufeifrs 'aotfr aem

'prfdljleary'.

Egtf tbf passlvf vglif 'ShfZ

passfm /mfpgsltfm /rfturefm / .. ' ...

. .. hut egtf tbf aitlvf vglif

'mlssgdvfs', sleif wf bavf a eajfm

suhkfit 'Ml`fstfr ', aem lt ls `ggm tg

vary tbf `rajjar.

Ygjf fxtfread cegwdfm`f.

Aotfr a dg`liad para`rapb hrfac, tbf

olead part go tbf prgifss ls

mfsirlhfm.


26/49

Pgrm-Dfarele` ]ljf

Jatib tbf wgrms ge tbf dfot (* le tbf prfvlgus tfxt wltb tbflr jfaele` ge tbf rl`bt.

SYff Appfemlx

19

ogr ogrfst-vlfw vgiahudaryZ

leltlad (amk) tbf iurvle`

go

a dlef

gr

patb haic tgwarms ltsfdo

8 tg mfpgslt (v) tg tacf, iarry,

gr

traespgrt stb. orgj gef pdaif tg aegtbfr

9

igevfygr

(e) tg day stb. mgwe gr dft oadd

= dggp (e) a dlqulm wltb sgdlms mlssgdvfm leslmf lt

6

tg

igevfy

(v) a jummy

gr

sdusby jass gr mfpgslt

?

tg mlssgdvf (v) tg mry gr barmfe stb. hy bfatle`

0 sgdutlge (e) tbf suroaif ibaraitfrlstlis

go

stb.,

le

lts dggcs aem offd

2

rfslmuf (e) sgjftble` tbat rfjales aotfr a part ls tacfe

< sdum`f (e)

go gr

rfdatle` tg tbf hf`leele`

1> tg hacf (v) tg iausf stb. tg hfigjf part

go

a dlqulm

11

tfxturf

(e) stb. tbat traespgrts a prgmuit, gotfe usle` a jgvle` hfdt


L Yff Appfemlx 12

81

fxtra wgrms) L

Appfemlx 10

]lp 10 Fxfrilsf 90; _giahudary aem Yajpdf

eswfr

tg tbf Japs

A Mlrfitlges

]bf igjpass pglets arf; Egrtb, Ygutb, Fast, Pfst, Egrtbfast, Ygutbfast, Egrtbwfst, aem Ygutbwfst.

]g

ogrj amkfitlvfs, put -fre

t

tbf fem

go

tbfsf wgrms; Egrtbfre , Ygutbfastfre aem sg ge. ]bfy arf

iapltadlsfm ge a jap tg sbgw mlrfitlges, hut egt le a tfxt.

H _giahudary go Ibae`f

_frh Egue

_frh

Egue

(rf)igestruit (rf )igestruitlge

fxpaem fxpaeslge

mfjgdlsb

mfjgdltlge igetrait igetraitlge

(rf)mfvfdgp (rf)mfvfdgpjfet fvgdvf fvgdutlge

rfpdaif rfpdaifjfet traesogrj traesogrjatlge

jgmloy jgmloliatlge

`rgw

`rgwtb

rfhuldm rfhuldmle`

igevfrt

igevfrslge


27/49

I Jap _giahudary

@fe ofaturfs

igestruitlge

sfrvlifs

oaildltlfs

ajfeltlfs

traespgrt a ge)

vaiaet daem

Eaturad ofaturfs

dacf

ogrfst

jguetale

frgslge

rlvfr

pasturf

Amk s/egues g

@fe egues g

lemustrlfs

arfas

a`rliudturad rf`lge

rftald mlstrlit

tgurlsj zgef

jaeuoaiturle` prgvleif

rfirfatlgead part s)

tfibegdg`y

sfitlge

Egues g spfi arfas

gutsclrts

suhurh

sfaslmf

igast

hgrmfr

ifetrf

M

Yajpdf Aeswfr tg tbf Japs

Amk s go arfas

rurad

urhae

lemustrlad

rfslmfetlad

igjjfrilad

igastad

Amk s rfofrrle` haic

grl`lead

geif

ogrjfr

prfvlgus


28/49

r

mDfarele` ]ljf


*

le tbf prfvlgus tfxt wltb tbflr jfaele` ge tbf rl`bt.

fxifsslvfdy amv) tg prgvlmf tble`s tbat a partliudar pfrsge gr sltuatlge effms

8

igjpdfx e) igeefitfm wltb watfr

9

tg iatfr v)

tbf prgifss go ibae`le` stb. tg sult a efw sltuatlge

= figdg`liad amk) ae arfa go daem gr watfr, fsp. a dge` gef

6

amaptatlge e) tg arrae`f gr mfslè stb. le rfdatlge tg gtbfr ofaturfs

? aquatli amk)

le a way tbat ls `rfatfr tbae wbat ls rfasgeahdf gr apprgprlatf

0 tfrrale e)

sffjle` tg hf sg aiigrmle` tg appfaraeif gr leltlad fvlmfeif

2 tg

adlè

v) igvfrle` a dar`f arfa3 `rfat

le

ajguet

tg igjprlsf

v) tbf parts go ae arfa tbat arf a dge` way orgj tbf ifetrf

swajp e) rfdatle` tg tbf gutfr fm`f go a partliudar arfa

18 rfaibfs e)

ae

arfa go dgw daem tbat ls adways sgot aem wft

19

fxtfeslvf

amk)

a sjadd dlvle` irfaturf tbat igeslsts go gedy gef ifdd

1= jarsbdaem e) igjpdftfdy mfvfdgpfm3 wltb add tbf quadloliatlges effmfm ogr stb.

16 apparfetdy amv) tg hfigjf dge`fr3 tg dfe`tbfe stb.

1? tg

fdgeàtf

v)

ae arfa go `rguem tbat ls vfry wft gr igvfrfm wltb watfr

10 ajgfha e) daemsiapf3 tbf typf, sbapf, aem eaturf go a daemogrj

12

pfrlpbfrad

amk)

tg bavf stb./sh. as parts gr jfjhfrs

1< uttfrdy amv) aey ofaturf tbat prgvlmfs igjogrt, igevfelfeif, gr pdfasurf

8>

ajfelty e)

tg strftib rl`bt airgss stb.

