II YEAR - Manonmaniam Sundaranar University I PART II/II Year - DJ1H2 - Part I... · manonmaniam...

MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY

DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE & CONTINUING EDUCATION

TIRUNELVELI 627012, TAMIL NADU

II YEAR

DJ1H2 - gFjp 1 nghJj;jkpo; (From the academic year 2016-17)

Most Student friendly University - Strive to Study and Learn to Excel

For more information visit: http://www.msuniv.ac.in

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

1

,sq;fiy ,uz;lhk; Mz;L

DJ1H2 : gFjp I jkpo; nghJj;jkpo;

ghlj;jpl;lk;

Paper - II nra;As;> ehlfk;> ,yf;fpa tuyhW nkhopg;gapw;rp

myF I – nra;As; - Iq;FWE}W (341> 342) - FWe;njhif (28> 120) -

ew;wpiz (155> 156) - mfehDW (82) - fypj;njhif (Rlh; njhbNfsha;

.... mf;fs;td; kfd;) - GwehD}W (4> 86) - gjpw;Wg;Gj;J (Ie;jhk; gj;J>

guzhpd; ghly;) - ghpghly; (14) - jpUf;Fws; (xg;GuT mwpjy;>

fs;Sz;dhik> Gytp EZf;fk;)

myF II - ehlfk; - rhg tpNkhrdk; - K. uhkrhkp> NCBH, nrd;id.

myF III - ,yf;fpa tuyhW - rq;f ,yf;fpak; - rq;fk; kUtpa fhyk;

- gy;yth; fhyk; - Nrhoh; fhyk;

myF IV – tsh; jkpo; - fpwp];jth;fs; jkpOf;Fr; nra;j njhz;L -

,Ryhkpah;fs; jkpOf;Fr; nra;j njhz;L

myF V – nkhopg;gapw;rp - nghUs; ,yf;fzk; - Kjy; nghUs; -

fUg;nghUs; - chpg;nghUs; - mfj;jpizfs; - Vo - md;gpd;

ie;jpiz iff;fpis - ngUe;jpiz - tiuT fw;G - mw;NjhL epw;wy; -

Gwj;jpiz - ntl;rp - tQ;rp - copiQ - thif - ghlhz; jpizfs;.


2

I.nra;As;

1. Iq;FWE}W

,sNtdpw; gj;J

,sNtdpy; vd;gJ gpd;gdpf; fhyj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; rpj;jpiuAk;

itfhrpAkhfpa fhykhFk;. ,jd; fz; ,aw;if midj;Jk; GJg;nghypTld;

G+j;Jf; FYq;Fk;. caphpdk; midj;Jk; GJg;nghypTld; fspNahL Js;spahbj;

jj;jk; Jizia tpUk;gpg; ngw;W ,d;GWk;.

ghiyj; jpizf;F chpajhd ngUk; nghOJfs; gpd;gdpAk;

,sNtdpYk;> KJNtdpYkhfpa MW jpq;fl; nghOJfs; MFk;. vdpDk;>

,sNtdpNy Vf;fj;ij kpFtpf;Fk; vOr;rp kpf;fJ. vdNt> mJ nghUshf

mike;j gj;Jr; nra;As;fs; mike;j ,g;gFjpAk; ,sNtdpw; gj;J vd;W

tpsq;FfpwJ.

gUt tuTk; fhjyd; tuTk; ,ize;J mikapd; fhjypd; ,d;g

tho;tpNy vf;fspg;G epyGk;. gUt tuT te;J> mtd; tuT jilg;gbd;> mts;

Vf;fk; kpFjpahfpf; nfhOe;Jtpl;L vhpjoyhfpj; jfpf;Fk;.

,r;nra;As;fs; ,uz;Lk; „jiytd; gphpe;Jopf; Fwpj;j gUtk; tuf; fz;l

jiykfs; nrhy;ypaJ‟ vd;Dk; xNu Jiw gw;wpNa mike;Js;sd. „nghONj‟

vd;W nghOijf; Fwpg;gpl;L> mjd; fhuzkhfj; jhd; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;

Jauj;jpidj; jiytp $w;whf mikj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whH Mrphpah;.

1. Fapw;ngil mfTk; nghOJ te;jNj Jiw

Jiw: jiykfd; gphpe;Jopf; Fwpj;j gUtk; tuf;fz;l jiykfs; nrhy;ypaJ.

Jiwtpsf;fk;

jiytd; jiytpiag; gphpe;J tpidNkw; nfhz;ltdhfr;

nrd;wpUf;fpd;whd;. mtSk; gphpitg; nghWj;Jj; jd; Nehia Gwj;Nj

Gyg;glhthW kiwj;J xOfpa gb ,Uf;fpd;whs;. mts; jpUk;Gtjhf; Fwpj;J


3

,sNtdpw; gUtKk; te;jJ. Mdhy;> mtd; Fwpj;Jr; nrd;wgb> ,sNtdpw;

gUtk; njhlq;F Kd;Nd jpUk;gp te;jhdy;yd;. mtd; „nrhd;dgb te;J

Nruhj Vf;fk; nghq;fp vOe;jJ> mtis thl;b tijf;fpd;wJ. mts; jd;

Njhopf;Fg; nghOijf; fhl;bf; $Wtjhf mike;j nra;As; ,J. mts;>

jhNd jd; neQ;Rf;Fr; nrhy;tjhfTk; nfhs;syhk;.

“mtNuh thuhH jhd;te; jd;Nw

Fapw;ngil ,d;Fuy; mft

maph;f;Nfo; Ez;zwy; Elq;Fk; nghONj” (341)

Fapypd; ngl;ilahdJ> jd; ,dpjhd FunyLj;Jf; $tpaiof;f>

epwKw;w Ez;kzyhdJ fhw;whNy vLj;Jj; J}tp miyf;fg; ngw;Wf; FtpAk;

nghOjhfpa> ,sNtdpYk; ,Njh te;jJ; ek; fhjyNuh jhk; nrhd;dgb

te;jhhpyNu!

2. Eztk; fkOk; nghOJk; te;jNj

(JiwAk; Jiw tpsf;fKk; Kd;dNj nfhs;f)

“mtNuh thuhH jhd;te; jd;Nw

fUk;Gfspj; jhYk; ,UQ;rpidf;

fUq;fhy; Eztk; fkOk; nghONj” (342)

RUk;gpdk; kJTz;L fspj;J> thdj;Nj gwe;J MbagbapUf;Fk; nghpa

fpisfisAk;> fhpa mb kuj;ijAk; nfhz;l Ezhtpd; kyh;fs; eWkzk;

fko;e;j gbapUf;Fk;> ,sNtdpw; nghOJk; ,g;NghJ te;jJ> mth;jhk; ,d;Dk;

te;jdh; ,yh;.

2. FWe;njhif

mwpahJ JQ;Rk; CH

ghbath; : xsitahH

jpiz : ghiy

Jiw : tiutpil Mw;whsha;f; ftd;w Njhopf;Ff; fpoj;jp

ciuj;jJ


4

Jiwtpsf;fk;

jiytpia tiutjw;Fhpa nghUspid <l;b tuf;fUjpj; jiytd;

jiytpiag; gphpe;J may;ehL nrd;Ws;shd;. mtd; tuT ePl;bf;fTk; Njhop

ftiyg;gLfpd;whs;. mtSf;Fj; jiytp $WtJ ,J.

“Kl;LNtd; nfhy;? jhf;FNtd; nfhy;?

XNud;> ahDk;; XH ngw;wp Nkypl;L>

„MR! xy;‟ vdf; $TNtd; nfhy;?

mykuy; mirtsp miyg;g> vd;

caT Neha; mwpahJ JQ;Rk; CHf;Nf” (28)

Row;rpAlNd mire;J tUfpd;w njd;ww;fhw;whdJ> vd;

tUe;JjiyAila fhkNehapdJ. nfhLikiaj; jhdwpahNj te;J vd;id

miyf;fpd;wJ mjid mwpahNj ,e;j CutUk; cwq;Ffpd;wdh;. ,g;gb

cwq;Fk; CUf;F vd; epiyia vg;gb mwptpg;Ngd;? Kl;LNtNdh?

jhf;FNtNdh? ahd; vjidAk; mwpNaNd! my;yJ xU jiyf;fPl;il

Nkw;nfhz;ltshf Mntd;Wk; xy;nyd;Wk; cuj;Jf; $TNtNdh? ahd; ahJ

nra;Ntd;.

fUj;J : CH JQ;Rk; NtiyapYk; ahd; Japy; ngwhjtshf tUe;JkhW

mth; gphpe;jdh; vd;gjhk;.

mhpad; mts;

ghbath; : guzh;

jpiz : FwpQ;rp

Jiw 1. my;y Fwpg;gpl;L kPSk; jiykfd;> jd; neQ;rpw;Fr;

nrhy;ypaJ

2. ,aw;ifg; Gzh;r;rp Gzh;e;j jiykfd; gphpe;jtopf;

fyq;fpaJ}ck; Mk;.


5

Jiwtpsf;fk;

1. Fwpj;j ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;Wk; jiytpiaf; fhzg;ngwhj jiytd;

jiytpapd; ngww;fhpjhd jd;ikia epide;jtdhf> ,g;gbf;

$Wfpd;whd;.

2. ,aw;ifg; Gzh;r;rp ngw;Wj; jiytpiag; gphpe;J nry;gtd;> me;j

gphpit vz;zpf; fyq;fpatdhf ,g;gbf; $Wfpd;whd;.

“,y;Nyhd; ,d;gk; fhKw; whmq;F

mhpJ Ntl;lidahy; - neQ;Nr! – fhjyp

ey;ys; MFjy; mwpe;jhq;F

mhpas; MFjy; mwpah NjhNa” (FWe; 120)

neQ;Nr! tWikahsd; xUtd; ,t;Tyfj;J ,d;gj;ij mila

tpUk;gpdhw;Nghy;> ePAk;> miljw;fhpajhd xd;iwNa tpUk;gpid Mtha;. ek;

fhjw;Fhpats;> ekf;F ed;ik jUgtshjit mwpe;jhw;Nghd;W> ehk; tpUk;Gk;

nghOnjy;yhk; ngWtjw;F mhpats; MFjiyAk;> ePjhd; mwpahJ

NghapidNa.

fUj;J: jiytpiag; gphpahjpUf;f kze;J nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhk;.

3. ew;wpid

eifj;jhs;> fyq;fpdhs;

ghbath; : guhadhH

jpiz : nea;jy;

Jiw : czh;g;Gtapd; thuh Clw;fz; jiytd; nrhw;wJ. (m/jhtJ

Cly; ePq;fhj; jiytpaJ epiyfz;L jd; neQ;rpw;Ff;

$Wthd; nghyj; jiytd; $wpaJ)

„xs;spio kfspnuhL XiuAk; Mlha;

ts;spjo; nea;jy; njhliyAk; Gidaha;

tphpG+q; fhdy; xUrpiw epd;Nwha;


6

ahiu Nahepw; nwhOjndk; tpdTJk;

fz;NlhH jz;lh eyj;ij njz;jpiug;

ngUq;flw; gug;gpd; mk;h;e;Jiw mzq;Nfh>

,Uq;fop kUq;F epiy ngw;widNah?

nrhy;ypdp> kle;ij! vd;wndd; mjndjpH

Ks; vapw;W KWty; jpwe;jd;

gy;ypjo; cz;fDk; gue;jthy; gdpNa”. (ew;. – 155)

xsp epiwe;j mzpfs; mzq;FfSld; $b Xiu tpisahl;ilAk; eP

Mltpy;iy. nghpa ,johy; Md nea;jy; kyh; khiyAk; #ltpy;iy.

flyUNf cs;s kyh;e;j kyh;r; Nrhiyapy; epw;Fk; khNj> eP Nehf;Fthuhy;

nflhj eyj;ij cilats;. cd;id tzq;fpf; Nfl;fpNwd;. eP njspe;j

miyfis cila flw;gug;gpy; tpUk;gp thOk; nja;tg; ngz;Nzh? fUj;jfop

mUfpy; epiyj;J tjpAk; xU ngz;Nzh? NtW ahtNsh? ,g;NghNj nrhy;

vd;W $wpNdhk;.

mg;gbf; $wpaTld; ms; Kl;Nghd;w $hpa gw;fsplj;J eif Njhd;wpaJ.

<hpikAila fz;fspy; ePH mUk;gpaJ Mjhy; ,ts; Kd;G vd;dhy;

jOtg;gl;ltNs> ,g;NghJk; Kaq;fw; Fwpg;igNa fhl;bdhs;.

,utpy; thuhNj

ghbath; : fz;zq;nfhw;wdhH

jpiz : FwpQ;rp

Jiw : ,uTf;Fwp kWj;jJ.

(m/jhtJ jiytd; ,uT tUk;NghJ NeUk; ,Lf;fz;izf; $wpj; Njhop

tiuT flhtpaJ)

“ePNa mbawpe;J xJq;fh MhpUs; te;njo;

fbAil tpay;efh;f; fhty; ePtpAk;


7

Ngud; gpidNa ngUq;fy; ehl!

ahNk> epd;Dk;epd; kiyAk; ghbg; gy;ehs;

rpWjpiz fhf;Ftk; NrWk; mjdhy;

gfy;te; jPNkh gy;glH mfy!

vUit ePba ngUtiur; rpWFb

mhpay; MHe;jth; MapDk; nghpah;

ghbkpo; tplh;Kif Koq;f

MLkio ,Wj;jJvk; NfhLah; Fd;Nw. (ew; 156)

nghpa kiyehl;bw;F chpatNd! eP tUk; topia mb itj;jwpe;J

nry;Ytjw;F $lhj epuk;gpNa ,uTg; nghOJ mJ mg;nghOjpy; fhty;

epiwe;j vk; khspifapd; cs;Ns fhtiyf; fle;J te;jha;. mjdhy; eP

vk;kplj;Jg; Ngud;G cilad; Mdha;. nfhWf;fr;rpr; nrbfs; mlh;e;Js;s

nghpa kiyg;gf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ vk; rpWFb. mq;Fs;sth;fs; fs;is epuk;gg;

gUfpg; ngUk; Nfhgk; cilauha; csh;. Mq;F Nkfk; Koq;Fk; ,bNahir

gpsTgl;l kiyf;Fiffspy; gl;L vjpnuhypf;fpd;wJ. vkJ Fd;wpd; cr;rpapy;

Nkfq;fSk; te;J jq;Ffpd;wd. mjdhy; eP ,utpy; te;J vd;idf; $Ltjw;F

thuhNj. ahk; cd;idAk; cd; kiyiaAk; ghb nfhz;Nl gy ehssTk;

jpizg; Gdj;ijf; fhty; fhf;f ehisNa nry;YfpNwhk;. vd;Dila gy

Jd;gq;fSk; mfy eP ,dpNky;gfw;nfhOjpy; te;J Kaq;Ff.

4. mfehD}W

tpwypapd; Njhd;Wk; kapy;

ghbath; : fgpyh;

jpiz : FwpQ;rp

Jiw : Njhopf;Fj; jiytp mwj;NjhL epd;wJ.


8

“jd; fUj;J ntspg;glhJ jd; nka;f;fl;Nlhd;wpa GJikiaj; jiytp

tpae;jhs; Nghyj; Njhopf;F mwj;njhO epd;wJ. „Gyh;FuNydy;...NsNd‟

vd;gJ> fz;Japy; kWj;jy;” vd;Dk; nka;g;ghl;bw;F cjhuzkhapw;W vd;gh;

Nguhrphpah;.

“mtid Maj;jhH gyUk; fz;lhnud te;Njhd; Kl;bathWk;> mtUs;

nefpo;NjhNshd; ahNd vdj;jhNd $wpathWk;” fhz;f vd;gh; er;rpdhHf;fpdpah;.

(fhjy; gpwf;Fk; mjpraj;ij tUzpg;gJ ,g;ghly;> gy ngz;fs;

xUtidf; fz;lNghJk;> mtd;ghy; xUj;jpf;F kl;LNk cs;sj;J <LghL

kpFjpahfpd;w tprpj;jpuj;ij tpsf;FfpwJ ,e;j ghly;. ,aw;ifapd; mikjp

vq;qdk; mjw;F cjTfpwnjd;gJ ,jd;fz; fhzyhk;.)

“ML mikf; Fapd;w mtph;Jis kUq;fpd;

Nfhil mt;tsp Foypir Mf>

ghL,d; mUtpg; gdpePH ,d;,irj;

NjhLmik Kotpd; JijFuy; Mff;

fzf;fiy ,Ff;Fk; fLq;Fuw; W}k;nghL

kiyg;G+Q; rhuy; tz;Laho; Mf

,d;gy; ,kpo;,ir Nfl;Lf; fyprpwe;J>

ke;jp ey;mit kUs;td Nehf;ff;

fiotsh; mLf;fj;J> ,ayp MLkapy;

edTg;GF tpwypapd; Njhd;Wk; ehld;!

cUtty; tpw;gw;wp> mk;G njhpe;J

nrUr;nra; ahiy nry;newp tpdhma;g;

Gyh;Fuy; Vdw; GioAil xUrpiw>

kyh;jhH khHgd; epd;Nwhw; fz;NlhH

gyh;jpy; thop-Njhop-mtUs;

MH,Ul; fq;Fy; miznahL nghUe;jp>


9

XHahd; MFtJ vtd;nfhy;

ePHthH fz;nzhL nefpo;Njh NsNd? (gh. 82)

Njhop! tho;thahf! mirfpd;w %q;fpypd; JisAs;s ,lq;fspNy>

mofpa Nky;fhw;wpdhy; vOk; xypahdJ Foypd; ,irahfTk;> ,d;ndhypAlNd

tPOfpd;w mUtpd; ,dpa XirNa njhFjpAila Kotpd; ,irahfTk;>

fiykhd;fspd; $l;lk; jho xypf;Fk; fLq;Fuy; ngUtq;fpaj;jpd; xypahfTk;

kiyaj;Jg; G+Q;rhuypNyAs;s tz;Lfspd; hPq;fhuNk ,dpa ahopirahfTk;>

,q;qdk; ,dpa gythfpa ,irfs; fhdj;jpNy tpsq;Fk;. mtw;iwf; Nfl;L

ke;jpahfpa ey;y jpus; Muhthu kpf;fthapd. tpag;GlDk; mtw;iw Nehf;fpd.

%q;fpy;fs; tsh;e;jpUf;Fk; kiyaLf;FfspNy cyhtp MLfpd;w

kapypdq;fs;> fsj;jpNy GFe;J MLk; tpwypahiug; Nghyj; Njhd;Wk;.

mj;jifa kiyehl;ilAilatd; xU jiytd;. GJkyh;fshyhfpa jhhpid

khHgpNy mzpe;jtd; mtd;. mr;re;jUk; tpy;ypidf; ifapNy gw;wpatdhfr;>

rpwe;j mk;Gfisj; njhpe;J vLj;Jf;nfhz;L> jd;dhy; mk;G va;ag; ngw;w

ahidahdJ nrd;w newpapidf; Fwpj;J tpdtpatdhf> Kjph;e;j

fjphpidAila jpidg;Gdj;jpd; thapypNy> xUGwkhf te;J epd;wdd; mg;gb

epd;w mtidf; fz;Nlh;> Fwkfsph; jk;Ks;Ns gyuhth;.

mth;fSs;> mhpa ,Us; nrwpe;j ,utpNy> mizNahL KfQ;Nrug;

nghUe;jpf; fple;J> ePH nrhhpAk; fz;nzhL> nkype;j Njhs;fis cilNadhf>

ahd; xUj;jp kl;LNk tUj;jKwy; MfpaJjhd; vd;idNah?

tpsf;fk;

vq;Fk; ,d;gk; xypf;Fk; ehl;bidAila ahd;> gyiuAk; tpLj;J

vdf;F kl;LNk Jd;gQ; nra;jdd; vd;W nrhy;Yjypd; %yk;> jhd;

mtd;ghy; kdk; <Lgl;ljidj; Njhopf;Ff; $wp mwj;njhL epw;fpd;whs;

jiytp.


10

5. fypj;njhif

eiff;$l;lk; nra;jhd; fs;td; kfd;

“Rlh;j;njhB,! Nfsha;! njUtpy; ehk; MLk;

kzw; rpw;wpy; fhypd; rpijah> milr;rpa

Nfhij ghpe;J> thpg; ge;J nfhz;L Xb

Neh jf;f nra;Ak; rpWgl;b> Nky; XH ehs;

md;idAk; ahDk; ,Ue;Njkh> „,y;ypNu

cz;Z ePH Ntl;Nld;‟ vdte;jhw;F md;id

mlh; nghw; rpufj;jh thf;fp> Rlhpoha;

cz;Z ePH Cl;b th‟ vd;whs;> vd ahDk;

jd;id mwpahJ nrd;Nwd;; kw;W vd;id

tis Kd;if gw;wp eypa njUke;jpl;L

„md;dha;! ,td; xUtd; nra;jJ fhz; vd;NwNdh

md;id mywpg; glh;ju> jd;id ahd;

cz;Z ePH tpf;fpdhd; vd;NwNdh> md;idAk;

jd;idg; Gwk;G mopj;J ePt> kw;W vd;idf;

filf;fzhy; nfhy;thd; Nghy; Nehf;fp eiff;$l;lk;

nra;jhd; mf;fs;td; kfd;”. (fypj;njhif 158)

Jiw

“Gfh mf; fhiy Gf;nfjph;g;gl;Lopg; gfh m tpUe;jpd; gFjpf;fz;”

jiytp Njhopf;Ff; $wpaJ.

Jiw tpsf;fk;

jiytd; jiytpiaf; fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;W MirAw;whd;. mjdhy;

jhd; GFjw;Fj; jFjpapy;yhj gfw;nghOjpy; jiytd;> czT Neuj;jpy;

jiytpapd; tPl;Ls; GFjy;> mt;thW GFe;jtidj; jiytp tpyfhky; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy;.


11

tpsf;fk;

xspAila tisaiy mzpe;j NjhopNa! ehd; nrhy;tijf; Nfl;ghahf!

njUtpy; ehk; kzyhy; nra;j rpwpa tPl;ilj; jd; fhyhy; fiyj;Jk; ehk;

$e;jypy; #ba kyh; khiyia mWj;Jk;> thpia cila ge;ij vLj;Jf;

nfhz;L> XbAk; ehk; tUe;jj; jf;f nray;fisr; nra;Ak; rpWtdhf

fl;Lf;flq;fhjtd; Kd; xU ehspy; jhAk; ehDk; tPl;by; ,Ue;j NghJ

te;jhd;. „tPl;by; ,Ug;gtNu cz;Zk; ePiu cz;z tpUk;gpNdd;” vd;whd;.

mt;thW te;jtDf;F> jha;> “tpsq;Fk; mzpia mzpe;jtNs! cz;zPiuj;

jfl;Lg; nghd;dhy; Md fyj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Ngha; mtid cz;zr;

nra;J tpl;L th! vd;wds;. mq;qdk; mts; nrhd;djhy; te;jtd; rpW

gl;baha; ,Uf;Fk; jd;ikia mwpahky; NghNdd;. nrd;wNghJ vd; tisay;

mzpe;j Kd; ifiag; gpbj;J tUj;jpdhd;. mjdhy; ehd; tUj;jp> “jhNa!

,td; nra;j xU nraiyf; fhz;gha;” vd;W ciuj;Njd;. jhAk;

mywpf;nfhz;L Xb te;jhs;. mtd; nra;j nraiy kiwj;J ahd;” ,td; ePH

Fbf;Fk;NghJ tpf;fy; vLf;f mjdhy; tUj;jpdhd;” vd;Nwd;. ehd;

ciuj;jij Nfl;Lj; jhAk; mtdJ KJifg; gyKiw jltpdhs;. mg;NghJ

mf;fs;td; kfd; jd; filf;fz;zhy; vd;idf; nfhy;gtd; Nghy; ghHj;Jj; jd;

kfpo;r;rp jUk; Gd;KWtyhy; vd; cs;sj;jpy; GFe;jhd;.

6. GwehD}W

jhapy;yhf; Foe;ij

“ths; tye;ju kWg;gl;ld

nrt;thdj;J tdg;Gg; Nghd;wd!

jhs;> fsq;nfhsf;> foy; giwe;jd;

nfhy;y Vw;wpd; kUg;Gg; Nghd;wd

Njhy;> Jtj;J mk;gpd; JisNjhd;Wt

epiyf;F Xuhm ,yf;fk; Nghd;wd


12

khNt> vwpgjj;jhd; ,lq;fhl;lf;

fWo; nghUj nrt;thahd;

vWj;Jtt;tpa Gyp Nghd;wd;

fspNw> fjT vwpahr; rpte;J cuhma;

Ejp kOq;fpa ntz;Nfhl;lhd;

caph; cz;Zk; $w;Wg; Nghd;wd

ePNa> myq;F cisg; ghP, ,Tspg;

nghye; Njh;kpirg; nghypT Njhd;wp

khf;fly; epte;njOjUk;

nrQ;Qhapw;Wf; ftpid khNjh

midia Mfd; khNw>

jhapy; J}thf;Fotp Nghy

XahJ $ck; epd; clw;wpNahH ehNl (Gwk; - 4)

jpiz: tQ;rpj;jpiz

murd; xUtd; giftDila ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w epide;J tQ;rpg;G+

#bg; NghUf;Fr; nry;Yjy;.

Jiw: nfhw;wts;is

murdpd; ntw;wpiaAk; mtd; gifehl;L mopitAk; nrhy;yp tUe;Jjy;.

ntw;wpiaj; jUk; ths; FUjpf; fiw gl;L nrt;thdj;jpd; epwj;ijg;

Nghd;wjhapw;W. NghHf;fsj;jpy; njhlh;e;J NghH nra;jyhy; tPuh;fsJ fhy;fspy;

cs;s tPuf;foypd; mUk;G Ntiyg;ghLfs; kiwe;J fhisfspd; nfhk;Gfisg;

Nghyhapd. mk;G ijj;jyhy; Nflfj;jpy; Jisfs; epiwe;J cs;sd.

FUjpf;fiw gbe;j Kff;fUtpia cila Fjpiu khidf; nfhd;W cjpuk;

Fbj;j Gypia xj;jJ. Nfhl;il kjpy; fjTfisf; Fj;jp cilj;J kOq;fpa

je;jj;NjhL tUk; ahidfs; $w;Wtd; Nghy; ,Ue;jd. Fjpiu G+l;lg;gl;l

Njhpd; kPJ tUk; eP QhapW Nghd;Ws;sha;. ,t;tsT gilg;ngUf;fk; cila


13

cd;idg; gifj;jth; ehL> jhapy;yhf; Foe;ij grpahy; XahJ mOJ

Gyk;GtJ Nghyj; JaUw;Wg; Gyk;Gk;.

#hpaDf;F xg;G Mfhjtd;

“itak; fhtyh; topnkhope;J xOfg;

Nghfk; Ntz;bg; nghJr;nrhy; nghwhmJ

,lk; rpwpJ vd;Dk; Cf;fk; Jug;g

xLq;fh cs;sj;J Xk;gh <iff;

fle;jL jhidr; Nruyhjid

ahq;fdk; xj;jpNah? tPq;F nryy; kz;byk;

nghOJ vd tiujp; Gwq;nfhLj;J ,wj;jp

khwp tUjp; kiykiwe;J xspj;jp;

mfy; ,U tpRk;gpd; MDk;

gfy;tpsq; Fjpahy; gy;fjph; tphpj;Nj” (Gwk; - 86)

jpiz: ghlhz;

ghlg;gLfpd;w Mz;kfdpd; Gfo;> nfhil> typ> msp Mfpa gz;Gfisg;

Gfo;e;J ghLjy;.

Jiw: ,ad;nkhop> G+itepiy

1. murdpd; gz;Gfis vLj;Jiuj;jy;

2. kdpjiuf; flTsNshL ctkpj;Jf; $Wjy;

gpw ehLfisf; fhf;Fk; kd;dh;fs; jj;jk; ehL jkf;FhpaJ vDk; nghJr;

nrhy;iyg; ngwhjhtd;. vjph;g;gth;fis ntd;W ehl;il tphpTgLj;jp MSgtd;.

nry;tj;ij thhp toq;Fk; ts;sy;. Mw;wy; kpf;f gilfis cilatd;

fLq;Nfh thopahjd;. kpf;f nrytpid cila fjputdhfpa eP vt;thW

NrukhDf;F xg;ghtha;? gfw;nghOJ kl;LNk tpsq;Fgtd;. jP epyT Njhd;Wk;

NghJ mQ;rp GwKJfpl;L xspfpwha;. njd;jpirapYk; tljpirapYk; khwp khwp

tUgtd; eP. kiyf;F gpd;Nd kiwe;Jk; nfhs;tha;. gfypy; kl;Lk; Njhd;Wk;

eP xUfhYk; NruDf;F xg;ghfkhl;lha;.


14

7. gjpw;Wg;gj;J

Ie;jhk; gj;J

ed;Djy; tpwypaH

nfhilapidAk; mf;nfhilf;F tUthahfpa giftiuf; NfhwiyAk; cld;

$Wjy;

“ml;L MNdhNd> Fl;Ltd;> mLnjhWk;

ngw;W MdhNu> ghprpyh; fspNw;

tiu kpir ,opjUk; mUtpapd;> khlj;J

tsp Kid mtph;tUk; nfhb Elq;F njUtpy;>

nrhhp Riu ftUk; nea; topG cuhypd;>

ghz;by; tpsf;Fg; g&cr; Rlh; moy>

ed; Ejy; tpwypah; MFk;

njhy; efH tiug;gpd; mtd; ciu MdhNt” gjp:5

Jiw: nre;Jiwg; ghlhz; ghl;L

tz;zKk; J}f;Fk; : xOF tz;zk;> nre;J}f;F

ngah;: ed;Djy; tpwypah;

Fl;Ltd; jd; giftiuf; nfhd;W mJ NghJk; vd;W mikjpaila

khl;lhd;. mt;thW mtd; nfhy;Yk; NjhWk; ghprpyh; fspWfis XH

mstpd;wpg; ngw;wdh;. kiyapd; NkypUe;J tPo;fpd;w mUtpiag; Nghy

khlj;jpy; fhw;wpdplj;Nj tpsq;Ffpd;w nfhbfs; mirfpd;w njUtpidAila

efhpy; nrhhpag;gl;l nea;iaAila jphpf;FohahdJ jhd; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l

me;nea; NkNy tope;J guTjyhy; fhiyAila tpsf;fpdJ gUikAila Rlh;

xspia tPRfpwJ. mt;nthspapy; mofpa new;wpiaAila tpwypah; MLfpd;w

gioa efuq;fspd; vy;iyapy; Nruidg; gw;wpa Gfo;r;rpaike;j thHj;ijfs;

nrhy;ypy; mlq;fh.


15

8. ghpghly;

“fhHkyp fjo;ngay; jiy, Naw;w

ePh;kyp epiwRid G+kyh;e; jdNt

jz;zWq; flk;gpd; fko;jhJ CJk;

tz;L tz;L ,kph; Fuy; gz;iz Nghd;wdNt

mbAiw kfsph; MLk; NjhNs

neLtiu mLf;fj;J Nta; Nghd;wdNy

thif xz;G+g; GiuAk; cr;rpa

Njhif ahHFuy; kze;J jze;Njhiu

ePld;kpd;> thUk; vd;gth; nrhw;Nghd; wdNt

ehz;kyh;f; nfhd;iwAk; nghye;jhH Nghd;wd

nky;ypzh; Ntq;if ,ayiwj; jhapd

mOif kfsph; FOit nrg;g

ePuaw; fypj;j nehpKiff; fhe;js;

epiunjhWk; thHFiy mtpo;e;j ts;spjo;

tpLnfhbg; gpwe;j nkd; jifj; Njhd;wpg;

gtoj; jd;d nrk;G+j; jh ma;f;

fhHkype; jd;Wepd; Fd;W NghH kype;J

#HkUq; fWj;j Rlh;g;gil NahNa

fiwapy; fhHkio nghq;fp ad;d

eiwapd; eWk;Gif edpakh;e; NjhNa

mWKfj;J MwpU Njhshy; ntd;wp

eWkyh;g; ts;spg; G+eae; NjhNa

nfoP,f; Nfsph; Rw;w epd;id

voP,g; ghLk; ghl;lkh;e; NjhNa

gpwe;j Qhd;Nw epd;id cl;fpr;

rpwe;NjhH mQ;rpa rPUil NahNa


16

,U gpwg;G ,Ungah; <uneQ;rj;J

xU ngah; me;jzh; mwd; mkHe;NjhNa

md;id Mfypd; mkh;e;jpah epd;idj;

Jd;dpj; Jd;dp topgL tjd; gad;

,d;Dk; ,d;Dk; mit MFf

njhd;KjpH kugpdpd; GfopDk; gyNt” (ghp : itif: 14)

vd;gJ> gUtq;fz;L mope;j jiykfs; Nfl;g KUfNtisg; guTthsha;>

,g;gUtj;Nj jiykfd; tUk; vd;gJ ghlj;Njhop tw;GWj;jpaJ.

NftdhH ghl;L

NftdhH ,ir

gz; Nehjpwk;

KUfNtNs! “kpf;f kioia Nkfk; nga;jyhy; epiwe;j Ridfspy;

G+f;fs; kyh;e;jd. Fsph;e;j flk;gkyh;j; jhij CJfpd;w tz;Lfspd; Fuy;fs;

gz;fisg; Nghy ,Ue;jd. kiyg;gf;fq;fspYs;s %q;fy;fs; mbAiw

kfsphpd; Njhs;fis xj;jd. thifg; G+itg; Nghd;w nfhz;ilAs;s kapy;fs;

$Tq; Fuy;fs; jiytpaNuhL mstshtpg; gphpe;J nrd;wth;fis Nehf;fp>

“,dpj; jhkjk; nra;akpd; kPz;L tUf” vd miog;gth;fSila nrhw;fisg;

Nghd;wd.

nfhd;iw kyh;f; nfhj;Jfs; nghd;dhyhfpa khiyfisg; Nghd;wd.

moifAila Ngij kfsph;f;Fj; jha;khHfs; Gyp Gypnad;W nrhy;Yk;gb

ghiwfspy; Ntq;if kyh;fs; gue;jd. neUq;fpa nkhl;fisAila fhe;js;fs;

kyh;e;jd. mtw;wpilNa nrq;fhe;jspd; G+f;fs; gue;jd. ,q;qdk; epd;

guq;Fd;wk; fhHfhyj;jd;ik kpf;fJ.

mRuh;fisf; Fyj;NjhL mopj;j Ntw;giliaAilNaha;!

fhHfhyj;J ntz;Nkfk; vOe;jhw; Nghd;w mfpy; Kjypatw;why; Gifj;j

J}gj;ij tpUk;gpNdha;.


17

gphpj;j jiyth; te;J Nrh;e;J gpd;G ePq;fhky; ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;L kfsph;

ahio thrpj;Jg; ghLfpw ghl;il tpUk;gpNaha;> jpUmtjhuk; nra;jTlNd

,e;jpud; KjypNahH mQ;rpa rpwg;GilNaha;! ,uz;L gpwg;igAk; mg;gpwg;ghy;

te;j ,uz;L ngaiuAk; md;G nghUe;jpa neQ;rj;ijAk; cila

me;jzh;fspd; mwj;ij tpUk;gpNaha;!

mj;jd;ikfis cilaha; Mjypd; ehq;fs; tpUk;gp epd;ghw;

nghUe;jpg; nghUe;jp topghL nra;fpd;Nwhk;. mq;qdk; nra;tjd; gadhfg;

gpd;Dk; gpd;Dk; epd; GfopDk; Nkyhd gythf mt;topghLfs; MFk;gb mUs;

Ghpthahf.

9. jpUf;Fws;

mwj;Jg;ghy;

xg;GuT mwpjy; (22)

1. ifk;khW Ntz;lh flg;ghL khhpkhl;L

vd;Mw;Wq; nfhy;Nyh cyF

cyf kf;fs; jkf;F kio toq;fp cjtp nra;Ak; Nkfj;jpw;F vd;d

ifkhW nra;aKbAk;? me;j Nkfk; Nghd;w cah;e;NjhH nra;fpd;w cjtpfSk;

ifk;khW vjph;ghHg;gJ ,y;iy.

2. jhs;Mw;wpj; je;j nghUs;vy;yhk; jf;fhHf;F

Ntshz;ik nra;jy; nghUl;L

ey;y topfs; gytw;wpYk; Kad;W xUtd; Nrh;j;j nghUs; vy;yhk;> jhd;

thOk; ,lk;> fhyk; #oypd; eilKiw mwpe;J> jFjp cilNahH

vy;NyhHf;Fk; cjtp nra;tjw;Nf MFk;.

3. Gj;Njs; cyfj;Jk; <z;Lk; ngwy;mhpNj

xg;Gutpd; ey;y gpw.

jFjp cilathpd; Njit mwpe;J cjtp nra;J thOk; xg;Guitg;

Nghd;w cah;e;j ed;ikfis tpisf;Fk; NtW mwr;nray;fis> ve;jg; Gjpa

cyfj;jpYk; ehk; thOk; ,e;j cyfj;jpYk; ngWjy; ,ayhJ.


