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CONTENTIGC 2

CONTROL OF INTERNATIONAL WORKPLACE HAZARDSUNIT 1

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLEA ND VEHICLES

NEBOSH IGCNEBOSH IGC

HAZARDS AND CONTROL

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HAZARDS

AND CONTROL

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND

CONTROL

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROL

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH

HAZARDS AND CONTROL

TV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.TV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROL

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH

HAZARD AND CONTROL

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES HAZARDS

AND CONTROL

CONTENTMODULE 1

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND VEHICLES HAZARDS ANDCONTROL


PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS


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MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE & VEHICLES HAZARDS & CONTROL

SAFETY SIGNS

The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996

Signs must comply with design and colours in guidance.

Do not apply to road signs/parking.

NEBOSH IGC

ve a egor es:

Prohibition

Warning

Mandatory

Safe Conditions

Fire Fighting

TV NORD reserve all rights in this document and in the information contained therein. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties without express authority is strictly forbidden.


SAFETY SIGNS

Prohibit ion Signs,Warning Signs, Mandatory Signs & Safe condition Signs

The sign Shape Color Example

NEBOSH IGC

Prohibition Circular White No smoking sign

Warning Triangular Yellow Toxic Substance

Mandatory Circular Blue Hearing protection mandatory


Safe condition Rectangular Green First aid

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SAFETY SIGNS

Prohibit ion Signs,Warning Signs, Mandatory Signs & Safe condition Signs

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Factors to consider in theselect ion of eyeprotect ion for useat work

Type and nature of the hazard (impact, chemical splash, UV light, etc).

Type & standard of protection.

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om ort user accepta ty.

Compatibility with other items.

Maintenance requirements.

Costs.

Training requirements.


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Advantage and Disadvantage of safety goggles compared with safety spectacles

Advantage of safety goggles over safety spectacles is: all around protection.

Disadvantage of safety goggle: is the tendency to mist.

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Differencebetween Breathing apparatus and Respirator

Respirator is a filter for removal of air contaminants. It is either half or full face respirator and it includes

cartridge specific for the type of air contaminant e.g.: dust, vapour, fume, etc.

NEBOSH IGC

Breathing apparatus is an apparatus supplying the wearer with clean air or oxygen to help breathing when

present in hostile atmospheres (of very low oxygen levels or contaminated with high toxicity contaminants). It

is either: fresh air hose apparatus, compressed airline apparatus or self contained breathing apparatus

(SCBA).


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Main limitations of a half-mask re-useable respirator

The filter selection.

Limited levels of protection.

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rgonomc cons erat ons com ort, t, etc. .

Incompatibility with other equipment.

Limitations in oxygen deficient atmosphere.

Hygiene Problems




Limitations of personal hearing protection as a means of protection against the effects of noise

Poor fit.

Resistance to use.

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ncom orta ty

Incompatibility with other equipment

Cost of maintenance & replacement.

Hygiene problems.

Need for continuous supervision.

Communication problems


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Factors to be considered in theselect ion and useof personal head protect ion at work

Type of risk (falling objects, impact, entanglement, etc.)

The level of protection to be afforded.

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omp ance w t stan ar s.

Ergonomic factors (fit & comfort).

Compatibility with other equipment.

Cost.

Inspection to detect defects.

Proper storage.


.



Main types of personal hearing protection

Earplugs: are small pieces of acoustic absorbing material.

Ear defenders (ear muff): are designed to cover the ears externally with large cups held in position by a head

NEBOSH IGC

an . e cups conta n po yuret ane oam or qu .


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Factors to be considered in thecorrect select ion of respiratory protect ion for useat work

The nature of the contaminants (dust, vapours, fumes, etc)

Contaminants concentration & toxicity.

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ompat ty w t ot er equ pment.

Ergonomic issues.

Maintenance requirements.

Storage requirements

Conformance with standards.

Cost.




Different types of hazard that may necessitate the use of special footwear

Falling objects: requiring use of steel-toe-caps.

Sharp objects: steel-in-soles.

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amma e atmosp ere: ant stat c ootwear.

Molten metal: heat resistant boots and gaiters.

Electricity: rubber soles.

Wet environments: impermeable Wellington boots.

Slippery surface: non-slip soles.

Spread of contamination: washable boots.


.

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Different types of hazard that may necessitate the use of special footwear

Hot work: use leather glove.

Abrasion protection: use leather or PVC glove.

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an gr p: use c ot g ove.

Cut protection: use chain mail glove.

Paint spray: use rubber glove.

Electrical work: use natural rubber-latex glove.

Biological agents: use surgical glove (made of latex)




Practical l imitations of using gloves as a means of protection.

Impairment of dexterity: on wearing gloves, dexterity is impaired which means:

- Things might be dropped.

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- e cate a ustments cannot e accomp s e .

Entanglement in machinery: on using glove on dealing with machinery as a drill, it will constitute an

entanglement hazard.

Torn or puncture: if the glove is torn or punctured it will expose the skin to the hazard.

If the glove material is not properly selected for the hazard it will not offer protection (as for example chemical

can penetrate the glove).


.

Infection of hand: if good hygienic practices are not followed & the glove becomes internally contaminated.