8

ouddy odfm`fm

amk) fjpbaslsle` bgw igjpdftf stb. ls

88 strlcle` amk) a `rgup go huldmle`s go a sljldar typf tg`ftbfr le gef pdaif

89

vlsta e) letfrfstle` aem ueusuad sg tbat lt attraits attfet l

ge

8= tg spae v) a hfautloud vlfw go tbf iguetryslmf, a ilty, fti.


Yff Appfemlx 12 86 fxtra wgrms)


29/49

Appfemlx 12

]lp 12, Fxfrilsf 9), add tbf sajpdf olead tbgu`bts bavf hffe put sfparatfdy le tbls appfemlx. ]bfrf

arf tbrff rfasges ogr tbls .

Olrstdy, lt sbgws tbat olead tbgu`bts arf

sfparatf

orgj ae aeswfr, aem egt efifssary tg tbf ]asc

Aiblfvfjfet ' iatf`gry. ]bf tasc

ls

ouddy aiblfvfm wltbgut tbfj. Olead tbgu`bts amm egtble` tg tbls

iatf`gry. Le tbls sfesf, tbfy arf egt efifssary, aem L mlm egt wlsb tg sbgw tbat tbfy hfdge` tg tbf igrf

aeswfr.

Bgwfvfr, olead tbgu`bts iae amm tg tbf ' Dfxl

ia

d

Xfsgurif

aem

@rajjatliad

Xae`f Aiiuraiy '

iatf`grlfs, as

wfdd

as

`lvf a stydf aem odfxlhldlty tbat

fttfr

wrltfrs jl`bt gtbfrwlsf egt

hf

ahdf tg leidumf.

Ogr tbls rfasge,

L

tbf autbgr go tbls hggc,

mg

wlsb tg `lvf ygu sajpdfs gowbat igudm hf wrlttfe.

]bf tblrm rfasge ogr puttle` add tbfsf olead tbgu`bts le a sfparatf appfemlx ls tbat lt addgws jf tg rfpfat tbf

warele`s `lvfe at tbf fem go]lp

12.

1

]blec ahgut

wbftbfr ygu bavf tbf tljf tg wrltf tbfj.

8. Hf bgefst Mg ygu aituaddy sff aeytble`7 Olead tbgu`bts rfqulrf 'tbgu`bts' - tbat

ls, tblecle`

fvfr

try tg wrltf olead tbgu`bts wbfe ygu iaeegt tblec go aeytble`.

9. Lt ogddgws tbfe tbat ygu sbgudm efvfr jfjgrlsf aeytble` tg hf usfm .

=. Oleaddy, olead tbgu`bts sbgudm egt hf tgg dge`.

Pfdd, L bavf tbf tljf SParele` dZ, aem L aj a eatlvf wrltfr go Fe`dlsb wltb a oalr fxpfrlfeif go tbf wgrdm,

jfaele` tbat L iae bgefstdy sff gppgrtueltlfs ogr olead tbgu`bts SParele` 8Z. Ghvlgusdy L wldd egt usf

aeytble` jfjgrlsfm SParele` 9Z, aem L wldd cffp tbf olead tbgu`bts sbgrt SParele` =Z. Bfrf tbfy arf.

1.

]ascs

A H

aem I orgj ]lp 12, Fxfrilsf 9s ls adjgst ifrtaledy

igesfqufet tg Pgrdm Par ]wg.

Lt ls pgsslhdf tg fxtrapgdatf* orgj tbfsf trfems tbat igjputfrs bavf

egw adjgst tgtaddy supfrsfmfm* tbf gtbfr twg jftbgms.

Lt ls dg`liad aem dlcfdy tbat tbfrf fxlsts ae levfrsf igrrfdatlge hftwffe

tbfsf twg oaitgrs.

Vsle` a dlec tg a wfdd-cegwe

fxtfread oait.

Vsle` a dg`liad outurf trfem.

Vsle` a iausf-aem-foofit

rfdatlgesblp, gr igrrfdatlge/

levfrsf igrrfdatlge.


30/49

8. Oggthadd Iduhs Dlef @rapb (orgj tbf hf`leele`

g

]lp =)

]bf stfamlefss go Maemfege` s `rgwtb su``fsts tbat tbls rlsf igetleufs

hfygem tbf `lvfe tljf orajf.

9. ^lf Ibart (orgj ]lp 1=)

Jaeuoaiturle` ls gedy rfprfsfetfm hy igjputfrs aem vfblidfs, tg`ftbfr

ajguetle` tg a rfdatlvfdy jlegr ? aem < le tbfsf yfars rfspfitlvfdy, ifr

taledy sbgwle` tbat tbf daem rfjales jgst ljpgrtaet le tbf prgmuitlge go

fxpgrts.

]ahdf go Ol`urfs (orgj ]lp 16)

]bf raplm `rgwtb le Qdm. su``fsts lt wldd igetleuf hfygem tbf `lvfe tljf

orajf, jacle` tbls egrtbfastfre statf, hy oar, tbf prfjlfr lrge prgmuifr.

=. ^rgifss Mla`raj (orgj ]lp 1?)

]bf adujlea ls tbus rfamy ogr tbf efxt sta`f le tbf prgmuitlge prgifss;

hfle` rfolefm at a sjfdtfr* letg purf adujleluj.

Fyf Mla`raj (orgj ]lp 1?, Fxfrilsf

9?)

Gef ljjfmlatfdy offds tbat, mfspltf lts apparfet sljpdlilty, tbf bujae fyf

ls a jarvfdgusdy olef-tuefm aem igjpdliatfm part go tbf hgmy.

@advaegjftfr Mla`raj (orgj ]lp 1?, Fxfrilsf 9?)

1.

8.

Gef suspfits tbat tbls mfvlif bas egw hffe supfrsfmfm* hy ml`ltad

tfibegdg`y.

]bf mfvlif ls tbus vfry letrliatfdy assfjhdfm tg utldlsf fdfitrgja`

eftli aem pbysliad ogrifs tg aiblfvf lts purpgsf.


Vsle` tbf stratf`y

go

`rgup

le` parts letg jgrf `fefrad

statfjfets.

]bls ls dge`fr

tbae jgst olead tbgu`bts sleif

lt mgfs, aituaddy, hasf ltsfdo

ge ourtbfr oaituad mfsirlptlge

go

tbf tasc.


Vsle` a dlec

tg

a wfdd-cegwe

fxtfread oait, gr wbat ]lp ?

iadds a oaituad ammltlge .

Vsle` a eaturad rfaitlge, aem

gef tbat L bgefstdy ofdt wbfe

stumyle` tbls mla`raj.

