Introduction Geo�Information Science

Centre for Geo�Information

2010/2011 CGI�GIRS©

After today you are capable of:

Understand and explain the use of GIS and RemoteSensing and Give some examples of GIS and Remote

Sensing

Overview

� Introduction

� Geo�data/information

� Geo�information Science

� Geo� information Systems.

� Expectations (you / me)

� Coordinator

� Structure (time, didactic forms)

� Materials (text book, practical manual, sylabus rs)

� Class rooms

� Web site

Geo�data and Geo�information

What on earth is geo�information?

Information connected to a location on earth

Short History: Babylonian map of the world

Short History: Registration and Navigation

Ptolemaeus Geographica (ca. 200 A.D.)reprint of 1482

Mappa Mundi (13th cent)

Orbis Terrae map or Beatinemap

Short History: Printed Maps (1400 – 1840)

New map of East�IndiaAmsterdam, 1689

Short History: Mapping plus Analysis (1840�1960)

John Snow: Cholera inLondon, 1854

Short History: First Views of the Earth

TIROS 1 Satellite

1. April 1960

United States Lunar Orbiter I

1. October 1966

Short History: Digital Mapping and Interpretation

Emancipation of Geo�Information Science

Adding dimensions

Geo�info as a commodity

You will be part of it

And you are followed

� TomTom

� Google Lattitude

� Obama

� Verhagen

Geo�Information Science

Typical questions related to spatial issues:

� What is where?• Inventory and status mapping

� What has changed where?• Monitoring and change detection

� What will be changed where?• Scenario studies and predictability

What is Geo�Information Science

� Geo-information science is the discipline dedicated to� the capture,� the storage,� the analysis,� the presentation,� the integration� the exchange and,� the use of,

Geographical data / Geospatial data

Geo�Information Science II

Land

surveying

and

geodesy

Carto

gra

phy

GeographicalInformationSystems

RemoteSensing

Geo�Information Science

Com

pute

r scie

nce

Geogra

phy

Geo�Information Science III

� Geo�information cycle:

� Data cycle• from collection to update after (re�)use

� Modelling cycle

Act | Realize

Present

Analyse | Integrate

Acquire | Describe

Geo�information cycle

Users

Application domains

Users

� One of the most critical elements underpinning decision making for many domains/disciplines

� Agriculture

� Urban and Rural Planning

� Military and Security Service

� Health, Care andDevelopment Aid

� Emergency Service

� Retail, Transport,

� Disaster management etc

Scientific domains

� Spatial Data Infrastructure

� Geodesy

� Cartography

� Spatial Statistics

� Spatial Modeling

� Remote Sensing

� Computer Sciences (Datamining, Databases…)

� Human�computer interaction.

Geo Information System (GIS)

� Technology to create, visualize, integrate, and analyze data from a geographic perspective

� Process for creating information relevant to decisions made by people and organizations

� System that supports program and resource planning, inventory, management, and evaluation activities

GIS helps to create models of our world

� Events

� Zoning

� Streets

� Utilities

� Ownership

� Natural Resources

� Real World

and can be used to…

� Facilitate communication

� Promote coordination

� Solve problems

� Measure resources

� Make decisions

� Understand past and present situations

� Anticipate future scenarios

GIS cycle

� Think about a place or topic…

� Ask a question about it…

� Make a map…

� Explore patterns that appear…

� Try different analyses…

� Ask a new question…

� Repeat…

Geo�data is at the basis

� Where is …?

� How many …?

� Density of …?

� What’s inside …?

� What’s near …?

� How has …changed?

� What if…?

� How do …relate?

Where is ...?

� Find places and features

� Determine optimum routes

� Calculate driving time

� Efficiently plan site visits

� Define service areas

� Find patterns

� See where to take action

Where is …?

Where is …?

Where is …?

Where is…?

Where is …?

How many …?

� Mapping the quantity of features by area helps us

� find places that meet specific criteria

� see relationships between places

� More information than simply mapping the locations

of features

� Prioritize and manage actions based on the “most”or “least”

How many …?

Density of …?

� Map concentrations of features by location

� Measure the number of features using a uniform area measurement unit to clearly see the distribution

� Per hectare or square kilometer

� Prioritize and manage actions based on density

Density of ...?

Density of …?

What’s inside …?

� What's happening inside or outside an area

� Prioritize and manage actions within an area

� Example

� Apply stiffer penalties to drug�related arrests within 1,000 feet of a school

What’s inside …?

