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7/25/2019 IGCSE Biology Transport in Humans summary
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Transports in HumansBy:
Adeline lauren Jason Jayalie
Clarissa Owen Jovian Ong
Geralvin Marcello Noralim Rui Orlando
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Organism
Organisms can !e classi"ed as unicellular and multicellular
Unicellular, consisting on a single cell # most!acteria $
Multicellular, consisting more t%an a single cell# including plants and animals $
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&%y do we need a transportsystem'
Because we are acomple( multicellularorganism
One o) our maintransport system isblood system
&it% t%e %elp o)
transport system*%umans are a!le totransport o(ygen andot%er nutrients to everycell in our !ody
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COMPOSITION OFBLOOD
OWEN JOVIAN ONG
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55%45%
blood composition
plasma
bloodcells
Main constituents ofblood
Plasma
ed blood cell
!"ite bloodcell
Platelets
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#$%
$%
plasma
&ate' comple(mi(tu'edissol)edsubstances
PL*SM*
Contains+
,-(c'eto'. p'oducts/ fo'
e(ample+ u'ea/ u'ic acid andc'eatinine0,Soluble p'oteins/ suc" as1b'ino2en/ p'ot"'ombin andantibodies0,food substances/ suc" as2lucose/ amino acids/ fats and
)itamins0,dissol)ed mine'al salts/ suc"as c"lo'ides/ sulfates andp"osp"ates of calcium/ sodium
and potassium0
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RED BLOOD CELLOR ERYTHROCYTES
• It contains t"e pi2ment "aemo2lobin &"ic"is a special 3ind of i'on,containin2 p'otein0aemo2lobin combines 'e)e'sibl. &it"o(.2en0 T"is enables 'ed blood cells tot'anspo't o(.2en f'om t"e lun2s to all cells
in t"e bod.• It is a ci'cula'/ attened biconca)e disc0 T"e
cent'e of t"e cell is t"inne' t"an its ed2e/so it can inc'ease su'face a'ea to )olume'atio/ so di6usion can be done in a faste''ate
• It does not possess nucleus so it can sto'emo'e "aemo2lobin
• It is elastic and can tu'n bell,s"aped ino'de' to s7uee8e t"'ou2" na''o& )essels
• Its life span is 9,4 mont"s and it isp'oduced b. t"e bone ma''o&
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• T"e'e a'e onl. 5$$$ to $$$$ &"ite bloodcell &"ile t"e'e is about 5 million 'ed bloodcells0
• T"e 'atio of 'ed blood cells to &"ite bloodcells is :$$+
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!IT- BLOOD C-LL O L-;COC<T-
• Colou'less anddoes not contain
"aemo2lobin• as i''e2ula'
s"ape and containsa nucleus
• It can mo)e/c"an2e its s"ape
and s7uee8et"'ou2" t"e &allsof t"e t"innestblood capilla'iesinto t"e spacesamon2 tissue cells0
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T<P-S OF !IT- BLOOD C-LL
lymphocyte phagocyte
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P*=OC<T-S
P"a2oc.tes 3ill b. in2estin2
fo'ei2n substances0
!"ile p"a2oc.tosis is t"ep'ocess of en2ul1n2 o'in2estin2 fo'ei2n pa'ticle0
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L<MPOC<T-S
as la'2e 'ounded nucleus/ t"e. &o'3 b. p'oducin2antibodies to 3ill bacte'ia o' fo'ei2n pa'ticle ente'in2ou' bod.