Vsle` a dg`liad outurf trfem gr

igesfqufeif. Egtlif tbat L usf

tbf iarfoud wgrm suspfits ,

sleif ygu iaeegt hf surf.

Vsle` tbf stratf`y go `rgup

le` parts letg jgrf `fefrad

statfjfets.

Le tbls sfigem fxajpdf, L aj usle` gef

go

tbf ogrfst-vlfw apprgaibfs, wrltle` ahgut tbf eaturad ogrifs

levgdvfm. L iae mg tbls sleif tbf aituad ogrfst-vlfw usfs tbf

stfps

gr

sta`fs

apprgaib, sg L aj egt

rfpfatle` leogrjatlge.


31/49

6

Japs (orgj ]lp 10)

]bls `gdo igursf, hy hfle` puhdli aem efstdfm* idgsfdy wltble tbf sgutbfre

arjs

go

rfslmfetlad mfvfdgpjfet, sffjs aooldlatfm* jgrf

wltb

tbf tgwe tbae

tbf rfsgrts .

Pgrm-Dfarele` ]ljf

Jatib tbf wgrms ge tbf dfot(*

le

tbf prfvlgus tfxt) wltb tbflr jfaele` ge tbf rl`bt.

Vsle` a eaturad (dg`liad)

rfaitlge/ghsfrvatlge.

tg fxtrapgdatf

v) tg tacf tbf pdaif go stb. igeslmfrfm gdm-oasblgefm

8

tg

supfrsfmf

v)

tg

ogrj

ae gplelge ahgut tbf outurf

orgj

tbf prfsfet oaits

9

sjfdtfr

e)

tg hf le a pgsltlge tbat

ls

prgtfitfm, sbfdtfrfm, gr partdy blmmfe

tg efstdf

v)

, idgsfdy dlecfm wltb aegtbfr

6

aooldlatfm

(amk) tbf pdaif wbfrf grf ls jfdtfm tg fxtrait jftad

Hfogrf olelsble` wltb olead tbgu`bts, L waet tg jacf tbf usuad warele` L bavf `lvfe jaey tljfs

egw

tbat

ygu sbgudm egt try wrltle` olead tbgu`bts uedfss ygu bavf tbf;

1. bgefst awarfefss

8. Fe`dlsb scldds aem ahldlty

9. tljf

... tg mg sg. Ygjf stumfets jay bavf add tbls3 jgst wldd egt. Ogddgw ygur lestleits aem tbf tljle` murle`

tbf tfst, aem adways tblec

Appfemlx 1>

]bf prgolt ol`urf oadds fvfedy orgj 6> tg ahgut 16


34/49

etfeifs usf tbf

pgsltlge

wgrms ahgvf , hfdgw , dfot , aem tgp . ]bf wrltfr ls rfofrrle`

ddy tg tbf ]asc Gef pa`f. Lt ls hfttfr egt tg mg tbls. As ]lp ? says, tbf hfst aeswfr sbgudm hf ahdf

hf uemfrstggm wltbgut dggcle` at tbf aituad ]asc Gef, fspfiladdy sleif tbf pgsltlge iae ibae`f. Ogr

df , gotfe tbfrf ls egtble` ahgvf at add - kust tbf tgp go tbf pa`f.

0

og rjfr aem dattfr rfofrfeif pattfre iae hf usfm, hut le Yfetfeif a lt ls usfm leigrrfitdy sleif tbfrf ls

gef ltfj le tbf sfetfeif. ]bfrf effms tg hf twg. Yfetfeif a igudm hf wrlttfe as ;

Eghdf ^arc em @ffdge`s prgolts wfrf hgtb dgw le tbls

quartfr, hut wltb tbf dattfr sbgwle` ae leirfasle` trfem .

husfs

rfspfitlvfdy , hut tbls iae gedy hf usfm wltb a spfiloli eujhfr

g

ltfjs wblib arf dlecfm

tbf sajf eujhfr g

gtbfr ltfjs as le;

]bf prgolt ogr

a e m f e g ~ G

aem 2> rfspfitlvfdy.

-

tbf aeswfr tg Yfetfeifs = ogr aegtbfr usf go rfspfitlvfdy .

i usfs sleif , wblib ls a mae`frgus wgrm hfiausf lt jfaes orgj tbat pglet uetld egw . ]bf tljf

go

LFD]Y `rapbs vfry rarfdy `g tg tbf prfsfet . ]bfy usuaddy olelsb sgjf tljf le tbf past, jfaele`

wldd hf uedlcfdy tg effm tbf prfpgsltlge sleif .

m igjhlefs a pfrlgm (orgj 1 tg 1.

- lt rgsf aem fvfetuaddy pfacfm at 6>.

2

Yfetfeif a

lt

iae hf dlecfm tg tbf Pf iae sff orgj tbf ibart prghdfj, wblib wf dggcfm at le

?.

]bf sfetfeif

ls

sljldardy strae`f, sleif lt assujfs wf arf sff le` tbf ibart, yft tbf ibart jay hf ge

plfif go papfr. Hut dft us igeslmfr aegtbfr mae`fr go irystad idfar/ghvlgus/fasldy sffe/fvlmfet .

prghdfj ls tbat wbat ygu aeegueif as irystad idfar jay hf egt sg idfar tg gtbfrs. Ytumfet A tblecs

ls

idfardy ghvlgus tbat tbfrf arf ogur sta`fs le tbf mla`raj, wbldf Ytumfet H tblecs tbfrf arf olvf .

tumyle` tbf mla`raj, fvfrygef le tbf idass hfigjfs uesurf. ]bf amvlif ls tg hf vfry iarfoud ahgut

e` leogrjatlge

ls

irystad idfar , ghvlgus , fasldy sffegr fvlmfet.

o

lt ls egt, tbfe ygur wgrms


35/49

Adsg, mg egt usf uehfdlfvahdy

as

Yfetfeif h mgfs. ]lp 6 says tbat eaturad rfaitlges arf pgsslhdf, hut ygu

just egt usf fxtrfjf gr leapprgprlatf amkfitlvfs SYff tbf aeswfr tg ]lp =, Fxfrilsf

9

^art ]wg, Ltfj

18Z. ]frrlhdf , awoud

,

aem oaetast li arf leapprgprlatf ogr tbf sajf rfasge. Hf ogrjad aem aiamfjli

sleif tbls ls ogrjad wrltle`.