18

4. xj;jJ mwpthd; caph;tho;thd; kw;iwahd;

nrj;jhUs; itf;fg; gLk;.

xg;GuT vd;Dk; cyf eilKiw mwpe;J jFjp cila kw;wth;f;Fk;

cjtp nra;J tho;tpd;wtid caph; tho;gtd; Mthd;. mt;thW thohj

kw;wtd; nrj;jth;fSs; xUtdhfNt fUjg;gLthd;.

5. CUzp ePHepiwe;J mw;Nw cyFmthk;

Ngh;mwp thsd; jpU.

cyfk; xg;Gutpdhy; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gp cjtp nra;fpd;w

ngUikkpf;f mwpthspapd; nry;tk;> Chpy; tho;NthH ePH cz;Zk; Fsk; ey;y

ePuhy; epiwe;jpUg;gijg; Nghd;wJ.

6. gad;kuk; cs;SHg; gOj;Jmw;why; nry;tk;

ead;cil ahd;fz; gbd;.

cyf eilKiw mwpe;J cjtp nra;J thOk; cah;e;j gz;G

cilatdplk; nry;tk; Nrh;e;jpUe;jhy;> mJ gad; jUk; kuk; xd;W Chpd;

eLNt epiw gOj;j goq;fisj; jhq;fp epw;gJ Nghd;wJ.

7. kUe;JMfpj; jg;gh kuj;Jmw;why; nry;tk;

ngUk;jif ahd;fz; gbd;.

cyf eil mwpe;J cjtp nra;Ak; ngUik kpf;f jFjp cilatdplk;

nry;tk; Nrh;e;jpUe;jhy;> mJ jdJ vy;yh cWg;GfSk; kUe;jhfg;

gad;gLtjpy; jtwhj kuj;ijg; Nghd;wJ.

8. ,ld;,y; gUtj;Jk; xg;Gutpw;F xy;fhH

fld;mwp fhl;rp ath;.

cyf eil mwpe;J cjtp nra;Ak; flik czh;e;j mwpitg;

ngw;wth;fs;> jk;kplk; nghUs; tsk; ,y;yhj Neuj;jpYk; kw;wth;f;F cjtp

nra;tjw;Fj; jsh;r;rp milakhl;lhHfs;.

9. ead;cilahd; ey;$He;jhd; Mjy; nrAk;ePu

nra;ahJ mikfyh MW.


19

cyf eil mwpe;J cjtp nra;ak; ,ay;Gila gz;ghsd; tUik

miljy; vd;gJ> jtwhky; nra;a Ntz;ba cjtpfis kw;wth;f;Fr; nra;a

Kbahky; tUe;Jfpd;w ,ay;G MFk;.

10. xg;Gutp dhy;tUk; NfLvdpd; m/JxUtd;

tpw;Wf;Nfhs; jf;fJ cilj;J.

cyf eil mwpe;J cjTtjhy; ,og;G Vw;gLk; vd;W nrhy;Ygth;

,Ue;jhYk;> mj;jifa xUtd; jd;id tpw;whtJ ngw;W nfhs;Sk; jFjp

cilaJ MFk;.

fs; cz;zhik (93)

1. cl;f glhmh; xsp,og;gh; vQ;Qhd;Wk;

fs;fhjy; nfhz;LxOF thH.

mwpitj; jphpf;Fk; fs;isg; Nghd;w Nghijg; nghUs;fis tpUk;gp

cz;L kfpo;gth; ve;jf; fhyj;jpYk; vtuhYk; kjpf;fg;gl khl;lhH. mJkl;Lk;

,y;yhky;> Kd;dh; ngw;wpUe;j rpwg;gpidAk; ,oe;J tpLth;.

2. cz;zw;f fs;is czpy;cz;f rhd;Nwhuhy;

vz;zg; glNtz;lh jhH

mwpT cilath; vdg;gLNthH mwpitj; jphpf;Fk; fs;isg; Nghd;w

Nghijg; nghUisg; gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. rhd;NwhuhYk; gpwuhYk; kjpf;fg;gl

Ntz;LtJ ,y;iy vd;NghH Ntz;Lkhdhy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

3. <d;whs; Kfj;NjAk; ,d;dhJMy; vd;kw;Wr;

rhd;NwhH Kfj;Jf; fsp

Nghijg; nghUshy; mwpT jhpe;j kfidf; fz;lhy; ngw;W tsh;j;j

jhapd; Kfj;jpNyNa ngUe;Jd;gj;ij cz;lhf;Fk; vd;why;> Fw;wq;fisf;

fbj;Jk;> jz;bj;Jk; jpUj;Jfpd;w rhd;NwhH Kfj;jpy; vj;Jizj; Jd;gj;ijj;

Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.

4. ehz;vd;Dk; ey;yhs; Gwk;nfhLf;Fk; fs;vd;Dk;

Ngzhg; ngUk;Fw;wj; jhHf;F


20

vy;NyhUk; ,fo;fpd;w mw;gkhd Nghijg; nghUshy; mwpT jphpe;J

miyAk; Fw;wk; nra;jtiu> ehzk; vd;Dk; ey;y gz;G tpl;L ePq;fp

ntFnjhiyT nrd;W tpLk;.

5. ifmwp ahik Ailj;Nj nghUs;nfhLj;J

nka;mwp ahik nfhsy;

xUtd; nfhUis kpFjpahfr; nrytopj;Jg; Nghijg; nghUisg;

gad;gLj;jpj; jd;id mwpahj msTf;F mwpT jphpe;j epiyapy; miyjy;>

ey;nyhOf;fk; gw;wp mwpAk; mwpahik cilaJ MFk;.

6. JQ;rpdhH nrj;jhhpd; NtWmy;yh; vQ;Qhd;Wk;

eQ;Rcz;ghH fs;cz; gth;

J}q;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gth; mwpT ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gjhy; nrj;jtiu tpl

Ntwhdth; my;yH. mt;thNw> fs; cz;gtUk; vg;NghJk; mwpT ,y;yhky;

,Ug;gjhy; eQ;R cz;gtNu Mth;.

7. cs; xw;wp cs;SH efg;gLth; vQ;Qhd;Wk;

fs;xw;wp fz;rha; gth;

Nghijg; nghUis vtUk; mwpahky; kiwthfg;g ad;gLj;jp mwpT

kaq;fpf; fplg;gthpd; epiy czh;e;J> Chpy; thOk; kf;fshy;> nra;jp

gug;gg;gl;L vg;NghJk; eifg;Gf;F chpatuhf MthH.

8. fspj;JmwpNad; vd;gJ iftpLf neQ;rj;J

xspj;jJ}ck; Mq;Nf kpFk;

Nghijg; nghUisg; gad;gLj;Jgth;> ehd; Nghijg; nghUis vg;NghJk;

gad;gLj;jpajpy;iy vd;W $Wtij epWj;j Ntz;Lk;. jd; neQ;R mwpe;J

ngha; $wpa Fw;wk; kPz;Lk; Nghijapy; kpFjpahf ntspg;gLk;.

9. fspj;jhidf; fhuzk; fhl;Ljy; fPo;ePHf;

Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JhP, mw;W.


21

Nghijapy; kaq;fpf; fplg;gtdplk; “FbFbiaf; nfLf;Fk;” vd tpsf;fpf;

$wp njsptpf;f KaYjy;> ePhpy; %o;fpa xUtid kw;nwhUtd; jPg;ge;jk;

nfhz;L NjLtijg; Nghd;wJ MFk;.

10. fs;cz;zhg; Ngho;jpy; fspj;jhidf; fhZk;fhy;

cs;shd;nfhs; cz;ljd; NrhHT.

Nghijg; nghUs; gad;gLj;Jk; xUtd; mg;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jhj

epiyapy; Nghijapy; kaq;fpa NtW xUtidf; fhz Neh;e;jhy; Nghijahy;

Vw;gl;l NrhHe;j epiyia vz;zpg; ghHf;f khl;lhNdh?

Gytp EZf;fk; (132)

1. ngz;,ayhH vy;yhUk; fz;zpd; nghJcz;gh;

ez;Nzd; guj;jepd; khHG.

guj;ijah; njhlh;G cilNaha;! cd;idg; ngz; jd;ik cila

vy;NyhUk; jk; fz;fshy; nghJg; nghUshfg; ghHj;J Efh;th;> mjdhy;> mth;

ghHit vr;rpy; gl;l cd; khHgpidj; jOtkhl;Nld;.

2. Cb ,Ue;jNjkhe; Jk;kpdhH ahk;jk;ik

ePLtho;f vd;ghf;F mwpe;J

mtNuhL ehd; Cly; nfhz;L NgrhJ ,Ue;jNghJ> ehd; mtiu Clh;

jPHe;J „E}whz;L tho;f‟ vd tho;j;jpg; NgRNtd; vd epidj;Jj; Jk;kpdhH.

3. Nfhl;Lg;G+r; #bDk; fhAk; xUj;jpiaf;

fhl;ba #bdPH vd;W

mof;Ff;fhg; G+r; #bdhYk; $l> „NtW ahNuh xU fhjypf;Ff;

fhl;Ltjw;fhfr; #b ,Uf;fpd;wPH vd;W nrhy;ypf; Nfhgpj;Jf; nfhs;ths;.

4. ahhpDk; fhjyk; vd;Nwdh Cbdhs;

ahhpDk; ahhpDk; vd;W.


22

„fhjyh; vy;NyhhpDk; kpf;f fhjiy cilatuhf cs;Nshk;‟ vdf;

$wpaJk; fhjypah; gyiutpl cd;dplk; kpf;f fhjy; nfhz;Ls;Nsd; vd;W

$wpajhff; fUjp ahiutpl? vdf; Nfl;L Cly; nfhz;lhs;.

5. ,k;ik gpwg;gpy; gphpayk; vd;Nwdhf;

fz;epiw ePHnfhz; lds;.

md;G kpFjpahy; „ ,e;jg; gpwg;gpy; ahk; gphpakhl;Nlhk;‟ vd;W $wpNdd;.

mjdhy; kW gpwg;gpy; gphpNtd; vdf; $wpajhff; fUjp fz;fs; epiwa ePH

nfhz;lhs;.

6. cs;spNdd; vd;Nwd;kw;W vd;kwe;jPH vd;Wvd;idg;

Gy;yhy; gyj;jf; fds;

„gphptpd; NghJ epidj;Njd;‟ vdf; $wpNdd; mt;thnwdpy; epidg;gjw;F

Kd; vd;id kwe;J ,Ue;jPNuh vdr; nrhy;ypj; jOtpf; nfhs;shky; Cly;

nfhz;lhs;.

7. tOj;jpdhs; Jk;kpNdd; Mf mopj;JmOjhs;

ahHcs;spj; Jk;kpdPH vd;W

ehd; Jk;kpNdd;> mts; tho;j;jpdhs;. clNd kdk; khwp> „ahiu

epidj;J ePH Jk;kpdPH? vdf; Nfl;L mOJ epd;whs;.

8. Jk;Kr; nrWg;g mOjhs; Ekh;cs;sy;

vk;ik kiwj;jpNuh vd;W

Jk;kpdhy; Cly; nfhs;fpwhNs vd;W Jk;ky; te;jNghJ mlf;fpf;

nfhz;Nld;. „ck; fhjypah; ck;ik epidg;gij vdf;Fj; njhpahjthW

kiwf;fpd;wPNuh? vd;W nrhy;yp mOjhs;.

9. jd;id czh;j;jpDk; fhAk; gpwh;f;FePH

,e;ePuh; MFjph; vd;W

Cly; jPHf;f Ntz;bg; gzpthf Ntz;bdhYk;> „gpw ngz;fsplKk; ePH

,t;thW jhNd ele;J nfhz;bUg;gPH‟ vdr; nrhy;yp rpde;J nfhs;ths;.


23

10. epidj;J,Ue;J Nehf;fpDk; fhAk; midj;JePH

ahHcs;sp Nehf;fpdPH vd;W

NgRtijAk; gzptijAk; tpl;L> mts; xg;gw;w moifNa epidj;Jg;

ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> „vd; moFf;F ,izahf ahiu epidj;Jg;

ghHf;fpwPH?‟ vdf; Nfl;Lf; Nfhgpj;Jf; nfhs;ths;.


24

II. ehlfk;

rhgtpNkhrdk; - K. uhkrhkp

Kd;Diu

K. ,u hkRthkp ,aw;wpa rhgk;! tpNkhrdk;? vd;Dk; E}y;> 1. rhgk;!

tpNkhrdk;? 2. Gul;rpf;ftp 3. MGj;jpud; vd;w %d;W ehlfq;fis

cs;slf;fpaJ. rhgk;! tpNkhrdk;? vd;Dk; ehlff;fUj;jpidf; Fwpj;J

fPo;f;fz;lthW fhz;Nghk;.

ftpijf;fhjyp

rhgk;! tpNkhrdk;? ehlfj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy; MLfsg;gpuk;kd; vd;w

fjhg;ghj;jpuk; kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahH jd; „ftpijf;fhjyp‟ vd;Dk;

ftpijapy; nrhy;ypr; nry;Yk; xU rpd;df;fijia kJiu ep[ehlf

,af;fj;jpd; rhHgpy; rhgk;! tpNkhrdk;? vd;w ngahpy; ehlfkhf epfo;j;jpf;

fhl;Ltjhf vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whH.

fijf;fU

caHe;j ];jhdk; vd;W jhd; fUJfpw ,lj;jpypUe;J> re;jh;g;gtrj;jhy;

jd; fUj;jpy; fPohd epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhYk;> njhlf;fj;jpy; mij Vw;f

kWf;fpw kdR> gpd; mjNdhL rkurk; nra;J nfhz;L me;j ,lj;ijNa

nrhHf;fk; vd;W epahag;gLj;Jfpw Nghf;fpy; ,jd; fij nry;Yk;.

fij khe;jh;fs;

rq;fKdpth;> Jq;fKdpth;> Njte;jpif> jahgud;> rPlh;fs;> G+rhhp

MfpNahH ehlfj;ij efh;j;jpr; nry;Yk; fijkhe;jh;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.

Njte;jpifapd; Vf;fk;

rq;fKdpth; 12 Mz;Lfs; fle;J jtk; Kbf;f ,Uf;Fk; Ntisapy;

Njte;jpif vd;Dk; Kdpgj;jpdpahdts; ,fNyhf czh;r;rpfs; kuj;Jg; NghFk;

gbf;F tho;e;j jd; fzth; Jq;fKdptuhy; Gj;jpughf;fpak; fpilf;fhjh vd;w

Njlypy; G+rhhpiar; re;jpj;jhs;.


25

fdp nfhLj;jy;

G+rhhp XH fdpia Njte;jpifaplk; nfhLj;J Fspj;Jg; G+ir nra;J

<uj;JzpAld; cd; fztdplk; cz;zf;nfhL vd;whH.

rPlh;fspd; tUif

12 Mz;Lfs; fLikahd jtk; Kbe;J fz; tpopf;f ,Uf;fpw jq;fs;

FUehjUf;fhf rPlh;fs; czitj; Njbr; nrd;wdh;. Njte;jpif kuj;jpdbapy;

itj;Jr; nrd;wpUe;j fdpiaf;fz;L „,J ek; FUehjUf;nfd;W nja;tk;

je;jpUf;Fk; czT‟ vd;W $wp vLj;Jr; nrd;wdh;.

kdjpy; khw;wk;

rq;fKdp fdpia Urpj;Jr; rhg;gpLfpwhH. gpd; nky;y nky;y mth;

epiyapy; khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jid>

“ngz;zhir ngWkpd;

Nghpd;gk; ngU ntspia

ngz;zplNk ngWkpd;

ngz;Nz ,d;gk; mts; fz;Nz Nghpd;gk;

vd;fpwhH rq;fKdp. rPlh;fs; jpifj;J epw;fpd;wdh;.

Njte;jpif Gyk;gy;

Njte;jpif „tuk; Ntz;b ehd; ngw;w nja;tf;fdp xd;W fhzhky;

Ngha;tpl;lJ. ahNuDk; fz;lJz;Nlh? vd;W tpdTfpwhs;. rq;fKdp mtsplk;

jtwhf elf;f Kay;fpwhH. mjw;F Njte;jpif „khw;whd; kidtp ehd;.

khKdpapd; gj;jpdp ehd;‟ vd;fpwhs;.

Jq;fKdpapd; rhgk;

Njte;jpifapd;f zth; Jq;fKdp> jttho;tpy; NrW G+rpa %lNd.

ehis #hpNahjj;jpy; vy;NyhUk; fhZk;gb „kyk; jpd;Dk; gd;wpahf eP

Nghff;fltha;> vd;W rq;fKdpia rgpf;fpd;whH. jq;fs; FUehjiuf;

fhg;ghw;WkhW rPlh;fs; Jq;fKdpthplk; Ntz;Lfpd;wdh;.


26

ngsHzkpad;W re;jpNuhjaj;jpy; cq;fs; FUehjiu thshy; ntl;bf;

nfhd;why; gd;wp cU xope;J mth; cq;fs; FUthfj; jpUk;g tUthH vd;W

$WfpwhH.

rq;fKdp jg;gpr;nry;yy;

#hpNahjaj;jpy; rq;fKdp gd;wpahf khWfpwhH. ngsh;zkp tiu

fhg;gjw;fhf mtiur; Rw;wpr; rPlh;fs; Nfhl;ilf;fl;b fhty; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.

gd;wp cUtpy; ,Uf;Fk; rq;fKdp rPlh;fs; Mo;e;j cwf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;ifapy;

jg;gpr; nry;fpwhH.

NjLk; Kaw;rp

rPlh;fs; gd;wpKdpia NjLk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ldh;. gd;wp Kdpiaf;

fz;Lgpbj;j rPlh;fs; mthpd; rpuj;ij ntl;l tUk;NghJ> mjid jLj;J

gd;wpKdp jdf;F gd;wptho;f;if gpbj;jpUg;gjhff; $wpdhH.

rhgNk tuk;

gd;wpKdp> gd;wpfs; $l;lj;jpy; nkJnkJNt fye;J kfpo;r;rpaha; gd;wp

tho;f;ifAld; rkurkhfpg; NghdhH. rq;fKdp rhgj;ijNa tukhf;fpf; nfhs;s

gofpf;nfhz;lhH.

KbTiu

,t;thW cah;e;j ];jhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J> fPohd epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lij

njhlf;fj;jpy; mij Vw;f kWf;fpw kdR> gpd;mjNdhL rkurQ; nra;J nfhz;L

me;j ,lj;ijNa nrhHf;fk; vd;W epahag;gLj;Jfpw Nghf;fpy; fij nry;fpwJ.

Gul;rpf;ftp

Kd;Diu

K. ,uhkRthkp ,aw;wpa rhgk;! tpNkhrdk;? vd;Dk; E}ypy;

mike;Js;s „Gul;rpf;ftp‟ vd;w ehlff; fUj;jpidf; Fwpj;J fPo;f;fz;lthW

fhz;Nghk;.


27

Gul;rpf;ftp

ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrdpd; „Gul;rpf;ftp‟ vd;Dk; fhtpaj;ij kJiu

ep[ehlf ,af;fj;jpd; rhHgpy; Mlw;FOtpdUk;> ,irf;FOtpdUk; ,ize;J

ehlfj;ij epfo;j;Jtjhff; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

fijkhe;jh;fs;

murd;> mikr;rh;> kf;fs;> cjhud;> mKjty;yp MfpNahH ehlfj;ij

efHj;jpr; nry;Yk; fijkhe;jh;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.

cjhud; jd;ik

cjhud; vd;gtd;> kf;fspd; ftpQdhff; fhzg;gLfpd;whd;. mth;fs;

jUk; czit cz;L mth;fSf;fhf Ntiy nra;fpwhd;. kf;fsplk;

ciuahlypy; rpwe;J rfyfiy ty;ytdhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;whd;. „mtid

xg;ghH ahUkpy;iy‟ vd;W nrhy;Yk; msTf;F kpf ftpj;Jtk; ngw;wtdhf

fhzg;gLfpd;whd;.

mKjty;ypapd; tUj;jk;

,sturpahd mKjty;yp jkpopyf;fpaq;fs; midj;Jk;

czh;e;jhshapDk; mts; ftpij Gidaf; fw;ftpy;iy. mfj;jpy; vOe;j

ftpijiag; Gwj;jpy; gpwh;f;Fg; Gyg;gLj;Jjw;Fr; nra;As; ,yf;fzk; njhpjy;

Ntz;Lk; vd;gij vz;zp murDk; mKjty;ypAk; tUj;jj;Jld;

,Uf;fpd;whHfs;.

mikr;rh; tUif

murhpd; epiyawpe;j mikr;rh; cjhuidf; Fwpj;J nrhy;yj;

njhlq;fpdhd;. cjhud; vd;gtdpd; njhopy; ftpij. mtd; Gjy;tpf;Fj; jf;f

cghj;jpahad;. cjhuid mioj;J mKjty;ypf;F Mrhd; vd epakpg;Nghk;

vd;W mikr;rh; murdplk; $Wfpd;whH.

mikr;rhpd; #o;r;rp

murdplk; Fykfis cjhuNdhL fw;ftpl;lhy; Fiwte;J Nrh;e;jhYk;

Nrh;jy; $Lk; vd;W mikr;rh; $wpdhH. ftpij fw;Fk; fhyj;jpy;


28

mKjty;ypia mtDk;> mtidg; ngz;Zk; njhpe;J nfhs;shjthW

jpiutpLf;f Ntz;Lk;. kq;ifaplk; cjhuDf;Fg; ghHitapy;iy FUL vd;Wk;>

cjhudplk; mKjty;yp F\;lNuhfp vd;Wk; vr;rhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vr;rhpj;jhy; jhd;

gQ;Rk; neUg;Gk; gf;fj;jpy; tuhjpUf;Fk; vd;W #o;r;rp nra;J murdplk;

$Wfpd;whH.

tFg;G vLj;jy;

jpiuapd; xUGwk; mkh;e;J cjhud; mKjty;ypf;Fr; nra;As; ,yf;fz

tFg;G vLg;gij>

“njhl;lidj; J}Wk; kzw;Nfzp khe;jh;f;Ff;

fw;widj; J}Wk; mwpT”

vd;W jpwk;gl ahg;G tFg;G vLj;J tUfpd;whd;.

,uhg;gs;spf;$lk;

,uhg;gs;spf;$lj;jpy; kf;fs; midtUk; cjhuDf;fhf fhj;Jf;

nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. kf;fSs; XH nghpath;> cjhud; uhrh kfSf;Fg; ghlk;

nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fg; Ngha; tpl;ljhy; ,q;Nf tUthuh vd;W vjph;ghHj;Jf;

nfhz;bUf;fpwhH. mg;NghJ cjhud; tUfpd;whd;. ,uhg; ghlNtisia

fptij kzk; nghq;f mioj;J nry;fpwhd;.

cz;ik ntspg;gly;

cjhud; tFg;G vLj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ>

“ePythd; Milf;Fs; cly; kiwj;J

epyhntd;W fhl;Lfpd;wha; xspKfj;ij” vd;w ftpij thapyhf

mKjty;ypf;F re;Njfk; vOe;J jpiu tpyf;fpg; ghHf;fpwhs;. cz;ikahdJ

ntspg;gl;L epd;wJ.

mofpy; kaf;fk;

„thdpNy ,Ue;jpl;l XH khkjp kq;ifaha; vd;ndjpNu te;J tha;j;jNjh‟

vd;W cjhud; mKjty;ypia fz;L mofpy; kaq;fpdhd;. „Nrhjp epyhTf;Fk;


29

khRz;L ,r;Re;juNdh fiw xd;wpyhd;‟ vd;W mKjty;yp cjhudpd; moif

th;zpj;jhs;. ,UtUk; moif th;zpg;gij khwp khwp ghpkhwpf; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.

cjhud; kWj;jy;

mKjty;yp cjhudpd; mofpy; kaq;fp mtd; kPJ fhjy; tag;gLfpwhs;.

Mdhy; cjhud;> ehd; jkowpe;jjhy; kl;LNk cd; je;ij vd mioj;jhH.

jd;khdj;ij rpijf;Fk; tifapy; FUnld;whH> F\;lnkd;whH. vd; kf;fs;

tpopg;gila vdf;F ngUk;gzpfs; ,Uf;fpwJ. MfNt ngz;Nz epidg;ig

mfw;wptpL vd;W cjhud; kWj;Jf; $Wfpwhd;.

mKjty;ypapd; fhjy;

this cUtp te;J kd;dd; vdJliy ntl;b eLf;flypy; Nghl;lhYk;

,j;ijay; csk; khwhJ vd;W jd; fhjypy; mKjty;yp cWjpaha; ,Ue;jhs;.

rjpj;jpl;lk;

cjhuDk;> mKjty;ypAk; NgRtijf; fz;l murh;> mikr;rUk; Nfhgk;

nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ek; #o;r;rp njhpe;j cjhuid ifJ nra;J ,ufrpaj;ij

ntspna njhpahky; ghJfhg;Nghk; vd;W mikr;rh; $WfpwhH. cjhuidf; ifJ

nra;J ,Oj;J tUfpd;wdh;. murhpd; M];jpiaf; ftu epidj;jjhy;

cjhuDf;F jz;lid mspf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;W mikr;rh; midthplj;jpYk;

$Wfpd;whd;. rpur;Nrjk; nra;f vd;W kd;dd; MizapLfpwhd;.

mKjty;yp jLj;jy;

mKjty;yp Nrhfj;Jld; ntspNaWfpwhs;. Cnuq;Fk;

giwabf;fg;gLfpwJ. kz;lgj;jpy; midtUk; mkh;e;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.

„vopYilahd; gpio ,iof;ftpy;iy‟ vd;W $wp Xbr;nrd;W fhtyh;fisj;

jLf;fpwhs;. J\;l rpWf;fpiaf; fhtw;rpiwapy; milg;gPH vd;W $wpaTld;>

rhjy; vdpy; ,UtUNk rhf Ntz;Lk;. jtph;tnjdpy; ,UtUNk jtph;jy;

Ntz;Lk; vd;W jd; fhjypd; typikia mKjty;yp midthplj;jpYk;

ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhs;. gpd; „,UtiuAk; nfhiy nra;f‟ vd;W murh;

MizapLfpwhd;.


30

KbTiu

,t;thW jhq;fs; nra;j jtiw kiwj;J ngha;ia epahag;gLj;Jfpw

Nghf;fpy; fij mike;jhYk; ,Wjpapy; XH ngz;zpd; fhjypd; cWjpia

rpwg;ghf fij efh;j;jpr; nry;fpwJ.

MGGj;jpud;

Kd;Diu

K. ,uhkRthkp ,aw;wpa rhgk;! tpNkhrdk;? vd;Dk; E}ypy;

mike;Js;s „MGj;jpud;‟ vd;w ehlff; fUj;jpidf; Fwpj;J fPo;f;fz;lthW

fhz;Nghk;.

MGj;jpud;

cWkp> FWq;Foy;> Fe;jsk; Mfpa ,irf;fUtpfis ,irj;jgb

fijnrhy;ypfs; ,ize;J ehlfj;ij epfo;j;Jtjhff; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

jhapd; Ntjid

rhyp vd;w ngz; newpjtwp XH Foe;ijiag; ngw;nwLf;fpwhs;.

CHkf;fs; mtis gop J}w;Wfpd;whHfs;. kpFe;j ftiyAld; ifapy;

Foe;ijia itj;J nfhz;L>

„gr;ir kz;izg; ghHj;jTld; tpl;Ltu kdkpy;iyNa

jq;ff; Foe;ij ,ijj;js;s kdk; tutpy;iyNa‟

vd;W rhyp Gyk;Gfpwhs;. gpd; Foe;ijia ghHj;J> „cd; jha; cdf;F je;J

NghtJ ,e;jf; fz;zPHf; Fspay;jhd;‟ vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L rhyp

Foe;ijia tpl;Lg; gphpfpwhs;.

kf;fspd; myl;rpak;

jtwhd topapy; gpwe;j Foe;ijia tpl;Lr; nry;y vq;fs; Chpy;

,lkpy;iy. ,e;jf; Foe;ij vq;fs; Chpy; tsu Ntz;lhk; ngw;w jhNa

gphpe;J Nghdgpd;G ekf;nfjw;F tPz; jaf;fk; vd;W> kf;fspy; xUtd;

myl;rpakhf NgRfpd;whd;.


31

gRtpd; ,uf;fk;

Foe;ijapd; mOFuy; Nfl;L> Ie;jwpT nfhz;l gR xd;W Foe;ijapd;

mUfpy; nrd;W ehthy; ef;fp mjd; mOifiag; Nghf;FfpwJ. ,jid>

“mg;gd; rhpapy;iy

Mj;jhSf;Fk; Jzptpy;iy

jg;gpg; gpwe;jtNd ..... eP

jha;g;ghYf;fOfpwpNah

vd;W gR Foe;ijia MWjy; nra;fpwJ. ,jidf;fz;l kf;fs; $l;lk;

gRit tpul;l Kay;fpwhHfs;. gR mth;fis Kl;br; rha;j;J Foe;ijiag;

ghpTld; mizj;jgb gLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.

Foe;ijghf;fpak;

,sk;G+jp> Ntjh vd;w jk;gjpapdh; ahUNk neUq;f Kbahj me;j

Foe;ijia vLj;J nfhQ;rpdhHfs;. eP vj;jid md;igg; nghope;jhYk;

cd;dhy; tapw;iw kl;Lk; jhd; epug;gKbAk;. ehq;fs; mwpitAk; epug;GNthk;

vd;W ,sk;G+jp gRtplk; $Wfpd;whH. nja;tk; gR tbtpy; te;J> Foe;ij

,y;yh vq;fs; Fiwiaj; jPhj;jJ vd;W fz;zp ,UtUk; kfpo;Tld;

nrd;wdh;.

me;jzh;fspd; nfhLik

Nts;tp nra;J caph;f;nfhiy nra;jtw;fhf ghHgdh;fs; rpyh; khl;il

tpul;br; nry;fpd;whHfs;. gRtpw;F ,j;jidfa nfhLikfis me;jzh;fs;

jUfpd;wdh;. gpd;G mth;fs; tpul;b te;j gRit> rhyp tpl;Lr;nrd;w

Foe;ijahd MGj;jpud; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd;.

MGj;jpud; jLj;jy;

gpwe;jehs; njhl;L cyfpw;Nf ghy; je;J tsh;j;J tUk; ,e;jg; gRNthL

cq;fSf;F gif Ntz;lhk;. Nts;tp nra;Aq;fs;. topgLq;fs;. kdj;jpd;

khR mfw;Wq;fs;. Mdhy;> caph;f;nfhiy nra;ahjpUq;fs; vd;W

me;jzh;fis MGj;jpud; jLf;fpd;whd;.


32

kf;fspd; Kof;fk;

,sk;G+jp nghpa itjPfthjp. MGj;jpud; me;jzd; ,y;iy. ,wf;Fk;

jUthapy; $l vd; nghpa je;ij „me;jzd; eLtpy; xU mayhd; tsh;fpwhNd‟

vd;W nehe;Jf;nfhz;L ,Ue;jjhf kf;fspy; xUtd; kpFe;j fLikahf

NgRfpwhd;. gpwg;gwpah cd;NdhL ,dp ehq;fs; cwT nfhs;sg; Nghtjpy;iy

vd;W kf;fs; Kof;fk; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

jha;ghrk;

ngw;w Foe;ijia mizj;J tsh;g;gJjhd; jhapd; ,ay;G.

fz;nzjpNu tsUk; gps;isiaf;$l jha; rpy Neuk; kwg;ghs;. fhzhky;

tpl;Lg;Nghd vd;id vd; jha; xU NghJk; kwf;fkhl;lhs; vd;W me;jzh;fsplk;

jha; ghrj;ij ntspf;fhl;b MGj;jpud; gRit kPl;Lf; nfhz;L tUfpd;whd;.

GfhH nra;jy;

kf;fs; midtUk; ,sk;G+jpaplk; MGj;jpuidf; Fwpj;J GfhH

nra;fpwhHfs;. MGj;jpuid Ciu tpl;L tpul;l Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy;

cq;fs; FLk;gj;ijNa Ciu tpl;L tpul;b tpLNtd; vd;W me;jzh;fs;

$Wfpd;whHfs;.

,sk;G+jpapd; khw;wk;

Ntjq;fisAk;> rh];jpuq;fisAk; ehd; kjpf;fpNwd;. mij vy;yhk;

Gwf;fzpf;Fk; mtd; vd; gps;isNa MdhYk; ehd; mDkjpf;fkhl;Nld;. Ntjh

kpFe;j kd tUj;jj;NjhL Gyk;Gfpwhs;. „kdij fy;yhf;fpf; nfhs;‟ vd;W

,sk;G+jp Ntjhit Njw;Wfpwhs;.

gpr;ir vLj;jy;

tPl;il tpl;L ntspNawpa MGj;jpud; gpr;ir vLf;Fk; epiyf;F

Mshfpd;whd;. kf;fs; mtDf;F fy;iyAk; kz;izAk; Nghl;L

,opTgLj;Jfpd;whHfs;. ,e;j CH vd;id vg;gb ,fo;e;jhYk; vdf;Ff;

ftiyapy;iy. ehd; cq;fSf;F cztspf;fpNwd; vd;W MGj;jpud;

typikNahL $Wfpd;whd;.


33

%jhl;b tho;j;jy;

ViofSf;F cztspf;f gpwe;jpUf;Fk; eP „ey;yh kfhuhrdh ,Uf;fZk;‟

vd;W %jhl;b xUth; MGj;jpuid tho;j;JfpwhH. Jd;gj;jpNy vd;id <d;w vd;

jha; Jd;gk; Jilf;fg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W %jhl;baplk; MGj;jpud;

$Wfpd;whd;.

fdtpy; Fuy;

MGj;jpud; Nfhapy; kz;lgj;jpy; gLj;J cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ>

fyj;jpy; ,d;W xU ftsk; NrhW $l tpotpy;iyNa> „ehis vg;gb

cztspg;gha;‟ vd;W fdtpy; XH mrhPhp xypj;jJ. mg;NghJ> vj;jid Ngh;

te;jhYk; ,y;iy vd;W cztspf;Fk; nja;tPfg;ghj;jpuk; ,J. ahhplkhtJ

gpr;irg; ngw;W ms;s ms;sf; Fiwahj mKjj;ij midtUf;Fk;

toq;Fthahf vd;W> ,e;jpuh Njtp MGj;jpuddplk; ghj;jpuj;ij mspf;fpwhs;.

,e;jpudpd; nray;

Kjpath; Ntlj;jpy; ,e;jpud; te;J mGj;jpudpd; Gfio epidj;J>

mtDf;F tuk; nfhLf;f epidf;fpwhd;. vd;d tuk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;jpud;

MGj;jpudplk; Nfl;fpd;whd;.

tuj;ij kWj;jy;

grpj;jth; Kfk; ghHj;J cztpl;L grp Nghf;fp vQ;rpaij cz;Zk;

nghOJ Vw;gLk; kfpo;Tf;F ,izahdJ ,t;Tyfpy; vJTkpy;iy vd;W

tuj;ij Vw;f MGj;jpud; kWf;fpwhd;.

,e;jpudpd; rhgk;

ve;j Mztj;jhy; eP Njth;fisna mtkjpf;fpd;whNah me;jg; ngUik

cdf;F tpiutpy; ,y;yhky; NghFk; vd;W ,e;jpud; MGj;jpuDf;F rhgk;

mspf;fpwhd;. jpBnud;W kio nga;J ehL tsj;jpy; nropj;jJ. mjdhy;

ahUk; mtdplk; czT thq;f tutpy;iy. kw;wth;fSf;F nfhLj;Jtpl;L jhd;

rhg;gplNtz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;ifapy; cWjpaha; ,ue;J MGj;jpud; gl;bdp

fplf;fpd;whd;. ,e;jpud; rhgj;jhy; MGj;jpud; ,e;epiyf;F Mshfpd;whd;.


34

caph; Jwj;jy;

MGj;jpud; rhtfj; jPtpw;F nry;fpd;whd;. Ms; mutNk mw;w ,e;jj;

jdpikj; jPtpy; ehDk; vd; ghj;jpuKk; ,Ue;J gadpy;iy. cztspj;j gpd;G

jhd; cz;L caph; tho;Ntd; vd;w Fwpf;NfhSld; tuk; Nfl;fhky; ,e;jpuid

ntd;W NfhKfpg; ngha;ifapy; ghj;jpuj;ij tpl;Ltpl;L cz;zh Nehd;gpUe;J

MGj;jpud; caph; Jwf;fpd;whd;.

KbTiu

,t;thW ngw;wts;> me;jzh;> tsh;j;jth;fs; xJf;fpdhYk;> cz;zh

Nehd;ngDk; Nghuhl;l tbtj;jhy; cyfj;ijNa jd;gf;fk; jpUk;g itj;j

MGj;jpud; rhit ntd;W vy;yhk; kdq;fspYk; ,d;Dk; thoe;J

nfhz;bUg;gjhf fijahdJ rpwg;Gld; mikfpwJ.