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General is sues relati ng to th e selec ti on an d u se of PPE th at wi ll h elp to ensu re i ts

effectiveness in controlling hazards.

Appropriate for the hazard: as for example respirator with gas cartridge for gases.

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Complying with standard with CE quality mark.

Adjustable (if possible) to be fitted to the use so it will be comfortable and will be accepted by the user.

Compatible with other items (if more than one PPE are used).

Not impairing mobility, vision, hearing, etc. of the wearer.

Not affecting the ability to do the task (for example wearing gloves affect the wearer's ability to do fine

adjustments by hand.)


o crea ng o er r s s as g oves or examp e may crea e en ang emen r s on wor ng mac nes as r s .

Of reasonable cost "regarding replacement, maintenance & training on its use."



Factors that should be considered for PPE use;

Provision of the required information, instruction & training to employees.

Cleaning, inspection and maintenance requirement.

NEBOSH IGC

Storage requirements.

Procedure for replacement of damaged equipment.

System for reporting defects or loss.

Supervision and monitoring of use.


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CONTENTIGC 2

CONTROL OF INTERNATIONAL WORKPLACE HAZARDSUNIT 2

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLEAND VEHICLES


HAZARDS AND CONTROL


AND CONTROL


CONTROL



HAZARDS AND CONTROL




HAZARD AND CONTROL


AND CONTROL

CONTENTMODULE 2

MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS ANDCONTROL


INCORRECT MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING

GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING

MECHANICAL HANDLING & TRANSPORT SAFETY

CASE STUDIES


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MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HANDLING HAZARDS AND CONTROL

Types of injury that could be caused by in correct manual handling of lo ads

Spinal disc compression

Torn ligaments

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o n s oca on

Muscle strains

Hernias

Crushing injury

Fractures, cuts, burns



Strains: are injuries to muscles or the tendons that attach the muscles to your bones. By pulling too far on a

muscle, or by pulling a muscle in one direction while it contracting in the other direction can cause injuries

NEBOSH IGC

.

of the muscle fibers.


Commonly Injured area of theMuscle

Medical Head of theGastrocnemius Muscle

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Sprain: is an injury to a ligament. A ligament is a thick, tough, fibrous tissue that connects bones

together. Commonly injured ligaments are in the ankle, knee and wrist.

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GUIDELINES FOR LIFTING AND LOWERING

FULL HEIGHTREDUCE FOR INCREASE

NEBOSH IGC

SHOULDER HEIGHT

ELBOW HEIGHT

KNUCKLE HEIGHT

IN FREQUENCY

45 TWIST REDUCE BY 10%

90 TWIST REDUCE BY 20%


MID LOWER LEG TO START PUSHING / PULLING 25kg

CONTINUOUS MOTION 10kg

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GOOD BASEFoot position: feet to be shoulder width apart with

GOOD HANDLING TECHNIQUE

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PROGRESSIVE RELAXATION

HEAD LOCK

UPRIGHT BA CK

one eg orwar .

Be close to the load.

Allow the heavier part of the load next to you.

Lift with legs. "bend knees & keep back straight".

Straight back.

Firm grip using full hand.

Elbows in.


LOAD CLOSE TO BODY

USE THE LEG MUSCLES

.

Chin in and "raise head while lifting, this will

ensure straight back."


Manual handling: is moving or supporting a load by hand or body force.

Manual handling

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It is the movement or support of a load by physical effort including: lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling

or moving.

or


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Practical measures designed to reduce the risk of injury fro m manual handling activities at work:

Mechanization of manual handling activities (as use of forklifts, conveyor belt, etc.).

Team handling.

NEBOSH IGC

The adoption of kinetic handling techniques.

Smaller, lighter and more stable loads.

Redesign task to reduce the need for: stooping, twisting or overreaching.

Improving environmental conditions.

Selection and training of personnel to carry out manual handling activities.



Factors associated with working environment that may affect manual handling risks

Space constraints.

Floor conditions (slippery, uneven or varying in height).

NEBOSH IGC

Extremes of temperature.

Humidity.

Air movements & ventilation.

Lighting.

The physical layout: it may lead to excessive carrying, lifting or lowering distance.


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Factors to be considered when making an assessment of manual handling operations.

Load: weight, size, stability, height, contents, outer surface, lack of rigidity (smoothness), the ease with

which it can be grasped, etc.

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Task: distance of the load from the trunk, body movements & postures required (as stooping, twisting,

overreaching), excessive pushing or pulling, excessive handling distances, etc.

Environment: ventilation, lighting, space, floor conditions, (slipping or tripping, uneven etc.),

Individual: physical capabilities, health (fitness, pregnancy, etc.)



Task factors that may affect manual handling risks.

Position of load in relation to body: (handling loads close to the body are less hazardous).

Is the task requiring excessive pushing or pulling of loads.

NEBOSH IGC

s e as requr ng oa s o e e rom or o e re urne o e groun eve .

Is the task necessitates stooping while handling (restricted headroom as in confined space).

Is the task necessitates overreaching (as in lifting loads & putting it in a store above head level).

Is the task involves twisting of the body.

Is the task imposing excessive handling distances.

Is the task imposing repetitive handling.


.

Is the task involving sudden movement of loads.

Is the task requiring pushing or pulling above or below waist level.

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A store man is required to placeboxes of metal components by hand onto shelves racking.