Ge tbf suhkfit

go

jfjgrlsfm sfetfeifs, mg egt usf i as ae letrgmuitlge. Lt ls egt a qulic `daeif tbat

wgudm sbgw tbf mftalds wblib ogddgw, hut lestfam a iarfoud stumy . Eg gef ls `daeile` at aeytble`,

fspfiladdy egt ygu, sg wby ls tbls slddy sfetfeif hfle` usfm7

Yfetfeifs , wbfrf L wrgtf;

S]bf ol`urf leirfasfs) tg ae apparfetdy jasslvf => hlddlge le kust 1> yfars.

egt usf

a

pparfetdy ogr barm oaits. Yljldardy, mg egt usf bfm`fs suib as sgrt

go

gr clem go as `

]bfsf arf usfm le spgcfe Fe`dlsb, gotfe ogr sgotfele` a jfssa`f - ogr fxajpdf, Bf was

clem

g

Le LFD]Y wrltle`,

lo

ygu waet bl`bfr jarcs

le

tbf Dfxliad Xfsgurif iatf`gry, ygu effm tg igevfy

jfaele`s .

t tbrff sfetfeifs letrgmuif igekueitlges aem a prfpgsltlge go iausf aem foofit. ]bfy arf mae`frgus

hfiau

sf tb

fy gotfe letrgmuif gplelges aem gutslmf spfiudatlge, wblib ygu sbgudm egt `lvf. Iausf

foofit iae gedy hf usfm

le

a iarfoud aem dljltfm way lo mfmuile` a igrrfdatlge. SYff ]lp

12Z

m usfs sg tg amm fjpbasls, hut tbls

ls

ae fjgtlgead fjpbasls. ]bls

ls

egt

apprgprlatf tg ]asc

e`.

a usfs aegtbfr igekueitlge, wbfrfas , tg sfqufeif twg statfjfets, hut tbls hrfacs sgjf rudfs

usle` tbls igekueitlge. Pbfrfas ls usfm tg ;

1 sbgw a tgtad igetrast

SIdausf Gef

:

_frh3 Idausf ]wg

:

Gppgsltf _frhEfrh Lmfa)

8 usuaddy hftwffe twg mloofrfet suhkfits

9 usuaddy at tbf sajf tljf

= wltb wbfrfas usuaddy hftwffe twg idausfs.

fxajpdf ;

Le 8>>1 , Iblea s @M^ leirfasfs, wbfrfas Austradla s rfjales igestaet.

sfetfeif sbgws

1.

a tgtad igetrast (tbf olrst leirfasfs3 tbf sfigem mgfs egt 8. hftwffe twg mloofrfet

ts (Iblea aem Austradla s @M^s) 9. at tbf sajf tljf (8>>1), =. wltb wbfrfas le tbf jlmmdf. ]bf

tlge tg Yfetfeifs

1?

i tg f usfs wbfrfas SuemfrdlefmZ, ogddgwle` add tbfsf rudfs.


37/49

]asc Gef usuaddy levgdvfs jaey mloofrfet suhkfits, aem tbfy add sbgw mloofrfet trfems

gvfr

tbf sajf

pfrlgm, jfaele` tbat wbfrfas iae lemffm hf a vfry usfoud ]asc Gef igekueitlge, aem ygu wldd egtlif lt

ls usfm gotfe le jy sajpdf aeswfrs.

Pbldf ,

leilmfetaddy, sbgws a sljldar igetrast, aem iae hf usfm tg rfpdaif

wbfrfas ,

hut

wbfrfas

ls

ifrtale dy hfttfr lo tbf igetrast ls idfar. ]bf mlooliudty ls tbat wbldf iae adsg jfae adtbgu`b . Le tbls

sfigem usa`f, lt hrfacs add tbf ogur rudfs. Ogr fxajpdf,

Pbldf

sgjf

pfgpdf

tblec stumyle` vfry barm ls

efifssary,

tbfy

gotfe datfr suoofr pfrsgeadlty prghdfjs , (wbfrf tbf vfrhs arf egt igetrastle`, tbf suhkfits

arf tbf sajf, tbf tljfs arf mloofrfet, aem wbldf hf`les tbf sfetfeif).

Yfetfeifs haem i adsg usf tbf wrge` sfqufeifrs. As ]lp


38/49

wf iae adsg mfjgestratf tbf igrrfit usf go rfspfitlvfdy SYfetfeif 0hZ hy `lvle` tbf igrrfit

go Yfetfeifs 1=. ]bfy sbgw a igjjge aem awcwarm usf go Fe`dlsb. ]bf tbrff sfetfeifs arf

hfttfr wrlttfe as;

16

]bflr

prgolt ls tbf bl`bfst.

Lts eujhfr mfirfasfs suhstaetladdy.

Lts pfac ls 66%.

. . ,

rfspfitlvfdy.

sbgw jgrf typliad jlstacfs. 'Leidumle`' just letrgmuif part s) go a dar`fr `rgup aem

fjpbasls (gotfe hfiausf go ae fdfjfet go surprlsf).

]bf ibart sbgws

sfvfe

iguetrlfs,

leidumle` sgjf le

Asla.

'^artliudardy' (aem 'fspfiladdy' ) adsg letrgmuifs part(s) go a dar`fr `rgup aem `lvfs a strge` fjpbasls, sg lt

tg hf mlrfitfm at sgjftble` spfiloli.

]bf

prgolt

rlsfs

partliudardy

oast e

tbf tblrm yfar.

]bf euj fr

go

tgurlsts orgj Hrltale ls partliudardy bl`b.

Maemfege`

le

partliudar sbgws a strge` `rgwtb.

Eajf dy' `lvfs fvfrytble` wblib ls prgjlsfm. ]bls jfaes lt effms tg hf usfm wltb a mfoleltf eujhfr.

]bfrf arf twg Aslae iguetrlfs, eajfdy Kapae aem Iblea.

]bf `rapb sbgws

tbrff

clems go seaic oggm

eajfdy

euts, ibgigdatf, aem iblps.

'Yuib as ls ogr `lvle` `fefrad fxajpdfs. \gu jl`bt egtlif tbat suib as ' adjgst efvfr appfars le aey go

jy sajpdf aeswfrs. ]bf `fefrad eaturf

go

suib as (aem

ogr

fxajpdf') su``fsts lt ls egt apprgprlatf ogr

FD]Y Prltle` ]asc Gef, wbfrf spfiloli aem dljltfm leogrjatlge effms tg hf sujjarlsfm.

Yfetfeifs 1?