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PL*T-L-TS O TOMB OC<T-S
• t"e. a'e not t'ue cell• T"e. a'e memb'ane
bound f'a2ments ofc.toplasm f'omce'tain bone ma''o&cells0
• T"e. pla. t"e pa't inblood clottin2
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Functions of blood
1. As a transport medium to carrysubstances from one part of our
body to another2. Protect our body againstharmful organisms
3. Helps in blood clotthing
at ounds
J a s o n
J a y a
l i e
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!ubstances transportedby blood
"igested foodsubstances
#aste Products Hormones
Heat $%ygen
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Functions of plasma
1. &arries bloodcell
arries di'erent (inds of substa
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Function of red blood cell
Main) to transport o%ygen to all
parts of our body
How'
!tep 1 !tep 2 !tep 3
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ctions of hite blood c
T%ere are + ,inds o) w%ite !lood cells :a-$ .%agocytes!-$ /ymp%ocytes
hagocytes *ymphocyt
Main ) +o protect our body from
diseases
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Function of plateletsMain ) +o help in blood clotting to preent
e%cessie blood loss
rocess)
1st
2nd 3rd
-th
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re about blood clottin
0ndamaged !lood vessels in our !ody don1t clot!ecause t%ere1s an anti clotting su!stance called%eparin w%ic% is produced in t%e liver* w%en t%e
!lood vessels are damaged* t%e t%rom!o,inaseenyme neutralise t%e %eparin w%ic% causeclotting ta,e place
Heparin
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!ummary
Plasma edbloodcell
#hiteblood cell
Platelets
2- Carries !lood
cell around t%e!ody
2- Transport
o(ygen to allparts o) our!ody
2- .roduce
anti!odies toprotect our !ody)rom diseases
2- Helps in
!lood clottingto prevente(cessive!lood loss
+- Carriesdi3erent ,inds o)su!stancearound t%e !ody
+- Carriese(cretorywaste products
+- 4igest%arm)ul particlesentering our!ody
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$rgan transplantOrgan transplant is a process w%en a person1s
tissue or organ is damaged* it is replaced !yanot%er tissue or organ )rom a donor
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+issue re/ection
Tissue re5ection occurs w%en t%e organ )rom t%e donor isre5ected !y t%e recipient1s !ody- T%is is !ecause t%e !loodtype o) t%e donor is di3erent )rom t%e !lood type o) t%erecipient-
#e can preent tissue re/ectionby)
2- Having a tissue matc%+- Consuming immunosuppressive drugs
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Blood Groups/ong ago* large amount o) !lood lossmeans deat%-
T%ey tried to trans)use !lood )rom ot%er
people or animals* o)ten results in )atalresults-
# h y 0 T%e Red !lood cells agglutinate in t%erecipient1s !ody
T%e agglutinated !lood clumps and !loc,ing
t%e vessel and o!structed t%e !lood 6ow
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&%at
causes t%eclumping o)
!lood
Antigens are located on
the surface of red bloodcells
$ur body also has itson antigens andantibodies, but thesenatural antibodies illnot react ith our onantigens .
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lood roups
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he circulatory system
4o you ,now t%at!lood 6ows t%roug%circulatory system'
By:Adeline /auren /ee
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&omponents of the circulatory
system )2- Heart+- Arteries
7- Arterioles8- Blood capillaries9- enules
;- eins
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4o you ,nowt%at arteries
carryo(ygenated!lood away
)rom %eart'
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arteriolesarteries
Arteries!ranc%to )romarteriole
s-
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B l o o
d c a
p i l l a r
i e s < Capillaries %ave walls t%atare made up o) only a single
layer o) 6attened cells calledendot%elium
=ndot%elium cell
is partiallypermea!le-
Capillaries !ranc%repeatedly * to
provide large sur)acearea )or e(c%ange o)
su!stance
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enules and veins
Be)ore t%ecapillariesleave t%e
organ>tissuet%ey willunite and)orm smallveins called
venule-
enules willlater 5oinedtoget%er and
)orm veins
Arteries %ave t%ic,
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More a!outarteries
Arteries %ave t%ic,elastic walls towit%stand t%e %ig%!lood pressure t%atcame directly )rom%eart-
T%e elasticity ena!lest%e artery to stretc%and recoil or spring!ac,- T%is %elps t%e
!lood spurts alongt%e artery and alsogive a rise to t%epulse-
&%en an artery
constricts* its lumen!ecome narrower* !ut
w%en an arterydilates t%e lumen will
!ecome wider-
ins uc ower
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o r e a ! o
u t v e i n s uc ower
!loodpressure
compare to
!loodpressure in
arteries-
Contain less elastictissue- But t%ey%ave internal
valves along t%eirlengt% to prevent
!ac, 6ow- T%is
valves are calledsemi<lunar valves
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=(ercising t%emuscles
increases t%e
pressuree(erted on t%eveins andmoves t%e!lood along
?uic,ly sincet%e movemento) !lood along
t%e veins is
assisted !y t%eaction o)s,eletal
muscles on t%eveins
+i
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+issue
uidcan !e )ound in t%e tiny space !etween tisscells
How are su!stance trans)erred !etween
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How are su!stance trans)erred !etweencapillaries and tissue cell'