L is t FOUR ty pes o f in ju ry to w hi ch t he s tore man may be at ri sk w hi le carry ing o ut th is

operation.

Out l ine the factors in relat ion to thetask that may affect ther isk of in jury.

NEBOSH IGC

Examples of injuries are:Cuts, abrasion.

Crushing injuries.

Strained ligaments and tendons.

Dislocations of joints.

Hernias

Bone fractures.

Task factors that may affect ther isk of in jury:


.

Excessive carrying, lifting or lowering distances.Excessive pushing or pulling.

Pushing or pulling loads above or below waist level.

The need to lift from and to return loads to the ground level.

Task requiring stooping, twisting or overreaching.

Task requiring repetitive handling with no sufficient rest periods.



A Case Study

A manufacturing company used this modified fork lift truck to lift a worker. Because of the modification the

trucks lifting mechanism failed causing him to fall two metres. he broke his back in the fall.

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, .


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TYPESOF FORK LIFT TRUCKS

LPG "gas

Diesel

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Electric


Types of hazards associated with the operation of forkli ft trucks .



1. Overturning: due to overloading, unsuitable ground, sudden brake, etc.

2. Collision

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. ontact w t - ot sur ace.

- battery acid

4. Manual handling - batteries

- LPG cylinder

5. Explosive atmosphere from leaking cylinders.

6. Exhaust fume emissions.


. .

8. Electrical short circuit.

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Hazards and the corresponding precautions to be taken when changing batteries for fork li fttrucks.



The Hazards accompanying changing batteries for fork lift truck:

Fire/ Explosion hazard.

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Chemical corrosivity: due to battery chemicals.

Electrical hazards-short circuit.

Manual handling hazards: due to lifting of batteries.

The precautions to be taken when changing batteries for a fork lift truck.

Exclusion of ignition sources.

Proper ventilation.

The use of suitable PPE.


Emergency washing facilities.Team handling of batteries or use of mechanical aids.

Electrical safety precautions as: Insulating covers, non-conducting tools & proper connections.

Main hazards associated with electrically operated forklift truc ks.



Electrical hazards:

Explosion due to contact of live cables with the metal of the truck frame and the shorting of battery terminals by

NEBOSH IGC

.

Battery spark leading to ignition of hydrogen "Generated during charging" leading to dangerous explosion.

Non- Electrical hazards:

Overloading

Overturning

Collision


Loss of Load.

Overhead obstruction.

Truck failures.

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Ways in which a forklift truc k may become unstable whilst in operation.



Insecure, excessive or uneven loading.

Incorrect tilt and/ or elevation of forks when traveling.

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.

Incorrect procedures to deal with slopes.

Cornering at excessive speeds.

Sudden braking.

Poor condition of tires.

Mechanical failure.


Items included in the checklist for the routine inspection of a forklift t ruck at the beginning

of a work shift.



General condition of brakes & steering.

NEBOSH IGC

Warning devices (horns and flashing beacons).

Condition of tires.

Lifting mechanism (mast, chains, & fork).

Correct adjustments of seat & mirrors.

Oil leak.


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CASE STUDY

This mobile elevating mobile work platform toppled over and kil led one subcontractor, and injured another

dur ing demol it ion work. a manho le cover col lapsed as the MEWP was mov ing. Although the men were



NEBOSH IGC

wear ng arnesses ey were s rown on o a concre e oor. e company was ne , un er

section 3 of HASWA.




CASE STUDY

Ou tl in e t he p rec au ti on s t o b e t ak en t o p rev en t ac ci den t t o em ploy ees wor ki ng at g ro un d lev el i n a

workshop where heavy loads are lifted and transported by means of an overhead gantry crane.

NEBOSH IGC


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Rules to follow when a forklift truck is left u nattended in the workplace.



1, Key personnel (operator, slinger & signaler) are to be competent & properly trained.

2, Maintenance and statutory requirements of the crane and lifting tackle.

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3, Audible & visual warning (that a dangerous lifting operation is taking place).

4, Ensuring security of the load.

5, Ensure load not exceeding SWL (safe working load).

6, Ensure load is lifted to the correct height & is moved at an appropriate speed.

7, Ensuring that all those working in the area have been properly trained & adequately supervised.

8, Stand-by emergency services.




Precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes.

NEBOSH IGC


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Precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes.

The crane must be suitable (test certificate, reach, lifting capacity, etc.)

The crane is to be used on stable and level base.

"

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Avoid obstructions/overhead lines.

The height limit structure should be erected, decked with warning flags.

Suitable lifting tackle.

Correct slinging techniques.

Ensuring competence of personnel (driver, slinger, and signaler).

Ensuring good visibility & communication.




Procedure for the safe lifting of a load by the use of a crane, having ensured that the crane

has been correctly selected and positio ned for the job.

The suitabil ity of l if t ing tackle:

Of a ood construction sound material ade uate stren th and ree rom defects.

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, , .

Safe Work Load (SWL) to be displayed and not exceeded

To be examined by a competent person every 6 months.

*The competence of the persons involved:

Driver, Slinger, Signaler.

*The load: To ensurethat:

The load is secure.

The load is lifted vertically.


The load is balanced and controlled during the lift by the attachment of tag lines where necessary.