]bfsf sfetfeifs sbgw prghdfjs wltb egue pbrasfs. Yfetfeifs a aem h arf a rfjlemfr

go

]lp 9. Xfam tbf

axfs ]bf `rapb sbgws tbf ibae`f le tbf eujhfr g jghldf pbgef gwefrs, aem tbf har ibart sbgws bgw

tbf eujhfr g bgusfs `rfw.

Yfetfeifs i tg f sbgw prghdfjs rfdatle` tg iguetahdf aem ueiguetahdf egues tbat wfrf adsg jfetlgefm

e Appfemlx 6. Ajguet aem 'quaetlty' arf usuaddy ogr ueiguetahdf, wbfrfas eujhfr ls ogr iguetahdf.

tbf sfetfeifs igudm rfam;

]bf

ajguet

go

orult

leirfasfm.

Sueiguetahdf egueZ

]bf

quaetlty

go

watfr

mfirfasfm stfamldy. Sueiguetahdf egueZ

]bf euj fr go pfgpdf rfjalefm at tbls dfvfd. Siguetahdf egueZ

s ogr Yfetfeif

o

wbldf wf iae wrltf

tbf

eujhfr

go

(stb.)', wf iaeegt wrltf

tbf

ol`urf

go

(stb.)' . ]bf


39/49

Yfetfeifs 0

]bfsf sfetfeifs arf a rfjlemfr

tg

usf ]asc

Gef

daeùa`f. Ge tbf igetrary aem ge tbf gtbfr baem arf

egt ]asc Gef pbrasfs. Aituaddy,

ge

tbf igetrary ls jgrf ogr spgcfe Fe`dlsb, wbfe igrrfitle` a oadsf

statfjfet, aem egt fvfe apprgprlatf ogr ]asc

]wg

Yg, ygu tblec L gedy spfac Fe`dlsb7 e tbf igetrary L

spfac Ypaelsb aem Jaemarle Iblefsf.

Yfetfeifs i aem m usf jfaewbldf aem mur le` , hut tbfsf wgrms arf usfm jaledy ogr stgry tfddle` gr

earratlvfs , wbfrf bappfele`s aem fvfets arf put le grmfr gr sfqufeifm. Avglm usle` tbfj le LFD]Y

wrltle`.

Yfetfeifs 2

]bfrf arf varlgus jlstacfs sbgwe bfrf. ]bf jlstacfs le tbf olrst twg sfetfeifs arf le tbf pdurad s . Pbfe

wf `lvf olùrfs, wf mg egt usf tbls. Le Fe`dlsb, wf tadc ahgut fl`bt

jlddlge

aem slx

tbgusaem.

Bgwfvfr, wf

igudm say, ]bf prgolt ls `lvfe le jlddlges go mgddars , gr, ]bf sadfs olùrfs arf `lvfe le tbgusaems.

]bf efxt twg frrgrs arf igjjge jlstacfs wbfe igjparle` jgrf tbae twg ltfjs. ]bfy sbgudm rfam;

Maemfege`s prgolt

ls

tbf hl``fst. SgrZ hl``fr tbae tbf gtbfrs.

Aiamfjli hggcs wfrf tbf sfigem jgst fxpfeslvf.

Oleaddy, tg aiiguet ogr

ls

usfm wltb olùrfs Sbfeif tbf iguet stfj le tbf vfrhZ. ]bus, tbf dast sfetfeif

sbgudm rfam;

]bf prgolt rgsf tg tbf bl`bfst eujhfr, aiiguetle` ogr 0> .

Yfetfeifs >6. ]bf prghdfj

ls

tbat Yfetfeif a

su``fsts tbat fvfrytble` bappfefm

le tbf gef yfar

8>>6. Yljldardy, Yfetfeif h su``fsts tbat fvfrytble`

bappfefm le tbf yfar 8>1>.

Gef way tg sgdvf tbls ls tg egt usf a igjja. ]bls jfaes tbat le 8>>6 igeefits gedy tg tbf dast egue,

?>> .

\gu

igudm adsg put tbf yfar le hraicfts.

]bf eujhfr g pfgpdf `rgws stfamldy orgj 96> tg ?>> le 8>>6.

]bf eujhfr

g

pfgpdf `rgws stfamldy tg ?>>

le

8>>6).

Bgwfvfr, tbfrf

ls

stldd a daic go idarlty bfrf. ]bf hfst jftbgm

ls

tg put tbf igjpdftf tljf pfrlgm at tbf

hf`leele`

go

tbf sfetfeif, as ]lp >>

tg

8>>6, tbf eujhfr go pfgpdf `rgws stfamldy orgj 96> tg ?>>.

Orgj 8>>2 tg 8>1>, tbf sadfs olùrf sbgws a mrajatli oadd tg 89.

Yfetfeif i ls pgsslhdf, hut puttle` olùrfs aem yfars efxt tg faib gtbfr iae hf igeousle`, wblib ls gef


40/49

Appfemlx 8

LFD]Y Prltl

e`

]asc Gef ^raitlifs; Yajpdf Aeswfrs

Egtf

Ogr add tbf ogddgwle` ogur sajpdf aeswfrs, tbf olead tbgu`bts arf sbgwe leslmf a hgx, lemliatle` tbat tbfy

mg egt hfdge` tg tbf igrf aeswfr aem mg egt amm tg ]asc Aiblfvfjfet (hut mg amm tg Dfxliad Xfsgurif

aem @rajjatliad Xae`f) . Olead tbgu`bts appfar gedy otfr tbf tasc bas hffe ouddy mfsirlhfm, aem arf

sbgwe bfrf tg rfprfsfet tbf fgrftli d hfst aeswfr, wblib oastfr aem strge`fr wrltfrs jay aiblfvf.

]g rfpfat tb f amvlif `lvfe le ]lp 12 , le tbf pr itli d sltuatlge go ae LFD]Y tfst, jaey stumfets stru``df tg

wrltf tb f rfqulrfm 16> wgrms le tbf 8> jleutfs , wblib su``fsts tbat ygu sbgudm prghahdy egt attfjpt tg

wrltf olead tbgu`bts, hut lestfam usf aey fxtra tljf ogr ibficle`, ibae`le` , aem ljprgvle` ygur wrltle`,

gr jgvle` ge tg ]asc ]wg.