III. ,yf;fpa tuyhW

1. rq;f ,yf;fpak;

Kd;Diu

rq;f ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; gjpndl;L. gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif. ,it

Nkw;fzf;F vdg;gLk;. gj;Jg;ghl;L xNu njhFjpahf ,Ug;gjhy;> nkhj;jk;

xd;gJ E}y;fs;. ,tw;wpd; tuyhw;iwj; jdpj;jdpNa ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,tw;iw mfk; gw;wpad> Gwk; gw;wpad vd;W gphpj;Jk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

rq;ffhyj;ijr; rhHe;j ,yf;fzk; njhy;fhg;gpak; ePjp ,yf;fpak;

jpUf;Fws;. mjid ePjpE}y; thpirapy; Kjypy; itj;Jg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;.

rpyg;gjpfhuKk; kzpNkfiyAk; ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fs;.

gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; fstop ehw;gJ Gwk; gw;wpaJ.

fhHehw;gJ> Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ> Ie;jpiz vOgJ> jpiznkhop Ik;gJ>

jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ kw;wk; ife;epiy vd;gd mfk; gw;wpad. ,it

rq;f ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghlhd mfk; gw;wpa gpw;fhy tsh;r;rpg; ghly;fs;. NkYk;

Kj;njhs;shapuk;> Nfhit E{y;fs; ,jd; njhlh;r;rpfNsahk;. rpw;wpyf;fpa


35

tiffs; gy mfg;Gwg; fyg;Gg; gpwg;Gfs;. jdpg;ghly; jpul;L vd;W gpw;fhyg;

ghly;fspYk; mfk;> Gwk; gw;wpa ghly;fs; gyTs.

rq;fKk; mjd; fhyKk;

rq;f ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ rq;fkpUe;J jkpohuha;e;j fhyj;ij epidtpw;

nfhz;L toq;fp tUk; ngah; Gyth;fs; $Lk; Nguitak; xd;iwg; ghz;ba

kd;dh;fs; jk; jiyefh;fspy; mikj;Jg; Nghw;wpdh;. fly; Nfhs;fshy; jkpo;

,yf;fpak; mope;JgLNkh vd;w mr;rk; Njhd;wpa fhiy> ,t; mitag;

Gyth;fs; gy;NtW jpizg; ghly;fisg; ghbj; njhFj;Jk;> Kd;dNu ghlg;

ngw;wpUe;jtw;iwr; Nrh;j;Jf; fhj;Jk; gzpGhpe;jdh;.

rq;fj; njhifg; ghly;fs; midj;Jk; mfk; Gwkhfpa

jpizgw;wpadthjypd; mtw;iwj; jpizapyf;fpak; vd;W tifik Rl;LjNy

nghUj;jKilajhFk;. ,j;jpizg; ghly;fNs ,d;W fpilj;Js;s jkpo;

,yf;fpak; midj;jpYk; njhd;ik kpf;fdthFk;. fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;l ,j;jkpo;

,yf;fpak; gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif vdj; njhFf;fg;gl;L xU

tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;L tpsq;fpaJ.

rq;fkpUe;j fhyk;

filr;rq;fk; fp.gp.250f;F Kw;gl;lnjd;gJk; fp.K.1000 njhlq;fp

,r;rq;fq;fs; eilngw;wd ntd;gJk; ,d;W gyuhYk; Vw;fg;gl;l KbthFk;.

rq;fg; ghly;fs; gy;NtW kd;dh;fspd; nra;jpfisr; Rl;Lfpd;wd.

mtw;Ws; xU ghlyhtJ gy;ytiug; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. fp.gp.%d;whk;

E}w;whz;bdpilapy;> ,g;gy;yt kugpdh; jkpofj;jpd; tlgFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpf;

fhQ;rpiaj; jiyefukhff; nfhz;L Msj;jiyg;gl;ldh;. tlf;Nf

fpU];;izahWtiu Ml;rp Ghpe;j ,k;kd;dh; guk;giuiar; Rl;lhky; ,Ue;jpUf;f

tpayhJ. jkpof tlf;nfy;iyahfpa Ntq;flkiyj; njhlhpd; gFjpfisahz;l

koth;> fs;th; Nghy;thiuAk; Nfhrh;> JSth;> Xtpah;> Mtpah;> jpiuah; vdg;

gy;NtW mur ,dj;jth;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLk; rq;f ,yf;fpak; gy;yth; vd;w

,dj;jhiur; Rl;ltpy;iy. vdNt %d;whk; E}w;whz;bypUe;Nj fy;ntl;Lf;fshy;


36

gy;yth; vdr; Rl;lg;gLk; XH mur ,dj;jhiur; Rl;lhj rq;fg;ghly;fs;>

me;E}w;whz;bw;F Kw;gl;ljhjy; Ntz;Lk;. tlNte;juhd nkshpah; njd;dhl;bd;

kPJ gilnaLj;J te;j nra;jpiaAk; (mfk; 69> 251> 281. Gwk; 175) KbAilj;

jkpo; Nte;jh; %tUk; jkpo;ehl;Lf; FWepy kd;dh;fSk; xUtUf;nfhUth;

gifik nfhz;L Mq;fhq;F epfo;j;jpa NghHfisAk; jk; ghly;fspy;

Fwpj;Js;s filr; rq;fg;Gyth;fs;> gy;yth; jkpo; Nte;jNuhL ghpe;j NghHfSs;

xd;iwahtJ Fwpg;gplhik Cd;wp Nehf;fw;ghy njhd;whk;. md;wpAk; gy;yth;

vd;w ngaNu rq;fj;Jr; rhd;whH ghly;fspy; fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;ghH. jp.it.

rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhH.

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,yq;if kd;dd; fathFTk; fz;zfpf;Ff; flTs;

kq;fyk; nra;j fhyj;jpy; te;jpUe;jhd; vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ> (tue;jUfhij

160-64) ,yq;ifapy; Kjw; fathF fp.gp.171 Kjy; fp.gp 193 tiu murhz;ltd;

,uz;lhk; fathF fp.gp.12 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;jtd; m/J ,uz;lhk;

FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; fhyk; vdg;gLk;.

tlehl;L tuyhw;wpy; ee;jh;fNs fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;l mur kugpdh; Mth;.

mth;fs; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;j fhyk; fp.K. 5Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlq;fpahFk;. mLj;j

mur kugpdh; Nkhhpah; Mth;. ,th;fs; ,UtiuAk; gw;wpr; rq;f E}y;fs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

“ee;jd; ntWf;if va;jpDk;” (mfk;.251)

kfhgJk ee;jd; nry;tr; nropg;G kpf;ftd; vd;w tuyhw;Wld; ,ij

xg;gpl;L Nehf;Ff.

“gy;Gfo; epiwe;j nty;NghH ee;jh;

rPHkpF ghlypf; FoP,f; fq;if

ePHKjy; fue;j epjpaq; nfhy;Nyh” (mfk; 265)

ee;jh;fs; epyj;jpdbapYk; ngUQ;nry;tj;ij kiwj;J itj;jpUe;jik

,jdhw; Gyg;gLk;. ee;jh;fspd; jiyefuhfpa ghlypGj;jpuk; NrhizahW


37

fq;ifapw; fyf;Fkplj;jpy; ,Ue;jnjd;gJ ,e;jpa tuyhW. mjidg; gLkuj;J

NkhrpfPudhH.

“ntz;Nfhl;L ahid NrhizgbAk;

nghd;kyp ghlyp ngwP,ah;” (FW.75)

vd;W mjd; nry;t tsj;NjhL $WfpwhH.

Kuz;kpF tLfH Kd;Dw Nkhhpah;

njd;jpir khjpuk; Kd;dpa tutpw;F” (mfk; 28)

vd;W Nkhhpah; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gz;L. NkYk; rpy ,lq;fspYk; ,k; Nkhhpah; gw;wpa

Fwpg;Gz;L (Gwk;.75) ,f;Fwpg;Gfnsy;yhk; rq;fg; ghly;fspd; gioikiar;

Rl;Ltd.

atdh; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; rq;fg; ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. atdh;fs;

jkpofj;jpw; FbNawp tho;e;j nra;jpAk; ehkwpe;jNj. gpisdp> jhykp> nghpGSR

E}yhrphpah; Nghd;w fpNuf;fehl;Lg; gazpfspd; Fwpg;Gfs; gy jkpofj;ijg;

gw;wpad. mit xd;wpndhd;W nghUe;jptUjiy Ma;thsh; gyh; vLj;jf;

fhl;bAs;sdh;.

jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ij Kiwahff; fw;NghH mjd; tsh;r;rpiaf; fzpj;jwpa

KbAk;. mj;Jld; rq;f ,yf;fpaNk fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ vd;gijAk; mjd;

fhyg; gFjp fpwpj;JTf;F Kw;gl;ljhjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; eLepiy kdKk;

$Hj;j mwpT KilahH vtUk; kWf;fkhl;lhH vd;gJ njspT.

rq;fE}y;fs;

rq;f ,yf;fpak; ghl;Lk; njhifAk; vd;W $wg;gLk;. ghl;L vd;gJ gj;Jg;ghl;L>

njhif vd;gJ vl;Lj;njhif. vl;Lj;njhifapy; xt;nthd;Wk; gy

cjphpg;ghly;fspd; njhFg;G vdyhk;. gj;Jg;ghl;L neLk;ghly;fspd;

njhFg;ghFk;.

vl;Lj;njhif

FWe;njhif ew;wpiz> neLe;njhif (mfehD}W)> Iq;FWE}W>

fypj;njhif> ghpghly;> GwehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J.


38

,tw;iw kdj;jpa gjpaitj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW xU jdpg;ghly; cz;L.

“ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}W

xj;j gjpw;Wg;gj;J Xq;F ghpghly;

fw;wwpe;jhH Vj;Jk; fypNahL mfk;> Gwk; vd;W

,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj;njhif”.

FWe;njhif> ew;wpiz> mfehD}W> Iq;FWE}W> fypj;njhif Ie;Jk;

mfj;njhiffs;> gjpw;Wg;gj;Jk; GwehD}Wk; Gwj;njhiffs;> ghpghlypy; itia

gw;wpad mfg;ghly;fs;> Vida nrt;Nts;> jpUkhy; gw;wpa flTs;

tzf;fg;ghly;fs; Gwk; gw;wpad.

fypAk; ghpghlYk; KiwNa fypg;ghthYk; ghpghlyhYk; Mapdikahy;>

mg;ngah;f;F chpadthapd. gpw rq;fg; ghlyidj;Jk; Mrphpag;ghthy; Mdit.

Iq;FWE}w;wpYk;> gjpw;Wg;gj;jpYk; gj;Jg;gj;Jg; ghly;fs; vd;w Kiwapy;

mfKk; GwKk; njhFjp njhFjpahfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sd. ghpghlypYk;

fypj;njhifapYk; $l. xU nghUs; my;yJ jpiz gw;wpa ghly;fspd;

njhFjpfshf mike;jpUf;ff; fhzyhk;.

Vida vl;Lj;njhif rhHe;j ehd;F E}y;fSk; cjphpg;ghly;fspd;

njhFg;Gg; Nghd;wit.

gj;Jg;ghl;by; neLk;ghly;fs; gj;Jj; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

gj;Jg;ghl;L

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil> rpWghzhw;Wg;gil>

ngUk;ghzw;Wg;gil> $j;juhw;Wg;gil (kiygLflhk;)> kJiuf;fhQ;rp>

Ky;iyg;ghl;L> FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L> neLey;thil> gl;bdg;ghiy.

vl;Lj;njhif

t.

vz;

E}w;ngah; nghUs;ghl;L

vz;zpf;if

flTs;tho;j;J

ghba

Gyth;fs;

vz;zpf;if

njhFg;gpj;jth; njhFj;jth;

1 FWe;njhif mfk; 401

KUfd; 1

205 G+hpf;Nfh njhpatpy;iy


39

gh.gh.ng

2. ew;wpiz mfk; 400

jpUkhy; 1

gh.gh.ng

192 gd;dhLje;j

ghz;bad;

njhpatpy;iy

3. mfehD}W mfk; 400

rptd; 1

gh.gh.ng

142 kJiu

cg;G+hpFbfpohH

kfdhH

cUj;jpu

rd;khd;

ghz;bad;

cf;fpug;ngU

tOjp

4. Iq;FWE}W mfk; 498

rptd; 1

gh.gh.ng

5 Gyj;Jiw

Kw;wpa $lY}H

fpohH

ahidf;fl;

Nra; khe;juQ;

Nruy;

,Uk;nghiw

5. fypj;njhif mfk; 140

rptd; 1

gh.gh.ng

5 ey;ye;JtdhH

vd;gh;

er;rpdhHf;fpdpah;

njhpatpy;iy

6. ghpghly; mfk; Gwk;

22 + cjphp

10

13 njhpatpy;iy njhpatpy;iy

7. gjpw;Wg;gj;J Gwk; 80+

rptd; 1

(gpw;Nrh;f;if)


8. GwehD}W Gwk; 399

rptd; 1

gh.gh.ng


gj;Jg;ghl;L 10-

rkhrg;gjpg;gpd;

gb

nkhj;jg;ghly;fs;

2381 473

gh.gh.ng – ghujk; ghba ngUe;NjtdhH

gj;Jg;ghl;L

t.

vz;

ghl;L nghUs; mb

asT

ghbath; ghlg;ngw;wth;

1. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil Gwk; 317 kJiuf;fzf;fhadhH

kfdhH ef;fPudhH

FkuNts;


40

2. nghUehuw;Wg;gil Gwk; 248 Klj;jhkf;

fz;zpahH

Nrhod; fhpfhw;

ngUtsj;jhd;

3. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil Gwk; 269 ,ilf;fopehl;L

ey;Y}H ej;jj;jdhH

Xa;kh ehl;L

ey;ypaf;Nfhld;

4. nghUk;ghzhhw;Wg;gil Gwk; 500 fbaY}H cUj;jpuq;

fz;zdhH

njhz;ilkhd;

,se;jpiuad;

5. Ky;iyg;ghl;L mfk; 103 fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;Jg;

nghd; thzpfdhH

kfdhH eg;G+jdhH

6. kJiuf;fhQ;rp Gwk; 782 khq;FbkUjdhH jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr;

nrUntd;w

ghz;bad;

neLQ;nropad;

7. neLey;thil mfk; 188 kJiuf;

fzf;fhadhH

kfdhH ef;fPudhH

ghz;bad;

neLQ;nropad;

8. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L mfk; 261 fgpyh; Mhpa murd;

gpufj;jidj; jkpo;

mwptpj;jjw;Fg;

ghbaJ

9. gl;bdg;ghiy mfk; 301 fbaY}H cUj;jpuq;

fz;zdhH

Nrhod; fhpfhw;

ngUtsj;jhd;

10. kiygLflhk; Gwk; 583 ,uzpa Kl;lj;Jg;

ngUq;Fd;W}Hg;

ngUq;nfsrpfdhH

gy;Fd;wf;

Nfhl;lj;Jr;

nrq;fz;khe;J

Nts;ed;dd;

Nra; ed;dd;

gj;Jg;ghl;ilj; njhFj;jhH> njhFg;gpj;jhH tptuk; njhpe;jpyJ.

gj;Jghl;Ls; fhzg;gLk; thpir Kiwg;gbNa ,g;ghlypYk; mtw;wpd; ngah;fs;

Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

“KUF nghUehW ghz;,uz;L Ky;iy

ngUF tskJiuf; fhQ;rp – kUtpdpa


41

NfhyneL ey;thil Nfhy;FwpQ;rp gl;bdg;

ghiy flhj;njhLk; gj;J”.

,tw;Ws; Mw;Wg;gil Ie;Jk; kJiuf; fhQ;rpAk; Gwg;ghly;fshFk;.

vQ;rpa ehd;Fk; mfg;ghly;fs; neLey;thil gw;wp mfkh> Gwkh vd;w fUj;J

NtWghL cz;L. gl;bdg;ghiy fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;ijg; gw;wpg; ngUk;gFjp

$Wjyhy; ghiyg;ghl;L vdg;glhky; gl;bdg;ghiy vdg;gl;lJ. 103 mbAs;s

Ky;iyg; ghl;Nl ,tw;Ws; mb msthw; rpwpaJ. 782 mbAs;s kJiuf;

fhQ;rpNa kpfg;nghpaJ. gj;Jg;ghl;bd; flTs; tho;j;Jg; Nghyj;

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil mjpy; Kjw;fz; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gl;bdg; ghiyapy;

tQ;rpabfs; kpFjpahf tputp te;Js;sikahy; mjid tQ;rpneLk;ghl;L

vd;ghUk; csh;.

vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs;

FWe;njhif

G+hpf;Nfh vd;gtuhy; njhFf;fg;gl;l ,jpy; ehd;fbr; rpw;nwy;iy Kjy;

vl;lbg; Ngnuy;iy tiu mike;j ehD}W ghly;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd. ,jw;F

ciunaOjpg; gjpg;gpj;j rhd;NwhH c.Nt.rhkpehj ma;ah;> „ciuahrphpah;fs;

FWe;njhifg; ghly;fisNa kpFjpahf vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;‟ vd;;W jk;

Kd;Diuapy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. ,jd; Kjw;gjpg;ghrphpah; jpUf;fz;zGuk; nrshpg;

ngUkhs; muq;fd;. mbasthy; FWfpa ,g;ghly;fspy; Kjy; fUittpl

chpg;nghUl;Nf rpwg;gplk; ey;fg;gLkhw;iwf; fhzyhk; vd;gh; „jkpo;f;fhjy;‟

MrphpaH mwpQH t.Rg. khzpf;fk; tUzid Fiwe;Jk; czh;T kpFe;Jk;

tpsq;Fk; ,g;ghly;fs; mfj;jpizapd; capNuhl;lj;ijf; fhl;l

ty;ydthAs;sd.

jiykfs; Njhopaplk; jiytd; md;Gilikia tw;GWj;Jk; #oy;

xd;W tUfpwJ. mg;NghJ mts; mf;fhjy; epyj;ijtplg; gue;jjhf thidtpl

cah;e;jjhf> ePiutpl Mokhdjhf tpsq;Ftnjdf; $Wfpwhs;.


42

„epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W

ePhpDk; Mus tpd;Nw rhuy;

fUq;Nfhl;Lf; FwpQ;rpg; G+f;nfhz;L

ngUe;Njd; ,iof;Fk; ehlndhL el;Ng.” (3)

gphpe;j jiytd; chpa fhyj;Nj jpUk;gpdhdpy;iy> mjdhy; jiytp

NrhfNk tbthapdhs;> cs;sq;Fike;jhs;. tPl;bDs;spUe;J gyfzp topahfg;

gwitfs; khiy Neuj;jpy; $LNehf;fpg; gwe;J Nghtijg; ghHf;fpwhs;. m/J

mts; ftiyia NkYk; mjpfhpf;fr; nra;fpwJ ,ijg;Nghyj; jd; jiytDk;

tPLNehf;fpg; gwe;J tutpy;iyNa vd mts; neQ;rk; epidj;J mOfpwJ mij

mts; tha;tpl;Lr; nrhy;ytpy;iy. mt;thW ntspg;glr; nrhy;yhky; Fwpg;ghfr;

nrhy;tjdhNyNa> gbf;Fk; ek; neQ;rj;jpy; mt; mtyTzh;T ,Uklq;fhfpg;

ngUFfpwJ.

“QhapW gl;l mfy;tha; thdj;J

mspa jhNk nfhLQ;rpiwg; gwit

,iwAw Xq;fpa newpmay; kuhmj;j

gps;is cs;tha;r; nrhP,a

,iunfhz; likapd; tpiuAkhw; nryNt” (9)

jpUkzkhd Gjpjpy; jiytp jiytDf;Fj; jhNd czT rikj;Jg;

ghpkhWfpwhs;. mDgtf; FiwthYk; tpiuthYk; gl;Lr;; Nriyapy; ifiaj;

Jilj;Jf; nfhz;L> fz;fspy; Gifgba mts; rikf;Fk; moNf mtSf;F

mjpy; mjpfg; gof;fkpy;iy vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,Ue;Jk; kidtp

kpfKad;W rikj;jjhapw;Nw vd;W fztd; „,dpJ ,dpJ‟ vd cz;z> mtd;

ngUe;jd;ikAk; Ngud;igAk; vz;zp kidtp Gd;dif G+f;f> mt;tPl;L ,y;yw

khl;rp ,dpjhf eilngWfpwJ. xU jha; jd; kfspd; ey;yw tho;it

,q;qdk; fz;zhuf; fz;L kfpo;fpwhs;.

“Kspjaph; gpire;j fhe;js; nky;tpuy;


43

fOTW fypq;fk; fohmJ cB,f;

Ftis cz;fz; Fa;g;Gif fOkj;

jhd; Joe;J ml;l jPk;Gspg; ghfh;

,dpnjdf; fztd; cz;lypd;

Ez;zpjpd; kfpo;e;jd;W xz;Zjy; KfNd.” (167)

jpUkzk; Kbf;Fk; kzkf;fSf;F ehk; ,ijtplf; $wf;$ba mwpTiufs;

vitnaDk; csNth? vz;zpg;ghHkpd;.

“fhkk; jhq;Fkjp vd;NghH jhk/J

mwpayh;nfhy;Nyh? midkJifah;nfhy;?

ahnkq; fhjyw; fhNz khapd;

nrwpJdp ngUfpa neQ;rnkhL ngUePHf;

fy;nghU rpWEiu Nghy

nky;y nky;y ,y;yh FJNk.” (290)

,g;ghliy vOjpa Gyth; ngah; mwpag;glhj nghOJ ,jidj; njhFj;jth;fs;

“fy;nghU rpWEiuahH‟ vd ,g;ghlyhrphpah; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;.

,jpyike;Js;s rpwe;j> jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j ctik fUjp Mrphpah;f;Fg;

ngahpl;l jpwk; ghuhl;bw;FhpaJ

,q;qdk; ghlyhy; ngah; ngw;wth;fs; gjpndl;Lg; NgUf;FNky; ,e;E}ypy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,t;thW ghlyhy; ngah; ngw;wth; njhif ,j;njhFg;gpNyNa

kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; mth;fspw; rpyh; mNj ngauhy; gpw

njhif E}y;fspw; Fwpf;fg;gLjyhYk; gpw njhif E}w;fspw; ghlyhy; ngah;

ngw;w Gyth; ghlnyJTk; ,jpw; fhzg;glhikahYk; FWe;njhifNa Kjypy;

njhFf;fg;ngw;wnjd;gh;. ,j;njhif ghba Gyth; njhif 205. ,e;E}ypd; Kjy;

380 ghly;fSf;Fg; NguhrphpaUk;> ,Wjp 20 ghl;LfSf;F er;rpdhHf;fpdpaUk;

ciunaOjpdh;.


44

ew;wpiz

gd;dhL je;j ghz;bad; khwd; tOjpahy; njhFf;fg;gl;l ,jpy; 9 mbr;

rpw;nwy;iy Kjy; 12 mbg;Ngnuy;iy tiu mike;j 400 ghly;fisf;

fhzyhk;. gpd;dj;J}H m.ehuhazrhkp ma;ah; ,jw;F ciu vOjpg;

gjpg;gpj;Js;shH. msthaike;j ghly;fisf; nfhz;ljhjypd; „ey;‟ vd;w

milnkhop ngw;wJ. ghba Gyth; njhif 275 ghly; njhluhy; ngah;ngw;w

ew;wpizg; Gyth;fs; vOtuhth;. mth;fs; tz;zg;Gwf; fe;juj;jdhH.

kiyadhH> jdpkfdhH> tpopf;fl; Ngijg; ngUq;fz;zdhH> Jk;gpNrh; fPudhH>

Nja;Ghpg; goq;fapw;wpdhH> kly; ghba khjq;fPudhH vd;NghH Mth;.

Njhop vt;tsT $wpAk;> jiytp jiytd; Nkw;nfhz;l rPw;wk;

jzpe;jpys;. mjdhy; kdk; tUe;jpa Njhopapd; $w;whff; fgpyh; ghba ghly;

,J

“khNahd; md;d khy;tiuf; fthmd;

thypNahd; md;d taq;Fnts; sUtp

mk;kiy fpoNthd; ek;eae;njd;Wk;

tUe;jpdd; vd;gNjhH tha;r;nrhy; Njwha;

ePAq; fz;L EknuhLk; vz;zp

mwptwpe;J msty; Ntz;Lk; kWjuw;F

mhpa thop Njhop nghpNahH

ehb el;gpd; my;yJ

el;L ehlhHjk; xl;bNahH jpwj;Nj.”

“jpUkhiyg; Nghd;w fhpa kiyj;njhlh; gyNjtidg; Nghd;w nts;sUtp

mk; kiyehld; ek;ik tpUk;gp tUe;Jfpwhd; vd ahd; vt;tsT $wpAk; eP vd;

Ngr;ir Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. ePahfr; rpe;jpj;Jg;ghH my;yJ cdf;F kpf

ntz;bath;fSld; fye;J vz;zpg;ghH. mwpaNtz;baij mwpe;J mtid

Vw;Wf; nfhs;tNj eyk;. kWg;gJ jtW. nghpath;fs; Muha;e;j gpd; el;Gf;

nfhs;thHfns jtpu> el;Gf; nfhz;lgpd; Muhakhl;lhHfs;. vt;tsT eakhf>


45

ehtd;ik kpf;f Njhop jiytpia ,bj;Jf; $Wfpwhs; vd;gijg; ghl;bidg;

gy Kiw gbj;J czh;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jpUts;Sth;

“ehlhJ el;lypw; Nfby;iy el;lgpd;

tPby;iy el;ghs; gth;f;F” (791)

vdf;$WtJ ,g;ghlypd; ,Wjpapy; nghUj;jKw Msg;gl;Ls;sik

rpe;jpf;fj;jf;fJ.

jiytd; jd; fhjypia mts; tPl;Lf;fUfpYs;s xU Gd;id

kuj;jbapy; re;jpj;jhd;. mts; “,J ehq;fs; tpisahLfpw nghOJ kwe;J

Nghl;Ltpl;l Gd;id tpijapypUe;J tsh;e;jJ. gpwF ehq;fs; mjidg; ghYk;

NjDk; nga;J tsh;j;Njhk;. mg;Nghnjy;yhk; vq;fs; jha; cq;fis tpl

cq;fs; jq;ikahd Gd;id kpf ey;yts;> mts; mlNk nra;tjpy;iy> vdg;

ghuhl;Lths; vdNt vd; cld; gpwg;gida ,g;Gd;id epoypy; cq;fSld;

mstsht vdf;Ff; $r;rkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. NtW ,lq;fSk; mUfpYs. ehk;

mq;Nf Ngha;g; Ngrpf;nfhz;bUg;Nghk;” vd;fpwhs;. ,aw;ifiaAk;

capUs;sjhff; fUjp ehZk; ,e;El;gkhd czh;T epiyia ehk;

rq;fg;ghly;fspy; fz;L kfpoyhk;.

“tpisahL MankhL ntz;kzy; mOj;jp

kwe;jdk; Jwe;j fho;Kiw mifa

nea;nga; jPk;ghy; nga;jpdpJ tsh;g;g

Ek;kpDk; rpwe;jJ Et;it MFnkd;W

md;id $wpds;> Gd;idaJ rpwg;Ng

mk;k ehZJk; Ek;nkhL eifNa.... (172)

mfehD}W

,jidj; njhFg;gpj;Njhd; ghz;bad; cf;fpug; ngOtOjp.

njhFg;gpj;Njhd; ghz;bad; cf;fpug; ngUtOjp. njhFj;jth; cg;G+hpFbfpohH

kfdhH cUj;jpurd;kh;. 13 mbr; rpw;nwy;iy> 31 mbg;Ngnuy;iyf;F cl;gl;l


46

400 ghly;fs; cs;sd. KOikahd mstpy; mfj;jpizia tpsf;Fk;

ghly;fisf; nfhz;ljhy; „mfk;‟ vdTk; Kd;ida ,uz;L njhiffisAk;

tpl ePz;l ghly;fisg; ngw;wpUg;gjhy; neLe;njhif‟ vdTk; ,U ngah; ngWk;.

Kjy;> fU> chpg;nghUs; %d;Wk; epiwTw mike;j ghq;fpid cilait

,it. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfshfpa Gwr; nra;jpAk; ,tw;wpy; kpFjp mfehD}W

vd;gjw;nfhg;gg; GwehD}W vdTk; xd;W njhFf;fg; ngw;Ws;sij cd;Df.

,itnay;yhk; rq;fk; Nghd;w mikg;G xd;wpUe;Nj eilngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,t;tikg;ig Nehf;Fifapy; gy Gyth;fs; jdpj;jdpNa ,aw;wpa mfg;nghUl;

nra;Al;fisj; njhFj;J mtw;iw mbastpy; tifg;gLj;jpagpd; mtw;iwj;

njhFj;jth;fs; xt;nthd;wpy; ehD}W ghf;fs; ,Uf;Fk;gb jk; fhyj;Jg;

Gyth;fs; ,aw;wpa tw;iwAk; NrHj;J mikj;jhHfs; vd;W fUj

,lKz;lhfpwJ” vd;W c.Nt. rhkpehijah; jk; FWe;njhif Kd;Diuapy;

$WjYk; fhz;f. ghujk; ghba ngUe;NjtdhH ,jw;Ff; flTs; tho;j;Jg;

ghbAs;shH. FWe;njhif> ew;wpiz> neLe;njhif %d;wpYk; 4 mb Kjy; 31

mb tiuAs;s ghly;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwikia Nehf;fpdhy; ,it

xNu rkaj;jpy; jpl;lkpl;Lj; njhFf;fg;gl;lit vd;w cz;ik tpsq;Fk;.

mfehD}W njhFg;G Kiwapy; rpy Fwpf;fj;jf;f nra;jpfs; cs.

Kjy; 120 ghly;fs; fspw;wpahid epiu vdTk;> mLj;j 180 ghly;fs;

kzpkpil gtsk; vdTk;> ,Wjp 100 ghly;fs; epj;jpyf; Nfhit vdTk;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;E}ypy; xw;iwg;gl tUtdnty;yhk; ghiyj;jpizg;

ghly;fs; ,uz;Lk; vl;Lk; Md ghly;fs; FwpQ;rp> 4> 14 vd tUtd Ky;iy>

6> 16 vd tUtd kUjk;> 10> 20 vd tUtd nea;jy;. vdNt mfehD}w;wpy;

200 ghiyg;ghly;fs;> 80 FwpQ;rpg;ghly;fs;> 40 Ky;iyg;ghly;fs;> 40

kUjg;ghly;fs;> 40 nea;jw; ghly;fs; cs vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;. Kjw; 90

ghly;fl;F kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk; gioa Fwpg;Giu xd;W ,e;E}Yf;F cz;L.

mfehD}w;wpd; Kjw; gjpg;ghrphpah; Nt. ,uhrNfhghyhr;rhpahH MthH. mth;

Kjy; 70 ghly;fSf;F kl;Lk; ciunaOjpdhH. jQ;ir ehtyh; e.K.


47

Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhUk; fue;ijf; ftpauR ,uh.ntq;flhryk; gps;isAk; E}y;

KOikf;Fk; ciu tpsf;fk; vOjpAs;sdh;. jiytpaplk; Njhop gUt tuitf;

fhl;b> “mNjh cd; fztUk; jpUk;gp tpl;lhH” vdf; $wp kfpo;tpg;gJ fPo;tUk;

ghlypy; ,yf;fpa eaj;NjhL mike;Js;sJ.

“ky;iy ite;Eid Njhd;w ,y;ynkhL

igq;fhw; nfhd;iw nkd;gpzp mtpo

,Uk;Gjphpj; jd;d khapU kUg;gpy;

guyty; mila ,uiy njwpg;g

kyh;e;j Qhyk; Gyk;GGwf; nfhLg;gf;

fUtp thdk; fjOiw rpjwpf;

fhHnra; jd;Nw ftpd;ngW fhdk;

Fuq;Fisg; nghype;j nfha;Rtw; Gutp

euk;ghHj; jd;d thq;Fts; ghpag;

G+j;j nghq;fh;j; JiznahL tjpe;j

jhJz; gwit NgJwy; mQ;rp

kzpeh MHj;j khz;tpidj; Njud;

cJf;fhz; Njhd;Wk;.....”

Njd; Fbf;Fk; tz;Lfs; mQ;rp Xlf;$lhNj vd;W kzpapd; ehitf;

fl;bj; Njhpy; tUk; jiykfdpd; kdTzh;T Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Nguhrphpah; jk;

njhy;fhg;gpa ciuapy; ,jd; eaj;ij kpf El;gkhf vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shH.

Iq;FWE}W

%d;wbr;rpw;nwy;iy Kjy; Mwbg; Ngnuy;iy tiuAs;s ghly;fisf;

nfhz;lJ. gj;Jf;fshfg; ghb> jpizf;F E}W ghly;fs; vd tFj;Js;sik

,jd; jdpr;rpwg;G. ghujk; ghba ngUe;NjtdhH ,jw;Fk; flTs; tho;j;Jg;

ghbAs;shH. kUj E}W - Xuk;NghfpahH> nea;jy; E}W – mk;%tdhH>

FwpQ;rpE}W – fgpyh;> ghiy E}W – Xjyhe;ijahH> Ky;iyE}W – NgadhH


48

vdg; ghbAs;sdh;. VNjh ghl;luq;fj;jpw;Fg; ghbaijg; Nghyj; jpl;lkpLk;

ghq;if ,J fhl;Lfpd;wjd;Nwh?

“kUjk; Xuk; Nghfp nea;jy; mk;%td;

fUJq; FwpQ;rp fgpyd; - fUjpa

ghiy Xjyhe;ij gdpKy;iy NgaNd

E}iy XJ Iq;FW E}W”

vd;w jdpg;ghly; %yk; ,jidg; ghbath;fis epidtpy; itj;Jf;

nfhs;syhk;. ,jidj; njhFj;jth; Gyj;Jiw kw;wpa $lY}HfpohH.

njhFg;gpj;jtd; ahidf;fl;Nra; khe;juQ; Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw. ,jpypUe;J

,j;njhif Nruehl;by; njhFf;fg;gl;ljhjy; Ntz;Lk; vdj; Njhd;WfpwJ.

gjpw;Wg;gj;J KOikAk; Nru kd;dh;fisg; gw;wpjhjypd; Nruehl;by;

njhFf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,itapuz;Lk; gj;Jf;fshf ,Ug;gjdhy;

njhif E}y;fspy; Nruehl;by; GJik GFj;j Kad;wth; NghYk; vd;W vz;zj;

Njhd;WfpwJ. Mrphpag;ghtpd; rpw;nwy;iy %d;wbfshFk;. mbtiuaiwahw;

Fiwe;j rpwpa ghly;fspy; mhpa fUj;Jf;fisr; nrwpthffr; $Wk; ghq;fpid

,j;njhifapw; fhzyhk;.

ehLk; muRk; tho;f vdj; jha; tho;j;Jfpwhs;> NjhopNah jiytd; khHT

„godk;‟ mfpg; gyh;f;Fk; nghJthfhJ jiytpf;Nf chpj;jhf Ntz;Lk; vd

tho;j;Jfpwhs;.

“thop Mjd; thop mtpdp

gifth; Gy;yhHf ghHg;ghH XJf

vdNtl;NlhNs ahNa: ahNk

G+j;j fUk;gpw; fha;j;j ney;ypd;

fodp Cud; khHG

godk; Mfw;f vdNtl; NlNk”


49

ghzd; jiytDf;fhfg; ghpe;J Ngrpg; nghope;J js;Sfpwhd;.

mijf;Nfl;l Njhop „ehz; ,iy‟ vdf; fbfpd;whs;.

„ehzpiy kd;w ghz ePNa

NfhNzh; ,yq;Ftis nefpo;j;j

fhdye; Jiwtw;Fr; nrhy;YFg; NghNa>” (136)

,t;thW nrwpTkpf;f rpwpa ghly;fslq;fpa ,e;E}Yf;F xsit R.Jiurhkpg;

gps;is ciunaOjpAs;shH. vUikg;gj;J> md;dha;g;gj;J> ,sNtdpw;gj;J>

nja;Nahg;gj;J vd ,t;thW> ,jpy; gj;Jf;fs; nrhy;yhl;rpAk; ngHushl;rpAk;

fUjpg; ngahplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd; mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; nghUj;jKk; tpsf;fKk;

kpf;fd vdTk; njhd;ikahdit vdTk; mwpQH fUJth;. gj;Jf;fshfg;

ghLk;NghJk; chpj;jd;ikAld; ghLtnjd;Wk; xU nghUs; Nky; gytLf;fpg;

ghLtnjd;Wk; ,t;thW gyTj;jpfs; ,jpYs;sd.

fypj;njhif

fypg;ghthy; Md 150 ghly;fisf; nfhz;l njhif E}y; ,J>

ghpghlyhy; MdJ gpwpnjhd;W ,t;tpU ghf;fSk; mfg;nghUisg; ghLjw;Fr;

rpwe;j ahg;G tbtq;fs; vd;ghH njhy;fhg;gpah;.