*Proper Communication: between driver and banks men.

*Rate of performing the operation: To perform each part of the operation as lifting, swinging, moving & lowering at

a rate that maintains proper control.

*Keeping the area clear of other persons.

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Procedure that should betaken when sl ings are used to l i ft loads.

The suitabil ity of l if t ing tackle:

Of good condition, sound material, adequate strength and free from defects.

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.

To be examined by a competent person every 6 months.

Load handling & control:

Slings to be attached to the lifting appliance correctly.

Use the slinging method that ensure security of the load (if using multiple slings "2

or 3 legged etc." the load should be evenly distributed so that no leg is

overloaded.)


The load is to be lifted vertically and to be balanced and controlled during lift.

*Proper communication: between driver and banks men using correct signals and

the use of radio. Never allow any person other than banks men to give signals.

*Keep the area clear of other persons.



Main conditions required for the safe storage of ropes.

Store need to be dry, well ventilated and free from corrosive atmosphere.

Natural manmade fiber ropes should be stored away from direct sunlight.

NEBOSH IGC

All stores should have:

An area for simple maintenance,

A security system.

Recognized office areas


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Main precautions to be taken to ensurethe safe transport of hazardous substances by road.

Planning the route of transport.

Suitable containers for hazardous substances (containers made of material not reacting with chemical,

NEBOSH IGC

secure y c ose , e c.

Segregation of incompatible materials.

Emergency information (HAZCHEM signs and TREM cards).

Emergency provisions (for first aid facilities and fire extinguishers).

Appropriate driver training (including fire fighting).




Measures that can be taken to reduce the r isk of accidents when pedestrians are required to

work in vehiclemaneuvering areas.

Keep people and vehicle apart: by providing, where possible, specific routes for pedestrian.

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.

Suitable barriers at road entrances.

Separate access for pedestrians.

Road signs and barriers.

Speed limits for vehicles (in the form of speed humps, signs, etc)

Reflective clothes for pedestrians.

Adequate lights for the area and the use of warning flash lights.


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Pr od uc e a c hec kl is t t hat c ou ld b e u sed in t he d es ig n o f s af e s ys tem o f wor k d eal in g w it h

pedestrian and operated vehicles.

Vehicles maintenance and certification.

NEBOSH IGC

a ways or pe es r ans.

Adequate lighting.

Warning signs.

Speed limit.

Required reflective clothes.

Separate access and crossing points for pedestrians.

Road barriers


Road signs.

Flash light.



Types of Jacks

Screw jack

NEBOSH IGCHydraulic jack


Ratchet jack

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General precautions to be observed when jacks are used.

Test and certificate

SWL marking

NEBOSH IGC

Load balance

Packing must be placed under the load.

One person to control the load when two jacks are used.

Jack head & toe to be free from grease.




Factors to consider when assessing the risks to a long distance delivery driver.

Route demands: complexity, road conditions, etc.

Duration of the journey.

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ecur y ssues: e.g.: po en a or v o ence

Means of communication available to the driver to be used in cases of emergencies.

Driver capabilities (physical & psychological) to cope with the demands of the job.

Level of training provided to the driver.

Vehicle maintenance.

Design and layout of the vehicle cab.


, , .

Means of handling materials available.

Emergency procedures in place.

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Means by which the r isk o f acciden ts f rom reversing veh ic les within a workp lace can be

reduced.

Elimination of the risk (redesign task to eliminate the need for vehicles to reverse).

NEBOSH IGC

e ava a y o an s men o ea e ve c e.

Good communication between vehicle driver and banksmen.

Marking of the route of vehicles.

Proper lighting of the area.

Speed limits within the workplace.

Worker to provide with visibility cloths to be useful especially at night.

Pro er selection and rainin of vehicles "Rear view concave mirror".


Availability of mirrors in the work place especially on the turns and corners,

Audible and visual alarms (flashing beacons).

Proper supervision of driver acts.

Disciplinary action to be taken for any violations of unsafe acts by the drivers.

Control measures so that to prevent the use of vehicles by unauthorized persons.



Hazards and the corresponding precautions in the use of conveyor systems for materials.

NEBOSH IGC


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CONTENTMODULE 3

WORKING EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND CONTROL

MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICALHAZARDS


MACHINE GUARDING

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MACHINE GUARDS

HIERARCHY OF CONTROL

TRIP DEVICES



MACHINE MAINTENANCE

CASE STUDIES


MECHANICAL AND NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY

Mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery

Non-mechanical hazards to the machinery operator

Mechanical Hazards Associated with moving parts of Machinery.