What’s inside …?

What’s near …?

� Map what's located or occurring within a set distance of a feature

� Prioritize and manage actions around a feature

� Example

� Identify and sample livestock within a 5�mile radius of an infected animal

What’s near …?

What’s near …?

� http://nederland.risicokaart.nl/risicokaart.html?prv=gelderland

How has … changed?

� Evaluate results of an action or policy

� Gain insight into how things behave over time

� Anticipate future needs

� Map conditions before and after an action or event to see the impact

� Decide on a course of action based on future considerations

Wageningen 1850 - 2002

1850 TMK 1 : 50.000

Wageningen 1850 - 2002

1870 Bonne 1 : 25.000

Wageningen 1850 - 2002

1894 Bonne 1 : 25.000

Wageningen 1850 - 2002

1906 Bonne 1 : 25.000

Wageningen 1850 - 2002

1914 Bonne 1 : 25.000

Wageningen 1850 - 2002

1932 Bonne 1 : 25.000

Wageningen 1850 - 2002

1957 Topkaart 1 : 50.000

Wageningen 1850 - 2002

1966 Topkaart 1 : 50.000

Wageningen 1850 - 2002

1977 Topkaart 1 : 50.000

Wageningen 1850 - 2002

1986 Topkaart 1 : 50.000

Wageningen 1850 - 2002

1998 Topkaart 1 : 10.000

Wageningen 1850 - 2002

2002 QuickBird satellietbeeld

Land use monitoring

1995 1986

Urbanification Eindhoven, NL

AVHRR derived global distribution of active fires

Source Jean Marie Grégoire Joint Research Centre

Population Year 1 www.worldmapper.org

World population 2006

AD 2006

AD 0

What if

� Analysis of future situation

� Scenario studies

� Models and simulations

� Integrate data from different sources to develop “what if” scenarios

Crop growth monitoring system (CGMS)

• Application of WOFOST

• Combination of spatial data:

• Soil, climate, land use, crop characteristics

• process knowledge

Example of CGMS

WeatherWeatherCrop Growth Crop Growth Monitoring Monitoring SystemSystem

GISGIS

WOFOSTWOFOST

StatisticsStatistics

Remote Remote

SensingSensing

1:1.000.000 European soil map

Spatial distribution of soil moisture

The hydrological model is applied for each 50 km grid cell using information from the 1:1.000.000 European soil map and the 1:5.000.000 FAO soil map.

CGMS dataflow

076

E 1

507

6 E

15

076

E 1

5

EUROSTATofficialyield

EUROSTATofficialyield

EUROSTATofficialyield

NUTS-regionsNUTS-regionsNUTS-regions

1975-last year

1975-last year

1975-last year

Crop SoilLand

Crop SoilLand

Crop SoilLand

Soilmapunits

Soilmapunits

Soilmapunits

WeatherWeatherWeather

200-600stations200-600stations200-600stations

Daylyvalues1960-today

Daylyvalues1960-today

Daylyvalues1960-today

Input

Spacedimensions

Timedimensions

Main streamintermediateprocessing

Finalprocessing

Output

InterpolationInterpolationInterpolation

Combiningmaps

Combiningmaps

Combiningmaps Crop growth

simulationCrop growthsimulation

Crop growthsimulation

AggregationAggregationAggregation RegressionRegressionRegression

Weatherstate

monitoring

Weatherstate

monitoring

Weatherstate

monitoring

1st level1st level1st level

Cropstate

monitoring

Cropstate

monitoring

Cropstate

monitoring2st level2st level2st level

Cropyield

forecasting

Cropyield

forecasting

Cropyield

forecasting

3st level3st level3st level

Wheather indicatorson grid

Crop indicatorson grid

Forcasted cropyield on NUTS regions

Example of CGMS output (1)

CGMS predicts deviation from long�term trend

0

1970

year

simulated yield

observed yield

trend

http://mars.jrc.it/bulletins.htm

What if?

What if…

What if…

How do … relate?

� Overlay and analyze data that can only be combined by location or area

� Integrate information

� Develop models

� See in 3�D

� Decide on a course of action based on spatial analyses

How do …relate?

From Realityto GIS

GIS and Analysis

RS and RS analysis

Study materials:

© Wageningen UR

Theory Chang, 2006

Chapter 1: Introduction

Practical: WYSIWYG exercise

We wish you a successful course!

© Wageningen UR