“ehlf tof;fpDk; cyfpay; tof;fpDk;

ghly; rhd;w Gyndwp tof;fk;

fypNa ghpghl;L MapU ghtpDk;

chpa jhFk; vd;kdhH Gyth;.” (njh.999)

,jpypUe;J Mrphpaj;jpDk; rpwg;ghf mfk; ghLjw;Fhpait ,t;tpU

ghf;fSNk vd;W mwpag;gLk;. ,itapuz;Lk; mikg;ghYk; xU rpy

cWg;GfshYk; xg;GikAila ghf;fshFk;. ,uz;Lk; ,irj;jd;ik kpf;fd>

MlYld; $bad> ciuahly; nfhz;ld> cyf tof;ifj; jOtpad>

elg;gpay; rhHe;jd> Guhz kuG fye;jd.


50

„E}w;iwk;gJ fyp‟ vd;gJ ciuahrphpah; $w;W ,jpy; flTs;

tho;j;Jl;gl E}w;iwk;gJ ghly;fSk; ,d;Wk; fpilf;fpd;wik ek;

jtg;gaNdahFk;. ghiyapy; 35> FwpQ;rpf;F 29> kUjj;jpy; 35> Ky;iyf;F 17>

nea;jypy; 33> flTs; tho;j;J 1 Mf 150.

jd; kfs; fhjyDld; cld; Nghf;fpw; nrd;W tpl;ljhy;> Njbr; nrd;w

nrtpyp topapilNa fz;l Kf;Nfhw; gfthplk; “vd; kfSk; kw;nwhUj;jpapd;

kfDk; ,t;topahfg; Nghff; fz;BHfsh? vd;W Nfl;fpwhs;. mjw;F mth;fs;

„fhNzk; my;Nyk;> fz;ldk;‟ vd;W $wp> „re;jdk; kiyapw; gpwe;jhYk;> Kj;J

flypw; gpwe;jhYk;> ,ir ahopw; gpwe;jhYk; gad;gLj;Jgth;f;Nf

chpadthjy;Nghy; Ek; kfs; Ekf;Fk; Mq;F midaNs‟ vd;W mwpTiu $wp

topaDg;gp itf;fpd;wdh;.

“gyTW eWQ;rhe;jk; gLg;gth;f;F my;yij

kiyANs gpwg;gpDk; kiyf;F mitjhk; vd;nra;Ak;?

epidAq;fhy; Ek;kfs; Ekf;Fkhq;F midaNs!

rPHnfO ntz;Kj;jk; mzpgth;f;F my;yij

ePUNs gpwg;gpDk; ePHf;fitjhk; vd;nra;Ak;?

NjUq;fhy; Ek;kfs; Ekf;Fkhq;F midaNs!

Vo;Gzh; ,d;dpir Kuy;gth;f;F my;yij

ahONs gpwg;gpDk; ahf;fitjhk; vd;nra;Ak;?

#Oq;fhy; Ek;kfs; Ekf;Fkhq;F midaNs!”

jiytpapd; eyk; Efh;e;j jiytd; xUtd;> gpw;ghL mtis vl;bAk;

ghuhjpUe;jhd;. ,jidf;fz;l Njhop mtdplk; nrd;W mwpTiu $wp

,bj;Jiuj;jhs;. “ghy; cz;lth; gpwF mg;ghj;jpuj;ij ePf;fp tpLjy; Nghy>

ePAk; ed;Djy; eyDz;L Jwj;jy; jfhJ” vd mts; Ngrj; njhlq;Fk;NghJ

mwTiufis xU nka;g; nghUSzh;e;j rhd;NwhH Nghyf; $Wfpwhs;.

“jhiog;G+ kyh;e;jit Nghyg; Gs; my;Fk; Jiwt Nfs;


51

Mw;Wjy; vd;gJ xd;W mye;jth;f;F cjTjy;

Nghw;Wjy; vd;gJ Gzh;e;jhiug; gphpahik

gz;ngdg; gLtJ ghlwpe; njhOFjy;

md;ngdg; gLtJ jd;fpis nrwhmik

mwpntdg;gLtJ NgijahH nrhy; Nehd;wy;

nrwpntdg; gLtJ $wpaJ kwhmik

epiwnadg; gLtJ kiwgpwh; mwpahik.

Kiwnadg; gLtJ fz;NzhlhJ caph;ntsty;

nghiwnadg; gLtJ Nghw;whiug; nghWj;jy;” (133)

fypj;njhifg; ghly;fs; czh;;r;rp nfhe;jspg;gd> cs;sj;ijj; njhLtd

vdyhk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpypUe;J ePjp ,yf;fpak; fpisj;jnjd;gjw;F ,J

Nghd;w gFjpfs; rhd;W.

KjypYs;s flTs; tho;j;ijAk; ,WjpapYs;s new;jw;fypiaAk; ghb

,e;E}iyj; njhFj;jth; ey;ye;JtdhNu vd;W er;rpdhHf;fpdpah; Fwpj;Js;shH.

er;rpdhHf;fpdpah; ciu ,e;E}ypd; KOikf;Fk; fpilg;gJ kw;WnkhU

rpwg;ghFk;.

“ngUq; fLq;Nfhd; ghiy fgpyd; FwpQ;rp

kUjd; ,sehfd; kUjk; - mUQ; Nrhod;

ey;YUj;jp ud;Ky;iy ey;ye;J td;nea;jy;

fy;tptyhH fz;l fyp.”

vd;w ntz;gh> xt;nthU jpiziaAk; ghbath;fs; ahh;ahH vd;gij

tpsf;Fk; ghiy ghba ngUq;fLq;Nfh ghiyiaAk; fgpyd; FwpQ;rpiaAk;

kUjd; ,sehfdhH kUjj;ijAk; Nrhod; ey;YUj;jpud; Ky;iyiaAk;

ey;ye;JtdhH nea;jiyAk; ghbAs;sdh;. xUrpyh; ey;ye;JtdhNu E}y;

KOikAk; ghbapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; fUj;Jj; njhptpj;Js;sdh;.

rp.it.jhNkhjuk; gps;isath;fs; Kjd;Kjypy; ,e;E}iy mr;rpl;L ntspapl;lhH.

jhopirfspy; xU nghUs; Nky; %d;wLf;fp tUk; gFjpfs; cs;sj;ijf;


52

fth;td. “fw;wwpe;jhH Vj;Jk; fyp” vd;gjw;F Kw;wpYk; nghUj;jKila rpwe;j

ghly;fis ,jpw; fhzyhk;.

ghpghly;

ghlyhy; ngah; ngw;w ,j;njhifapy; 70 ghl;Lf;fs; ,Ue;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

jpUkhw;F ,Uehd;F nrt;Ntl;F Kg;gj;

njhUghl;L fhLfpohl;F xd;W – kUtpdpa

itia,U gj;jhW khkJiu ehd;nfd;g

nra;a ghpghly; jpwk;.

vd;w gioa ntz;ghthYk; ,ij mwpayhk;. jpUkhy; - 8> nrt;Nts;-31> fhsp

– 1> itia – 26> kJiu – 4> Mf 70 Mdhy; ,d;W 22 ghly;fNs

fpilf;fpd;wd. mtw;Ws; jpUkhYf;Fhpait – 6> KUfDf;Fhpait 8> itia

gw;wpad 8. ghpghly; vd ek;GkhW ciu E}y;fspw; fz;lit ,uz;L

KOg;ghly;fs; cs. mit jpUkhy; gw;wpaJ xd;W> itia gw;wpaJ xd;W.

gpwnty;yhk; JZf;Ffs;.

“tpwy;kpF tpOr;rPH me;jzh; fhf;Fk;

mwDk; MHtyh;f;F mUSk; eP

jpwdpNyhHj; jpUj;jpa jPJjPH nfhs;if

kwDk; khw;wyh;f;F mzq;Fk; eP

mq;fz; thdj;J mzpepyhj; jpfo;jUk;

jpq;fSk; njWfjph;f; fdypAk; eP”

vd;W jpUkhiy tho;j;jf; fhz;fpNwhk;. fLtd; ,sntapddhh; nrt;Ntsplk;>

“ahmk; ,ug;git

nghUSk; nghd;Dk; NghfKk; my;y: epd;ghy;

mUSk; md;Gk; mwDk; %d;Wk;


53

cUspzh;f; flk;gpd; xypjhNuhNa!

vd Ntz;Ljy; fhzyhk;. gf;Ftg;gl;l ed;kdg;gz;ig ,J fhl;LfpwJ.

itiaapy; ePuhLk; moFk; fhjw;fhl;rpfSk; fz; nfhs;shj; jifathFk;.

Mw;wpy; nkypath; JiwNahukhff; fiuapy; epd;W Fspf;f> typath; GdYs;

%o;fpj; jpisj;J ePuhb kfpo;fpwhHfshk;. nts;sj;ijf; fz;L me;jzh;

kUs;fpwhHfshk;>

“typaH my;NyhH JiwJiw mau

nkypaH my;NyhH tpUe;J Gdy; mau

rhWk; NrhWk; nea;Ak; kyUk;

ehWG jpfOk; ahW tuyhW”

xU JZf;Fg; ghlypy; kJiu khefiuj; jhkiug; G+tpw;F xg;gpLk;

moF gbj;Jk;> ,d;iwa efu mikg;igg; ghHj;Jk; xg;gpl;Lr; Ritj;jw;

FhpajhFk;.

“khNahd; nfhg;Go; kyh;e;j jhkiug;

G+nthL GiuAk; rPHCH: G+tpd;

,jofj;J mida njUtk;: ,jofj;J

mUk; nghFl;L midj;Nj mz;zy; Nfhapy;

jhjpd; midah; jz;jkpo;f;Fbfs;>

jhJz; gwit midah; ghprpy; tho;eh;”

,jw;Fg; ghpNkyofh; ciu tFj;jhH. ghpghly; fhkq; fz;zpa

epiyikj;jhFk; vdTk; „,J gh vd;Dk; ,ay; newpapd;wpg; nghJtha; epw;Fk;‟

vdTk; njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wth;. „,d;gj;ijNa nghUshff; nfhz;L flTs;

tho;j;J> kiy tpisahl;L> Gdy; tpisahl;L Kjypatw;iwg; gw;wp ,g;ghl;L

tUnkdg; NguhhrphpaUk;> „nja;t tho;j;J cl;glf; fhkg; nghUs; Fwpj;J

cyfpaNy gw;wptU‟ nkd er;rpdhHf;fpdpaUk; $WTh;. ,g;ghly;fspd; mbapy;

Jiw tpsf;fk;> ghliy vPjpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; cs;sd. ghiy aho;> Nehjpwk;>


54

fhe;jhuk; Kjypa gz; tiffis ,jdhywpfpNwhk;. ,e;E}y; Njthuk;

NghyNt gz; Kiwahy; njhFf;fg; gl;lJld; chpa gz;Zld; ghlg;gl;Lk;

te;JsJ vdj; njhpfpwJ. kJiuiar; Rw;wpAs;s rka r%fg; gof;ftof;fr;

rpwg;Gfis ,e;E}ypw; fhzyhk;. kJiu> itia> jpUkUje; Jiw>

jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;> jpUkhypQ; Nrhiykiy Nghy;td ,jpy; ghLnghUshfpd;wd.

itia gw;wpa ghly;fis mfnkd;Wk; Vida flTs; tho;j;Jf;fisg;

Gwnkd;Wk; fUJth;.

GwehD}W

mfehD}W Nghy> ,J Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf;

nfhz;ljhjypd; GwehD}W Mapw;W. Gwk;> Gwg;ghl;L> Gwk;G ehD}W vdTk;

,J miof;fg;gLtJz;L. ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhhpd; flTs; tho;j;Jld;

400 ghly;fs; ,jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jkpoh; tuyhw;Wf; fsQ;rpakhf>

goe;jkpo; Nte;jh;fs;> FWepy kd;dh;fspd; tuyhw;iw mwptpf;Fk; Mtzkhf

ehk; ,ijf; fUjyhk;. ,e;E}Yf;Fg; gioaTiu xd;WsJ. mJ Kjy; 266

ghly;fSf;F kl;LNk fpilf;fpwJ. ,jd; jpizJiwg; gFg;Gf;fs;

gpw;fhyj;jd vd Ma;thsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. ntl;rp> tQ;rp> ckpiQ> Jk;ig>

thif fhQ;rp> ghlhz; Kjypa Gwj;jpiz gytw;Wf;Fk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhd

ghly;fs; ,jpYs. kd;dh; Gyth; cwT> kf;fs; kd;dh; cwT> Gyth; Gyth;

cwT ahTk; ,e;E}yhy; wpaj;jf;fd. murpaq; Gyth; NfhT+HfpohH gw;wpAk;

,e;E}y; gynra;jpfis mwptpf;fpd;wJ. ghhp fgpyh; el;G> mjpad; nsit

el;G> Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; gprpuhe;ijah; el;G vd;wpidadTk; cyfk;

mwpaj;jf;f gw;gy mUk;nghUl; nra;jpfSk; jkpo; kf;fspd;

gof;ftof;fq;fisg; gw;wpa gy cz;ikfSkhf ,e;E}ypy; tputpf; fplf;Fk;

rKjhar; nra;jpfs; fzf;fw;wdthFk;.

“myq;Fisg; Gutp ItnuhL rpid,

epye;jiyf; nfhz;l nghyk;G+e; Jk;ig


55

<iuk; gjpd;kUk; nghUJfsj; njhopag;

ngUQ; Nrhw;W kpFgjk; tiuahJ nfhLj;Njha;

vd;W KuQ;rpA+H Kbehfuhah; ngUQ;Nrhw;WjpaQ; Nruyhjidg; ghLfpwhH.

“espapU Ke;ePH ehtha; Xl;b

tspnjhopy; Mz;l cuNthd; kUf”

vd;gjdhy; fhpfhw; ngUtsj;jhd; Kd;NdhH fg;gw; gazk; nra;jik

mwpayhk;. rq;f fhyj;jpy; kd;dh;fSf;Fk; mwpTiu nrhy;yp topelj;Jk;

ghq;fpy; Gyth;fs; tpsq;fpdh;. mth;fs; mk;kd;dh;fspd; tPuj;ijAk; <uj;ijAk;

ghbghbg; Gfio epiy epWj;jpdh;. „tho;jy; Ntz;bg; ngha; $Nwd;: nka;

$Wty;‟ vd;whw; Nghy vd;W cz;ikiaNa mth;fs; ghbdh;

“ehlh nfhd;Nwh fhlh nfhd;Nwh

mtyh nfhd;Nwh: kpirah nfhd;Nwh”

vt;top ey;yth; Mlth;

mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd”

vd xsitahH> ehl;bd; rpwg;G Mq;F thOk; kf;fshy; Vw;gLtNj vd

tw;GWj;JfpwhH.

nghUs;nkhopf; fhQ;rpj; Jiwapy; ef;fPudhH ghba Gwg;ghly; xd;W

<ifapd; rpwg;igg; Gjpa rpe;jidNahL tw;GWj;JfpwJ. xUth; vt;tsT

NjbdhYk; mtUila mbg;gilj; NjitfSf; nfd;W gad;gLtd XusNt.

gpwnty;yhk; mtUf;F vt;thW gad;gLk;? nry;tj;ijg; gfph;e;J nfhLj;J

,d;gk; ngwNy mjdhw; ngwf;$ba gadhFk;.

“njz;fly; tshfk; nghJik ,d;wp

ntz;Fil epow;wpa xUik NahHf;Fk;

eLehs; ahkj;Jk; gfYk; JQ;rhd;

fLkhg; ghHf;Fk; fy;yh xUtw;Fk;

cz;gJ ehop cLg;git ,uz;Nl


56

gpwTk; vy;yhk; Xnuhf;Fk;Nk

nry;tj;Jg; gaNd <jy;

Ja;g;Ngk; vdpNd jg;Ge gyNd”

,t;thW epiyj;j cz;ikfisf; $WtdTk; md;iwa rKjhaj;ijf;

fz;zhb Nghy; fhl;LtdTkhfpa ghly;fisf; nfhz;l GwehD}W jkpoh;f;Ff;

fpilj;j ngUq;fUT+yk; vdpy; kpifahfhJ.

gjpw;Wg;gj;J

GwehD}W Nghy %Nte;jh;fisAk; FWepy kd;dh;fisAk; nghJthfg;

ghlhky; Nru kd;dh;fisg; gw;wpNa Gfo;e;J ghba njhif E}y; ,J.

xt;nthU kd;didg; gw;wpAk; gj;Jg;ghly;fs; tPjk; gj;Jr; Nru

kd;dh;fisg;gw;wp ntt;NtW Gyth;fs; ghbapUg;gJ xU jdpr;rpwg;ghFk;.

Kjw;gj;Jk; ,Wjpg; gj;Jk; ,d;W fpilf;fg;ngw;wpy. mit fiwahDf;F

,iuahfp tpl;ld nghJthff; fiwahd; NkypUe;J fPo; Nehf;fpAk; fPopUe;J

Nky;Nehf;fpAk; mhpj;JtUk; mjd; NkypUe;j Kjw;gj;ijAk; ,WjpapypUe;j

gj;jhk; gj;ijAk; jpd;Wtpl;l fiwahd;fSk; jkpo;r;Rit mwpe;jd NghYk;

,jw;Fk; gioa ciu xd;W cz;L ghly;fspd; Kbtpy; Jiw> tz;zk;>

J}f;F (,ir) ghlypd; ngah; Mfpait Fwpf;fg;gl;ls;sd. xt;nthU

ghlYf;Fk; mjpy;tUk; rpwg;Gila njhlnuhd;why; ngah; ,LtJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ehyhk;gj;J me;jhjpj; njhilahy; MfpAsJk; xU

jdpr;rpwg;ghFk;. Iq;FWE}w;wpy; gjpndl;lhk; gj;J ,JNghy me;jhjpj;

njhilapyhdJ. njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gplhj njhil eykhFk; ,J. xt;nthU

gj;jpd; ,WjpapYk; gjpfk; xd;Wz;L. gj;jpd; tuyhw;iwf; $WtJ

gjpfkhapw;W. mJ ghbNdhH ngah;> gj;Jr; nra;Al;fspd; ngah;> ghba Gyth;

ngw;w ghprpy;> murh; ngah;> mth; Mz;lfhy msT Nghy;tdtw;iwj;

njhptpf;fpwJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,lk; ngWk; nka;f;fPHj;jpfspd;

Nghf;fpy; ,J mike;Js;sJ.gj;Jf;fSk; ghba Gyth;fSk; ghlg;ngw;w

Nte;jh;fSk; gw;wpa tptuk; tUkhW


57

,uz;lhk;gj;J – Fkl;^Hfz;zdhH

,katuk;gd; neLQ;Nruyhjd;

%d;whk;gj;J – ghiyf; nfsjkdhH

gy;ahidr; nry;nfO Fl;Ltd;

ehd;fhk;gj;J – fhg;gpahw;Wf; fhg;gpadhH

fsq;fha;f; fz;zp ehHKbr; Nruy;

Ie;jhk;gj;J – guzh;

fly;gpwf;Nfhl;ba nrq;Fl;Ltd;

Mwhk;gj;J – fhf;if ghbdpahH

MLNfhl;ghl;Lr; Nruyhjd;

Vohk;gj;J – fgpyh;

nry;tf;fLq;Nfh thopahjd;

vl;lhk;gj;J – mhprpy;fpohH

jf^H vwpe;j ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw

xd;gjhk;gj;J – ngUq;Fd;W}H fpohH

,sQ; NruypUk;nghiw

kd;dh;fisj; jdpj;jdpj; ghlyhfg; ghb kfpo;tpf;fhky;> gj;Jg; gj;jhfg; ghLk;

kuG Njhd;wpa NghNj ,yf;fpa tifahf;fk; fpisf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. gj;Jg;

ghlYf;Fk; nra;jp Ntz;LNk vd;w epiyte;Jw;w NghJ tUzidfs;

kpFjpahfpd.

Nrukd;dd; flw;gifth;fis ntd;W> mth;fis mopj;jtd; vd;gjhy;

mtDf;F KUfd; ctikahfpwhd;.

“tiu kUs; Gzhp thd; gprph; cila

tsp gha;e;J ml;l Jsq;fpUq; fkQ;#y;

espapUk; gug;gpd; khf;fly; Kd;dp

mzq;Fil mTzh; Vkk; Gzh;f;Fk;


58

#Uil KOKjy; jbe;j Nghpir

fLQ;rpd tpwy;Nts; fspW}He;jhq;F

nrt;tha; v/fk; tpyq;Feh; mWg;g

mUepwk; jpwe;j Gz;Zkpo; FUjpapd;

kzpepw ,Uq;fop ePH epwk; ngah;e;J

kdhyf; fyit Nghy> muz;nfhd;W”

vd;gjdhy; ,ka tuk;gdpd; tPuj;ijf; Fkl;L^Hf; fz;zdhH kpfTk;

rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wfpd;wik NghjUk; ,jpYs;s „Gz;Zkpo; FUjp‟ vd;w njhlhpd;

mUik fUjp mjidNa ghl;bd; ngauhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. E}Yf;Fg;

ngahpLjy; Nghy;> ehk; ,d;W ghl;Lf;Fj; jiyg;gpLjy; Nghy;

,g;ghl;Lf;nfy;yhk; ngah; #l;lg;gl;ls;sik md;iwa jkpowpQh;fspd;

jpwdha;Tj; jpwj;ij tpsf;FfpwJ.

,sQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiwiag; ngUq;Fd;W}H fpohH tho;j;Jk;nghOJ

“epd;ehs; jpq;fs; mida Mf! jpq;fs;

ahz;NlhH mida Mf! ahz;Nl

Cop mida Mf! Cop

nts;s tuk;gpd Mf!

vdf; fw;gid eak;glf; $WtJ GJikahdJ. ,q;qdk; GwehD}w;Wld;

gjpw;Wg; gj;Jk; fpilj;jpUg;gJ Gwg;ghl;Lf;fis kjpg;gplg; nghpJk;

cjTtjhFk;. Iq;FWE}w;wpw; NghyNt gjpw;Wg;gj;jpw;Fk; tiuag;gl;Ls;s

mbf;Fwpg;Gj; njhd;ikAilajhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ.

,jpy; Nru ehl;L tUzid kpFjp Nrukd;dh;fspd; Mw;wiyAk;>

tPuj;ijAk; ,d;gr; rpwg;igAk; Gfo;e;J tho;j;JtijNa Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;nlOe;jit ,it ,it ntt;NtW Gyth;fshy; ghlg;gl;litNa.

MdhYk; ,it midj;Jg; ghly;fSk; xU Nehf;Fk; Nghf;Fk;


59

cilaitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kuG Ml;rpkpf;f fhyj;Jg; ghbait

mt;thW jhd; mikAk; vd;gH.

gj;Jg;ghl;L

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil

ef;fPuh; ghba Mrphpag;ghthdike;j 317 mbfisf; nfhz;l ,e;

neLk;ghl;L KUfdpd; Mw;wiyAk; mUisAk; rpwg;gpj;Jg; NgRfpwJ. ,J

Vida Mw;Wg;gilfspypUe;J rpw;rpy $Wfspy; NtWgl;Ls;sJ. mtw;Ws;

Kjd;ikahdJ. gpw Mw;Wg;gilfs; vy;yhk; Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLgth; ngauhy;

mike;jpUf;f> ,J kl;Lk; ghl;Lilj;jiyth; ngauhy; mike;Js;sJ.

,jDs; KiwNa jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;> jpUr;rPuiytha;> jpUthtpdd;Fb> jpUNtufk;>

FD;WNjhwhly;> goKjph;r;Nrhiy vd;w KUfdpd; MWgil tPLfSk;> mq;F

KUfd; nray;fSk; mtdJ ngUikfSk; tphpj;Jf; $wg;gLfpd;wd.

,J irtj;jpUKiwfSs; gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

irth;fs; ehs;NjhWk; XjpAzUk; E}y; ,J. ,jd; ,Wjpapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ls;s

ntz;ghf;fSs; xd;W ,t;Tz;ikia czh;j;Jk;.

“ef;fPuh; jhKiuj;j ed;KUfhw; Wg;giliaj;

jw;Nfhy ehs;NjhWk; rhw;wpdhy; - Kw;Nfhy

khKUfd; te;J kdf;ftiy jPHj;jUspj;

jhdpide;j vy;yhk; jUk;”

KUfhw;Wg;gil vd;w njhlUf;F> er;rpdhHf;fpdpah; “tPL ngWjw;Fr;

rike;jhNdhH ,utyid tPLngw;whd; xUtd; KUfdplj;Nj Mw;Wg;gLj;jJ”

vd tpsf;fk; vOjpAs;shH> rq;ffhyj;jpy; xU rKjha tof;F cz;L.

ntwpahl;nlLg;NghH “KUfhw;Wg;gLj;jy; cz;L. KUfhw;Wg; gLj;j cUnfO

eLehs;” (mfk; 22) vd mJ $wg;gLk;. KUfidj; Jd;gg;gLNthhplj;Nj

Mw;Wg;gLj;jp mtiuf; fhf;FkhW Ntz;Ljy; mjd; nghUshFk;. mjd;


60

mbg;gilapy; Kfpo;j;jNj ,j; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil vd;w neLk;ghl;L.

ngaustpy;jhd; ,t;nthw;Wik. ,e;E}ypy; ,utyd;jhd; KUfdplk;

Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLfpwhd;.

“cyfk; ctg;g tyd; VHG jphpjU

gyh;Gfo; QhapW flw;fz;lhmq;F

Xtw ,ikf;Fk; Nrz;tpsq;F mtpnuhsp”

vd;gJ> kapy;kPJ tUk; KUfidf; fhiyg; nghOjpy; itj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

Kjw;gFjpahfpa jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; gFjpapy; KUfdpd; jPUTUtr; rpwg;Gk;

#uhkfsph; MlYk; #urk;khuKk; KUfdplk; nry;thH ngWk; ghprpYk;

guq;Fd;wr;rpwg;Gk; $wg;gLfpd;wd. jpUr;rPuiy tha;g;gFjpapy; KUfNtspd;

ahidA+Hjp> mjpy; tyk; tUk; KUfdpd; MWKfk; gd;dpUiffspd;

nray;fs;> jpUr;nre;J}Hr; rpwg;G Mfpad Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. %d;whtjhd

jpUthtpdd;Fbg; gFjpapy; Kdpth;fSk; Njth;fSk; KUfidg; guTjy;

$wg;gLfpwJ. mLj;j jpUNtufg; gFjp me;jzh; KUfid topgLkhw;wpidr;

Rl;LfpwJ. Ie;jhtjhfpa Fd;W Njhwhlypy; Fd;wf;Fuit ,lk; ngWfpwJ.

,Wjpahd goKjph;Nrhiyg; gFjpapy; ntwpahl;bioj;jy;> KUfid Vj;jp

,irj;jy;> KUfd; mUs;nra;J ghprpy; ey;Fjy;> mUtpapd; ,ay;G Nghy;td

tpthpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

nghUehuhw;Wg;gil

Nrhod; fhpfhw; ngUtsj;jhid Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahH ghba

,e;neLk;ghl;L 248 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ Nehpirahrphpakhfpa ,jpy;

tQ;rpabfSk; tputp te;Js;sd. ghprpy; ngw tpioe;j nghUed; xUtidg;

ghprpy; ngw;Wte;j nghUed; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhf ,jd; nghUs; mike;Js;sJ.

nghUeh; VHf;fsk; ghLNthH> NghHf;fsk; ghLNthH> guzp ghLNthH vdg;

gynud;gh;. ,J NghHf;fsk; ghLk; nghUeuhy; ghlg;gl;ljhFk;. xUtiug;

Nghy; Ntlkpl;Lg; ghLeiug; nghUeh; vd;gh;. ,g;nghUeh; ifapy; jlhhpg;giw

itj;jpUe;jdh;.


61

XH Chpy; tpoh Kbe;jJk; nghUed; NtNwhH CUf;Fg; Gwg;gLfpwhd;.

mtd; ifapy; itj;jpUe;j ghiyahopd; xd;gJ cWg;Gf;fs; rpj;jpuk; Nghy;

jPl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. kzq;fko; khjiu kz;zp (xg;gid nra;jhy;) md;d

aho; vd mjd; moF $wg;gl;ls;sJ. mjd; iriaf; Nfl;lhy; Mwiy

fs;th;fSk;> jq;fs; gilf;fyd;fisf; fPNo Nghl;L tpl;L nka;k; kwe;J

epw;ghHfshk;.

“Mwiy fs;th; giltpl mUspd;

khWjiy ngah;f;fk; kUtpd; ghiy”

nghUeDld; tUk; ghbapdpapd; moF jiyKb KJy; ghjk; tiu>

gj;njhd;gJ cWg;Gf;fs; Nfrhjp ghjkhf tUzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. murdpd;

tpUk;Njhk;Gk; gz;G ,e;E}ypy; kpfTk; rpwg;ghff; $wg;gLfpwJ. fhpfhy;

tstdpd; ,sik> „jha;tapw;wpypUe;J jhak; va;jpaik‟ ntz;zpg; NghH

ntw;wp vd;w tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; thpirahff; $wg;gLfpdwd. mtDila

tPur; rpwg;Gk; nfhilr;rpwg;Gk; kl;Lkpd;wp ehl;Lr; rpwg;Gk; fhtphpahw;wpd; rpwg;Gk;

ed;F Gidag;gl;Ls;sd.

“KjpNahH

mitGF nghOjpy; jk;gif Kuz; nryTk;”

vd eiu Kbj;J Kiw nra;j tuyhW $wg;gLfpwJ. Nrhokd;ddpd;

ehdpytsk; jpiz kaf;fkhf ,g;ghlypy; $wg;ggLk; moF fUjj;jf;fJ.

rpWghzhw;Wg;gil

,t;thrphpa neLk;ghl;L 269 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ. Xa;khd; ehl;L

ey;ypaf;Nfhlid ,ilfop ehl;L ey;Y}H ej;jj;jdhH ghbaJ.

ey;ypaf;Nfhld; FWepy kd;dNdahapDk; mtd; %Nte;jh;fSf;Fk; filnaO

ts;sy;fSf;Fk; epfuhdtd; vd;gJ ,jpy; kpf eakhff; $wg;gl;ls;sJ.

rpWghzh;> ngUk;ghzh;> kz;ilg;ghzh; vdg; ghzh; gy tifg;gLth;.

mth;fSs; „rPwpaho; ,ltapd; jOtpa‟ (35) ,th; - rPwpahiog; gad;gLj;Jk;


62

rpWghzh; MthH. mjdhYk;> Vida ngUk;ghzhw;Wg; gilia tpl ,J mb

msthw; rpwpajhifahYk; ,jw;Fr; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil vdg; ngah; Vw;gl;lJ.

ngUk; ghzhw;Wg; gilapy; „Nghpaho; KiwAspf; fopg;gp (462) vd tUtjhy;

mth;fs; Nghpahiog; gad;gLj;jpa ngUk;ghzh; Mth;. vdNt ghzuhYk;

ghl;L mb msthYk; mg;ghly; ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil vdg;gl;lJ.

,g;ghlypy; tUk; tpwypah; gw;wpa Nfrhjpghj tUzid rq;fpypj; njhlh;

Nghd;w njhileaKilajhfk;. tpwypahpd; gj;J cWg;Gfs; Gidag;gLk;

moFf;F xU rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; tUkhW:

“IJtPo; ,Fngay; moF nfhz;lUsp

nea; fdpe;J ,uspa fJg;gpd;: fJg;ngd

kzptapw; fyhgk; gug;gpg; gyUld;

kapy; kapw; Fspf;Fk; rhay;: rhma;

caq;F eha; ehtpd; ey;nyopy; mir,

taq;fpio cywpa mbapd; mbnjhlh;e;J” (13-18)

kioNkfk; Nghy; vz;nza; jltpf; fpde;J ,Uz;l $e;jy;: $e;jiyg; Nghd;W

fyhgk; tphpf;Fk; kapypdplj;Nj nrd;W> xspf;Fk; rhay;> Xbapisj;j ehapdJ

ehg;Nghd;w moF Gyh;e;J thba mb> mbAld; epye;NjhAk; ahidaJ

Jjpf;if Nghd;w njhil.

,jpy; %Nte;jh; ngUikAk; md;dhhpd; jiyefur; rpwg;Gk;

Ngrg;gLfpd;wd.

Ngfd;> ghhp> fhhp> Ma;> mjpad;> es;sp> Xhp vd „vOth; G+z;l <ifr;

nre;Jfk;‟ 113) gw;wp ,g;ghlypw; Ngrg;gLtNj „filnaO ts;sy;fs;‟ vd;w

rpwg;Gf; $w;Wf;F ,lkspj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,aw;if tUzid vLj;Njhjg;gLk; moFk;,jpy; jdpr;rpwg;ghdJ.

“miyePHj; jhio md;dk; G+g;gTk;

jiyehs; nrUe;jp jkdpak; kUl;lTk;


63

fLQ; #y; Kz;lfk; fjph;kzp fohmyTk;

neLq;fhw; Gd;id epj;jpyk; itg;gTk; (146-169)

ige;jiy mtiu gtok; Nfhg;gTk;

fUeidf; fhah fzkapy; mtpoTk;

nfhOq;nfhb KRz;il nfhl;lq; nfhs;sTk;

nrOq;Fiyf; fhe;js; iftpuy; G+g;gTk;” (164-169)

jhio> nrUe;jp> Kz;lfk;> (fly;Ks;sp)> Gd;id> mtiu> fhah> KRz;il>

fhe;js; Mfpad mofofhfg; G+j;jd vd;W $w Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ej;jj;jdhH

jhio md;dj;ijg; G+f;fpwJ vd;fpd;whH. jhok;G+ md;dg; gwitNghy;

cUf;fhl;rp ey;FtJ ,t;thW ciuf;fg;gLfpwJ. mJNghyNt nrUe;jp

Nghd;id kUl;LfpwJ. Kz;lfk;> fUkzpiag; ngWfpwJ. Gd;id nfhbapy;

Nfhf;fpwJ. fhah kapiy mtpo;j;J tpLfpwJ. Kfz;il nfhl;lkhf

khWfpwJ. fhe;js; iftpuyhfNt G+f;fpwJ.

ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil

,/J 500 mbfisf; nfhz;l Mrphpa neLk;ghl;L. ,jidj;

njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad; kPJ fbaY}H cUj;jpuq; fz;zdhH ghbAs;shH.

cUj;jpud; kfd; fz;zdhH Ie;J epykf;fspd; tho;itAk; ,jpy; ed;F

Gide;Js;shH. „ghzhW‟ vd;w ngaUk; ,e;E}Yf;F cz;L.

cg;G tzpfh; neba topfspy; nry;Yjy;> tzpfr; rhj;Jf;fs; nghjp

Rkf;Fk; fOijf; $l;lj;Jld; cy;Filg; ngUtopfspy; Ngha; tUjYk;

Nghd;w gy nra;jpfis ehk; ,g;ghlypw; fhzyhk;. njhy;fhg;gpah; jdp epyk;

,y;iy vdj; njspthff; $wpa ghiy epyj;jpy; vapdh;fs; thOk; ,ay;ig

,t;thrphpah; tphpthff; $WfpwhH. <j;jpiyAk; Cfk; Gy;Yk; Nta;e;j vapdh;

FbapUg;Gfis „<j;jpiy Nta;e;j va;g;Gwf; Fuk;ig (88) vd;Wk; „Cfk; Nta;e;j

va;g;Gwf; Fuk;ig (88) vd;Wk; Cfk; Nta;e;j cah;epiy tiug;gpd; (122)

vd;Wk; $WfpwhH. coth; jk; FbapUg;Gf;fisf; „fUit Nta;e;j ftpd;Fbr;


64

rPW}H‟ (191) vdTk; „GJit Nta;e;j ftpf;Fby; Kd;wpy;‟ (225) vdTk;

itf;Nfhy; Nta;e;j jd;ikiar; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwhH. ,q;qdk; Mq;fhq;F epy

,ay;gpw;Nfw;gf; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fis Nta;e;jpUg;gjhff; Fbirfisf; $Wk;

moF El;gkhd rpj;jpukhFk;. me;jzh; tPL „nrOq;fd;W ahj;j rpWjhl;ge;jh;>

igQ;NrW nkOfpa gbt ey;efh;‟(297-98) vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. gl;bdf;

fiuapYs;s nry;tts tPLfs; „Kl;by; igq;nfhb Elq;Fk; gyh; GFthapy;‟

(338) vdTk; „tpz;Njha; khlj;J tpsq;F Rth; cLj;j ey;efh;‟ (369) vdTk;

Gfog;gLfpd;wd. FbirfisAk; khlkhspiffisAk; fhl;Lk; Xtpakhf

tpsq;FfpwJ ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil.

NkhHtpw;Fk; ma;r;rp> nea;f;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpiyiag; nghd;dhfg;

ngwTk; tpUk;g khl;lhshk;. vUikf; fd;Wfis thq;fNt tpUk;Gthshk;.