NEBOSH IGC

Crushing

Entanglement

Shearing

Cutting

Friction & Abrasion

Stabbing & Puncture


Drawing in

Ejection

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NEBOSH IGC

mpac

Crushing

Entanglement

Shearing

Cutting

Friction & Abrasion

Stabbin & Puncture


Drawing in

Ejection






NEBOSH IGC

mpac

Crushing

Entanglement

Shearing

Cutting

Friction & Abrasion

Stabbin & Puncture


Drawing in

Ejection

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NEBOSH IGC

mpac

Crushing

Entanglement

Shearing

Cutting

Friction & Abrasion

Stabbin & Puncture


Drawing in

Ejection






NEBOSH IGC

mpac

Crushing

Entanglement

Shearing Cutting

Friction & Abrasion

Stabbin & Puncture


Drawing in

Ejection

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NEBOSH IGC

mpac

Crushing

Entanglement

Shearing

Cutting

Friction & Abrasion

Stabbin & Puncture


Drawing in

Ejection






NEBOSH IGC

mpac

Crushing

Entanglement

Shearing

Cutting

Friction & Abrasion

Stabbin & Puncture


Drawing in

Ejection

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NEBOSH IGC

mpac

Crushing

Entanglement

Shearing

Cutting

Friction & Abrasion

Stabbin & Punctu re


Drawing in

Ejection






NEBOSH IGC

mpac

Crushing

Entanglement

Shearing

Cutting

Friction & Abrasion

Stabbin & Puncture


Drawing in

Ejection

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Details about Mechanical Hazards of Equipment

Entrapment where parts of the body (as hands or fingers) are caught or trapped in parts of moving

machines. It is either Nips When Trapping occurs between 2 moving parts) or Shear (where Trapping

NEBOSH IGC

occurs between one moving against fixed part).

Entanglement: where hair, clothes, jewellery, etc. are caught in parts of a revolving machine.

Impact: where the body is impacted by moving parts or processed items.

Ejection: where the parts of the machine or materials being used fly out and hit the body.

Contact: where the body touches: Sharp cutting edges,Abrasive surface, Hot items, Live electrical items, etc.




Provide Sketches to show clearly the natureof the following.

Mechanical Hazards from the moving parts of Machinery; Entanglement, Crushing, Drawing in

& Shear.

NEBOSH IGC

Note: see photos Unit 9 - Page 2


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Provide Sketches to show clearly the natureof the following.

Mechanical Hazards from the moving parts of Machinery; Entanglement, Crushing, Drawing in

& Shear.

NEBOSH IGC

o e: see p o os n - age




Mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drills and outline in each how injury may occur.

Entanglement: where hair, clothes, gloves, etc become caught in the bit or chuck.

Ejection: of a work piece or broken bit.

NEBOSH IGC

Stabbing or puncture: from the end of the drill bit.

Impact: from an unsecured (revolving) work piece.


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Possib ler isk to health and safety faced by theoperator of a pneumat ic dri l l on highway.

Noise hazards: the likelihood & consequences of noise exposure-Noise induced hearing loss.

Vibration hazards: likelihood & consequences of vibration white finger.

NEBOSH IGC

e prox m ty o ve c es: w t e r s o co s on.

Manual handling of equipment: with the risk of occurrence of back problems, etc.

Dust: causing irritation of eye, respiratory tract, etc.

Projectiles: with the risk of occurrence of eye injury.

Heat hazard: with the risk of occurrence of heat stroke.

Bites by animals: is rare but may occur.


, , .



Basicsafety rules that could be given to a worker using hand tools:

To wear the suitable Personal Protective Equipments (goggles, gloves, etc)

To re ort an defects in he ool

NEBOSH IGC

To be sure that work surface is clean (before using the tool)

To use the tool by designed safe way

To clean the tool after use and to keep it in its designed location


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MACHINE GUARDS

In relation to machine safety,outlinethe principleof the following types of machines guards:

a fixed guard

an interlocked guard

NEBOSH IGC



MACHINE GUARDS


a fixed guard


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MACHINE GUARDS


a fixed guard


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MACHINE GUARDS


a fixed guard


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A fixed Guard:

Is a physical barrier that prevent access to danger area..

Is not connected to machine controls.

With no moving parts.


. . .

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MACHINE GUARDS

A situat ion where a f ixed guard would beused.

If the guard is removed, no protection is afforded.

The guard is fixed and requires a special tool to remove meaning that the access, when required, will be difficult.

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As a physical barrier (especially if it is solid rather than meshed) may hamper inspection of the machine or the

work being performed.



MACHINE GUARDS

A situat ion where a f ixed guard would beused.

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MACHINE GUARDS

Circumstancein which theuseof a f ix guard is impract ical .

Where there is a need for frequent access to danger area.

Where there is a need for frequent maintenance operations (thus require frequent removal of the guard.)

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Where there is a need for clear vision of work piece.



MACHINE GUARDS

Advantages and Disadvantages of a interlocked machine guard.

Advantages of an interlocked machine guards:

It allows safe access (as for maintenance).

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Is convenient to use. It prevents access only when danger is present.

Disadvantages of an interlocked guard:

Complexity.

Difficult to test and maintain.


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MACHINE GUARDS

Main features of an interlocked guard.

Note: see photo (unit 9 page 4)

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL - MACHINES

Hierarchy of Contro l measures that may be used to reduce the r isk of in jury from dangerous

parts of machinery.

Redesign task to eliminate the hazard (by avoiding the need for hazardous machines).

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.

Engineering controls (Guards):

If access to danger area is not required:

-Fixed guard.

-Distance guard.

If access to danger area is required:

-Interlocked or Control guard.

-Automatic uard.


.

-Trip Device

-Adjustable guard.

-Two-handed control guard.

Provision of information, instruction and training.

Use of suitable PPE.

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HIERARCHY OF CONTROL - MACHINES

Precautions that should be taken for the routine maintenanceof machinery.