LFD]Y Prltle` asc Gef ^raitlif L

]bf

ib

arts igjparf Furgpf wltb Aorlia

le

rfdatlge tg tbrff puhdli

traespgrt lemfxfs; dfe`tb go urhae rald dlefs, eujhfr g o wgrcfrs,

aem tgtad spfemle` , ogr tbf yfars 8>>> aem 8>1> .

Gvfradd , tbfrf arf twg

trfems.

Ol

rstdy

,

tbf jgrf amvaeifm

leorastruiturfs* go Furgpf arf rfodfitfm hy lts igrrfspgemle`dy

bl

`bfr status

le add jfasurfs le hgtb

yfars

, partliudardy le

spfemle` at tbf fem . Yfigemdy, add tbfsf rfofrfeifs , apart

orgj Aor lia's spfemle` , fxpfrlfeif leirfasfs, adtbgu`b aàle

sgjfwbat prfmlitahdy, Furgpf iae idalj a oar `rfatfr suiifss.

Dg

gcle` at tbls egrtbfre igetlefet gvfr tbf mfiamf , trale dlefs

fxtfem orgj olvf tg 11 (cldgjftfrs), wltb tbf staoo eujhfr sbgwle`

a sljldar hut aiifetuatfm* rlsf , mguhdle` orgj 9> tg ?>

pfr

1,

>>> pfgpdf) . Bgwfvfr, tbf jgst ljprfsslvf* `rgwtb ls

le

tbf

jge ftary spfemle`, orgj 8> (hlddlge) tg

ae

apparfetdy jasslvf

=>, igetrastl

e`

tbf sam mfidlef le Aorlia gvfr

tb

ls sajf pfrlgm.

Jgvle` ge tg lts sgutbfre efl`bhgur, rald mlstaeifs aem staoole`

at dfast sbgw `rgwtbs , hut at rfmuifm dfvfds aem hy sjaddfr

ja

r`

les . ]bf jfasurfs go tbls igetlefet prfsfet a prgegueifm*

ml

spa

rlty* wltb tbflr igetlefetad

fqulvadfets*

,

fspfiladdy

le

jgefy levfstfm , grl`leaddy 1> (hlddlge), gedy tg daeùlsb* at a

igjparatlvfdy jfa`rf* twg, tgtaddy mwarofm* hy tbf Furgpfae

foogrts.

]bf letrgmuitlge, usle` igjparf .

]bf ogrfst-vlfw, lmfetloyle` twg

trfems aem slèpgstle` tbfj

dg`lia

dd

y

Lt ls aituaddy mlooliudt tg usf juib

rfad-wgrdm Fe`dlsb bfrf sleif add

tbrff lemfxfs jfasurf mloofrfet

aspfits.

]bf trff-vlfw, startle` wltb a dg`liad

tgpli pbrasf.

Velts arf letrgmuifm

le

hraicfts gef

tljf gedy.


A partlilplad pbrasf.

]bf sfigem tgpli pbrasf, egw

fesurle` tbf wbgdf tasc

ls

sujjarlsfm .

Egw ygu prghahdy egtlif tbat tbls

tasc

was

wrlttfe le

tbf spgrt

s

igjjfetatgrs tfesf - a stydlstli

ibglif.


41/49

Gef wgudm suspfit a igrrfdatlge hftwffe tbf leirfasf go ouems

hfle` levfstfm le rald igestruitlge aem staoo rfirultjfet, a trfem

jgrf apparfet le tbf amvaeifm Furgpfae rf`lge.

8>8 + 80

:

88< wgrms)

]bf olead tbgu`bt

s

mfmuile` a

igrrfdatlge, wltb sgjf fxtfread

cegwdfm`f.

Pgrm Dfarele` ]ljf

Jatib tbf wgrms ge tbf dfot (* le tbf prfvlgus tfxt) wltb tbflr jfaele` ge tbf rl`bt.

lemfx (e)

ae

fxtra ajguet3 a part egt leidumfm le tbf jale `rgup

8

leorastruiturf (e) sjadd le quaetlty gr pggr le quadlty

9 tg aiifetuatf (v) a mloofrfeif, fsp. gef igeefitfm wltb ueoalr trfatjfet

=

ljprfsslvf

(amk) stb. tbat mlrfits attfetlge tg sgjf oait, statlstli, gr igemltlge

6

jar`le (e) tg jacf stb. sffj sjadd igjparfm wltb stb. fdsf

? prgegueifm (amk) a tble` tbat ls fquad le sgjf way tg stb. fdsf

0

mlsparlty (e) bavle` tbf pgwfr tg ljprfss aem iausle` attfetlge gr amjlratlge

2 fqulvadfet (e) tg hfigjf wfacfr gr oald tg jacf prg`rfss

jfa`rf (amk) vfry egtlifahdf, ghvlgus, gr strge`dy fxprfssfm

tg mwaro (v) tg fjpbaslsf gr jacf stb. jgrf egtlifahdf

LFD]Y Prltle` ]asc Gef ^raitlif

bat ogddgws sujjarlsfs tbf wgrcogrif mlstrlhutlge ajge`

figegjli sfitgrs* le 1 aem 8>1> le Ygutbfast Asla, leidumle`

leogrjatlge igeifrele` lts eujhfrs go leigjle` tgurlsts.

Le

`fefrad, jgst pfgpdf wgrcfm le tbf a`rliudturad sfitgr*, wblib

mgjleatfm* hgtb yfars, partliudardy tbf olrst, wbfrf lt igjprlsfm

gvfr bado go tbf tgtad.

Le

ammltlge, jaeuoaiturle` jamf strge`

`ales, suib tbat hy pfrlgm-fem, lt bam adjgst fquadfm a`rliudturf,

at ahgut

gef

tblrm faib, jacle` hgtb

go

tbfj tbf

dfamle`

prgvlmfrs

go

fjpdgyjfet. Oleaddy, apart orgj gef `darle`* aem

suhstaetlad jlm-pfrlgm mgweture*, tgurlst eujhfrs sbgwfm vfry

bfadtby amvaeifs lemffm.

Dggcle` spfiloliaddy at tbf figegjli mlvlslges, gvfr tbfsf tbrff

mfiamfs, uefjpdgyjfet pdujjftfm orgj 80 tg 8 - idfardy

a wfdigjf ibae`f aem ifrtaledy dlecfm* tg tbf `rgwtb le tbf

sfrvlif lemustry aem jaeuoaiturle`, orgj 8 tg 86 aem orgj 0.>

]bf letrgmuitlge, egt jfetlgele`

tbf tasc aem usle` a partlilplad

pbrasf.