„ehs;NkhH khWk; ey;kh Nkdp

rpWFio Jay;tUk; fhjpd; gizj;Njhs;

FWnewpf; nfhz;l $e;jy; Ma;kfs;

mistpiy cztpd; fpisAld; mUj;jp

nea;tpiyf; fl;bg; gRk;nghd; nfhs;shs;

vUik ey;yhd; fUehF ngW}ck;” (160-165)

me;jzh; tPl;by; fpilf;Fk; czitg;gw;wpg; ngUk;ghz; ,t;thW

NgRfpwJ> fUlQ; rk;gh mhprpr; NrhW> eWkzKs;s NkhH> kHJsq;fhag;

nghwpay; (kpsF> fwpNtg;gpiy Nrh;j;jJ) khtL CWfha; ahTk; mq;Nf

fpilf;Fkhk; (mb: 297-301)

,q;qdk; kd;dDf;Fr; rpwpjsT ,lKk; kf;fSf;Fg; NghplKk; ey;Fk;

ngUk;ghzhw;Wg; giliar; „rKjhag; ghl;L‟ vdyhk;.

kiygLflhk; my;yJ $j;juhw;Wg;gil

gy;Fd;wf; Nfhl;lj;Jr; nrq;fz; khj;JNts; ed;dd;Nra; ed;did

,uzpaKl;lj;Jg; ngUq;Fd;W}Hg; ngUq;nfsrpfdhH 583 mbfshyhfpa> Mrphpa


65

neLk; ghl;lhw; ghbaJ. Mw;Wg;ilfSs; ,JNt nghpa ghl;L> „fz;Zsh;

xf;fy; jiytdhfpa $j;jiur; Rw;wj;njhL jpUk;Gk; $j;jndhUtd;

Mw;Wg;gLj;jyhy; $j;juhw;Wg; gilahd ,e;E}y;> kiygLflhk; vdf; fhuzf;

FwpAk; ngw;wJ. kjq; nfhz;l ahid Koq;FtJNghy> kiyapy;Nfl;Fk;

Xirfisnay;yhk; 56 mbfspy; njhFj;Jf; $wp „kiygL flhmk; khjpuj;J

,ak;g‟ (348) vd tUtjhy; ,g;ghl;L mg;ngah;f;F chpj;jhapw;W.

$j;jh; gytif thj;jpaq;fSld; nry;Yjy;> Nghpahopd; tUzid>

ed;ddpd; gz;;Geyd; Mfpad Kjypw; $wg;gLfpd;wd. $j;jd; jhd; nry;Yk;

kiytop gw;wpAk; ed;dd; gw;wpAk; Kjypy; njhFj;Jr; nrhy;yp tpl;Lg; gpwF

tphpj;Jg; NgRtJ xU GJikahd nra;jpahFk;. topapd; tsk;> tpUe;J>

topapd; mUikfs;> fhhpAz;bf; flTshfpa rptidj; njhOJ nry;Yjy;>

topgw;wpa vr;rhpf;iffs;> kiyapy; Njhd;Wk; gy;ntW Xirfs;> mhpa topapw;

nry;Yk; Kiw> Gjpath;fSf;fhfg; Gy;iy Kbe;J nfhz;Nl NghFk; Kiw>

kiytho; kf;fs; cgrhpj;jy;> ed;ddJ %J}iu miljy;> mtdJ nfhilr;

rpwg;G Mfpad epuNy ,g;ghl;bw; $wg;gLfpd;wd.

Ky;iyg;ghl;L

gj;Jg;ghl;Lf;fspYk; kpfr;rpwpa ghl;lhfpa Ky;iyg;ghl;Lk; kpfg;nghpa

ghl;lhfpa kJiuf; fhQ;rpAk; mLj;jLj;J ,ilapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Kd;dJ 103 mbfshyhfpa Mrphpag;ghl;L> gpd;dJ 782 mbfshyhfp>

,ilapilNa tQ;rpagb tputpa Mrphpag;ghl;L>

Ky;iyg;ghl;L mbastpy; rpwaNj jtpu> Ritapy; kpf El;gkhdJ

Kjy; 23 mbfspy; jiytpapd; G+g;Nghd;w cz;fz; Gyk;G Kj;Jiwf;Fk;

gphpTj; Jaiuf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ghriwapy; jiytdpUg;ig mLj;j 55 mbfs;

rpj;jpuk; jPl;Lfpd;wd.

,k; kd;dtd; xUif gs;sp xw;wp xUif KbnahL flfk; Nrh;j;jp

nebJ epide;J ,Uf;Fk; fhl;rp mtDila flikAzh;r;rpiar; Rl;LfpwJ.

mLj;Jg; gj;J mbfspy; jiytpapd; mtyepiy Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.


66

„neQ;rhw;Wg; gLj;j epiwjG Gyk;nghL

ePLepide;jhw;wpAk; XLtd jpUj;jpAk;” (81-82)

fplf;Fk; jiytpapd; „mQ;nrtp epiwa Mypd‟ vdf; $wp vid Mypd vd;w

Nfs;tpia ek; neQ;rpy; vOg;GfpwhH Mrphpah;. kPz;Lk; ghl;L KbAk; tiu 23

mbfspy; jiytd; epiy $wg;gl;Lf; fhH fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF $jph;

fhyj;jpy;mtd; jpUk;GtJk; mq;qdk; mtd; jpUk;Gk; NghJ mtdJ Njhpy;

G+l;ba Fjpiufspd; fOj;J kzpfNs mt;thnwhypj;jd vd;gJk; czh;j;jg;

gLfpd;wd.

fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;Jg; nghd; thzpfdhH kfdhH eg;G+jdhH ghbaJ

,g;ghl;L „neQ;rhw;Wg;gLj;j‟ vd;w njhliu itj;Jg; NghYk;> ,jid

„neQ;rhw;wg; gil vd;ghUk; csh;.

kJiuf;fhQ;rp

Gwj;jpy; epiyahik czh;j;Jk; fhQ;rpj; jpiz rhHe;j ,g;ghly; 782

mbfisf; nfhz;l> tQ;rpabfs; tputpa Mrphpag;ghthFk;. mwpQH K.t.

mth;fs; jk; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; “,t;thW 354 mbfspy; kJiu efuk;

Rw;wpf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. xUth; xUehs; fhiyapy; njhlq;fp kWehs; tpbay;

tiuapy; efuj;ijr; Rw;wpte;J fz;ltw;iw Kiwg;glf; $WtJ Nghy;

tUzid mike;Js;sJ” vd;fpwhH.

ghz;baH ngUik> mth;fsJ ehl;Ltsk;> NghH ntw;wp Kjypad

Kjypw; $wg;gLfpd;wd. jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr; nrUntd;w ghz;bad;

neLQ;nropaid khq;Fb kUjdhH> ,q;qdk; ghuhl;bg;ghb> mtDf;F mwpTiu

$wj; njhlq;FfpwhH. cyfj;ijr; rpwg;Gw Mz;L> kiwe;j kd;dh;fs; gyh;

vd;fpwhH. “KbrhHe;j kd;dUk; KbtpnyhU gpbrhk;gyhth;” vd;Dk;

gonkhopg;gb> epiyahikia mtDf;F czh;j;JfpwhH.

“gLfz; Kurk; fhiy ,ak;g

ntbglf; fle;J Ntz;LGyj;J ,Wj;j


67

giznfO ngUe;jpwy; gy;Nty; kd;dh;

fiunghU jpuq;Fk; fidapU Ke;ePHj;

jpiuapL kzypDk; gyNu ciunry

kyh;jiy cyfk; Mz;L fope;NjhNu” (232-237)

kUjk;> Ky;iy> FwpQ;rp> ghiy> nea;jy; epytsKk; kf;fs; tho;Tk;

,jpy; tphpj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gpw;ghL kJiu khefuj;jpd; mikg;igAk;

rpwg;igAk; $wj;njhlq;FfpwhH. ehl;bd; eLtz; tpsq;Fk; kJiukhefhpy;

ngUk;ghzh; thOk; ,Uf;if gw;wpAk; Nfhl;il nfhj;jsk; gw;wpAk;

jpUtpohf;fs; gw;wpAk; gy tifg; gs;spfs; gw;wpAk; ehw;ngUq;fO> me;jp

thzpfk;> guj;ijah; tho;f;if> ,uTf;fhy epiyfs;> tpbaw;fhy epfo;r;rpfs;

Mfpad gw;wpAk; $wg;gLfpd;wd. kd;ddJ nfhilAk; mtidg; Gyth;

tho;j;JtJk; Kbthf ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

“nghw;G tpsq;Fk; Gfo; mit epw;Gfo;e;J Vj;j

,yq;F ,io kfsph; nghyq; fyj;J Ve;jp

kzq; fko; Njwy; kLg;g> ehSk;

kfpo;e;jpdpJ ciwkjp ngUk

tiue;JeP ngw;w ey;Y}opiaNa” (778-782)

kJiu khefuj;ijg; ghl;bd; eLtz; gFjpapy; itj;J ePsg;GidAk;

,g;ghliy „khefh;g;ghl;L‟ vd;Nw Rl;lyhk;. ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil ehl;bid

kl;Lk; GidfpwJ. ,g;ghl;Nlh> jiyefiu kpfr; rpwg;ghfg; GidfpwJ. NkYk;

epiyahikia czh;j;Jtjpy; xU NtWghL fhz;f. Njwy; cz;L kfpo;e;J

tho;f vd;gjhy;> JwitNah fhl;bw; nrd;W nra;Ak; fLe;jtj;ijNah

tw;GWj;jhj ,g;ghl;L itjpf> rkz ngsj;j kjf; fUj;Jfspd; jhf;fj;jpw;F

cl;glhjJ vdyhk;.

neLey;thil

kJiuf; fzf;fhah; kfdhH ef;fPudhH Kw;$wpa ghz;bad;

neLQ;nropaidg; ghba ghly;.


68

,J 188 mbfs; nfhz;l> mftw;ghthy; MdJ. mfj;jpizr;

nra;jpfNs ,jpy; ,lk;ngWtd. $jph;fhy tUzid> KOtypkhf;fshfpa

kpNyr;rh; (atdh;) efiur; Rw;wpf; fhty; nra;jy;> khiyf;fhyj;jpy; kfsph;

topghL Nghy;td ,g;ghl;bd; njhlf;fkhFk;. ,uz;kid thapy;> Kw;wk;>

me;jg;Guk;> je;jf;fl;by; Nghy;td rpw;gEl;gj;Jld; tpsf;fg;gLjyhy;> ,jidr;

rpw;gg;ghl;L vd;W $wyhk;. Gidah Xtpak; mida Njktpapd; mty

epiyAk; Nte;jdpd; ghriwj; njhopYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

,g;ghlypy; „Ntk;Gjiy ahj;j Nehd;fho; v/fk; vd milahd khiy

$wg;gLjyhy; ,J mfg;ghl;L kugpy; tOtpg; Gwg;ghl;L Mapw;W vd;gh;.

MapDk; ,f;fhy Ma;thsh; ,jid mfg;ghl;L vd;Nw Vw;fpd;wdh;.

,q;qdk; Ky;iyj; jpiz rhHe;j ,e;neLk;ghl;L kpfj; jpwk;glg;

Gidag;gl;Ls;sJ.

FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L

Mhpa murd; gpufj;jidj; jkpo; mwptpj;jw;Ff; fgpyh; ghba ,t;thrphpa

neLk;ghl;L 261 mbfs; nfhz;lJ. ,q;F jkpo; mwptpj;jy; vd;gJ

jkpoh;f;NfAhpa mfj;jpizg; gz;ghl;il czh;j;JtjhfpwJ. KOf;f KOf;ff;

FwpQ;rpf;Fhpa Kjy; fU chpg; nghUs;fisf; nfhz;l ,g;ghl;L

„mwj;njhLepiy‟j; Jiw rhHe;jJ. ,jd; fz; Njhopnrtpypaplk;

mwj;njhLepw;Fk; jpwk; tpaf;fj;jf;fJ. Ridapy; ePuhly; 99 kyh;fisf;

Ftpj;J kfpo;jy;> jiytdJ moifg; Gidjy;> jiytp jiytdpd; fhjYwT>

khiyf;fhy tUzid> jiytd; tUk; topapd; mUik Nghy;td fhg;gpaj;

jd;ikAld; ,jpy; tphpthfg; Gidag;gLtjhy; ,jidf; fhg;gpag; ghl;L

vdyhk;. Njhop rhJhpakhfg; NgRe;jpwid itj;J Nehf;fpdhy; ,/J XH

cstpay; ghl;LkhFk;. er;rpdhHf;fpdpah; ,jidg; ngUq;FwpQ;rp vd;W

rpwg;gpg;ghH.

,jd;fz; 99 kyh;fs; njhFj;Jf; $wg;gLk; ,lk; jdpr;rpwg;GilajhFk;

“xz;nrq; fhe;js;> Mk;gy;> mdpr;rk;


69

jz;faf; ftis> FwpQ;rp> ntl;rp

nrq;nfhLNthp> Njkh> kzpr;rpif (62-64)

FUfpiy> kUjk;> tphpG+q; Nfhq;fk;

Nghq;fk;> jpyfk;> Njq;fko; ghjphp

nrUe;jp> mjpuy;> ngUe;jz; rz;gfk;” (73-75)

vd;wpt;thW Kk;%d;W G+f;fshf khwp khwpf; Nfhf;FkkoF ,g;ghkhiyahfpa

G+khiyiag; nghUs; kzq;fkor; nra;fpwJ.

gl;bdg;ghiy

,ilapilNa Mrphpatbfisg; ngw;w 301 mbfisf; nfhz;l ,t;

tQ;rp neLk;ghl;L fhtphpg; G+k;gl;bdj;ij nebjhfg; GidfpwJ. ehk; kJiuf;

fhQ;rpapy; kJiuiaf; fhz;gJNghy; ,jpy; fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;ijf;

fhz;fpNwhk;. Vw;Wkjp tzpfk; gw;wpAk; kf;fs; gof;f tof;fk; gw;wpAk;>

efh;g;Gw ehfhpfk; gw;wpAk; ,g;ghl;by; kpFe;j Fwpg;Gf;fs; cs. thzpfg;

ngUik NgRkplj;J>

thd; Kfe;jePH kiyg;nghopaTk;

kiyg; nghope;jePH fly;gug;gTk;

khhpnga;Ak; gUtk;Nghy

ePhpdpd;W epyj;Njw;wTk;

epyj;jpdpd;W ePHg;gug;gTk;

mse;jwpahg; gygz;lk;

tuk;gwpahik te;jPz;b

mUq;fbg; ngUq;fhg;gpd;

typAil ty;yzq;fpNdhd;

Gypnghwpj;Jg; Gwk; Nghf;fp .......... (126-135)

ngUk;ghzhw;Wg; gilapy; cs;ehl;L thzpfh; rpwg;igf; fhZk; ehk;

,jpy; cs;ehl;L. ntspehl;L thzpf tsj;ijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

“ePhpd; te;j epkph;ghpg; GutpAk;


70

fhypd; te;j fUq;fwp %ilAk;

tlkiyg; gpwe;j kzpAk; nghd;Dk;

Flkiyg; gpwe;j MuKk; mfpYk;

njd;fly; Kj;Jk; Fzfly; JfpUk;

fq;if thhpAk; fhtphpg; gaDk;

<oj;J czTk; fhofj;J Mf;fKk;

mhpaTk; nghpaTk; nehpa <z;b

tse;jiy kaq;fpa ede;jiy kWfpd;” (185-193)

Vwj;jho VNo mbfspy; ghiyj;jpizf;Fhpa „nrytOq;Fjy;‟ Jiw

,g;ghlypy; ,lk;ngw Vidadnty;yhk; fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdg; ngUikahfTk;

jpUkhtstd; rpwg;ghfTk; cs;sd. Nrhod; fhpfhw; ngUtsj;jhidf;

fbaY}H cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhH ghbaJ ,g;ghl;L. ,g;ghl;lhy; czuyhFk;

jkpoh; tho;TKiw> gof;ftof;fk; gythFk;.

“jkTk; gpwTk; xg;g ehb

nfhs;tJ}ck; kpifnfhshJ

nfhLg;gJ}ck; FiwnfhlhJ

gy;gz;lk; gfh;e;J tPRk;” (208-211)

thzpf ehfhpfk; Nghw;wj;jf;fjd;Nw? fbaY}uhH ,g;ghl;Lf;fhr;

Nrhodplk; gjpdhw E}whapuk; nghd; ghpR ngw;whH vd;W gpw;fhy E}y;fs;

Nghw;Wfpd;wd.

2. rq;fk; kUtpa fhyk;

rq;ffhyj;J ,WjpapypUe;J gy;yth; fhyk; njhlq;Fk; tiu jkpofj;ij

Ml;rp nra;jth;fsplk; jkpo;g;gw;W ,y;yhjjhy; ngUkstpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

Njhd;whjJ kl;Lky;y jkpofk; vq;qdk; ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk; mwpa

,ayhJ epw;fpd;wd. rq;fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; kf;fs; Mlk;guj;jpy; <Lgl;ljhy;

xOf;ff;NfLfs; kype;jd. ,f;Fog;gkhd #o;epiyiag; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L


71

Gwr;rkaq;fs; jq;fs; kjf; nfhs;ifiag; gug;Gk; tpjkhf mwf;fUj;Jf;fisf;

fUthff; nfhz;l E}y;fis ,aw;wpdh;. guj;jik> fy;Fbj;jy; Cd;

cz;Zjy;> NghH nra;jy; Nghd;wit rq;ffhyj;jpy;ngw;wpUe;j rpwg;ig ,oe;J

mikjp> nfhy;yhik> fs; cz;zhik gpwdpy; tpioahik Nghd;wit

Nghw;wg;gl;ld. rq;fkUtpafhyj;jpy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fisj; njhFj;jth; ahH

vdj; njhpatpy;iy ,e;E}y;fs; ntz;ghthy; mike;J mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;

vDk; cWjpg;nghUisf; $Wfpd;wd.

mbepkph;gp;y;yhr;nra;Al; njhFjp

mwk; nghUs; ,d;gk; mLf;fpat;tifj;

jpwk;gl Tiug;gJ fPo;f;fzf;fhFk;. – vd;W gd;dpUghl;bay;

,t;tpyf;fpaq;fSf;F ,yf;fzk; ,ak;GfpwJ. NkYk; ,f;fhyj;jpNy rpyk;GTk;

kzpNkfiyAk; vOe;jJ.

rq;ffhy ,yf;fpakhfj;jpfog;gLk; ghl;Lk; njhifAkhd 18 E}w;fisg;

Nghd;Nw rq;f kUtpafhyj;jpYk; 18 E}w;fs; Njhd;wpd. mtw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhd

E}y;fs; mwE}y;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. vQ;rpaitNa mfg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fshfj;

jpfo;fpd;wd.

ehyb ehd;kzp ehdhw;gJ Ie;jpiz Kg;

ghy; fLq;Nfhit gonkhop – kh%yk;

,d;dpiy fhQ;rpAld; Vyhjp vd;gNt

ife;epiyahk; fPo;f;fzf;F – vDk; gok;ghly; gjpndd; E}y;fis

thpirg; gLj;Jfpd;wd. mit KiwNa 1. ehybahH 2. ehd;kzpf;fbif 3.

,dpait ehw;gJ 4. ,d;dh ehw;gJ 5. fhHehw;gJ 6. fstopehw;gJ. 7.

Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ 8. jpiznkhop Ik;gJ 9. Ie;jpid vOgJ 10. jpizkhiy

E}w;iwk;gJ. 11. jpUf;Fws; 12. jphpfLfk;> 13.Mrhuf;Nfhit> 14. gonkhop 15.

rpWgQ;r%yk; 16. KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp> 17. Vyhjp> 18. ife;epiy.


72

mwE}y;fs;

,yf;fpayfpy; jkpoDf;Fj; jiyaha XH ,lj;ijg; ngw;Wj; jUtjpy;

jpUf;Fws; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;sJ. ehd;F kiwfSf;F ,izahf Ie;jhk;

kiwahftk;> nghJ kiwahfTk; ,J jpfo;fpwJ. kdpj th;f;fj;jpw;Fj;

Njitahd midj;Jr; nra;jpfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; gynkhopfspYk; nkhop

ngaHf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}iyj; je;J jkpOk;> jkpoDk; juzpapy; jiy

epkph;e;J epw;fr; nra;jth; nja;tg;Gyth; jpUts;Sth; MthH. ,th; kapiyapy;

gpwe;jjhfTk;> thRfpia kze;J ,y;ywk; elj;jpajhfTk;> jd; Fwis

kJiuj;jkpo;r; rq;fj;jpy; muq;Nfw;wpdhH vd;Wk; $Wth; ,tUf;Fk; ehadhH>

Njth; nja;tg;Gyth; Kjw;ghtyh;> nre;ehg;Gyth; vdg;gy ngah;fs; cs;sd.

jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;G

ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;Nf je;J

thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL – vd;W Njrpaf;ftp ghujp jkpOf;Fg;

ngUik Nrh;j;jtUf;Fj; jd; ghly; thpfshy; nghd;dhilg; NghHj;jpAs;shH.

ftpQd; jhd; thOfpd;w fhyj;jpNy kjpf;fg;gLfpd;wik ngUikAilajhFk;.

jpUf;FwSf;F mf;fhyj;jpNy ghuhl;L khiy vOe;jik rpwg;GilajhFk;.

mDitj;Jisj;J Vo; fliyg; Gfl;bf;

FWfj; njhpj;jf; Fws; - vDk; ghuhl;ilg; ngw;Ws;sJ. kdpjd; thOk;

r%fk;> muR> ehL> kd;dd; kf;fs; vg;gb ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gijnay;yhk;

Fwpg;gpLtjhy;

vy;yhg;nghUSk; ,jd;ghy; cs ,jd;ghy;

,y;yhj vg;nghUSk; ,y;iyahy; - vd;w rpwg;igAk; ngWfpwJ. vy;yh

rkaj;jpdUk; jpUf;Fwisj; jd; rkaj;ijr; rhHe;jjhff; fUjp rpwg;Gr;

nra;fpd;wdh;. ,t;Tz;ikia czh;e;Nj fy;yhlUk;

xd;Nw nghUnsdpd; Ntwd;g Ntnwdpd;

md;nwd;g MWrkaj;jhUk; ed;nwd

vg;ghytUk; ,iagNt ts;StdhH


73

Kg;ghy; nkhope;j nkhop – vd;W jk; ghlypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

VOrPh;fshy; vy;yh cyfpw;Fk; Njitahdf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; toq;FfpwJ.

Kg;ghy;> ngha;ahnkhop> thAiutho;j:J vdg; gyngah;fs; ngw;wpUe;jhYk;

jpUf;Fws; vDk; ngNu epiyj;J epd;Wtpl;lJ.

ghapuk; ,y;ywtpay;> Jwtwtpay;> Copapay; ,e;ehd;Fk; mwj;Jg;ghypy;

mlq;fpAs;sd. ,tw;wpy; mwkhdJ ,k;ikf;Fk; kWikf;Fk; ed;ik

gaj;jyhy; mtw;iw vq;qdk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk; vd vLj;Jr; nrhy;fpwJ.

mfk; Gwk; ,tw;wpd; %yk; cz;lhFk; Mirfis mfw;wp JwT cs;sj;ijg;

ngWjy; Nghd;wtw;iw Kjw;ghypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. murpay; mq;ftpay;

xopgpay; Mfpa %d;Wk; nghUl;ghypy; nghjpe;Js;sd.

xU murDf;Fhpa fy;tp> Nfs;tp> ePjp mwpAk; jd;ik> jd;Fw;wj;ijf;

fise;J nfhs;Sjy;> jdf;F ed;ndwpia topfhl;Lk; nghpNahHfisj;

Jizf;nfhs;Sjy;> Gyd; Efh;Tf;F ,lk; nfhlhjpUj;jy; typawpjy;> fhyk;

mwpe;J fhhpak; Mw;Wjy; Nghd;wtw;iwg; nghUl;ghy; NgRfpwJ.

,y;ywj;jpd; ,d;gj;ij %d;whk; ghypy; ,ioj;Jj; je;Js;shH. ClYk;

$lYk; ,Ue;jhYk; mjw;Fk; vy;iy tFj;Js;shH. ts;Sthpd; tskhd

fw;gidfs; thHj;ijfsha; thpfspy; cl;fhHe;jpUf;fpd;wd. fsT tho;Tk;

fw;G tho;Tk; ,q;Nf Rl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. czh;Tfspd; ciutplkha; ,t;tpay;

jpfo;fpwJ.

mwj;jpd; Nkd;ik

mw ,yf;fpaj;jpw;nfy;yhk; kzpKbahfj;jpfo;tJ jpUf;FwNs MFk;.

mwNk kdpjidf;fhf;fpd;w ftrkhFk;. MfNt ahUk; mwj;ij cilahf

mzpe;Jnfhs;Sq;fs; vd typAWj;JfpwhH. mwNk xUthpd; Mf;fj;jpw;F

topfhl;Lk;. m/jy;yhy; gphpnjhd;W ,t;Tyfpy; ,y;iy vd;gij

mwj;jpd; Ccq;F Mf;fKk; ,y;iy mjid

kwj;jypd; Cq;F ,y;iyNfL – vd;fpwhH. ,y;ywk; nrk;ikAld;

ele;jpl Ntz;Lnkdpd; nfhUSk; md;Gk; kl;Lkd;W mwKk; ,ize;jpUe;jhNy


74

,y;ywk; ,dpikngWk; xOf;fj;ij vtndhUtd; jtwhky; filgpbf;fpd;whNdh

mtNd Nkd;ikailthd;. filgpbf;fhjtd; ,fo;r;rpapy; tPo;thd;. mwj;jpd;

topepd;W gpwd;nghUis tpUk;ghky; ,Ug;gtdpd; Kfthpiaj;Njb jpUkfs;

tUths;. mwj;ijg;gpd;gw;wp elf;ftpy;iynad;whYk; Gwq;$whky; ,Ug;gJk;

,dpjhdJjhd;. NkYk; jd;id kwe;Jk; kw;wtw;Fj; jPq;F tpistpf;ff;$lhJ.

mt;thW tpistpj;jhy; ehk; mj;jPq;if mDgtpf;f NehpLk; vd;gjid

kwe;Jk; gpwd; NfL #ow;f #opd;

mwk; #Ok; #o;jtd; nfL – vd;fpwhH.

jpUf;Fws; ciu

jpUf;FwSf;Fg; gy mwpQHfs; fhye;NjhWk; ciu nra;J tUfpd;wd.

,Ug;gpDk; ciu nra;jikapy; gjpd;kh; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd. mthfs;

,d;dhH vd;gij>

jUkh; kzf;Flth; jhkj;jh; er;rh;

ghpjp ghpNkyofh; - jpUkiyah;

ky;yh; ghpg;ngUkhs; fhypq;fh; ts;Sth; E}w;F

vy;iyAiunra;jhH ,th; - vDk; ntz;gh tpsf;FfpwJ. ,th;fspd;

ciufNs jw;NghJ fpilf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; ahtw;wpYk; jiyrpwe;J tpsq;FtJ

ghpNkyofh; ciuNaahFk;. ,jid

E}ypw;

gjpj;j ciunay;yhk; ghpNkyofd;

njhpj;j ciuahNkh njsp – vd;gjpypUe;J mwpayhk;. ,jid

Mq;fpyj;jpy; lhf;lh; [p.A.Nghg;> t.Nt.R.IaH> jPl;rpjh; ,uh[h[p MfpNahH

nkhop ngah;j;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. tPukhKdpth; ,yj;jpd; nkhopapy; nkhop

ngah;j;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. NkYk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; K.t.G+uzypq;fk; fh.mg;ghj;Jiu>

jpUf;Fws; KDrhkp> fiyQH fUzhepjp> g.KUfd; Nghd;NwhHfs;

ciunra;Js;sdh;. Ntjg;nghUis cyNfhH Xj jkpo;nkhopapy; vOe;j


75

jpUf;Fwis vt;tFg;gpYk; Nrh;f;fyhk;. mJNt mwE}y;> NtjE}y;> uh[je;jpu

rh];jpuk;> mJNt ,d;gE}y; vd;W t.Nt.R Iah; Fwpg;gpd;whH.

ehybahH

mwtpyf;fpaq;fspy; jpUf;FwSf;F mLj;j epiyapy; itj;Jg;

Nghw;wj;jf;f E}yhf ehybahH jpfo;fpwJ. MYk; NtYk; gy;Yf;FWjp> ehYk;

,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;FWjp vd;gjpypUe;J ,jd; ngUikia czuyhk;. ,e;E}y;

ehD}W ntz;ghf;fhis nfhz;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU ntz;ghTk; ehybahf

,Ug;gjhy; ehyb ehD}W vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. MHrpwg;G tpFjp ngw;W

ehybahH vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; Ntshz;Ntjk; vd;w ngaUk;

,jw;Fz;L.

Ntshz; kuGf;F Ntjk; vdr; rhd;NwhH

vy;NyhUk; $b vLj;Jiuj;j nrhy;yhFk;

ehyb ehD}Wk; ed;fpdpjh nad;kdj;Nj

rPyKld; epw;fj;njspe;J – vDk; jdpg;ghly; Nkw;nrhd;d fUj;ij

tpsf;FfpwJ. jd;ehl;by; twl;rp Vw;gl;ljpd; fhuzkhfg; ghz;baehl;L

kJiuapy; jq;fpa vl;lhapuk; Gyth;fs; rpy fhyk; fopj;J jq;fs; gFjp tsk;

ngw;wjwpe;J jd;ehl;bw;Fj; jpUk;gpr;nry;y epidj;jdh;. Mdhy; ghz;ba

kd;dNdh mDg;g kdkpd;wp fhyk; jho;j;jp te;jhd;. Gyth;fs; murdplk;

nrhy;yhky; MSf;nfhU ghly; vOjp itj;Jtpl;L nrd;W tpl;ldh;. NfhgKw;w

kd;dNdh mt;NtLfis Mw;wpy; tPr vjph;j;J te;j VLfis vLj;J

E}yhf;fpdhd;. flTs; tho;j;J ePq;fyhf 40 mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

mit 2 ,ay;fshfg; gphpj;Js;shH. ,e;E}iyg; gJkdhH jpUf;Fws;

mikg;GKiwapNyNa njhFj;Js;shH. ehybahH mwk; 13> nghUs; 24> ,d;gk;

3 Mf 40 mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}Yf;Fj; jUkUk; gJkdhUk;

ciunra;Js;sdh;. gy ciuahrphpah;fs; ,e;E}iy Nkw;Nfhshfg;

gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.


76

ehybahH rpwg;G

xOf;fj;jpy; cah;e;Jepw;Fk; Nkd;kf;fspd; jd;ikgw;wpAk; fy;tpapd;

cah;Tgw;wpAk; rpwg;ghf vLj;NjhJfpwJ. kdpjDf;F moF Nrh;g;git Gw

milahsq;fs; my;y mopahg;nghUsha; tpsq;Fk; fy;tpNa MFk;. ,jid>

FQ;rpaoFk; nfhLe;jhidf;Nfhl;loFk;

kQ;rs; moFk; mofy;y neQ;rj;J

ey;yNahk; vd;Dk; eLepiyikahy;

fy;tpaoNf moF – vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ,k;kdpjtho;thdJ

ePHf;Fkpo;Nghd;wJ. epiyahikia epidtpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij typAWj;Jk; ghly; gy cs;sd. fy;tpiaf; fw;fpd;w kdpjh;fs; rpy

ehspy; mope;J Nghfyhk; Mdhy; fy;tp vd;Wk; mopahJ ,jid>

fy;tpf;fiuapy fw;gth; ehs;rpy

nky;yepidf;fpd; gpzp gy – njs;spjpd;

Muha;e;J miktila fw;gNt ePHnthopag;

ghy;cz;FUfpd; njhpe;J – vd;W Fwpg;gpd;whH. ,dpa RitAila

czit md;Gila kidtp mUfpypUe;J Cl;bdhYk; Ntz;lhnkd

jl;bf;fopf;Fk; nry;te;jh;fSk; rpy ehspy; Viofsha; tWikapy; czTf;F

topapd;wp gpr;irNaw;W cz;ztUk;. MjyhNy nry;tk; vd;gJ epiyapy;yhj

xd;whFk;. mjid epidtpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;fpwhH. nry;tk; Nrh;j;J

itj;jpUe;jhy; kl;Lk; NghJkhdjy;y. mJahtw;Fk; gad;gLk; tpjkha;

,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. mt;thW ,y;yhky; jhDk; Efuhky; gpwhpd; JaiuAk;

Jilf;fhky; fUkp itj;jpUf;fpd;w nghUis VioAk; jdf;Fr; nrhe;jk; vdr;

nrhy;ypf; nfhs;syhk;.

,jid

vdJ vdJ vd;W ,Uf;Fk; Vio nghUis

vdJ vdJ vd;W ,Ug;gd; ahDk; jdJ Mapd;

jhDk; Mjid toq;fhd; gad;Jt;thd;


77

ahDk; mjid mJ – vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. fd;dypd; Ritia

ahtUk; tpUk;Gth; Ritg;gh;. mjdpypUe;J rKfj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd nghUis

vLg;gjhw;fhf Miyapy; ,l;L rhw;iw vLj;Jf; nfhz;l gpd;G rf;ifia

vwpe;JtpLth;. ,e;epfo;T ahtUk; mwpe;j xd;whFk;. ,jw;F ahUk;

tUe;Jtjpy;iy. mNjNghy; kdpjDk; jhd; nfhz;Lte;j tho;f;ifapy;

gaDs;s vy;yhr;nraiyAk; nra;J Kbj;Jtpl;lhy; ,f;$l;ilf; $w;Wtd;

nfhz;L NghftUk; NghJ ve;jf;ftiyAk; nfhs;shH. ,jid>

fUk;G Ml;b fl;b rpWfhiyf;nfhz;lhH

JUk;G vOe;J Ntk;fhy; Jauhd; FohthH

tUe;jp clk;gpd; gad;nfhz;lhH $w;wk;

tUq;fhy; ghptJ ,th; - vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH

gonkhop

gonkhopia ,aw;wpath; %d;WiuadhH MthH. Kd;Diw vd;gJ

Chpd; ngah; vd;gh;. miuadhH vd;gjhy; murpak; gl;lk; ngw;w mjpfhhp

vd;wk; fUJth;. flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghliyf; nfhz;L ,tiur; rkz

rkaj;ijr; rhHe;jtuhff; fUJth;. ,e;E}y; 450 ntz;ghf;fisf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU ntz;ghtpd; KbtpYk; gonkhop ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

gonkhopia> KJnrhy;> KJnkhop vd;Wk; $Wth;. gonkhopiag;gw;wpj;

njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; ,lj;J>

Ez;ikAk; RUf;fKk; xspAilikAk;

nkd;ikAk; vd;wpit tpsq;fj; Njhd;wpf;

Fwpj;j nghUis Kbj;jw;F tUck;

VJ Ejypa KJnkhop vd;g – vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. gonkhop rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fspYk; gapd;W te;Js;sik gy;NyhH $wpa gonkhopnay;yhk;

tha;j;jdk; Njhop – vd;w thpfspd; %yk; mwpayhk;. gonkhopapy; tuyhw;Wr;

nra;jpfs; mjpfkhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. fhpfhyd;> Fl;Ltd;> nrk;gpad;

Nghd;wth;fspd; nra;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kDePjp> nghw;ifg;ghz;bad;> ghhp


78

Ky;iyf;Fj; NJh; je;j fhl;rp> kapYf;Fg; NghHit NghHj;jpa Ngfd;

MfpNahiug; gw;wpa nra;jps; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

ciuKbT fhzhd; ,sikNahd; vd;w

eiuKJ kf;fs; ctg;g – eiuKbj;J

nrhy;yhy; Kiwnra;jhd; Nrhod; Fytpr;ir

fy;yhky; ghfk; gLk;

nghy;yhj nrhy;yp kiwe;njhOFk; Nghijfs;

nrhy;yhNy jd;idj; Jah; gLf;Fk; - ey;yha;

kzYs; KOfp kiwe;J fplf;Fk;

EzYe;jd; thahy; nfLk;

Nghd; mhpa fUj;Jf;fs; mlq;fpa ghly;fs; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp

%Jiu> gonkhop> mwpGilr;nrhy; vDk; nrhw;fis KJnkhop Fwpf;Fk;.

,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; $lY}H fpohH. 100 ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

mjpfhuj;Jf;F 10 tpjkhf gj;J mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}y;

Fwl;lhopiaahy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}y; fhQ;naDk; Jiwiar;

rhHe;jjhff; $Wth;. ,q;F fhQ;rp vd;gJ ngz;fs; ,ilapy; mzpAk;

Mguzq;fisf; Fwpg;gjhf mikAk;. Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiyapy;

,lk;ngWk;.

gyHGfo; Gyth; gd;dpdh; njhpAk;

cyfpay; nghUs; KbT czuf;$wpd;W – vDk; thpfs;

KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp vDk; ,e;E}Yf;F ,yf;fzkhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

,e;E}ypy; mike;Js;s gj;J mjpfhuk; KiwNa rpwe;j gj;J. mwpTg; gj;J>

gopahg; gj;J> nrt;tha; gj;J> my;y gj;J> ,y;iyg; gj;J> ngha; gj;J> vspa

gj;J> ey;$He;j gj;J> jz;lhg; gj;J vd;gdthFk;. mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gj;ijg;

ghl;Lilg; nghUshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.