Segregation of the area (by barriers, warning signs, etc.) to prevent unauthorized access.

Ensure isolation of power sources.

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erm o wor nc u ng ss pa on o s ore energy as pressure re ease, coo ng o o sur aces, e c. e ore

work commences.

Safe means of access using ladders, scaffolding, etc.

Installation of additional lighting and ventilation where needed.

Ensuring competence of the staff and proper supervision for the process.

Provision of correct tools.


, , , , . .

Stand-by personnel and first aid and emergency facilities.


TRIP DEVICES

The principleof operation of Trip Devices:

Is a guard which stops or reverse the machine before the operator reaches the hazard area.

It relies upon sensitive trip mechanisms.

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Its maintenance is top priority.

Example is the photoelectric guard used for hydraulic presses. It operates by creating a light - curtain across

the hazard area. If any of the beams is broken, the unit will stop.

Another example is Trip mats which are positioned around a machine. It contains switches which stop the

machine when they are Trodden on.


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CASE STUDIES

A local authority employeeuses a Petrol driven trimmer to maintain roadside grass.

Outline the hazards of this operation.

Ident ify f ive typesof PPE required to beused.

Outline the control measures required to avoid the risk of this operation.

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Hazards are:

Equipment Hazards: as cutting, ejection, noise, vibration, etc.

Chemical hazards: due to exhaust fumes. Carbon monoxide hazards is a example.

Flying stones and sticks: leading to eye injury, body cuts, bruises, etc.

Feet and/or legs injury: due to ground stones, projections, grass, etc.

Biological hazards: due to contaminated ground.


ea azar s: ue o wor ng un er e sun.

Tripping hazards: piles of trimmed grass, etc.

Fire & explosions hazard: due to smoking for example in the area.

Collision by vehicles.

Bites by animals, snakes, etc.


CASE STUDIES




Outline the control measures required to avoid the risk of this operation.

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The PPEs required:

Eye goggles: to protect eyes from flying stones/sticks.

Face shield: to protect face.

Safety shoes & gaiters: to protect feet & legs.

Helmet: to protect from Sun & also from any flying objects.

Ear plugs and/or ear muffs: to protect from noise.


Suitable overall: to protect the body (visibility belt or clothes are required if working at night).

Respirators: to protect from fumes.

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CASE STUDIES




Ou tl in e h e c on tr ol m eas ur es r e u ir ed o av oid h e r is k o f h is o er at io n.

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The control measures required:

Safety checks for the area before starting work.

To ensure:

No wet conditions that may cause slip hazard.

No animals, snakes, etc.

The height and area of grass.

The width of the road and the expected impact of the operation on fluency of traffic.

Barriers around the area and warning signs.


Proper selection and training of workers for the job. Proper selection and maintenance of equipment.

Electrical safety precautions as: use of circuit breakers, use of water proof cables, etc.

Workers to use the required PPE.

Immediate removal of trimmed parts.

Availability of first aid & emergency measures.


CASE STUDIES

A cleaner is required to polish f loors using a rotary f loor polisher .

Identify the hazards that might be associates with this operation.

Outlinesuitable measures that might be used to minimize the risk.

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The hazards include:

Entanglement.

Noise and vibration.

Electric shock.

Chemical hazards due to chemicals used for cleaning.

Slips, trips, and falls.


Manual handling hazards: as back injuries.

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MAINTENANCE

Examples of plant & equipment that require to be maintained by law.

Machine guards.

Lifting appliances and tackle.

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Lifting equipment.

Steam boilers & pressure systems.

Breathing apparatus.

Fire extinguishers.


.

Scaffolding.


MAINTENANCE

Requirements for a safe system of maintenance.

Design: choice & installation of appropriate plant, equipment, etc.

Management: maintenance must be managed by experienced personnel and proper supervision.

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n ormat on: ma ntenance sect on must ave access o some n o ata ase cover ng as s as: p ant an

process hazards, safe procedures, etc.

Training: is required for all maintenance workers.

Planning: plans for safe maintenance should be available.

Equipment must be put into operation and to be observed to make sure it is working properly.

Monitoring: the working environment is required to be monitored to protect staff during maintenance.


.

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MAINTENANCE

What sor t o f p recau tions maintenance workers should take when deal ing with a damaged

asbestos product.

Avoid breathing in the dust (wearing respirator with dust cartridge is helpful).

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Regulations.

Well-sealed, undamaged asbestos is often best left alone.

Make sure all asbestos is clearly identified, sealed and protected against further damage.


CONTENTIGC 2


UNIT 4



HAZARDS AND CONTROL


AND CONTROL


CONTROL



HAZARDS AND CONTROL


ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND CONTROLPHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH

HAZARD AND CONTROL


AND CONTROL

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CONTENTMODULE 4


CURRENT POTENTIALDIFFERENCE RESISTANCE OHMS LAW


FUSE AND CIRCUIT BREAKER

RESIDENTIAL CURRENT DEVICES

EARTHING & REDUCED VOLTAGE

UNDERGROUND CABLES


ISOLATION & OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

CASE STUDIES


DEFINITIONS I, V & R

Current (I): is define as the flow of electron and is measure in ampere.

Potential (difference) (v): this represents the pushing power required to move a current and ismeasured in volts.

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.