]bf ogrfst-vlfw.

]brff trfems arf `lvfe aem

sl`epgstfm dg`liaddy.

Ygjf rfad-wgrdm Fe`dlsb aem

partlilplad pbrasfs

]bf trff-vlfw, dggcle` at tbf p lf

ibarts aem. ..


42/49

]urele` tg tgurlsj ,

le

tbf olrst mfiamf, eujhfrs `rfw orgj 88 tg

adjgst 96 (jlddlge) . Bgwfvfr, suib suiifss was sbgrt-dlvfm, wltb

a prgegueifm* mfsifet

go

1> giiurrle` gvfr tbf efxt olvf yfars.

Mfspltf tb ls sfthaic*, rfigvfry was raplm, sffle` tbf ol`urf sgge

rfaib 96 aem fem at adjgst => , `lvle` ae gvfradd mguhdle` go

pfgpdf travfddle` ogr rfirfatlgead purpgsfs.

Gef sffs a traesltlge* bfrf, orgj ae a`rliudturad tg a jgmfre

lemustrlad aem sfrvlifs-hasfm figegjy, paraddfdle`* tbf leodux* go

tgurlsts , ogr wbgj tbfrf wgudm effm tg hf oaildltlfs.

(1


43/49

Gvfradd, tbf prgifss levgdvfs watfr mrlvfe le àsfgus aem dlqulm

ogrjs hy tbf eaturad ajhlfeif*

go

hgtb bl`b aem dgw fdfvatlges*,

`ravlty aitle` adge` tbf tgpg`rapby* go tbf daem suroaif, aem tbf

jftfgrgdg`liad* leodufeif

go

sue, wlem, aem gifae .

@fefraddy spfacle`, tbf prgifss ibarts tbf mgwewarm patb go

dlqulm watfr adge` tbf fartbs suroaif, fvfetuaddy tg tbf sfa, gr

le

tbf iasf go bujae-rfdatfm mlvfrslge*, tbrgu`b rfsfrvglrs* aem

watfrwgrcs, hut sljldardy femle`

le

tbf sfa, wbfrf fvapgratlge*

hf`les tbf prgifss aàle.

Pltb rfspfit tg tbf daem-hasfm prgifssfs, lt hf`les wbfe tbf

alrhgref vapgur, bavle` prfilpltatfm letg ralemrgps, oadds tg tbf

`rguem. Ammltlgeaddy, fxlstle` lif ge tbf bl`bfr jguetale tgps

jfdts aem, adge` wltb tbf ralewatfr, kgles tbf suroaif rlvudfts*

aem strfajs, igjhlele` letg dar`fr rlvfrs as `ravlty mraws tbfj

ge a mgwewarm wlemle`* igursf, lefvltahdy* tg tbf sfa.

Igeslmfrle` tbf jae-jamf wgrdm, tbfrf fxlsts a mlvfrslge* orgj

tbf rlvfrs eaturad odgw letg a stgra`f rfsfrvglr* . Aotfr uemfr`gle`

purloliatlge at a trfatjfet pdaet, tbls watfr sfrvfs varlgus bujae

purpgsfs. ]bf rfsudtaet mlsibar`f ls adsg trfatfm tg hf rfdatlvfdy

orff go pgddutaets, tbfe geif aàle ibaeefddfm* letg tbf add

rfiflvle` sfa.

Jgvle` tg tbf atjgspbfrli pbasf*, tbf sue s rays fvapgratf

fxpgsfm* dlqulm gr traesplratf lt orgj pdaets, addgwle` tbf vapgur

tg jl`ratf* upwarms wbfrf lt ls oueefddfm* hy prfvaldle` * wlems

aem jguetale

sdgpfs*

letg

tbf iggdfr

igemltlges go

bl`bfr

adtltumfs*. ]bls rfsudts le igemfesatlge* aem idgum ogrjatlge ,

tbus igjpdftle` tbf iyidf.

^gddutlge, suib as ailm rale aem watfr hgref ibfjliad wastf,

ls

egtlifahdy uerfprfsfetfm.

(81= + 18 : 88? wgrms)

A ogrfst-vlfw usle` tbf eaturad

ogrifs .

]bls ogrfst-vlfw wldd hf usfm le tbls

aeswfr.

Ae fxajpdf ogrfst-vlfw usle` tbf

pbysliad parts.

Faib trff-vlfw para`rapb hf`les

wltb a tgpli pbrasf aem

faib g tbfsf tgpli pbrasfs

dg`liaddy ibggsfs a ibuec gr

sfitlge, aem

... tg`ftbfr tbfy igjpdftfdy igvfr

tbf mla`raj.

Olead tbgu`bts, hasfm ge a eaturad

rfaitlge

L

8 wgrms).


44/49

]ljf

wgrms ge tbf dfot *

le

tbf prfvlgus tfxt) wltb tbflr jfaele` ge tbf rl`bt.

iyidli

(amk) tbf ait go ogrjle` a prfilpltatf (dlqulm) orgj vapgur

8

hlgspbfrf (e) rfpfatfm jaey tljfs aem bappfele`

le

tbf sajf grmfr

9

igemfesatlge (e)

ueahdf tg

hf

avglmfm gr fsiapfm

=

prfilpltatlge (e) tbf bfl`bt ahgvf tbf dfvfd go tbf sfa

6

aiiujudatlge (e)

tbf pbysliad ofaturfs g e arfa g daem, fsp. tbf pgsltlge go lts

rlvfrs, jguetales, fti.

?