Tissue 6uid
Meta!olic waste
4issolved )oodsu!stance ando(ygen
cell
Tissue 6uid Blood
T%e !lood transport t%e meta!olicwaste to t%e e(cretory organs )orremoval
Red !lood cells c%ange s%ape
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Red !lood cells c%ange s%apeas t%ey 6ow t%roug% narrow!lood capillaries
i) t%e !loodcapillaries are
narrow* t%e red!lood cells can onlymove t%roug% t%elumen o) t%e !lood
capillaries in a line- T%e RBC mig%t !ecome!ell s%ape as t%ey passt%roug% narrow !lood
capillaries - T%eadvantages are:
<t%e diameter o) RBCis reduced it
<t%e cell increases itssur)ace area
< rate o) !lood 6ow is
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"ouble &irculation in
MammalsBy: Clarissa
4o you ,now t%at
we %ave di3erentcirculation'
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!ingle s "ouble circulation
ingle circulation in "s% 4ou!le circulation in mammals
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"ouble cirulation
Pulmonary circulationconsist of)
• Pulmonary arteries w%ic%carry !lood to t%e lungs
• O(ygenated !lood isreturned to t%e %eart !y pulmonary eins
!ystemic circulationconsist of)
• O(ygenated !lood leavest%e le)t side o) t%e %eart andis distri!uted !y arteries toall parts o) t%e !ody
• eins carry t%e !lood )romall parts o) t%e !ody !ac, tot%e rig%t side o) t%e %eart-
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Advantages
Blood entering t%e lungs is at alower pressure compared to!lood leaving t%e %eart-
!lood 6ows more slowly troug%t%e lungs* allowing sucient time)or t%e !lood to !e well
o(ygenated !e)ore it is returnedto t%e %eart-
Heart pumps o(ygenated !lood
l
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tructure o) t%e Heart
% t e
r n a l
@nside t%epericardiu
m
0ses o) pericardial 6uids:• .revent damage
caused !y t%e )riction•
%oc, a!sor!ers
l
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tructure o) t%e Heart
5 n t e
r n a l
T%e + sides o)t%e lungs are
seperated !y amuscular wall
called DM4"5A6!4P+UM7
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Heart valves
T%ey are calledtricuspid and!icuspid valve
according to t%eamount o) 6aps
present in eac%valve
3 Flaps 2 Flap
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&%at pat%s does!lood ta,et%roug% t%e
%eart''
i
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2- Atria contract*)orcing !lood
into t%erela(ed
ventricle
+-entriclecontracts *A
valve close- T%is
produce Dlu!soundE
7-As ventriclecontract* atria
rela(- T%e atriastart to receives
!lood again
8-entricldesrela(- emi<lunar valves
close- T%isproducesDdu!E sound
9-Atria
contractsagain* t%ew%ole cyclerepeats
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Facts a!out t%e cardiac cycle
Contraction o) t%e ventricles is calledentricular systole
Rela(ation o) t%e ventricles is calledentricular diastole
One%ear!eat
@t last )or -seconds
Average normal%eart!eat:
I+ !eats > minute
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Blood pressure T%ey are
alwaysmeasured inDmmHgE
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4iagrammatic representation o) !lood pressurein t%e circulatory system o) a mammal
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Blood pressure c%art
@ t i s
a l w a y s
w r i t t
e n a s
A y s t o l i
c
p r e s
s u r e
> d i a s
t o l i c
p r e s
s u r e
.ressure c%anges in t%e
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.ressure c%anges in t%e%eart
T%is is t%e diagram)rom le)t side o) t%e
%eart
T%e diagram )or t%erig%t side o) t%e %eartare also t%e same* !utwit% lower pressure
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Main veins and arteries
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eins
.ulmonary veins : !rings o(ygenated !lood)rom t%e lungs to t%e le)t atrium o) t%e %eart
Anterior # superior $ vena cava : returnsdeo(ygenated !lood )rom t%e %ead* nec, and
arms to t%e rig%t atrium.osterior # in)erior $ vena cava : !rings
deo(ygenated !lood )rom t%e liver* stomac%*intestines* ,idneys and %ind lim!s to t%e rig%t
atriumRenal vein : !rings deo(ygenated !lood )romt%e ,idneys to t%e posterior vena cava
Hepatic vein : !rings deo(ygenated !lood)rom t%e liver to t%e posterior vena cava
Hepatic portal vein : !rings deo(ygenated
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Arteries
.ulmonary arteries : !rings deo(ygenated!lood )rom t%e rig%t ventricle to t%e lungs
Aorta : !rings o(ygenated !lood round t%e!ody
Hepatic arteries : !rings o(ygenated !lood tot%e liver
Mesenteric arteries : !rings o(ygenated !loodt%e stomac% and intestines
Renal arteries : !rings o(ygenated !lood to t%e,idney
@liac arteries : !rings o(ygenated !lood to t%e%ind lim!s
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Coronary %eart disease
By :Rui Orlando
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Coronary %eart disease
At%erosclerosis:w%en )at* c%olesterol* and ot%er su!stances !uild up int%e inner walls o) arteries* t%ese su!stance can narrowt%e lumen and !loc, t%e 6ow o) !lood- t%e !lood clott%at )orms in t%e artery is called t%rom!osis-
Hypertension
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<Hypertension: %ypertension is t%e %ig% !lood pressure in t%e
arteries- &%en at%erosclerosis occurs t%e !lood pressure o) t%earteries will increase- @) t%e arteries cannot %old t%e pressure*t%e arteries may e(plode leading to deat% o) a person-
Hypertension
. ti i t
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.reventive measure againstcoronary %eart disease