Oh ms Law V= I x R


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RISK OF INJURY

Risk of Injury:

Electric Shock

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Fires

Electric Arcing

Fires / Explosion

Others



RISK OF INJURY

CURRENT EFFECT

1 mA PERCEPTION

5 mA PAINFUL

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15 mA MUSCULAR CONTRACTION

50 mA SEVERE MUSCULAR CONTRACTION RESPIRATORY FAILURE

80 mA FIBRILLATION

100 mA CARDIAC ARREST


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RISK OF INJURY Safety Precaution

Electricity Safety Precaution

Selection of equipment

Insulation

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FUSE & CIRCUIT BREAKER

Fuseand Circuit Breakers

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RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES

Residual current devices

Typical an RCD will operate if a difference of 40 mA is detected for 30msec.

Low Voltage

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APPLIANCE

NEUTRALLIVE

C

Earthing and double insulation

Safe systems of work

Maintenance and testing

Training and competence


PLUG SOLENOID

SPRING


SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK

Steps to a Safe System of Work (Underground Cable)

Plans

Consult rior o work commencement

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Cable locating devices

Operated by trained competent persons

Follow manufacturers operating instructions

Safe digging practices


Alongside potential line with hand tools no sharp picks etc.

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FUNCTION OF A FUSE

Functions and limitations of a fuseas an electrical protection device.

The funct ion of a fuse:

The fuse is a weak link in the live supply that melts when heated by excess current flowing under fault

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conditions, thus protecting the equipment and its wiring.

The limitations of a fuse:

- Its action is too slow to prevent electric shock.

- It can be easily replaced inappropriately with a fuse of higher rating.



ADVANTAGES OF RCD

Advantages of residual current device(RCD) over a fuse.

Advantages of residual current device (RCD) over a fuse:

Rapid and sensitive electrical response.

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Ease and safety of testing.

It is not easily defeated.


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EARTHING & REDUCED VOLTAGE

Principles of operation of Earthing & Reduced Voltage types of electr ical protection.

Earthing

It is a means of connecting electrical equipment and conductive items to earth by a cable or pipe work such

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a e rou e o ear prov es e pa o eas res s ance o a curren ow ng un er au con ons.

Reduced Voltage

Use of the lowest practicable voltage should be practiced in every circuit (the use of 110 V) transformer is

recommended.



ELECTRIC SHOCK & EMERGENCY RESPONSE

The effects on thehuman body of a severeelectric shock:

Primary effects: due to electric shock on the human body physiology leading to:

Painful shock.

Muscle cram s & convulsions.

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.

Electric burns in skin & internal organs.

Cardiac & respiratory arrest.

Secondary effects: due to fall from a height including for example:

Fracture, bleeding, etc.

The emergency action to be taken if a person suffers a severe electric shock:

Isolation of the electric supply "if possible


Removal of the casualty from electric contact (using isolating material).

Summoning help.

Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Treatment of burns and other injuries.

Remaining with the casualty until medical help arrives.

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PORTABLE ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

Practical measures to reducethe risk of electr ic shock when using portable electrical appliances

Proper selection of the equipment "to be suitable for the purpose.

Inspection and testing of the equipment.

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The use of reduced voltage or battery-powered equipment.

Double insulation.

Earthing.

Use of protective devices (as RCDs & fuses).

Sound connections.


Proper storage of equipment.

Training to be given for equipment operators.


SAFETY OF PORTABLE ELECTRICAL A PPLIANCES

Portable Electrical Appliance Inspection Checklist Content

Equipment is appropriate for the task.

Equipment is appropriate for the environment.

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.

Equipment, cables, connectors, switch and plugs are free from damage.

Correct wiring.

Sound connections.

Protective devices (as fuses) are in place and are of correct rating.

Accessible and appropriate means of isolation.


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UNDERGROUND CABLES

Precautions to protect against electr ical contact when:

-Excavating near underground cables.

-Working in the vicinity of overhead power lines.

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Isolation of the electrical supply.

The identification of cable routes from plans and by the use of cable detector.

Marking of cable routes on sites.

Digging with hand tools rather than by mechanical excavator.

Working in the vicinity of overhead power lines:

Isolation of he electrical su l .


Erection of barriers to define clearance distances.

Clear marking of danger zones (e.g.: with signs).

Ensuring safe access routes under lines (e.g.: with tunnels).

Restriction of metal items as ladders or scaffolds tubes near the lines.


ISOLATION & OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

Isolation:

Refers to shutting off the electrical supply to an item of equipment or part of an electrical system by a

safe means in order, for instance , to carry out maintenance work.

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Over current protection:

Is a method of preventing the flow of excess current by cutting the supply under fault conditions by

means of a fuse or circuit breaker (as a miniature circuit breaker).


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MAINTENANCE

A, Main hazards associated with maintenance on an electrical equipment.

- Electric hazards: due to live work/ not isolated/ reenergized, lack of protective equipment, etc.

- Ergonomic hazards: due to restricted working space, access or lighting.

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B, Contro l measures to minimizethe r isk of electr ic shock during such work.

Provision of adequate working space, access and lighting.

Adoption of good working practices.

Provision of training & supervision.

Electrical precautions including:

Limited voltage supply.


Use of residual current device

Proper insulation or enclosure of equipment and wires.