lefvltahdf (amk)

rfdatle` tg tbf silfetloli stumy go tbf atjgspbfrf aem wfatbfr

0

fvapgratlge

(e) tbf ibae`le` go a suhstaeif orgj vapgur tg a dlqulm

2

ajhlfeif (e)

tbf ait go ibae`le` letg vapgur

tgpg`rapby (e)

stb. tbat tures stb. fdsf orgj gef igursf tg aegtbfr

jftfgrgdg`liad (amk) tbf part go tbf fartb s suroaif wblib igetales dlof

18

mlvfrslge

(e) a `rgwtb hy igetleugus ammltlge

19

rfsfrvglr (e)

gpfe tg vlfw3 egt igvfrfm gr prgtfitfm

1=

rlvudft (e)

e

artlolilad dacf wbfrf watfr ls stgrfm ogr usf

16

wlemle`

(amk) tg jgvf orgj gef pdaif tg aegtbfr

1? tg ibaeefd (v)

a sta`f le a prgifss go ibae`f gr mfvfdgpjfet

10 pbasf (e)

tbf suroaif gr plfif go a daem tbat sdgpfs , f.`. a bldd gr jguetale

12 fxpgsfm (amk)

bavle` a iurvle` aem twlstle` sbapf

1< tg jl`ratf (v)

fxlstle` gr igjjge at a partliudar tljf

8

tg oueefd

(v) a vfry sjadd rlvfr3 a sjadd strfaj go watfr gr gtbfr dlqulm

81 prfvald le` (amk) tg igevfy gr sfem stb . tbrgu`b a ibaeefd gr patb

88 sdgpf (e) tbf spfiloli bfl`bt ahgvf sfa dfvfd

89

adtltumf (e)

tg

jgvf gr jacf stb. jgvf letg a earrgwfr spaif

Prltle` ]asc Gef ^raitlif L_

sbgudm hf oajldlar fegu`b wltb jy jftbgm egw egt tg effm aey ourtbfr igjjfets, apart orgj gef

tbat tbrff sajpdf olead tbgu`bts arf `lvfe; gef dggcle` haic, gef dggcle` ogrwarm, aem gef

tbf prfsfet.


45/49

]bf oduituatlges le tbf usa`f go ogur ogrjs go traespgrt tacfe ogr wffcfem fvfets le Jfdhguref orgj

1 tg 8>1> iae hf sujjarlsfm as ogddgws.

Gvfr tbf wbgdf pfrlgm, tbf geif pgpudar pbysliad jfaes leidumle` - fvfetuaddy - husfs levgdvle` , as

tbfy mg, sgjf mf`rff

g

pbysliadlty), wfrf udtljatfdy supfrsfmfm* hy iars, wbgsf pgpudarlty sur`fm at

tbf fxpfesf go tbf gtbfrs tg mgjleatf tbf jftbgms go jgvle` arguem ogr rfirfatlgead purpgsfs.

Fxajlele` jgtgrlsfm traespgrt, iars startfm at ahgut sfvfe uelts) . Gvfr tbf efxt tblrty yfars, tbfy

aiifdfratfm* abfam tg usf ae apt* jftapbgr*) tg 86, sgge gvfrtacle` tbf olfdm. ]bfy olelsbfm at

=>, tbfe bavle` gvfr twgogdm tbf pgpudarlty

g

tbflr efarfst rlvad , husfs. ]bfsf wfrf, le oait, tbf

gedy jftbgm wblib ibaddfe`fm iars, le tbf olrst bado-pfrlgm àlele` oavgur orgj 8> tg 80, hut tbfe

suiiujhle`* tg tbf lefvltahdf* wltb tbf passle` go tljf , bavle` oaddfe tg 1= hy tbf olead yfar.

Xfàrmle` tbf bujhdfr* jfaes

g

travfd, wadcle` was leltladdy tbf jgst pgpudar at 96, hfle` sfvfe

ahgvf tbf sfigem-pdaifm hliyidfs. Bgwfvfr, hgtb fxpfrlfeifm a oalrdy iatastrgpbli* mfsifet. Adtbgu`b

tbf jlm-pfrlgm saw a igevfr`feif* g add ogrjs tg ae apprgxljatfdy fvfe mlstrlhutlge*, wadcle` aem

hliyidfs igetleufm tbflr oadd orgj `raif,

hy

pfrlgm-fem hfle` a padtry*

1

aem sfvfe, rfspfitlvfdy, wltb

tbf dattfr rfprfsfetle` tbf dgwfst usa`f go add.

Add tbls igeolrjs tbf wfdd-mgiujfetfm rlsf go tbf autgjghldf le jgmfre tljfs. Olead tbgu`bts L

Fxtrapgdatle`* abfam, tbf ùdo* hftwffe iars aem gtbfr traespgrt wldd prghahdy

wlmfe .

Olead tbgu`bts LL

Gef sffs le tbls ae gvfr-rfdlaeif ge jaiblefs, le dlfu* go fxfrilsf.

Olead tbgu`bts LLL

812

+

18 : 89> wgrms)

Pgrm Dfarele` ]ljf


*

le tbf prfvlgus tfxt) wltb tbflr jfaele` ge tbf rl`bt.

tg supfrsfmf v) summfe aem iausle` `rfat aem uewfdigjf ibae`f

8

tg aiifdfratf v) tg tacf tbf pdaif g stb. igeslmfrfm gdm-oasblgefm

9 apt amk) hfle` ifrtale tg bappfe at sgjf pglet le tbf outurf

= jftapbgr e) tg bappfe gr jacf stb. bappfe oastfr gr fardlfr

6 tg suiiujh v) tbf way tbat stb. ls sbarfm gr fxlsts le ae arfa gr `rgup

?

lefvltahdf

e) tg surrfemfr, `lvf up , gr hf mfofatfm hy stb.

0

bujhdf amk) sultahdf gr apprgprlatf

le

tbf ilriujstaeifs

2

iatastrgpbli

amk) tgg sjadd tg

hf

igeslmfrfm ljpgrtaet gr usfoud

, 9

]lp 0, ]bf Gvfrvlfw Ogrfst-_lfw) aem Xfad Pgrdm7

9 6, 2 ? 8,

0

1, 11 = 1=, 18, , 19

]lp 10, Ogrfst-_lfw

8 =

1 2

Yujjarlsle` Fxfrilsf, Yajpdf Aeswfr Olead _frslge)

9 ?, 6 1 8 ,

< 2

,

0

=

Appfemlx 9

=, 1, 8

0

?, 6 1> ,


48/49

Appfemlx 18

9,

=

1 ?,

0

1?

,

1=

Appfemlx 19

9 6 2, 1, =, , 0, 18 ?

Appfemlx 1=

19,?, 0,

1>

10 , 1? , 18 ,

16

, ,

1= =

, 2 6 12 ,

86 88

, 1 , 8= 6, 9, 8> 8=, 1< 8 88, 89

Appfemlx 12

1 = 6, 9

Appfemlx 8

LFD]Y Prltle` ]asc Gef ^raitlif L

1>

0,

1

, 2, =, < =

? 1 8, 9


49/49

L D]Y Prltle` ]asc Gef ^raitlif Ldd

=,

1

?,

< gr89

, 1>,

11

9, 0 2

18

8, 6

12 19

,

1, 6, 9,

11

,

19

18,

1=

0,

=

Date post:	26-Feb-2018
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