79

rpwe;j fUj;Jf;fspy; rpy

MHfyp cyfj;J kf;fl;nfy;yhk;

Xjypy; rpwe;jd;W xOf;fk;cilik

Njuhky; fw;wJ fy;tpad;W

thohky; tUe;jpaJ tUj;jk; md;W

Jd;gk; nta;NahHf;F ,d;gk; vspJ

,d;gk; nta;NahHf;F Jd;gk; vspJ

ehd;kzpf;fbif

ehd;F kzpfshy; Md Mguzk; mzpe;J nfhs;gtUf;F Mde;jk;

jUjy; Nghd;W. tho;f;iff;F topfhl;lf;$ba ehd;F cahpa fUj;Jf;fis

xt;nthU ghlypYk; nfhz;L tpsq;Ftjhy; ,e;E}y; ehd;kzpf;fbif

vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jid ,aw;wpth; tpsk;gpehfdhH MthH. tpsk;gp vd;gJ

Chpd; ngauhFk;. ehfdhH vd;gJ ,aw;ngauhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gh;. flTs;

tho;j;J cs;spl;l 104 ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. khaidf; flTs;

tho;j;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Lg; ghbAs;sjhy; ,th; itztuhf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;E}ypd;

eak; fUjp 7> 100 Mfpa ,U ghly;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; lhf;lh;. [p.A.Nghg;

mth;fs; nkhopngah;j;Js;shH. cyfpw;Fj; Njitahd ey;y mwpa

fUj;Jf;fs; xt;nthU ghlypYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. clypYs;s cWg;Gfspy;

fz;Nz rpwe;j cWg;ghFk;. ngz;ikf;Fj; jd; fztNd rpwe;j cwthFk;.

kw;wit vitAk; rpwg;gpy;iy vd;gjidf;

fz;zpd; rpwe;j cWg;gpy;iy> nfhz;lhdpd;

Jd;dpa NfsPHgpwhpy;iy> kf;fspd;

xz;ika tha;rhd;w nghUs; ,y;iy> <d;whNuhL

vz;zf; flTSk; ,y; - vDk; ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. vitnay;yhk;

vtw;wpw;nfy;yhk; mzpahfj; jpfOk; vd;W ehd;F fUj;Jf;fis eak;ngw ed;F

ciuf;fpd;whH.


80

epyj;jpw;F mzpnad;g ney;Yk; fUk;Gk;

Fsj;jpw;F mzpnad;gh; jhkiu ngz;ik

eyj;jpw;F mzpnad;gh; ehzk; jdf;F mzpahk;

jhd; nry; cyfj;J mwk; - ,g;ghlypy; kdpjDf;F mzpahfj;

jpfo;tJ mwNk vd typAWj;jpAs;shH.

ed;kf;fs; ,e;j Fbapy;jhd; gpwg;ghHfs;. ,f;Fbapy; gpwf;fkhl;lhHfs;

vDk; ve;j xU tpjp tpsf;Fk; ,t;Tyfpy; ,y;iy. vf;Fyj;jpYk; cjpf;fyhk;

vd;gij>

fs;sptapw;wpy; mfpy; gpwf;Fk; khd; tapw;wpy;

xs;shpjhuk; gpwf;Fk; ngUq;flYs;

gy;tpisa Kj;jk; gpwf;Fk; mwpthH ahH

ey;yhs; gpwh;f;Fk; Fb – vDk; ghlypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. ,e;E}ypy;

jpUf;Fws;> rpyk;G Mfpatw;wpd; fUj;Jf;fs; gapd;Wte;Js;sd.

Mrhuf;Nfhit

kdpjidf; fhf;Fk; ftrkhfj; jpfOk; xOf;fj;jpd; njhFg;ghfNt

,e;E}y; jpfo;fpwJ. ,jid ,aw;wpath; ngUthapy; Ks;spahH. ,jpy; Kjy;

ntz;ghtpYk;> E}whtJ ntz;ghtpYk; Mrhu tpj;J vd;w nrhy;

,lk;ngw;wpUg;gjhYk;> ,jw;F Mrhuf; Nfhit vdg; ngah; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;

vd;gh;. ,jpy; nkhj;jk; 100 ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. kf;fs; vit vit Vw;f

Ntz;bait vitnait js;s Ntz;bait vd ,e;E}y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

murd; cthj;jpad; jha; je;ij> rhd;NwhH Mfpa Ie;J NgiuAk; Njth;fshfg;

ghtpj;J tzq;fpl Ntz;Lk;. itfiwg; nghOjpNy Japy; vOjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mt;thW vOe;J nra;Ak; ey;yws; ahtw;wpw;Fk; Kd; jha; je;ijiaj; njho

Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

ahtUk; fz;lKiw> Ngh; mwpthsh; JzpT> kpf;fth; fz;l newp>

ey;ywpthsh; JzpT vd Kd;NdhHfs; $wpaikNa nghd;Nd Nghy; Nghw;Wk;

jpwd; fhzg;gLfpwJ.


81

neQ;rpy; epd;w thpfs;

gpwg;G neLtho;f;if nry;tk; tdg;G

epyf;fpoik kPf;$w;wk; fy;tp Neha; ,d;ik

,yf;fzj;jhy; ,t;ntl;Lk; va;Jg – vd;Wk;

xOf;fk; gpioah jth;

eifnahL nfhl;lhtp fhwpg;G Jk;ky;

,itAk; nghpNahH Kd; nra;ahNu nra;apd;

mirahJ epw;Fk; gop.

rpWgQ;r%yk;

cliy tsg;gLj;Jk; kUe;jhf rpw tOJiz> neUQ;rp> rpWky;yp>

ngUky;yp> fz;lq;fj;jphp Mfpa Ie;jpd; Nth;fisf; nfhz;L jahhpf;fg;gLk;

rpW gQ;r%yk; Nghd;W> cahpa Ie;J fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk;

,e;E}iyr; rpWgQ;r%yk; vd miog;gh;. ,jid ,aw;wpath; fhhpahrhd;

MthH. flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghliyf; nfhz;L ,th; rkz rkaj;ijr; rhHe;jth;

vd;gh;. ghapug; ghlyhd ,uz;ilj; jtph;j;J 102 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

MrphpaUf;Ff; nfhilg; gz;Gk;> MAHNtjKk;> tlnkhopMw;wYk; cz;L

vd;gij>

ky;ypNth; Neha; khf;fhad; khzhf;fd; khepyj;Jg;

gy;yth; Neha; ePf;Fk; ghq;fpdhy; - fy;yh

kWgQ;rk; jPHkiof;if khf;fhhpahrd;

rpWgQ;r%yk; nra;jhd; - vd;w ghapug; ghlypd; %yk; mwpayhk;.

mf;fhyj;jpy; gRtpDila fd;W ,we;J Nghdhy; fd;wpd; Njhiy vLj;J

nghk;ik nra;J gRit Vkhw;Wk; gof;fk; epytp te;Js;sJ. mjidf;

fz;bf;fpd;whH. cz;ikf; ftpQdpd; rpwg;gpid tpsf;FfpwhH. Rth;f;fj;jpw;Fg;

Nghf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; top tiffisf; $WfpwhH.

Fsk; njhl;L fhT gjpj;J toprPj;J

csk; njhl;L cOtay; Mf;fp tsk;njhl;L>


82

ghLgLk; fpz;nwhL vd;wpit ghw;gLj;jhd;

VFk; Rth;f;fk; ,dpJ

G+j;jhYk; fhahkuKs ed;wwpahH

%j;jhYk; %thH E}Nww;whjhH – ghj;jpg;

Gijj;jhYk; ehwhj tpj;Js Ngijf;

Fiuj;jhYQ; nry;yhJzh;T

Vyhjp

,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; fzpNkjhtpah; MthH. clYf;F tYT+l;Lk; MW

nghUl;fshy; Md #uzk; Nghd;W MW fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l E}y;

Vyhjpahk;. Vyk; 1> ,ytq;fk; 2> ehfNfhruk; 3> kpsF 4> jpg;gpyp 5> Rf;F 6>

Mfpait Nrh;e;J fyf;fg;gl;l #uzj;jpw;Fk; Vyhjp vd;W ngah;.

,k;kUe;ijg; Nghd;W> cs;sj;jpd; mOf;ifnay;yhk; mfw;Wk; E}yhf Vyhjp

jpfo;fpwJ. ,e;E}ypy; Mrphpauhd fzpNkjhtpah; jpidkhiy 150 vDk; NtW

xU E}iyAk; ,aw;wpAs;shH. ,th; ngah; fzpNkjhtpahH vd;gjpy; fzp

vDk; nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L Nrhjplf; fiyiaf; fw;wtuhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gh;.

flTs; tho;j;ijr; Nrh;j;J 81 ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

eakpf;fg; ghly;fs; rpy

rhtJ vspJ mhpJ rhd;whik ey;yJ

Nkty; vspJ mhpJ nka; Nghw;wy; Mtjw;fz;

Nrwy; vspJ epiy mhpJ njs;spuha;

Ntwy; vspJ mhpJ nrhy;

,t;Tyfpy; ahH ahnuy;yhk; nghpath; vd;gijg; gpd;tUk; ghly; gl;baypl;Lf;

fhl;LfpwJ.

nfhy;yhd;> nfhiyGhpahd;> ngha;ahd;> gpwh; nghUs;Nky;

nry;yhd;> rpwpahH> ,dk; Nruhd;> nrhy;Yk;

kiwapy; nrtp,yd; jPr;nrhw;fz; %q;if

,iwapy; nghpahHf;F ,it


83

jphpfLfk;

clYf;F Vw;gLk; Nehia ePf;f Rf;F kpsF> jpg;gpyp vDk; 3

nghUs;fshy; Md kUe;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ Nghd;W cs;sj;jpYs;s

Neha;fisAk;> ,UisAk; Nghf;f jphpfLfk; gad;gLj;Jth;. ,jid

cyfpy; fLfk; clypd; Neha; khw;wk;

myfpy; mfNeha; mfw;Wk; - epiynfhs;

jphpfLfk; - vd;w ghapu thpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

,e;E}y; flTs; tho;j;J cl;gl 101 ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jid

ey;yhjdhH ,aw;wpdhH. ,th; flTs; tho;j;jhfj; jpUkhiyg; ghLtjhy;

itztuhthH. Mjd; vd;gNj ,aw;ngauhFk;. ey; vd;w milnkhop Nrh;e;J

te;jik ,thpd; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jk;. ,th; jpUney;Ntyp gFjpiar; rhHe;j

jpUj;J vDk; Ciur; rhHe;jth; vd;gJ ghapuj;jpd; Jiz nfhz;L mwpayhk;.

,e;E}ypy;> ,it %d;Wk;> ,th; %th;> ,k;%th; vd;w VNjDk; xd;w

,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

fzf;fhah; ,y;yhj CUk;> gpzf;F mWf;Fk;

%j;Njhiu ,y;yh mitf;fsDk; - ghHj;J cz;Zk;

jd;ikapyhH mah; ,Ug;Gk; ,k;%d;Wk;

ed;ik gaj;J ,y;.

<jw;Fr; nra;f nghUis> mwnewp

Nrh;jw;Fr; nra;f ngUE}iy> ahJk;

mUs; Ghpe;J nrhy;Yf nrhy;iy> ,k;%d;Wk;

,Us; cyfk; Nruhj MW

coTj; njhopiyr; nra;ak; Ntshsd; jd; ,y;yj;jpw;F te;jpUf;Fk;

tpUe;jpdiu tpl;L cztUe;jhd;> nfhLq;Nfhy; kd;ddhy; ehl;bd;

kionga;ahik> ePuhba gpd;Nd czT cz;zy;> me;jzhplk; gofpDk;

jPg;Nghy; gofNtz;Lk; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. 100

ghly;fspy; 66 ghly;fs; ed;ik gag;gd gw;wpAk;> 34 ghly;fs; kdpjDf;Fj;


84

jPik gag;gait gw;wpAk; $Wfpd;wd. ghapuj;jpy; nrU mL Njhs; ey;yhjd;

vd tUtjhy; ,th; thNse;Jk;tPuh; vd;gh;.

,dpait ehw;gJ

tho;f;if ,dpikahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkdpd; ,dpaJ vJ vdj; njhpe;J

mtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mt;thW ,dpatw;iwnay;yhk; njhFj;J

,e;E}Yf;F ,dpait ehw;gJ vd;W ngah; #l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}iy

,aw;wpath; kJiuj; jkpo; Mrphpah; kfdhH G+jQ;NrjdhH MthH. ,th; irtk;

itztk; vdg; ghFghbd;wp flTs; tho;j;jpy; mhp> muz;> mad; %tiuAk;

Nghw;wpAs;shH. ehw;gJ ghly;fspy; ehd;F ghly;fs; kl;LNk ehd;F

fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. kw;w 36 ghly;fSk; %d;W fUj;Jf;fisf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,d;dh ehw;gjpd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F kWg;G nrhy;Yk; tpjkhf

,Ug;gjhy; me;E}Yf;Fg; gpd; Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk;. cliyg; ngUf;fpf;

nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L Cid cz;zhky; ,Ug;gJ ,dpajhFk;. jd;dpiy

jhohik khdkhFk;. jho;e;jhy; capNuhL ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ ,dpjhFk;.

,y;ywk; ,dpikAld; ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkdpd; tUtha;f;F Vw;g nryT nra;J

tho;jy; ,dpik jUk; ,JNghd;W nkhj;jk; 127 ,d;gq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

,dpaitfs;

Fotp jsh;eil fhz;ly; ,dpJ

mwk; Ghpe;J my;yit ePf;fy; ,dpNj

tUtha; mwpe;J toq;fy; ,dpNj

fw;whHKd; fy;tp ciuj;jy; kpf ,dpNj

jlnkd; gilj;Njhs; jsphpa yhiu

tplnkd;W czh;jy; ,dpNj

khdk; mope;jgpd; thohik Kd; ,dpNj

jhdk; mopahikj;jhd; mlq;fp tho;T ,dpNj

Cdk; xd;W ,d;wp cah;e;j nghUs; cilik

khdplth;f;F vy;yhk; ,dpJ.


85

Nghd;w ,dpa nra;jpfis ,e;E}yhy; mwpaKbfpwJ.

,d;dhehw;gJ

,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; fgpyh; MthH. 41 ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

tho;f;iff;F vitnait Njitapy;yhjit vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. fs;>

Gyhy; Nghd;wtw;iw tpyf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjhy; ,f;fUj;ijf; $Wth;. fgpyh;

vDk; ngah;nfhz;lth; Ith; ,ue;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. ghhpiag; ghbath;> ,d;dh

ehw;gijg; ghbath;> gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwiag; ghbath;> gd;dpUghl;ilg;

ghbath;. mfty; ghbath;. , t;itthpy; ,d;dh ehw;gijg; ghbath;

rq;ffhyf; fgpyh; vDk; Ntwhdth; vd;gijf; fUj;J KuzpypUe;J mwpayhk;.

,th; rka rkur Nehf;F nfhz;ltuhfj; jpfo;fpwhH. flTs; tho;j;jpy; rptd;>

jpUkhy;> KUfd;> gyuhkd; Nghd;NwhHfisg; Nghw;wpg; ghbAs;shH. 164

,d;dhj fUj;Jf;fis ,e;E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. rq;f ,yf;fpak; jpUf;Fws;

Mfpatw;wpd; fUj;Jfs; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

,d;dhj nghUl;fs;

jd;idj;jhd; Nghw;whJ xOFjy; ed;F ,d;dh

Kd;id ciuahH Gwnkhopf; $w;W ,d;dh>

nfhLq;Nfhy; kw kd;dh; fPo;tho;jy; ,d;dh

neLePH Giz ,d;wp ePe;Jjy; ,d;dh

jiytpiar; re;jpf;f jiytd; ,uT Neuj;jpy; tUfpwhd;. ,utpy; tUtjhy;

Vw;gLk; jPikiaf; $wp mtidj; jtph;f;fg; ghHf;fpwhs; jiytp. jiytNd eP

tUk; topapy; mUtp kpFe;j Xir vOg;Gtjhy; ahNuDk; tpopj;jpUe;jhy; myh;

vOk;. MfNt ,uTf;Fwpiaj; jtph;g;gha; vd;gij>

ahOk; FoYk; KoTk; ,iae;njd

tPOk; mUtp tpad;kiy ed;ehl

kiokhd; Nehf;fpAk; Mw;whs; ,uTthpd;

CH mwp nfsit jUk; - vDk; ghly; Rl;LfpwJ.


86

jpizkhiy 150

,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; fzpNkjhtpahH. ,th; rkz rkaj;ijr;

rhHe;jth; vd;gh;. Ie;J jpizfSf;Fk; 30 ghly;fs; tPjk; 150 ghly;fs;

mike;Js;sd. Mdhy; 153 ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. ,th; Vyhjp vd;w

E}iyAk; ,aw;wpAs;shH. ,e;E}ypd; fUj;Jf;fs; rpytw;iwr; Re;juUk;>

khzpf;fthrfUk; jk; ghly;fspy; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. er;rpdhHf;fpzpah;>

,sk;G+uzH Nghd;NwhH ,e;E}iy Nkw;Nfhshfg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. fhHfhyj;

jd;ik> mf;fhy jiytd; jiytp MfpNahhpd; jd;ikAk;> jhd; nra;Ak;

tpidf;F md;Nw gad;fpilj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpfpd;wd.

jiytd; kPJ jiytp fhjy; nfhz;bUe;jikahH cld;Nghf;F

epfo;j;jptpl;lhs;. jiytpia tsh;j;j nrtpypj; jhNah> Njbr; nry;fpwhs;.

vjphpy; tUk; jk;gjpapdiu> ,t;topNa fhjyh;fs; nrd;wijf; fz;BNuh vdf;

Nfl;fpwhs;. fztd; XH Mltd; nrd;wijAk;> kidtp XH ngz;kfs;

nrd;wijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhHfs;. NtnwhU nghz;iz VnuLj;Jg; ghHf;fhj

Mz;ikAk;> NtnwhU Mltidg; ghHf;fhj ngz;ikAk; ,q;Nf Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.

jz;zp ePH nrd;kpd; ekh; mth; MtNuy;

vz;zpa vz;zk;vspJ mNuh vz;zpa

ntQ;Rlh; md;dhid ahd;fz;Nld; fz;lhshk;

jz;Rlh; md;dhisj; jhd; - vDk; ghly; Nkw;$wpa fUj;ijr;

Rl;LfpwJ. jiytpiag; gphpe;J nrd;w jiykfd; ,sNtdpw;fhyj;jpy; jpUk;gp

te;JtpLtjhf thf;Fj; je;jhd;. MapDk; fhHfhyk; te;jJk; tutpy;iy.

Ky;iy epyNk Mlyuq;fhf khwpw;W. Nkfk; Xir vOg;gp ,d;dpir ju

ehl;ba kq;ifaha; kapyhl> mt;thl;lj;ijf; fz;L kfpo;e;J ifairg;gJ

Nghd;W ntz;fhe;js; kyh;fs; mirfpd;wd. ,f;fhyj;jpYk; jiytd;

thuhjpUg;gjhy; jiytp Jd;Gw;wpUf;fpwhs;.

fhdk; fb muq;fh> ifk;kwpg;gf; NfhlyhH

thdk; tpspg;g tz;L ahohf Ntdy;


87

thuh kapy; Ml> ths; fz;zha; nrhy;yha;

CH Mfp ca;Ak; tif – vDk; ghly; Nkw;$wpa fUj;ijf;

$Wfpd;wd.

fhHehw;gJ

,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; kJiuf; fz;zd; Nre;jdhH. 40 ghly;fisf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghliyf; nfhz;L ,tiu itzth; vd;gh;.

,Ug;gpDk; rptidg; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. fhyj;ijr; rpwg;Gr; nra;Ak;

tifapy; vOe;Js;sJ. ,jid ,yf;fztpsf;fg; ghl;baUk;>

fhyk; ,lk; nghUs; fUjp ehw;ghd;

rhy ciuj;jy; ehdhw;gJNt – vd;fpwJ. Ky;iyj; jpizf;F chpa

Kjw;nghUs;> chpg;nghUs; Mfpatw;iw eak;gl ciuf;fpwJ. jiytpiag;

gphpe;J nry;fpwhd; jiytd;. fhHfhyj;jpy; jpUk;gp tUNtd; vd;W nrhy;ypr;

nrd;wtd; ,d;Dk; jpUk;gtpy;iy. fhHfhyk; te;Jtpl;ljw;F milahskhf

nfhd;iw kyh;fs; G+j;Jtpl;ld. kapy;fs; MLfpd;wd. jiytd; tuhjjhy;

griy Neha; te;J tpLfpwJ. Iq;FWE}w;wpd; ,sNtdpw;gj;ij xj;jpUf;fpwJ.

midj;Jg; ghly;fSk; xt;nthUth; $w;whfNt mike;Js;sd. jiytd;>

jiytp> Njhod;> ghq;fd; ,e;ehy;thpy; xUthpd; $w;whfNt mike;Js;sd.

,f;fhyj;jpNy fhHj;jpif khjj;jpy; tpsf;F Vw;Wk; Kiw ,Ue;Js;sikiaj;

njhptpf;fpwJ.

eykpF fhHj;jpif ehl;lth; ,l;l

fhLk; fLf;if ftpd; ngwg;G+j;jd

ghLtz;Lck; gUtk; gizj;Njhsp

thLk; griy kUe;J

fhHfhyk; te;jikiag; gUtk; fhl;bj; jiytd; tuhjijAk; Mjyhy; griy

te;jikiaAk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lk; tpjkhf>

ML kfsph; kQ;iQ mzpnfhs

fhLk; fLf;if ftpd; ngwg;G+j;jd


88

ghLtz;L CJk; gUtk; gizj;Njhsp

thLk; griy kUe;J – vDk; ghly; mike;Js;sJ.

ife;epiy

,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; Gy;yhq;fldhH Mth;. ,th; je;ij fhtpjpahH

vDk; ngah; ngw;wpUg;gjhy; murd; toq;Fk; gl;lk; ngw;wtuhf ,Ug;gh; vd;gh;.

,e;E}y; Ie;jpiziag; gw;wpg; ghLfpwJ. xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; 12 ghly;fs;

tPjk; 60 ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt Ie;jpiz mWgJ vd;W

mioj;jhYk; nghUj;jkhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. vdpDk; Ie;jpiz vd gy E}w;fspd;

ngah; Muk;gpg;gjhy; Mrphpah; jd; E}Yf;Ff; ife;epiy vdg; ngah;

#l;bapUf;fyhk; vd;gh;. if vd;gJ xOf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. mf xOf;fj;jpd;

jd;ikiaf; Fwpg;gpLtjhy; ife;epiy vd toq;fpapUf;fyhk; vdg;h;. FwpQ;rp>

Ky;iy> ghiy> kUjk;> nea;jy; vDk; Kiw itg;gpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

flw;fiur; Nrhiyapy; gujth; Fykfs; xUts; jd; mz;zd;khH

nfhz;Lte;j kPidnay;yhk; fhaitj;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhs;. mt;tkak;

jiytd; xUtd; mtsplk; eaKld; Ngrp eyd; cz;L nrd;wtidf;

fhztpy;iy vd;W Vq;Fk; Vf;fj;ij>

vd;Iah; je;j ,wczq;fs; ahk; fbe;J

Gd;idmk; fhdy; ,Ue;Njkh> ngha;j;J vk;ikr;

nrhy;eyk; $wp> eyd; cz;l Nrh;g;gid

vd;idf; nfhy; ahk; fhZkhW – vDk; ghly; fhl;LfpwJ. jiytd;

tUk; ,uT Neuj;ij vz;zpj; jiytp J}q;fhJ fz; tpopj;J ,ue;jikiaj;

jd; Njhopf;Fr; nrhy;Yk; tpjkha;g; gpd;tUk; ghly; mike;Js;sJ.

nghd;dpzh; Ntq;ifg; GdQ;#o; kiyehld;

kpd;dpd; mizaha; Nty;Ve;jp ,utpdpy;

,d;Nd tUq;fz;lha; Njhop ,ilahkj;J

vd;id ,iknghU khW


89

md;G nrYj;jpa jiytidg; gphpe;J thLk; jiytp cly; nkype;jhs;.

Mjyhy; iftis nefpo;e;J XLfpwJ. mijr; nrhy;Ykplj;Jk; jiytd;

el;gpd; rpwg;ignay;yhk; $wk; tpjkhf>

fy;tiu Vwp fLtd; fdpthio

my;cW Ngho;jpd; ,dpa gok;fTs; nfhz;L

xy;nyd xUkiy ehld; Nfz;ik

nrhy;y nrhhpAk; tis – vDk; ghly; mike;Js;sJ.

fstopehw;gJ

,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; ngha;ifahH. ,th; rq;ffhyg; Gytuh> Mo;thhpy;

xUtuh vdj; njhpatpy;iy. ,e;E}y; NghHgw;wpa nra;jpfisj; jUfpwJ. 41

ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fstop vd;gJ VHf;fsk;> NghHf;fsk; gw;wpg;

ghLtjhFk;.

VNuhHf; fstop md;wpf; fstopj;

NjNuhH Njhw;wpa ntd;wpAk; - vd;W njhy;fhg;gpak; fstopf;F tpsf;fk;

jUfpwJ. ,e;E}y; NghHf;fsk; gw;wpg; ghbAs;sJ. Nrhod; Nfhr;nrq;fzhDf;Fk;>

Nrud; fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwf;Fk; fOkyk; vDk; ,lj;jpy; ele;j Nghhpy;

Nrhod; Nruidr; rpiwgpbj;jhd;. ngha;ifahH jd; ez;gdhd Nruid kPl;Fk;

nghUl;Nl fstop ehw;gJ ghbdhH vd;gh;. ,r;nra;jpiaj; jkpo; tpLJ}J>

%tUyh Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ey;ytd; ngha;if fstop ehw;gJf;F

tpy;ytd; fhy;jis tpl;l Nfhd; - vDk; thpfs; %tUyhtpy;

,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;E}iy ciuahrphpah;fs; Nkw;Nfhshfg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.

xt;nthU ghlypd; ,WjpapYk; fsj;J vDk; nrhy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

njhy;fhg;gpah; fhl;Lk; tdg;G tifapy; ,e;E}y; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. Mrphpah;

ehy;tifg; gilapd; rpwg;igAk;> NghHf;fsf; fhl;rpiaAk; thrfhpd; fz;Kd;Nd

epWj;Jk; tpjkha; eak;gl ciuj;Js;shH. giftiuf; nfhy;yj;Jbf;Fk;


90

fspw;wpd; Jk;gpf;ifia xUtd; ntl;btplNt mjdpypUe;J nfhl;Lk; FUjp

igapypUe;J gtsk; nfhl;LtJ Nghd;W ,Ug;gjhf th;zpf;fpwhH.

ftsk; nfhs; ahidapd; iffs; Jzpf;fg;

gtsk; nrhhpjU igNghy; jpts;xspa

xz;nrq; FUjp ckpOk; - Gdy;ehld;

nfhq;fiu ml;l fsj;J

vDk; ghlypy; ahidapd; jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whH. ehw;gJ ghly;fspy;

ahidg;NghH gw;wpag; ghly;fNs kpFjpahf cs;sd.

1 ehybahH mwk; rkz Kdpth;fs;

2 ehd;kzpf;fbif mwk; tpsk;gpuhfdhH

3 ,d;dhehw;gJ mwk; fgpyh;

4 ,dpait ehw;gJ mwk; G+jQ;Nre;jdhH

5 jphpfLfk; mwk; ey;yhjdhH

6 Vyhjp mwk; fzpNkjhtpahH

7 KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp mwk; $lY}HfpohH

8 jpUf;Fws; mwk; jpUts;Sth;

9 Mrhuf;Nfhit mwk; ngUthaps; Ks;spahH

10 gonkhop mwk; %d;WiuadhH

11 rpWgQ;r%yk; mwk; fhhpahrhd;

12 Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ mfk; nghiwadhH

13 Ie;jpiz vOgJ mfk; %thijahH

14 jpiznkhop Ik;gJ mfk; fz;zd;Nre;jdhH

15 jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ mfk; fzpNkjhtpahH

16 ife;epiy mfk; Gy;yhq;fdhH

17 fhHehw;gJ mfk; fz;zd;$j;jdhH

18 fstop ehw;gJ Gwk; ngha;ifahH


91

3. gy;yth; fhyk;

irt ,yf;fpak;

irt rkak; rptngUkhidg; NghyNt goikahdJ. rptnkd;why;

nrk;ik> ed;ik vd;W nghushFk;. rptk; md;ig tsh;j;jjhy; md;Ng

rptkhapw;W. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fSk; rptidg; gy;NtW ngah;fspy; Rl;Lfpd;wJ.

Nrhod; Nfhr;nrq;fzhd rptDf;F 78 khlf; Nfhtpy;fs; fl;bajhfj;

jpUehTf;fur ehadhH Fwpg;gpLfpdw;hH. itztuhfpa jpUkq;ifaho;thUk;

,f;fUj;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. mth; 70 Nfhapy;fs; fl;bajhff; Fwpg;gpLthH.

goikAk; ngUikAk; ngw;W tpsq;fpa irtk; fsg;gpuh; fhyj;jpy;

tPo;r;rpAw;wJ. Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kg; gy;ytd; rkzj;jpypUe;J irtj;jpw;F

khWk; tiu ,e;epiyNa ePbj;jJ vdyhk;. Mapd; mg;gh; mUshy; murd;

rkak; khw> irtk; jioj;Njhq;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,Ul;Fifapy; kiwe;J

fple;j irt tpsf;F jpUehTf;furuhy; Mjtdha; khwpj; jkpofj;ijj;

jd;takhf;fpaJ.

irtg; nghpahH jpUehTf;furUk; Kjypy; rkzuhfNt ,Ue;jhy;.

irtj;jpw;F mUe;njhz;lhw;wpa kd;dh; kNfe;jpu th;kDk; Kjypy; rkzNu.

rkak; khwpa kd;dd; jpUg;ghjphpg; GypA+hpYs;s rkzg; gs;spfis ,bj;J>

irt rkaf; Nfhapiy cUthf;fr; rkz irtg; NghUf;F tpj;jpl;lhd;.

fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;whz;by; njhlq;fpa ,e;jr; rka kWkyh;r;rp irtj;ijAk;

itztj;ijAk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nry;thf;F milar; nra;jJ.

ehad;khHfSk; Mo;thHfSk; gy;NtW ,lq;fis ehb> Njb gf;jpia gug;gpdh;.

irt ,yf;fpaq;fspd; tsh;r;rpia Kjw;fz; tphpthff; fhzyhk;.


92

gd;dpU jpUKiwfs;

njd;dhLila rptid ve;ehl;lth;f;Fk; chpatuhf ehad;khHfs;

fz;ldh;. 27 nghpahHfs; ghba ghlyf;spd; njhFg;Ng gd;dpU jpUKiwahFk;.

Kjy; VO jpUKiwfspy; Kjy; %d;W jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;> mLj;j %d;W

jpUehTf;furh;> VohtJ Re;juh; ghbait. ,k;%th; ghbaijj; Njthuk; vd;gh;.

vl;lhk; jpUKiw khzpf;fthrfh; ghba jpUthrfKk; jpUf;NfhitahUk;.

xd;gjhk; jpUKiw jpUkhspifj; Njth;> Nre;jdhH> Nrjpuhah;>

fz;luhjpj;jh;> G+e;JUj;jp fhltek;gp> jpUthyp mKjdhH> GUNlhj;jk ek;gp>

fUT+Hj; Njth;> Ntzhl;lbfs; Mfpa xd;gjpd;kh; ghba ghly;fspd;

njhFg;ghFk;.

gj;jhk; jpUKiw jpUke;jpuk;. ghbath; jpU%yh;> gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiw

jpUthythAilahH> fhiuf;fhyk;ikahH> Iabfs; fhltHNfhd;> Nrukhd;

ngUkhs; ehadhH> ef;fPuh;> fgpyh;> guzh;> fy;yhlh;> ,sk; ngUkhdbfs; mjpuh

mbfs;> gl;bdj;Jg; gps;isahH> ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp Mfpa gd;dpUth; ghba

ghly;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.

gd;dpluz;lhk; jpUKiw nghpa Guhzk; vDk; jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;

ghbath; Nrf;fpohH.

gd;dpU jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jth; ek;gpahz;lth; ek;gp MthH. ,th;

fp.gp. 10Mk; Ew;whz;L. Kjyhk; ,uhruhr Nrhodpd; cjtpAld;

jpy;iyak;gyj;jpy; mile;J fple;j VLfis vLj;J Kiwg;gLj;jpj;

njhFj;jhH. ,th; njhFj;jJ 11 Mk; jpUKiw tiuapNyNa MFk;.

Nrf;fpohH ,tUf;Fg; gpd; tho;e;jth;. vdNt gpd; te;NjhH Nrf;fpohhpd; nghpa

Guhzj;ijg; gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiwahf mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;. ,g;gf;jpg;

ghly;fSf;Fg; gz; mikj;j ngUik xU ngz;Zf;FhpajhFk;.

rk;ge;jh; Njthuk;

Kjy; %d;W jpUKiwfs; jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; ghbaJ. ,tuJ

,aw;ngah; njhpatpy;iy. rPHfhopapy; me;jzh; Fyj;jpy; mtjhpj;jth;.


93

je;ijahH rptghj ,Ujah;> jhahH gftjpahH. rPHfhopf; Fsf;fiuapy; %d;W

tajpy; ckh NjtpahH Qhdg; ghy; Cl;lg;ngw;wjhy; Qhdrk;ge;juhdhH.

,iwtd; ckhNjtpahH Qhdg; ghy; Cl;lg; ngw;wjhy; Qhdrk;ge;juhdhH.

,iwtd; ckh NjtpahUld; fhl;rp ju mf;fhl;rpapidf; fz;L tpae;J

„NjhLila nrtpad;‟ vDk; Gfo;ngw;w Kjy; gjpfj;ijg; ghbdhH.

jpUKiw

vz;

E}w;ngah; Mrphpah;-gpwnra;jpfs; ghly; vz;zpf;if> rpwg;Gr;

nra;jpfs;

1> 2> 3 Njthuk; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; - (rPHfhop)

me;jzh; Fyk; fp.gp. Vohk;

E}w;whz;L MSilagps;is

vd;gh;

389 gjpfq;fs;> 3840

ghly;fNs fpilj;Js;sd.

gpw rkaj;ij ntWf;fpwhH.

4> 5> 6 Njthuk; jpUehTf;furh; - (jpUth%H)

NtWngah;fs; mg;gh;>

kUs;ePf;fpahH> fp.gp.7Mk;

E}w;whz;L

313 gjpfq;fs; ghly;fs;

3066 rkzj;jpypUe;J

jkf;if jpyftjpahuhy;

irtj;jpw;F khwpath;

rhj;jpuk;> Fyk;> Nfhj;jpuk;

,it ,iwad;gpw;Fj;

Njitapy;iy vd;wth;.

7 Njthuk; Re;juh; (jpUehtY}H) fp.gp.9Mk;

E}w;whz;L rq;fpypahH> guitahH

vd ,U kidtpah; ,th; nghpa

Guhzj;jpd; fhg;gpaj;jiytd;.

1126 ghly;fs; ,iwtdhy;

jLj;jhl; nfhs;sg;gl;lth;.

td;njhz;lh; vdg;gl;lhH.

rptdplk; Njhoik czh;T.

ehad;khH tuyhW $Wk;

jpUj;njhz;lh; njhif

ghbAs;shH.

8. jpUthrfk;>

jpUf;NfhitahH

khzpf;fthrfh;. (jpUthjT+H)

E}w;whz;L fp.gp.9Mk; mhpkh;j;jd

ghz;bad; mitapy; mikr;rh;.

jpUthrfk; 659 ghly;fs;>

jpUf;NfhitahH 400

ghly;fs;. jpUg;ngUe;Jiw

rptdhy; Qhd cgNjrk;

ngw;wth;.

9 xd;gjhk;

jpUKiw

1. jpUkhspifj;

Njth; (jpUthtLJiw)

45 ghly;fs; (4 gjpfq;fs;)


94

2. fUT+Hj;Njth; 103 ghly;fs; (10gjpfq;fs;)

3. fz;luhjpj;jh;

(Nrho kd;dh;)

10 ghly;fs; (xU gjpfk;)

4. Nre;jdhH (ehq;$H) 47 ghly;fs; (4 gjpfq;fs;)

5. Nrjpuhah; xU gjpfk;-rpjk;guk;gw;wpaJ

6. G+e;JUj;jp ek;gp

(jpUG+e;JUj;jp)

2 gjpfq;fs;(12 ghly;fs;)

7. fhltek; gpjpUthyp

mKjdhH

42 ghly;fs; (4 gjpfq;fs;)

8. GUNlhj;jk ek;gp

2 gjpfq;fs; (22 ghly;fs;)

9.Ntzhl;lbfs;(jpUtpjhq;$H)

(9k; jpUKiwapd; 9 ngh;

ghly;fSk; jpUtpirg;gh>

jpUg;gy;yhz;L vdj;

njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.)