ELECTRICAL SAFETY

A decorator uses a hand-held electric sander for thepreparation of wood prior to painting.

1)Checks to ensurethe electrical safety of the sander.

2)Other than electricity, the hazards associated with the use of the sander.

The checks hat should bemadeare:

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Checks to ensurethat the equipment meets therecognized electrical standards:

Fuses are of correct rating.

Electrical connections are sound.

Earthing continuity is achieved.

Voltage is a low reduced voltage.

Appliance is double insulated

Check by the user immediately beforeuse:


Visual inspection of appliance general condition.

Integrity of plug and cable.

Integrity of any extension leads.

Integrity of the sockets from which supply is taken.

Further checks depending on type of equipment as to ensure that is protected by a residual current device

Ensure the use of the appropriate plug for the environment (eg. Spark resistant plugs or water resistant plugs).

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ELECTRICAL SAFETY


1)Outline the checks that should be made to ensurethe electrical safety of the sander.

2)Other than electricity, identify FOUR hazards associatedwith the use of the sander.

2) Examples of the other hazard:

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Dust hazards.

Noise hazards.

Vibration hazards.

Tripping due to trailing cables.

Ergonomic hazard (related either to equipment design or to the way in which the work is carried out).



ELECTRICAL SAFETY


1)Outline the checks that should be made to ensurethe electrical safety of the sander.

2)Other than electricity, identify FOUR hazards associatedwith the use of the sander.

2) Other hazards:

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Dust hazards.

Noise hazards.

Vibration hazards.Tripping due to trailing cables.

Ergonomic hazard (related either to equipment design or to the way in which the work is carried out).


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ELECTRICAL SAFETY - Inspecti ons

Items included on a checklist for the routine inspections of portable electrical appliances:

Casing of appliance: in good condition.

Cable secure and not damaged.

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Plug: not damaged.

On/Off button: accessible, not damaged and working efficiently.

Fuses: fitted and correctly rated.

Equipment: operated at reduced voltage where appropriate and/ or fitted with residual current device.


.


ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Dangers associated with electricity

Electric shock: is dangerous as it can cause stopping of heart and respiratory rhythm and necessitates rapid

interference.

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Tissue burns: electric burns are deeper than other burn types and take longer time to heal.

Fire and explosion: electrical spark is one of the ignition sources that may initiate a fire. Unsafe electrical

equipment may give sparks that can catch fire if near to a paint can for example.

Secondary effects: such as falling from a height as a result of electric shock. This will lead to fractures,

bleeding, organs damage & death.


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ELECTRICAL FIRE SAFETY

Measure to minimize the risk of firefrom electrical equipment

Proper selection of the electrical equipment: with CE quality mark, suitable for the task, etc.

Inspection of the equipment by the user prior to use.

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.

Ensuring circuits and sockets are not over loaded.

Disconnecting the equipment from electricity when it is not in use.

Ensuring the electrical motor vent are uncovered (to prevent its overheating).

Regular inspection, testing and maintenance by competent persons.

Uncoil cables (to protect cables from mechanical damage and to prevent build-up of heat).



ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Features of an environment that could increase the risk from using portable electrical equipment.

Wet environment electric shock can occur due to the use of electric equipment in a wet environment (water is

electrically conductive)

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amma e a mosp ere w c can pre spose o re a spar comes rom e equ pmen .

Windy environment can predispose to falling hazard especially on using equipment in a work at height using

improperly secured ladder.

Poor lighting can predispose to accidents (as tripping on trailing cables, etc.)

Poor ventilation affect the efficiency of the operator and increase the likelihood of human error.

Noise same effect as poor ventilation in addition to interference with good communication.

Floor condition sli er or uneven loor can lead o sli in or ri in while usin he e ui ment.


.

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ELECTRICAL SAFETY - CASE STUDY

A 19 year o ld worker was k il led when he opened an access door at the rear o f this col lat ing

machine. he attempted to clear a blockage. the company was fined 30,000 under section 2 of

HASWA and another 1500 under MHSAWand EAW regulations

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ELECTRICAL SAFETY - CASE STUDY

A fork-l i ft t ruck supply company was f ined 3,000 following a rout ine inspection by theHSE.

th is fuse box had exposed l ive connectors which were highly dangerous. The company was

fined under regulation 7 of the electricity at work regulations 1989

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CONTENTIGC 2

FIRE HAZARDS AND CONTROLUNIT 5



HAZARDS AND CONTROL


AND CONTROL


CONTROL



HAZARDS AND CONTROL




HAZARD AND CONTROL


AND CONTROL

CONTENTMODULE 5


PORTABLE FIRE EQUIPMENT


EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

FIRE SPREADING

STORING FLAMMABLE SOLVENTS

IGNITION SOURCES


FIRE IN WORKPLACES

MAINTENANCE OF FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS

CONTROL OF FIRE

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FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

Reasonwhy water is not used as anext inguishingagent for useon f i re involving:

Petroleum Spirit

Electrical Equipment

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e ro eum p r

Because petroleum spirit will float on water and will therefore continue to burn, or vaporize to form an explosive

cloud water may also spread the fire over a larger area.

Electrical Equipment

The electrical conductivity of water is well known and thus water extinguisher can lead to the risk of electric

shock and possible explosion.



FIRE F

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