10 ghly;fs; (xNu gjpfk;

rpjk;guk; gw;wpaJ)

10 jpUke;jpuk; jpU%yh;-nghpaGuhzk;

jpU%yh; tuyhW Rl;Lk;

Qhdrk;ge;jUf;F Kw;gl;lth;>

irtj;jpd; Kjw; jj;Jt E}y;)

3000 ghly;fs; xd;gJ

je;jpuq;fshfg;

gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

11 gjpNdhuhk;

jpUKiw

1. jpUthythAilahH (kJiur;

nrhf;fehjH ghbaJ NrukhDf;F

vOjpa kly; 12 thpfNs

cs;sJ

gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwiag;

gpuge;j khiy vd;Wk;

$Wth;. 12 ehad;khHfs;

ghbaJ. 40 E}y;fs;

cs;sd

2.fhiuf;fhyk;ikahH

(GdpjtjpahH) ghbait 4

E}y;fs;

jpUthyq;fhl;L %j;j

jpUg;gjpfk; - 2>

jpUtpul;il kzpkhiy-1>

mw;Gjj; jpUte;jhjp – 1


95

(nkhj;jk; ehd;F)

3. fy;yhl NjtehadhH

(Nfushtpd; fy;yhlk;)

jpUf;fz;zg;gh; jpUkwk; 38

mbfspy; fz;zg;gh;

tuyhW

4. ef;fPu NjtehadhH gj;JE}y;fs; ,aw;wpAs;shH

,tw;Ws;

jpUKWfhw;Wg;gil

rq;ffhyj;jJ. me;ef;fPuh;

,thpDk; NtW

5. fgpy NjtehadhH fp.gp.11k;

E}w;whz;L

%j;j ehadhH

,ul;ilkzpkhiy>

rptngUkhd;

,ul;ilkzpkhiy>

ngUkhd; jpUte;jhjp

6. guzNjtehadhH fp.gp.10Mk;

E}w;whz;L

rptngUkhd; jpUte;jhjp

101 ntz;ghf;fs;

7. mjpuh mbfs; fp.gp.7Mk;

E}w;whz;L

tpehafh; gw;wpg; ghbdhH

%j;jgps;isahH

jpUKk;kzpf;Nfhit (23

ghly;fs; cs;sd)

8. Iabfs; fhlth;Nfhd;

(gy;yth;Fyk;> fp.gp.8Mk;

E}w;whz;L 63 ehad;khHfspy;

xUth;

Nrj;jpuj; jpUntz;gh – 24

ghly;fs;

9. ,sk; ngUkhdbfs;

(ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gpf;F

Kw;gl;lth;)

rptngUkhd;

jpUKk;kzpf;Nfhit> 30

ghly;fs;

10. Nrukhd; ngUkhs; Re;juh;

ez;gh;> Re;juNuhL fapiyf;Fr;

nrd;wth;

jpUf;fapiy Qhd cyh

(Kjy; cyhE}y;)

nghd;tz;zj;je;jhjp

(nghd; tz;zj;jpy;

njhlq;fpg; nghd;

tz;zj;jpy; KbAk;)

jpUth&H Kk;kzpf;Nfhit


96

11.gl;bdj;jbfs; (,aw;ngah;

jpUntz;fhlh;) fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bd

tzpfh;. ,tiuj;

jpUKiwg;gl;bdj;jbfs;v d;gh;.

fp.gp. 10Mk; E}w;whz;L

Nfhapy; ehd;kzpkhiy>

jpUf;fOky

Kk;kzpf;Nfhit>

jpUtpilkUJ}H

Kk;kzpf;Nfhit>

jpUNtfk;gKilahH

jpUte;jhjp> jpUnthw;wpA+H

xU gh xUg/J.

12.ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gpfs;

jpUehiuA+H> jpUKiwiaj;

njhFj;jth; ,jdhy; jkpo;

tpahrh; vd;gh;. gjpNdhuhk;

jpUKiw tiuapy; njhFj;jth;.

9 E}y;fs; ,aw;wpAs;shH.

,jpy; jpUj;njhz;lh;

jpUte;jhjp ehad;khH

tuyhW $Wk;. nghpa

Guhzk; Njhd;w cWJiz

MdJ.

gd;dpuz;lhk;

jpUKiw

nghpaGuhzk; Nrf;fpohH.

jpUj;njhz;lh; vd;Wk; $Wth;.

fp.gp.12Mk; E}w;whz;L. CH

Fd;wj;J}H 63 ehad;khHfs;

tuyhW $Wk; E}y;.

FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodplk;

mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth;.

4286 ghly;fs;. 13

rUf;fq;fs;. tuyhw;Wr;

nra;jpfs; kpFjp.

rhjpiaf; fle;jJ

,iwmd;G vd tpsf;Fk;

E}y;. Re;juh;

jpUj;njhz;lj;njhif

ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gpapd;

jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp

,it ,e;E}ypd; %y E}y;.

jOty; ,d;wp mikAk;

jkpo;f;fhg;gpak;.

gpd;te;NjhH 12 Mk;

jpUKiwahf ,e;E}iyr;

Nrh;j;jdh;.

je;ijAld; CH Cuhfr; nrd;W ,irNahL irtj;ijg; gug;gpdh;. vdNt

„ehSk; ,d;dpirahy; jkpo; gug;Gk; Qhdrk;ge;jd;‟ vd;Dk; ghuhl;bidr; Re;juh;

thahy; ngw;wth;.


97

22 jpUj;jyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W ,iwtid topgl;lhH. ,iwtd; ,tUf;F

Kj;Jr; rptpif toq;fpdhH. ,tUld; jpUePyfz;l aho;g;ghzUk; cld;

nrd;whH. 23 tifahd gz;fspy; ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shH. ,th; ghbAs;s

Kjy; %d;W jpUKiwfSf;Fj; Njthuk; vd;Dk; nghJg; ngaNuhL

„jpUf;filg;fhg;G‟ vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaUk; cz;L.

,th; ghbaJ 16000 gjpfq;fs; vd;gh;. Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; ,f;$w;W

kpifahd fw;igd vd;gh;. ,d;W fpilg;gJ 383 gjpfq;fNs. xU gjpfk; gj;J

my;yJ gjpndhU ghly;fs; nfhz;L mikfpwJ. 4168 ghly;fs; ghbAs;shH.

Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba> njhz;il ehL midj;Jk; nrd;W rptngUkhid

ghbAs;shH.

rq;fuh; ,tiuj; „‟jpuhtpl rpR vd;gh;. nghpaGuhzk; „gps;is ghjp

Guhzk; ghjp‟ vd;W ,th; Gfo; NgRk;. irtj;NjhL jkpopd; ngUikAk;

Ngrpath;. aho;Khpg; gz; ghba ngUik ,tUf;Nf chpajhFk;.

rptd; mUshy; jpUf;Nfhyf;fhtpy; nghw;whsKk;> gl;Br; Rtuj;jpy;

Kj;Jge;jUk;> jpUthapywj;Jiwapy; Kj;Jr; rptpifAk; jpUthtLJiwapy;

nghw;fpopAk;> jpUtPopkpoiyapy; gbf;fhRk; ngw;whH.

irtk; jtpu gpw rkaq;fis ntWj;jhH vd;Nw $wyhk;. Gj;jh;

rkzh;fisg; gopf;fpd;whH. mjpYk; rkzh;fis kpFjpAk; ,opj;Jiuf;fpd;whH.

mjw;Ff; fhuzk;> md;W irtj;jpw;Fg; Nghl;bahf epd;wJ rkzNkahFk;.

rkaf; fho;g;G ,Ug;gpDk; rhjpf;fho;g;G ,thplk; ,y;iy vdyhk;. jhd;

me;jzuhf ,Ug;gpDk; gpw rhjpaiu ahz;Lk; ,opthfg; Ngrtpy;iy. khwhfg;

ghzh; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;j jpUePyfz;liuj; jdf;F ahopirf;f itj;Jf;nfhz;lhH.

rkzh;fs; gyiu mdy;thjj;jpYk; Gdy;thjj;jpYk; ntd;W fONtw;wpdhH.

mg;gh;> kNfe;jpu th;kidr; rkzj;jpypUe;J irtj;jpw;F khw;wpaJ NghyNt

,tUk; rkz rkj;jpypUe;J $d;ghz;baid mtd; kidtp kq;ifah;f;furp

Ntz;LNfhSf;Nfw;g kJiu nrd;W rkzj;jpypUe;J irtj;jpw;F khw;wpdhH.


98

khw;wpaNjhL irt newp kpf;f ghz;b khNjtp kq;ifaHf;furpahiuj; jk;

jPe;jkpopy;

“kq;ifah;f;furp tsth; Nfhd; ghit

thptisf;if klkhdp

gq;far; nry;tp ghz;bkhNjtp

gzpnra;J ehnlhWk; gut‟

(%d;whk; jpUKiw -120:ghly;-1)

vdg; Nghw;Wfpd;whH.

ghly; mikg;G

,tuJ gjpfq;fspy; XH xOq;F Kiwiaf; fhz KbfpwJ. xt;nthU

gjpfj;jpYk; vl;lhtJ ghly; ,uhtzidg; gw;wpAk;> xd;gjhtJ ghly;

Kk;%Hj;jpfspy; rptNd Nkk;gl;ltd; vdTk;> gj;jhtJ ghly; rkz

rhf;fpaiuj; jhf;fpAk;> gjpNdhuhtJ ghly; jkJ ngUik E}w;gad; ,uz;il

,izj;Jk; miktijf; fhz KbAk;.

,aw;ifaoF

fhopah;Nfhd; vdg; ghuhl;lg;ngWk; Qhdrk;ge;jhpd; ghly;fspy; gf;jp

kl;Lkd;wp ,aw;if moFk; fw;whiu kaf;fk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.

jpUitahw;wpd; ePHtsj;ijg; ghLk; Qhdrk;ge;jhpd; ghly; ,aw;ifia

mg;gbNa ek; fz; Kd; nfhz;L te;J tpLfpwJ.

“khd;gha> tayUNf kuNkwp

ke;jpgha> kLf;fs;NjhWk;

Njd;gha kPd;ghar; nrOq;fky

nkhl;lyUe; jpUitahNw.”

khd; gha;e;jjhy; gae;J Ngha; kuNkwp ke;jp gha;e;jJ. kuj;ij

mirj;J ke;jp gha;;e;jjhy; Fsj;jpy; Njd; nrhhpe;jJ. mjdhy; Fsj;jpYs;s

kPd; gha;e;jJ. kPd; jhkiu nkhl;bd; kPJ gha mk;nkhl;Lf;fs; kyuj;

njhlq;fpd. ,aw;if tsj;NjhL jkpo; tsk; fhl;Lk; ,JNghd;w ghly;fNs


99

„ehSk; ,d;dpirahy; jkpo; tsh;j;j Qhd rk;ge;jd;‟ vDk; gl;lj;ij mspj;jJ

vdyhk;.

rkzk; ngz;fisg; gopj;jNghJ Qhdrk;ge;jh;

„..............

ngz;zpd; ey;yhnshLk; ngUe;jif ,Ue;jNj.‟ vd;gh;. fpspiag;

ghHj;Jg; NgRk; mfj;Jiwg;ghly; mfk; fle;J gf;jpapy; jpisf;fpwJ.

„rpiwahUk; klf;fpspNa! ,q;Nfth NjndhLghy;

KiwahNy czhj;jUtd;> nkha;gtsj; njhLjusk;

Jiwahsd; flw;Nwhzp Guj;jPrd; Jsq;Fkpsk;

gpiwahsd; jpUehkk; vdf;nfhUfhy; NgrhNa.”

,dp NeuhfNt rptehk gf;jpapy; <LgLj;Jk; mw;Gjg; ghly;

„fhjyhfpf; frpe;J fz;zPH ky;fp

XJ thHjik ed;ndwpf; Fa;g;gJ

Ntj ehd;fpD nka;g;nghU shtJ

ehjd; ehkk; ekr;rpth aNt.”

,g;ghliyg; ghuhazk; nra;ahj irt mbahHfs; ,y;iy vdyhk;.

ey;y ek;gpf;ifia Cl;Ltd ,th;jk; ghly;fs; cs;sj;jpy; rptd;

,Ug;gpd; NfhSk;> ehSk; vd;d nra;a KbAk;? vd tpdtpf; NfhsWgjpfk;

ghbdhH. NfhsWgjpfk; ghbd; jPikfs; tpyfp XLk; vd;gJ irth;fspd;

ek;gpf;ifahFk;. mjpy; mikAk; xUghly;

NtAW Njhspgq;fd; tplKz;lfz;ld;

kpfey;y tPiz jltp

khrW jpq;fs; fq;ifKbNky; mzpe;njd;

csNk GFe;j mjdhy;

QhapW jpq;fs; nrt;tha; Gjd; tpahod; nts;sp

rdpghk; gpuz;L KlNd


100

MrW ey;yey;y mit ey;yey;y

mbahH mth;f;F kpfNt.”

rk;ge;jh; ghly;fspy; ahg;Gk;> re;jKk; ,ize;J moF nra;fpd;wd.

gz;Zf;Nfw;gNt ,tUila ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd. akfk;> jphpG> Vfghjk;

Nghd;w nrhy;yzpfisf; nfhz;L mikfpd;wd. %th; ghba Njthuj;jpy;

Kjyhtjhf miktJ. ,tuJ Njthug; ghly;fSf;F ke;jpuq;fSf;Fhpa

typikAz;L vd;gJ.

Qhdrk;ge;jh; gy;NtW mw;Gjq;fisr; rptdUshy; epfo;j;jpath;.

kapiyapy;> ,we;J vYk;G kl;Lk; vQ;rpa G+k;ghit vDk; ngz;iz caph;

ngwr; nra;jhH. jpUkiwf; fhl;by; Nfhapy; jpUf;fjitj; jk; ghl;lhy;

%Lk;gbr; nra;jhH. nrq;Fd;W}hpy; Fspuhy; thbNahhpd; Fspiug; Nghf;fpdhH>

jpUtPopkpoiyapy; kf;fs; tWikapy; thlr; rptid Ntz;bg; nghw;fhR ngw;W

tWikg; gpzp ePf;fpdhH. fhtphpapy; Xlk; jhNd ,aq;Fk;gbr; nra;jhH.

jpUkUfypy; ghk;Gfbj;J ,we;J fztid vz;zp mOj kidtpapd; Jah;

ePf;fg; gjpfk; ghbf; fztDf;F caph; nfhLj;j mw;Gjk; nra;jhH. kotd;

kfSf;F Vw;gl;l fLikahd Kayfd; vDk; Nehapidg; Nghf;fpdhH. $d;

ghz;badpd; ntg;G Nehia ePf;fpdhH. jpUNthj;J}hpy; Mz;gidiag; ngz;

gidahf;fp mw;Gjk; epfo;j;jpdhH. mdy;thjk;> Gdy;thjq;fspy; VL

jPf;fpiuahfhJk;> Mw;W ePiu vjph;j;Jr; nry;Yk; tz;zKk; mw;Gjk; Ghpe;jhH.

jpUePw;wpd; ngUikiaj; jkpo; cyfpw;F vLj;Jiuj;J „ke;jpukhtJ ePW‟ vd;W

$wpg; gjpfk; ghbdhH.

,th; fhyk; Vohk; E}w;whz;L (fp.gp.610-655) rpWj;njhz;lh; ,th;

fhyj;jth; vd;gjhy; kNfe;jputh;kdpd; ,wjpf;fhyk;> mth; kfdl eurpk;kth;kd;

Ml;rpapd; njhlf;ff; fhyk; ,th; fhykhff; fUjyhk;. jpUehTf;furh; fhyKk;

,jidnahl;b mikAk;. Qhdrk;ge;jh; re;jpj;j ehad;khHfs; jpUehTf;furh;>

rpWj;njhz;lh;> jpUePyfz;lh;. ,th; tho;e;j Mz;Lfs; 16. gjpdhwhk; tajpy;

jpUkzk; nra;Ak; epiyapy; ey;Y}Hg; ngUkzk; vd;Dk; Chpy; ,tUk;


101

kzg;ngz;Zk; kw;iwNahUk; ngUQ;Nrhjpapy; fye;J kiwe;jdh; vd;gJ

tuyhW.

jk;ikj; jkpo; Qhdrk;ge;jd; vd;W NgRk; Qhdrk;ge;jh; jkpo; ,ir

cyfpw;Fk; gf;jp cyfpw;Fk; fpilj;j ngUq;fUT+yk; vdyhk;.

jpUehTf;furh;

4> 5> 6 jpUKiwfs; ,th; ghbajhFk;. ,tw;iw KiwNa jpUNehpir>

jpUf;FWe;njhif> jpUj;jhz;lfk; vd;W toq;Fth;. ,e;ehadhH jpUKidg;ghb

ehl;by; jpUth%hpy; GfodhHf;Fk; khjpdpahHf;Fk; Gjy;tuha;j; Njhd;wpdhH?

,aw;ngah; kUs;ePf;fpahH. ,sikapy; rkzj;ij ehb> jkf;if jpyftjpapd;

mUshy; Kjpa tajpy; irtj;jpw;F khwpath;. rkzj;jpypUe;j kd;dd;

kNfe;jputh;kidr; irtj;jpw;F khw;wpath;. ,th; fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; irt

rkak; Ntfkhf tsuj; njhlq;fpaJ. 81 Mz;Lfs; tho;e;jth;.

kUs;ePf;fpahH rkzj;jpy; ,Ue;jNghJ jUkNrdh; vDk; gl;lg; ngah;

ngw;whH. thf;Ff;F <rh; vDk; nghUspy; thfPrH> ehTf;furh; vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gl;lhH. ngUik fUjp Qhd rk;ge;juhy; „mg;gh;‟ vd;W Nghw;wg;l;lhH.

jhz;lfk; ghLk; jpwikahy; „jhz;lf Nte;jh;‟ vDk; ngaUk; ,tUf;FhpaJ.

Qhdrk;ge;jh; ghly;fs; Njthuj;jpuy; Kjypy; ,lk; ngwpDk; fhyj;jhy;

jpUehTf;furh; Qhdrk;ge;jUf;F Ke;jpath;. ,th; ghba Kjw;fjpfk; jpUtjpif

tPul;lhdj;J ,iwtd; kPJ ghbaJ. tPul;lhdj;J ,iwtNd ,th;jk; #iy

Nehia ePf;fp> jk; mbahuha; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. rkzk; khwpr; irtk; Nrh;e;j

epiyapy;

„$w;whapdthW tpyf;ffpyPH nfhLik gynra;jd ehd; mwpNad;‟ vd;W

kdkpuq;fp Ntz;LfpwhH. ,JNt ,th; ghba Kjw;gjpfk;.

,th; ghba gjpfq;fs; 313. ghly;fs; 3066. Mapd; Re;juh;> mg;gh; ghba

ghly;fs; 49000 vd;gh;. Qhdrk;ge;jh; ghly;fspy; 23 gz;fs; cs;sd. ,tuJ

ghly;fspy; 10 gz;fs; cs;sd. kNfe;jputh;kd; fhyj;jth; vd;gjhy; ,th;

fhyk; fp.gp Vohk; E}w;whz;L vdyhk;.


102

,iwtid KOikahf ek;gptpbd; ve;jj; Jd;gKk; ,y;iy vDk;

fUj;Jila nghpath; jpUehTf;furh;. vdNtjhd; jpUj;jhz;lfj;jpy;

„ehkhHf;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk; ekid mQ;Nrhk;

eufj;jpy; ,lHg;gNlhk; eliy ,y;NYhk;

Vkhg;Nghk; gpzp mwpNahk; gzpNthk; my;Nyhk;

,d;gNk ve;ehSk; Jd;gkpy;iy.‟

vd;fpwhH. NkYk; ,iwtd; mUs; ,Uf;fj; Jd;gk; vy;yhk; vg;gb khWk;

vd;gij (rkzh;fs; Rz;zhk;Gf; fhsthapy; ,tiu milj;j NghJ

vg;gbapUe;jJ vdg; ghLfpwhH).

„khrpy; tPizAk; khiy kjpaKk;

tPRnjd;wYk; tPq;fpsNtdpYk;

%Rtz;liwg; ngha;ifAk; Nghd;wNj

<rd; ve;ij ,izab ePoNy‟ vd;gh;.

Fyk; Nfhj;jpuj;jpy; ek;gpf;ifAs;s fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jpUehTf;furh;

mtw;iwg; Gwf;fzpj;jJ tpag;gpw;FhpaJ. rhj;jpuk; NgRgth;fis

„rhj;jpuk; NgRk; rof;fh;fs;

Nfhj;jpuKk; FyKk; nfhz;L vd; nra;tPH

ghj;jpuk; rptk; vd;W gzpe;jPNuy;

khj;jpiuf;Fs; mUskhw; NgwNu‟

vdr; rhLfpd;whH.

nka;ikia cothfTk;> tpUg;gj;ij tpijahfTk;> ngha;ikiaf;

fisahfTk;> nghWikia ePuhfTk;> jk;ikNa jhk; Muha;e;J> eLTepiyik

NtypahfTk;> rhd;whz;ik vDk; gz;G nfhz;L epd;why; rptfjp tpisAk;

vdf;$Wk; ghly; mofpa ctik eakpf;fJ.

Qhdrk;ge;jh; Nghd;W ,tUk; mfj;Jiwg; ghly;fis cs;sk;

nefpo;r;rpAWk;gbg; ghLfpd;whH. fhjy; nfhz;l ngz; vy;yhtw;iwAk;


103

kwe;JtpLths;. mts; kwhtjpUg;gJ jiytid kl;LNk. ,q;Fj; jiytd;

rptdhf> mtdplj;jpy; gf;jp (fhjy;) nfhz;l ngz;zpd; kdepiyiaf; fhl;Lk;

,g;ghly; mw;Gjkhd mfg;ghlyhFk;.

„Kd;dk; mtDila ehkk; Nfl;lhs;:

%Hj;jp mtdpUf;Fk; tz;zk; Nfl;lhs;

gpd;id mtDila M&H Nfl;lhs;

ngah;j;Jk; mtDf;Nf gpr;rpahdhs;

md;idiaAk; mj;jidAk; md;Nw ePj;jhs;

mfd;whs; mfyplj;jhH Mrhuj;ij

jd;id kwe;jhs; jd; ehkk; nfl;lhs;

jiyg;gl;lhs; eq;if jiytd;jhNs‟

Qhdrk;ge;jh; Nghd;wpy;yhJ ,th;jk; ghly;fs; gzpTk; FioTk;

nfhz;ld. cothug; gzpiag; ngUk; gzpaha; Nkw;nfhz;lhH. vdNt ,th;

rhpia khHf;fj;jth; vd;gh;.

rq;fh; ,Ue;jjh ,y;iyah vDk; Ma;T> mwpQH ngUkf;fspilNa

fUj;J NtWghl;ilj; Njhw;Wtpj;j epiyapy; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Kjd;Kjypy;

rq;fk; vDk; thHj;ijia „ed;ghl;Lg; Gytdha;r; rq;fNkwp ew;fdf;fpop jUkpf;

fUspNdhd; fhz;‟ vDk; thpfspy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.

jpUg;ghz;bf; nfhL Kb rptdhk; el;lidj; njho ek; tpid ehrkhFk;

vd;gh;. ,tUila ghly;fspd; mbg;gil ke;jpuk; „,iwtid milapd;

midj;Jj; Jd;gKk; ePq;Fk;.‟ mtid milAk; top „vd; fld; gzp nra;J

fplg;gNj‟ vDk; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.

Re;juh;

Re;juh; ghbait Vohk; jpUKiw. Njthuj;jpy; ,th; ghbait

%d;whtjhf mikAk;. ,th; ghba Vohk; jpUKiwf;Fj; „jpUg;ghl;L‟ vd

kw;nwhU ngaUKz;L. ,th; jpUKidg;ghb ehl;by; gpwe;jtH. CH jpUehtY}H.


104

je;ij riladhH. jha;,ir QhdpahH. kzf; Nfhyj;jpy; rptngUkhdhy;

jLj;jhl; nfhs;sg;gl;lth;. ,r;nra;jpiag; nghpa Guhzj;jpd; jLj;jhl;nfhz;l

Guhzk; tphpthff; $Wk;.

jd;idj; jLj;jtd; rptd; vd;W mwpe;jJk;> rptd; Nfl;ljw;Nfw;g „gpj;jh

gpiw#b> ngUkhNd mUshsh‟ vDk; gjpfj;ijg; ghbdhH. ,JNt ,th;

ghba Kjw;gjpfk; vdyhk;.

,th; fhyk; xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L. ,tuJ ghlypy; 18 gz;fs;

cs;sjhff; $Wth;. fypg;gh tifapy; mlq;Fk;. ,d;W 100 gjpfq;fNs

fpilj;Js;sd. mtw;wpy; 1026 ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd. midj;Jg; ghly;fSk;

,irg; ghly;fs; vd;gJ rpwg;Gkpf;fJ. jpUj;njhz;lj;njhif ,th; ghbaNj.

,jpy; mWgJ ehad;khHfspd; tuyhW Rl;lg;gLtjhy;> ,jidg; nghpa

Guhzj;jpw;F Kjy; E}y; vd;gh;.

,iwtd; Re;juhpd; jpUkzj;ijj; jLj;jhl;nfhz;lhYk; jpUth&hpy;

guitahiuAk;> jpUnthw;wpA+hpy; rq;fpyp ehr;rpahiuAk; kzf;fr; nra;jhH.

,t;tpUtiuAk; ,th; kze;jikf;F Kd; gpwg;Ng fhuzk; vd;gh;.

,th; ,iwtid Nehf;fpg; ghba ghly;fspy; Njhoik czh;T tpQ;rp

epw;Fk;. ,tiu td;njhz;lh; vd;gh;. ,th; newp Nahf newp. vdpDk; Qhd

newpapYk; <LghL nfhz;lth; vd;gij

„................... tzq;FNthHf;F mwptpidf; nfhLf;Fk;

MUH mg;gNd‟

vDk; thpfs; tpsf;Fk;.

Re;juh; tho;e;j fhyk; gjpndl;L Mz;LfNsahFk;. ,th; ghba

ghly;fspy; gz;tiffSk; gjpndl;lhFk;. „tho;thtJ khak;‟ vd;wth;> mLj;J

„cly; kz;zhtJ jpz;zk;‟ vd;fpwhH. „nfhLf;fpyhjhidg; ghhpNa vd;W

$wpDk; nfhLg;ghhpy;iy‟ vd;gJ ,th; thf;fhFk;.


105

kz;Zyfpy; moFkpf;ftuhfTk;> tpz;Zyfpy; Myhy Re;juuhfTk;

,Ue;jikahy; ,aw;nfah; kiwar; Re;juh; vDk; ngah; jpUKiwapy;

epiyj;jJ. ,tUila ghly;fs; tho;tpd; eilKiw ,ay;Gfis ed;F

vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. rptid ehb CHCuhfg; NghdNghJ koghbAs; ,Uf;Fk;

rptid kwe;J Re;juh; nrd;Wtpl> rptd; „vd;id kwe;jidNah‟ vd;W Nfl;f

mjdhy; jkpo; cyfpw;Ff; fpilj;j ghly; vd;Wk; kwf;f ,ayhJ. ghliyf;

NfSq;fs;

„nghd;dhH NkdpaNd Gypj;Njhiy miuf;firj;J

kpd;dhH nrQ;rilNky; kpsph;nfhd;iw mzpe;jtNd

kd;Nd khkzpNa koghbAs; khzpf;fNk

md;Nd ciday;yhy; ,dpahiu epidf;NfNd‟

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l %tUk; (jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;> jpUehTf;furh;> Re;juh;) ghba

ghly;fspd; njhFg;Ng Njthuk; Mapw;W. ,jid %th; ghba Njthuk; vd;gh;.

Njthu %tH> %th; Kjypfs; vd;nwy;yhk; ,th;fs; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

Njthuk; Nj= nja;tk;> thuk; = md;G nja;tj;jpd; Nky; nfhz;l md;gpdhy;

Njhd;wpa ghly;fs; vd;gh;.

khzpf;fthrfh;

,th; fhyk; xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp vd;gh;. gy;yth; fhyk; ghz;ba

ehl;by; jpUthjT+hpy; me;jzh; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. ,aw;ngah; jpUthjT+uh;.

mhpkh;j;jd ghz;badplk; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth;. mikr;ruhf ,Ug;gpDk; kdk;

rptidNa ehbaJ. kd;dd; Fjpiu thq;ff; nfhLj;j nghd;id vLj;Jr;

nry;Yk; topapy; jpUg;ngUe;Jiw FUe;j kuj;jbapy; rptngUkhd; ,tUf;F

Qhdhrphpadhf ntspg;gl;L mUs; cgNjrk; nra;a nfhz;L te;j nghd;id

,iwg;gzpf;Fr; nryT nra;J ghz;badpd; jz;lidf;F Mshfp> ,iwtdhy;

gpd;dh; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;ltH. ,th; tho;e;j fhyk; 32 Mz;LfNs.

,iwtd; khzpf;fthrfUf;fhf ehpiag; ghpahf;fpAk;> gpl;Lf;F

kz;Rke;Jk; jpUtpisahly; Ghpe;jhd;.


106

NjD}Wk; jpUthrfk; irtj; jpUKiwapy; vl;lhtjhf mikfpwJ.

jpUf;NfhitahUk; ,th; vOjpaNj. ,uhkypq;f mbfs; $WtJNghd;W

ctl;lhky; ,dpg;gJ jpUthrfk;. jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhH xU thrfj;jpw;Fk;

cUfhH vd;gJ %Jiu. fUq;fy; kdKk; frpe;JUfr; nra;tJ.

jpUthrfk; rptGuhzk; Kjy; mr;Nrhg;gjpfk; <whf 659 ghly;fisf;

nfhz;lJ. ,th; thrfq;fs; khzpf;fk; Nghy; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wikahy;

khzpf;fthrfh; vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhH.

jpUf;NfhitahH jkpopy; Kjw;Nfhit E}y; vDk; rpwg;gpidg;

ngWtjhFk;. mfj;Jiwahf mikAk; ,e;E}y; ntWk; rpw;wpd;gj;ij ey;fhJ

mjd; topahfg; Nghpd;gj;jpd; rpwg;gpid tpsf;Fk;. rptid ehafpahfTk;

khzpf;fthrfuhfpa Md;khit ehafdhff; fhZk; ghtidapy; mike;Js;sJ.

,e;E}Yf;Fg; Nguhrphpah; ciu cs;sJ. fl;lisf; fypj;Jiwapy; mike;j 400

ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

khzpf;fthrfhpd; jpUthrfg; ghly;fs; vspikahdit. gy ehl;Lg;Gwg;

ghly;fspd; re;jk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ngz;fs; tpisahl;Lfis vLj;Jiuf;Fk;

ghly;fs; eakhdit.

thdhfTk;> kz;zhfTk;> tspahfTk;> xspahfTk;> CdhfTk;>

capuhfTk; gy;NtW epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,iwtidr; rpf;nfdg;

gpbj;Jf;nfhz;Nld; vd;fpwhH khzpf;fthrfh;.

„ghy;epide;J}l;Lk; jhapDk; rhyg;ghpe;J> eP ghtpNaDila

Cdpid cUf;fp> cs;nshsp ngUf;fp> ctg;gpyh Mde;jkha

Njdpidr; nrhhpe;J Gwk;Gwk; jphpe;j nry;tNk rptngUkhNd

ahDidj; njhlhe;J rpf;nfdg; gpbj;Njd; vq;nfOe;jUStJ ,dpNa‟

vd ,iwtid Nehf;fp tpdTfpd;whH.

,iwtd; jpUtbia epidg;gpd; vJTk; Ntz;lhk; vDk; epiyapy;

„cw;whiu ahd; Ntz;Nld;

CHNtz;Nld; NgHNtz;Nld;


107

fw;whiuahd; Ntz;Nld;

fw;gdTk; ,dp mikAk;

Fw;whyj;J mkh;e;JiwTk;

$j;jh cd; Fiufow;Nf

fw;whtpd; kdk; Nghyf;

frpe;JUf Ntz;LtNd”

vd kdKUfp Ntz;LfpwhH.

khzpf;fthrfhpd; jpUntk;ghit rptj;njhz;lh;fs; ghuhazk; nra;Ak;

ngUik ngw;w E}yhFk;. khHfop khjk; fd;dpg; ngz;fs; ghit Nehd;G

Nehw;gijr; Rl;Lfpd;wJ.

ekr;rptha tho;f> ehjd;jhs; tho;f vdj; njhlq;Fk; jpUthrfk;

gbg;NghH kdtho;if tskilar; nra;Ak; E}yhFk;. Nkiy ehl;lwpQH

[p.A.Nghg; mth;fs; ,jd; ngUik fUjpj; jpUthrfj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop

ngah;j;Js;shH.

%th; ghbaJ Njthuk; vd;gJ Nghd;W> irt rkaf; Futh;fshfpa

ehy;th; ghbaJ (jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;> jpUehTf;furh;> Re;juh;> khzpf;fthrfh;) irt

ehd;kiwfs; vd;W Gfog;gLk;. rptngUkhNdhL md;ghy; gf;jpahy; ,ize;j

,g;nghpahHfs; rptngUkhNdhL ngw;w cwTepiy vt;thW mike;jJ vdpd;>

Qhdrk;ge;jh; gps;isahfTk; (rj;Gj;ukhHf;fk;)> jpUehTf;furh; njhz;luhfTk;

(jhrkhHf;fk;)> Re;juh; NjhodhfTk; (RfkhHf;fk;)> khzpf;fthrfh; rPluhfTk;

(rd;khHf;fk;) vz;zj;jf;f tifapy; mike;jJ.

xd;gjhk; jpUKiw

jpUtpirg;gh> jpUg;gy;yhz;L ,t;tpU E}y;fSk; xd;gjhk; jpUKiw.

xd;gjpd;kh; ghba ghly;fisj; jpUtpirg;gh> jpUg;gy;yhz;L vd

tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. nkhj;jk; 29 gjpfq;fs;. ,e;jj; jpUKiwapy; 301

ghly;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpd; fhyk; gj;jpypUe;J gjpndhd;whk; E}w;whz;L

vd;gh;. gjpfq;fspy; nghpJk; rpjk;guk; gw;wpNa cs;sJ.


108

1. jpUkhspifj; Njth;

NghfKdpthpd; khzth;. fUT+Hj;Njth;> Nre;jdhH ,thpd; rkfhyj;jth;.

ehd;F gjpfq;fs; ghbAs;shH. 45 ghly;fs;> rpjk;guj;ijg; Gfo;e;J ghLfpwhH.

ehd;fhtJ gjpfj;jpy; gpw rkaq;fis ,opj;Jiuf;fpd;whH. ,tuJ gpwe;j

Cuhfpa jpUthtLJiwapy; ,tUf;F klKs;sJ. ,th; gpzj;ij elf;fj;

nra;jjhfTk;> nte;j gaiw Kisf;fr; nra;jjhfTk; $Wth;.

2. fUT+Hj;Njth;

,tiuf; fUT+Hr;rpj;jh;> fUT+Hg;gpuhd; vd;Wk; toq;Fth;. gj;Jg;

gjpfq;fs; ghbAs;shH. 105 ghly;fs; ,yf;fpa tuyhW vOjpa K.mUzhryk;

mth;fs; fUT+Hj;Njth; NtW> fUT+Hr;rpj;jh; NtW vd;gh;.

3. Nre;jdhH

jpUtPopkpoiyapy; ,Ue;jth;. gl;bdj;jbfsplk; gzp Ghpe;jth;.

jpy;iyapy; tpwF tpw;Wf; fpilf;Fk; gzj;jpy; mbahUf;F cztspj;J

te;jhH. rptgpuhd; ,th; md;ghy; kfpo;e;J ,thplk; $opidAz;L kfpo;e;jjhff;

$Wth;. ehd;F gjpfq;fs; ghbAs;shH. 47 ghly;fs;. ,jpy; jpUtpilf;fopg;

gjpfk; KUfd; rpwg;gpidf; $WtJ.

4. fz;luhjpj;jh;

,th; fhyk; gj;jhk; E}w;whz;L. je;ij> Kjy; guhe;jfr; Nrhod;.

kidtp gpw;fhyr; Nrho tuyhw;wpy; Gfo;ngw;w nrk;gpad; khNjtpahH vDk;

%j;j gpuhl;bahH. Kjyhk; ,uhruhrdpd; jhj;jhTk;> cj;jkNrhodpd;

je;ijAkhthH. ,th; ghbaJ gj;Jg;ghly;fNs. gj;Jk; jpy;iyapd;

Gfo;ghLtd.

5. G+e;JUj;jp fhltek;gp

,th; CH jpUg;G+e;JUj;jp. irt kuG. rpjk;guk;> jpUth&H gw;wp ,uz;L

gjpfq;fs; ghbAs;shH. 12 ghly;fs;. gd;dpUjpUKiwfspy; NtW ehad;khHfs;

ahUk; ghlhj rhsu ghzpg;gz;izg; ghbath; ,tuhthH.


109

6. Ntzhl;lbfs;

Nruehl;ilr; rhHe;jth;. njd; jpUtpjhq;$H. ,th; rpjk;guk; gw;wp xU

gjpfk; ghbAs;shH. NtzhL vd;gJ ehQ;rpy; ehl;ilnahl;ba gFjp vd;gh;.

7. jpUthypaKjdhH

NrhoehL. mKjdhH ,th; ngah;. jpUthyp nrhe;j Cuhf ,Uf;fyhk;.

gjpfq;fs; 42 ghly;fs;. rq;f ,yf;fpa Mw;Wg;gilfs; tpwypiaf; Nfrhjpghj

tUzid nra;tJ Nghd;W ,th; ,iwtidg; ghjhjp Nfr tUzidapy;

ghLfpd;whH.

8. Nrjpuhah;

,th; kd;dd; kugpdh;. ehL Nrjp ehL. ,J ,d;iwa jpUf;NfhtY}H

gFjpapy; cs;sJ. ,th; rpjk;guk; gw;wp xU gjpfk; ghbAs;shH. ,g;gjpfk;

mfg;nghUs; nghjpe;jjhf mike;Js;sJ.

9. GUNlhj;jk ek;gp

me;jzkuG - 2 gjpfq;fs; ghbAs;shH. ghLnghUs; jpy;iy - 22

ghly;fs;. Nrjpuhah; Nghd;W ,th; ghly;fspYk; mfj;Jiwf; fUj;Jf;fs; kpFjp

vdyhk;.

gj;jhk; jpUKiw

jpU%yUila jpUke;jpuk; gj;jhk; jpUKiwahFk;. jpU%yh; $Ltpl;Lf;

$L ghAk; ty;yik ngw;wth;. ,f;fiy gw;wp mth; njhlh;ghff; fijnahd;W

toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,th; vOjpa jpUke;jpuk; Vida jpUKiwfistpl fhyj;jhy;

Ke;jpaJ. ,th; tlGyj;J Kdpth; gjQ;ryp Nghd;NwhNuhL jkpo;ehl;bw;F

te;jth; vd;gh;. %yd; vd;w ,ilad; clk;gpy; GFe;J tho;e;jjhy; %yd;

vDk; ngah; ngw;Wj; jpU%yuhdhH.

,th; fhyk; fp.gp Mwhk; E}w;whz;L. jpUke;jpuk; 3000

nra;Al;fisAilaJ. xt;nthU ,aYk; je;jpuk; vDk; ngaiug; ngWk;. 9

je;jpuq;fshAk;> mit 232 mjpfhuq;fshfTk; gFf;fg;gl;ls;sd. ,e;E}iyj;


110

jkpo; %thapuk; vd;Wk; miog;gh;. ntz;ghtpw;Fk; tpUj;jj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;L

ntz;lis gapd;W tUk; ahg;gpy; mike;j E}y; ,JthFk;.

ghly;fs; ngUk;ghYk; cUtfq;fshfNt mikfpd;wd. jj;Jtf;

fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L kpsph;fpd;wd. ke;jpuk; Nghy; miktjhy;

jpUke;jpukhapw;W. nrhw;fspy; vspik> fUj;Jf;fspy; mUik vd mikAk;.

,iwtd; ,y;yhj ,lkpy;iy. ,f;fUj;jpid

„NjDf;Fs; ,d;gk; rptg;Ngh? fWg;Ngh?

thDf;Fs; <ridj; NjLk; kjpapyPH

NjDf;Fs; ,d;gk; nrwpe;jpUe;jhw;Nghy;

CDf;Fs; <rd; xspe;jpUe;jhNd‟

vd vspikahfj; jUthH.

jpU%yhpd; jhuf ke;jpuk; md;Ng rptk; vd;gJ. ,jid

„md;Gk; rptKk; ,uz;nld;ghH mwptpyhH

md;Ng rptkhdJ MUk; mwpfpyhH‟

vd;gh;.

QhdnewpAk;> NahfnewpAk;> jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fSk;> rpj;j kUe;jpay;

fUj;Jf;fSk; kpFjpAk; cs;s E}y; jpUke;jpuk;.

„xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;‟ vd;W ,d;W midtUk; $Wk; ,t;thp

jpU%yh; je;jjhFk;. mJNghd;W „ehd; ngw;w ,d;gk; ngWk; ,t;itafk;

„cs;sk; ngUq;Nfhapy;‟ „ed;Nw epidkpd; ekdpy;iy‟.

„vd;id ed;whf ,iwtd; gilj;jdd;

jd;id ed;whfj; jkpo; nra;AkhNw‟

,itahTk; jpUke;jputhpfNs. jpU%yhpd; jkpo;g;gw;Wk; ,jdhy; tpsq;Fk;.

gjpNdhuhe; jpUKiw

gd;dpUth; ghba ehw;gJ E}y;fs; 1401 ghly;fs; gjpNdhuhe;

jpUKiwahf toq;fg;gLfpwJ.


111

1. jpUMythAilahH

nrhf;fehjhpd; jpUKfg; ghRuk; ,JthFk;. ghz gj;jpuh; tWikiag;

Nghf;fr; NrukhDf;Fr; nrhf;fehjh; vOjpaJ. ,J gjpNdhuhe;jpUKiwapy;

Kjyhtjhf mikfpwJ. fp.gp Mwhk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.

2. fhiuf;fhy;mk;ikahH

gd;dpU jpUKiwapy; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpath;. fp.gp Mwhk; E}w;whz;L

vd;gh;. Ie;J vd;W $WjYk; cz;L. fhiuf;fhypy; gpwe;jikahy; ,t;thW

miof;fg;gl;lhH. ,aw;ngah; Gdpjtjp. fzth; gukjj;jd;. CH ehfg;gl;bdk;.

,th; fzth; fhiuf;fhyk;ikahhpd; nja;tPfr; rf;jpiaf; fz;L ,dp mtNuhL

tho KbahJ vd tzq;fp tpilngw> fztd; ePq;fpajhy; jd; moif

ntWj;Jg; Nga; Nghy; jphpe;J Rliyapy; MLk; Ngadhk; rptdplk;

md;Gnfhz;L mtidg;ghb tljpUthyq;fhl;by; rptd; eldk; fz;L Kj;jp

ngw;whH. fapiyf;Fr; nrd;W mg;Gz;zpa G+kpapy; jd; fhyb glf;$lhJ vdj;

jiyahy; ele;jth;. rpt ngUkhdhy; „mk;ikNa‟ vd miof;fg;gl;l khjurp.

„gpwthik Ntz;Lk;” vd tuk; Ntz;ba mk;ikahH. ,th; ghbad ehd;F

E}y;fs;. jpUthyq;fhl;L %j;j jpUg;gjpfq;fs; - 2 jpUtpul;ilkzpkhiy>

mw;Gjj; jpUte;jhjp> nkhj;jk; 148 ghly;fs;. mw;Gjj; jpUte;jhjp me;jhjpj;

njhilapy; mike;j 101 ntz;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,th; fhyj;jhy;

Ke;jpath; vd;gjw;Nfw;g ,tuJ gjpfq;fs; %j;j jpUg;gjpfq;fs; vd

toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. rk;ge;jUf;Fk; Ke;jpath;. Vnddpy; rk;ge;jh;

jpUthyq;fhl;bw;f te;jnghJ mq;Fk; fhiuf;fhyk;ikahH ngUik mwpe;J

me;jg; gFjpapy; jhk; fhyhy; elg;gjh vd epidj;J cs;Ns nry;yhJ

eilaD}hpNyNa jq;fptpl;ljhff; $Wth;. vdNt gd;dpUjpUKiwfs;

ghbNahhpy; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpNahH ,tUk; jpU%yUk; vdyhk;.

irt Myaq;fspy; cs;s mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khHfspy; 62 Ngh;

epd;w Nfhyj;jpy; ,Uf;f ,th; kl;LNk mkh;e;j Nfhyj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; rpwg;Gg;


112

ngw;wth;. ,th; ghly;fspy; rptdpd; Mlw;rpwg;Gk;> rptd; MLk; Rliyapd;

rpwg;Gk; ,lk;ngWk;. rptd; Ntz;bahHf;F Ntz;ba tbtpy; tUgtd; vd;gij

„vf;Nfhyj;J vt;TUtha; vj;jtq;fs; nra;thHf;Fk;

mf;Nfhyj;J mt;TUNt ahk;‟

vd mw;Gjj; jpUte;jhjpapy; rptd; ngUikia tpsf;FthH.

vy;yhk; rptNd vd;gij

„mwpthDk; jhNd; mwptpg;ghd;jhNd;

mwptha; mwpfpd;whd;jhNd; mwpfpd;w

nka;g;nghUSk;jhNd; tphprlh;ghH Mfhak;

mg;nghUSe; jhNd mtd;‟

vDk; ghly; czh;j;Jk;.

3. Iabfs; fhlth;Nfhd;

gy;yt mur kugpdh;. 63 ehad;khHfspy; xUth;. ,th; vOjpa E}y;

Nrj;jpuj; jpUntz;ghthFk;. nkhj;jk; 24 ghly;fs;. ghly;NjhWk; rptj;jyk;

xd;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. ,uz;L ghly;fspy; kl;Lk; rptj;jyk;

Rl;lg;gltpy;iy.

4. fy;yhl NjtehadhH

fz;zg;g ehadhhpd; tuyhw;iwj; jpUfz;zg;gH jpUkwk; vdk;

jiyg;gpy; 38 mbfspy; ,izFws; Mrphpag;ghtpy; ghbAs;shH. fy;yhlk;

vDk; E}y; vOjpath; ,tud;W vd;gh;. rq;ffhyg; ngaiuj; jdf;Fr; #l;bf;

nfhz;lhH.

5. ef;fPu NjtehadhH

Mwhk; E}w;whz;L. ,tiur; rq;f fhyj;jpy; Nrh;j;Jj; jpUKUfhw;Wg;

giliag; gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwapy; Nrh;j;Js;sdh;. c.Nt.rhkpehjIah;

mth;fSk; ,th; rq;f fhyj;jth; vd;gh;. ,th; vOjpa 10 E}y;fisAk; ghHf;f>

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ,aw;wpa ef;fPuh; NtW> ,th; NtW vdyhk;. ,ilf;fhyj;J


113

te;NjhH ngUik fUjpr; rq;f fhyg; Gyth;fspd; ngah;fis

itj;Jf;nfhz;ldh; vd;gNj cz;ikahFk;. (v.fh. fy;yhlNjtd;> ef;fPuNjtH>

fgpyNjth;> guzNjth;) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ePq;fyhf ,th; ghba Vida

xd;gJ E}y;fs;. 1. ifiy ghjp fhsj;jp ghjpae;jhjp 2. jpU<q;Nfha;kiy

vOgJ 3. jpUtyQ;Rop Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> 4. jpUntO $w;wpUf;if> 5. Nfhgg;

gpurhjk;> 6. fhnul;L (fhH-Nkfk;)> 7. Nghw;wpf; fypntz;gh> 8.

jpUf;fz;zg;gNjth; jpUkwk; 9. ngUe;Njtghzp

,th; ghly;fspy; xU fUj;J khWgl;Ls;sJ. rptdpd; jpUKb fhzg;

gpukd; md;dkha;r; nrd;wjhf midj;Jg; GuhzKk; $w ,th; fOfha;r;

nrd;wjha;f; $Wfpd;whH.

6. fgpyNjtehadhH

,th; fhyk; 11Mk; E}w;whz;L. fgpyh; ngaiu itj;Jf;nfhz;lhH.

mth; ghbait %d;W E}y;fs;

1. %j;j ehadhH jpU,ul;il kzpkhiy – 200 ghly;fs; tpehafh;

njhlh;ghdJ

2. rptngUkhd; jpU,ul;il kzpkhiy – 37 ghly;fs;

3. rptngUkhd; jpUte;jhjp

7. guzNjtehadhH

fp.gp. 10Mk; E}w;whz;L rptngUkhd; ngauhy; ,th; ghba me;jhjp

„rptngUkhd; jpUte;jhjp‟ ahFk;. 101 ntz;ghf;fs;. ,th; ghly;fspy;

rptdpd; gy;NtW rptj; jyq;fs; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd. mbahHngUik NgRk; E}y;

,Jthfk;.

8. ,sk;ngUkhdbfs;

,th; ghbaJ rptngUkhd; jpUKk;kzpf;Nfhit. 30 ghly;fs;. ,tUk;

Jwtpahf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gh;. ,th; fhyk; ek;gpahz;bhH ek;gpf;F Kw;gl;lJ

vd;gh;.


114

9. mjpuh mbfs;

fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;whz;L. mbfs; vd;gjhy; ,th; Jwtpahf ,Uf;fyhk;.

,th; ghba E}y; „%j;j gps;isahH jpUKk;kzpf;Nfhit‟. Kg;gJ ghy;fs;

ghbajhff; $Wth;. ,d;W fpilg;gJ 23 ghly;fs;

10. Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhH

Nruehl;L kd;dh; kugpdh;. 63 ehad;khHfspy; xUtH. Re;juhpd; ez;gh;.

Re;juh; mUshy; Fjpiuapd; fhjpy; Ie;njOj;J Xjp mjd; typikahy;

Re;juNuhL fapiy nry;Yk; NgW ngw;wth;. jpUePW mzpe;jhH khl;L md;G

nfhz;lth;. ,th; ghba E}y;fs; %d;W.

1. jpUf;fapyha Qhd cyh (Kjy; cyh E}y; Mifahy; ,J Mjp cyh

vdg;gLk;)

2. nghd;tz;zj;je;jhjp

3. jpUth&H Kk;kzpf;Nfhit

11. gl;bdj;jbfs;

,aw;ngah; jpUntz;fhlh;. fhyk; 10Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp. fhtphpg;

G+k;gl;bdj;J tzpfh;. jpUnthw;wpA+hpy; rkhjpahdth;. ,th; ghbad.

1. Nfhapy; ehd;kzpkhiy

2. jpUf;fOky Kk;kzpf;Nfhit

3. jpUtpilkUJ}H Kk;kzpf;Nfhit

4. jpUNtfk;gKilahH jpUte;jhjp

5. jpUnthw;wpA+H xUgh xUg/J

12. ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp

,uhruhrdpd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W %th; Njthuj;NjhL> gpd;Njhd;wpa

E}y;fisAk; Nrh;j;J 11 jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jspj;jth;. ,tiuj; jkpo;

tpahrh; vd;gh;. njhFj;jjpd; fhuzkhfg; ngw;w ngah; ,JthFk;. ,th; CH

jpy;iyiaaLj;j jpUehiuA+H. me;jz kuG. ,th; ,aw;wpa xd;gJ E{y;fs;

gjpNdhuhk; jpUKiwapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,t;nthd;gJ E}y;fspy; xd;W


115

jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp. ,e;E}Ny nghpaGuhzj;jpw;F Kjy; E}yhf mike;J

mbahH ngUik NgRtJ. jpUKiwiaj; njhFg;gpj;jtd; Kjy; ,uhruhrd;

vd;gjpy; mwpQHfspilNa fUj;J NtWghL cs;sJ.

gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiw

Nrf;fpohH vOjpa jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; vDk; nghpa Guhzk; 12 Mk;

jpUKiwahFk;. ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp 11 Mk; jpUKiw tiuapy; njhFj;jhH.

gpd; te;NjhH nghpa Guhzj;ijAk; ,izj;Jj; jpUKiwfs; gd;dpuz;lhff;

fz;ldh;. (fhg;gpaq;fs; gFjpapy; nghpa Guhzk; gw;wp tphpthff; fhzyhk;.)

itzt ,yf;fpaq;fs;

irtg; nghpNahHfspd; ghly;fs; gd;dpUjpUKiw vd toq;fg;gLtJ

Nghd;W> itztg; nghpNahHfspd; ghly;fs; ehyhapuj;jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk; vdg;

Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. itjPf rkak; vDk; nghJ epiyapypUe;J gphpe;jit

irtKk;> itztKk;> jpUkhiyj; nja;tkhfg; Nghw;wpg; guTfpwJ itztk;.

gf;jp ,yf;fpa fhyj;jpy; Mo;thHfspd; ghly;fshy; itztk; Gfo;

ngw;Wg; gutpa NghjpYk;> njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpNyNa jpUkhy; khNahd; vd

Ky;iy epyf; flTshfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whd;. ghpghlYk; khNahd; ngUik

NgRk;. GwehD}Wk; fypj;njhifAk; jpUkhy; ngUik Rl;Lk;.

gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; itztKk; irtKk; Nghl;b Nghl;L tsh;e;jd.

,uz;Lk; rkz ngsj;j rkaq;fspd; nry;thf;fpidf; Fiwj;jd. itzt

,yf;fpaq;fs; gf;jpg; ghRuk; vd;w mstpy; mikahJ. fhg;gpaq;fshfTk;>

gy;NtW tifg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fshfTk; tsh;e;J jkpOf;Fg; ngUik Nrh;j;jd.

itztg; ghRuq;fisg; ghba Mo;thHfs; 12 Ngh; fp.gp.700 njhlq;fp 900

tiu ,th;fs; fhyk; vdyhk;. Kjy; %d;W Mo;thHfs; fhyj;jhy;

Ke;jpath;fs;. Nfhapy; NjhWk; nrd;W ehad;khHfs; Nghd;W ,irNahL ghly;

ghbj; jpUkhiyg; gutpAs;sdh;. jpUkhYf;Fhpa itztj; jyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W

ghbAs;sdh;. Mo;thH ghly;fspy; fhzyhFk; czh;r;rpg; ngUf;if Vida

gf;jpg; ghly;fspy; fhz;gJ mhpNjahFk;.


116

ehyhapuj; jpt;ag; gpuge;jk;

vz; E}w;ngah; ghbNahH – gpwg;G ghly;

vz;zp

f;if

gpw nra;jpfs;

1. Kjy; jpUte;jhjp ngha;ifaho;thH

Ig;grp>jpUNthzk;

100 ngha;ifapy; gpwe;jth;>

fhQ;rpGuk;

2. ,uz;lhk;

jpUte;jhjp

G+jj;jho;thH

Ig;grp> mtpl;lk;

100 gpwg;G khky;yGuk;

3. %d;whk; jpUte;jhjp Ngaho;thH

Ig;grp> rjak;

100 kapyhg;G+H> Nkw;fz;l

%tUk; Kjy; Mo;thHfs;

%th; vd;gh;.

4.

5.

ehd;fhk; jpUte;jhjp

jpUr;re;j tpUj;jk;

jpUkopiraho;thH

ij> kfk;

96

120

re;jg;ghf;fs; njhlq;fpath;

rpj;jh;. jpUkopir CH.

jpUkhiyj; jd; fl;lisf;F

,ira itj;jhH.

6.

7.

8.

9.

jpUtpUj;jk; ek;kho;thH

itfhrp

100 Mo;thH jpUefhp. khwd;>

guhq;Frd; vdg; gyngah;.

,tuJ jpUtha;nkhop

jpuhtpl Ntjk; vdg;gLk;.

,jw;Fhpa ciufs;

tpahf;fpahdq;fs; vd;gh;.

jpUthrphpak; 7

nghpajpUte;jhjp 87

jpUtha;nkhop 1102

10. jpUg;gjpfk; kJuftpaho;thH

rpj;jpiu> rpj;jpiu

11 ,th; ghRuj;ijf; fz;zp

Ez; rpWjhk;G vd;gh;.

jpUkhiyg; ghlhJ

ek;kho;thiu kl;Lk; ghbath;.

11. jpUg;gy;yhz;L nghpaho;thH

Mdp> Rthjp

137 ,aw;ngah; tp\;Zrpj;jh;.

=tpy;ypGj;J}H. Mz;lhspd;

tsh;g;Gj;je;ij.

gps;isj;jkpo; ,yf;fpa

Kd;Ndhb

12. nghpaho;th; jpUnkhop 460

13. ehr;rpahH jpUnkhop Mz;lhs;

(Njhl;lj;jpy;

fz;nzLj;j

Foe;ij vdNt

khjk; el;rj;jpuk;

143 #bf;nfhLj;j ehr;rpahH.

jpUkhiyg; gjpahf

milatpUk;gpath;. ,tuJ

jpUg;ghit ghlhj rpWkpah;

,y;iy ehr;rpahH

14. jpUg;ghit

(rq;fj;jkpo; khiy

Kg;gJ)

30


117

njhpatpy;iy jpUnkhopapy; jpUkzr;

rlq;Ffs; kpFjpahfj;

jUfpd;whH.

15. nghpa jpUnkhop jpUkq;ifaho;thH

fhHj;jpif

1084 jpUf;FiwaD}H> fs;sh;kuG>

rpw;wurh; topg;gwp nra;J

jpUkhyhy; jpUe;jpath;.

,tuJ MWE}y;fSk;

Ntjq;fspd; MW mq;fk;

vd;gh;. jpUtuq;fdplk;

<LghL.

16. jpf;Fwe;jhz;lfk; 20

17. jpUneLe;jhz;lfk; 30

18. jpUntO$w;wpUf;if 1

19. rpwpa jpUkly; 1

20. nghpa jpUkly; 1

21. jpUkhiy njhz;lubg;nghb

Mo;thH khHfop>

Nfl;il

145 jpUtuq;fDf;Fr; Nrit

nra;jth;. jpUtuq;fid

kl;LNk ghbath;.

,aw;ngah; tpg;uehuhazd;.

jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rpapy; ,th;

muq;fid Ntz;LtJ

cs;sj;ij cUf;Fk;.

22. jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp 10

23. jpUg;gjpfk; jpUg;ghzho;thH

fhHj;jpif>

Nuhfpzp

ghzh;Fyk;

10 mkydhjpgpuhd; vdj;

njhlq;Fk; 10 ghRuq;fs;.

rhjp gf;jpf;fj; jil ,y;iy

vdj; jpUkhy; ,th; %yk;

czh;j;jpdhH. CH

ciwA+H

24. ngUkhs; jpUnkhop FyNrfu Mo;thH

khrp> Gdh;G+rk;

105 Nrukd;dh; kuG. ,uhkgf;jp

kpf;fth; fhyk; fp.gp.10k;

E}w;whz;L.

jpUNtq;flj;jhDk;

tpj;Jtf;Nfhl;lk;khDk; ,tH

ftpijfspy; vd;Wk;

mUshl;rp nra;th;.

ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpd; ngUikia ehk; mwpafhuzkhdth;

ehjKdpfs; Mth;. ehjKdpfspd; fhyk; fp.gp xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.

rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffspy; ,lk;ngWk; khiy> kly;> me;jhjp> gps;isj;jkpo;> J}J


118

Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fSf;f ,it Kd;Ndhb vdyhk;. gioa ntz;gh> gj;J

Mo;thHfis kl;LNk Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Mz;lhisAk;> kJu ftpaho;thiuAk;

tpl;LtpLfpwJ. kJuftp Mo;thH jpUkhiyg; ghlhj fhuzj;jhYk;> Mz;lhs;

ngz; vd;gjhYk; ePf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;gh;.

ehyhapuk; ghly;fspd; njhFg;G ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag;gpuge;jk; Mapw;W.

nkhj;jk; 24 E}y;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ghbNahH 12 Ngh;. ehd;F gphpthf

,jidg; gFg;gh;.

gd;dpU Mo;thHfs;

1. ngha;ifaho;thH

gd;dpU Mo;thHfspy; ngha;ifaho;thH> G+jj;jho;thH> Ngaho;thH Mfpa

%tiuAk; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lth;fs; vdf;fUjp Kjy; Mo;thHfs; vdg;

Nghw;Wth;. fhyk; fp.gp. 6 Mk; E}w;whz;L. ngha;ifapy; Ig;grp jpq;fs;

jpUNthz ehspy; jpUkhypd; ghQ;r re;epak; vDk; rq;qpd; mk;rkhf gpwe;jth;.

CH fhQ;rpGuk;. ,th; ghbaJ Kjy; jpUte;jhjp. fstop ehw;gJ ghba

(gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;) ngha;ifahUk; ,tUk; xUtNu vd;W K.

,uhfitaq;fhH $Wth; ,f;fUj;J Vw;Gilj;jd;W.

,th; jpUtuq;fk;> jpUtpz;zfuk;> jpUNtq;flk;> jpUnt/fh

jpUf;NfhtY}H Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ciwAk; jpUkhypd; ngUikiag;

ghbAs;shH. me;ehjpj; njhilf;F Kd;Ndhbahf ,th; ghly;fs; mikfpd;wd.

100 ghly;fs; ghbAs;shH. mtw;Ws; xd;W

“ita;e; jfspah thHflNy nea;ahf

nta;a fjpNuhd; tpsf;fhfr; -nra;a

Rluhop ahdbf;Nf #l;bNdd; nrhy;khiy

,luhop ePq;FfNt vd;W”

jpUkhiyr; Rluhopahd; vdg; guTfpd;whH.


119

2. G+jj;jho;thH

jpUkhiyg; G+jk; vdg; gy ,lq;fspy; ghbAs;sikahy; ,g;ngah;

ngw;whH. jpUf;fly; ky;iyA+hpy; (khky;yGuk;) Ig;grp jpq;fs; mtpl;l ehspy;

jpUkhypd; fjhAjj;jpd; mk;rkhfj; Njhd;wpdhH. ngha;ikaho;thH gpwe;j

kWehs; ,th; gpwe;jjhff; $WtH. jpUNtq;flk;> jpUtuq;fk;> jpUg;ghlfk;>

jpUtj;jpA+H> jpUf;Fl%f;F Mfpad ,th; ghba jyq;fshFk;. ,th; ,aw;if

moifg; gf;jpNahL ,izj;Jg; ghLfpd;whH. jkpo; kPJ ,th; nfhz;l

gw;wpidj; jpUkhiy Nehf;fpg; ghLk; ghlypy; fhzKbfpwJ.

“,Ue;jkpo; ed;khiy ,izabf;Nf nrhd;Ndd;

ngUe;jkpopy; ey;Ntd;nghpJ”

ghLtH. NkYk; jd; jkpio „Qhdj;jkpo;‟ vd;gh;.

ngha;ifahH „itae; jfspah‟ vdj; njhlq;f ,th; jk; ghliy „md;Ng

jfspah Mh;tNk nea;ahf....‟ vdj; njhlq;ffpd;whH. ,th; ghbaJ ,uz;lhk;

jpUte;jhjp. 100 ghly;fs; cs;sd.

3. Ngaho;thH

gpwe;jJ kapyhg;G+H. jpUkhy; kPJ kaf;fk; tUkstpw;F kpFjpahd gf;jp

nfhz;L Nga; Nghy; Mbg;ghbj; jphpe;jjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;whH. Ig;grp jpq;fs;

rja ehspy; gpwe;jhH. fp.gp.6Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. ,th; ghbaJ %d;whk;

jpUte;jhjp. 100 ghly;fs;. jpUf;NfhtY}hpy; ,k;%d;W Mo;thHfSk; re;jpj;Jj;

jpUkhy; ngUikiag; ghbajhff; $Wth;. ,q;Fj; jpUkhypd; Nfhyj;ijg; ghLk;

ghly; eakpf;fJ.

„jpUf;fz;Nld; nghd;Nkdp fz;Nld; jpfOk;

mUf;fd; mzpepwKk; fz;Nld; - nrUf;fpsUk;

nghd;dhop fz;Nld; Ghprq;fk; iff;fz;Nld;

vd;dhop tz;zd;ghy; ,d;W‟


120

vdg; ghLfpd;whH. Mo;thHfspy; itztk; irtk; vd;w NtWghbd;wp

jpUkhNyhL rptidAk; ,izj;Jg; ghba ngUikf;Fhpath;. ,th; rptd;

Nfhyj;ijak; ,izj;Jj; jpUkhyhaf; fhz;fpwhH.

„jho;rilAk; ePz;KbAk; xz;kOTk; rf;fuKk;

#ouTk; nghd;dhZk; Njhd;Wkhy; - #Ok;

jpuz;lUtp ghAk; jpUkiyNky; ve;ijf;F

,uz;LUTk; xd;wha; ,ire;J‟

vdf; fhZk; epiy kfpo;r;rpf;FhpaJ.

4. jpUkopiraho;thH

gpwe;j CH njhz;ilehl;L jpUkopir. ijj;jpq;fs; kf el;rj;jpuj;jpy;

gpwe;jth;. rf;fuj;jpd; mk;rk; vd;gh;. ngw;Nwhhpd;ikahy; jho;e;j Fyj;jpy;

tsh;e;jhH vd;gh;. gj;jprhuh; vd;nwhU ngaUz;L. fp.gp.Mwhk; E}w;whz;L. Kjy;

%d;W Mo;thHfSk; gpw rkaj;ijf; fbe;Jiuf;ftpy;iy. Mapd; ,t;tho;thH

gpw rkaj;jhiur; rhLfpd;whH.

rpj;jh; rptthf;fpah; ,th; vd;gh;. ,f;fUj;J Ma;tpw;FhpaJ. ,th;

tPuitzth;. rkz ngsj;jh;fis kl;Lkpd;wpr; irth;fisAk; ,opthfg;

NgRfpd;whH.

„mwpahH rkzh; mah;j;jhH ngsj;jh; rpwpahH rptg;gl;lhH‟

vd;gJ ,tuJ thf;fhFk;. ,th; ghly;fspy; jpUkhypd; jpUtpisahly;fSk;

mtjhuq;fSk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

,tuJ rPlh; fzpfz;zd. rPlUf;fhj; jpUkhiyNa fhQ;rpGuj;jpypUe;J

Gwg;gLk;gbf; $wp kd;dd; Ntz;l kWgbAk; fhQ;rpf;F tUk;gb $wpa

kzptz;zdhk; jpUkhiyg; gw;wpg; ghba ghly;

“fzpfz;zd; Nghfpd;whd; fhkUG+q; fr;rp

kzptz;zh eP fplf;f Ntz;lhk; - JzpTila

nre;ehg; Gytd;ahd; nry;fpd;Nwd; : ePAKd;wd;


121

ige;ehfg; gha;RUl;bf; nfhs;”

RUl;bf;nfhs; vd;wTld; jpUkhy; Gwg;gLfpd;whd;. ige;ehfg; gha; tphpj;Jf;

nfhs; vd;wTld; jpUkhy; jpUk;gp tUfpd;whd;. mbahhpd; md;gpw;F Mz;ltd;

fl;Lg;gLjiy ,e;epfo;r;rp tpsf;Fk;.

5. ek;kho;thH

fhyk; fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L. ghz;ba ehl;bd; jpUf;FU$H gpwe;j

CH. ,th; jhahH cilaeq;ifahH CH Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; ehQ;rpy; ehl;by;

Njhthis tl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s jpUg;gjprhuk; (jpUntz;ghprhuk;). ,t;T+H 108

jpUg;gjpfSs; xd;W. mq;Fs;s jpUkhiy „vd;jpUtho;khHgd;‟ vd chpikAld;

Nghw;Wfpd;whH. ek;kho;thH. jpUf;FU$H ,d;W Mo;thHj;jpUefhp vd;w

toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Ntshsh; kuG. je;ij fhhpahH. jha; cila eq;if.

gpukhjp Mz;L itfhrpj;jpq;fs; ngsh;zkpapy; cjpj;jjhff; $Wth;.

16 Mz;Lfs; Gspa kuj;jbapy; ,Ue;jjhff; FU guk;giuf; fij $Wk;

gpwe;jTld; NgrhJ Cikahf ,Ue;jth;. ,tUf;Fg; gy ngah;fs;

toq;Ffpd;wd. xt;nthd;Wk; fhuzg; ngauhfNt mikfpd;wJ. rlk; vDk;

thAitr; rpde;jikahy; „rlNfhgh;‟ chpik fhuzkhf „ek;kho;thH‟

cyfpaYf;F khwhf ,Ue;jikapd; „khwd;‟ ,th; ahj;j E}ypd; ngUik fUjp

„jpuhtpl rpR‟ gpw kjq;fshfpa ahidf;F mq;Frk; Nghd;W tpsq;fpaikahy;

„guhq;Frh;‟ vd miof;fg;gl;lhH.

jpU.tp.f. ek;kho;thiug; nghpJk; Gfo;th;. „,th; gpwe;j jkpo;ehl;il

kdj;jhy; epidj;J> thahy; tho;j;jp> ifahy; njhOfpNwd;‟ vd;gh;.

ek;kho;thH Fd;wpid neLkhyhfNt fhz;gh;. kioiaj; jd;id MWk;

ehuhazd; tUifahfNt fhz;gh;.

ek;kho;thH jpUthrphpak;> jpUtha;nkhop> jpUtpUj;jk;> nghpa jpUte;jhjp

vd ehd;F E}y;fs; ,aw;wpAs;shH. ,tw;iw itzth;fs; rJH (ehd;F)

Ntjkhfg; Nghw;Wth;. ,tw;Ws; jpUtha;nkhop itzth;fs; ehSk; XJk;


122

ngUik ngw;wJ. „jpuhtpl Ntj rhuk;‟ nre;jkpo; Ntjk; „Md;wjkpo;kiwfs;

Mapuk;‟ vd;nwy;yhk; Nghw;wg;gLk;. ,jidj; je;jikahy; ,th; jpuhtpl rpR

vdg; Nghw;wg;gLth;. njd;fiy itzth;fs; jpUtha; nkhopia ke;jpukhff;

fUJth;. nghpath;r;rhd;gps;is jpUtha;nkhopf;F tpsf;fkhd jj;JthHj;j

ciunaOjpAs;shH. vOj;njz;zpf;fhf;fg;gLk; E}y; ,JthFk;. ,jidr;

rhkNtjj;jpd; rhuk; vd;gh;. ek;kho;thH ghbait jpUtha;nkhop vdTk;

VidnahH ghbait jpUnkhop vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLjNy ,th; ngUikia

tpsf;Fk; jd;ikaJ.

ek;kho;thHf;Ff; fhZkplnky;yhk; fz;zzhfNt fhl;rp jUfpwJ.

mirAk; nghUs; mirahg;nghUs; midj;jpYk; mtidNa fhz;fpwhH.

cz;Zk; NrhWk;> gUF ePUk;> jpd;Dk; ntw;wpiyAk; vy;yhk; fz;zd; vk;

ngUkhd; vd;fpwhH. ,th; ghly;fspy; jpUthrfk;> Njthuk; Nghd;w

jpUKiwfspd; jhf;fj;ijf; fhz KbfpwJ. mg;gh; Nghd;W rhjpiar; rhLk;

NtshsH ,th;. (jpUtha;nkhop - 2971) vq;Fk; jpUkhiyf; fhZk; mth;

ghly;.

“G+itAk; fhahTk; ePyKk; G+f;fpd;w

fhtp kynud;Wk; fhz;nlhWk; - ghtpNad;

nky;yhtp nka;kpfNt G+hpf;Fk; mt;tit

vy;yhk; gpuhd;cUNt‟

vd;fpwhH. ghtpNad; vd;W jd;id miog;gJ khzpf;fthrfiu epidT+l;LtJ.

mfj;Jiwg; Nghf;fpy; md;dj;ijj; J}JtpLk; fhjy;kpF gf;jpg;ghlYk;

jpUtha;nkhopapy; mike;Js;sJ.

„.....................

jphpnad; ,dp cd; ruzk; vd; rd;kk; fisNa

..... ,ize;jhLk; md;dq;fhs;

flypd; Nkdpg;gpuhd; fz;zid neLkhiyf;fz;L


123

clyk; iee; njhUj;jpAUFk; vd;W czh;j;JkpNd‟

vdg;ghLk; ghly; eakpf;fJ. gd;dpU Mo;thHfspy; ngUikkpf;f ek;kho;;thhpd;

Mo;thHj;jpUefhpiaf; fz;lNghJ ,uhkhErh; ngw;w ,d;gk; ahJ? mth; ghlNy

gjpyhf mikAk;.

„,JNth jpUefhp <Njh nghUie

,JNth gukgjj;J vy;iy - ,JNthjhd;

Ntjk; gfh;e;jpl;l nka;g;nghUspd; cl;nghUis

XJk; rlNfhgd; CH

Mo;thHj;jpUefhpia milAk; xt;nthU itztUk; ngWk; ,d;gk;

,JNtahFk;.

6. kJuftpaho;thH

me;jzh;Fyk;. CHjpUf;NfhtY}H. ghly;fspd; ,dpik fUjp kJuftp

vdg;gl;lhH. tlehl;Lj; jyq;fisf; fhzr;nrd;w nghJ mNahj;jpapy; xU

Nrhjp njhpa mijg; gpd;gw;wp te;J ek;kho;thhpd; jpUf;FU$H mile;jhH.

mq;F Nahf epiyapy; ,Ue;j ek;kho;thHf;F mbikahfp> mtiuNa

nja;tkhff; fz;L ghbdhH. jpUkhiyg; ghlhJ jpUkhypd; njhz;lh;

ek;kho;thiu kl;Lk; ghba xNu Mo;thH ,tNu. ,jdhy; ,tiu gd;dpU

Mo;thHfspy; Nrh;f;fhJ tpl;ldh; vd;gh;.

,th; ek;kho;thiug; ghba ghRuk; fz;zp Ez; rpW jhk;G vdg;gLk;.

gj;Jg;ghly;fNs cs;sd. mg;ghly;fspy;

„........... njd;FU$H ek;gpnad;wf;fhy;

mz;zpf;Fk; mKJ}Wk; vd; ehTf;Nf‟

vdTk;

„............

NjTkw; wwpNad; FU$H ek;gp

ghtp dpd;dpir ghbj; jphptNd‟


124

vdTk; ghLth;. jpUkhy; cl;gl ek;kho;thH jtpu NtW nja;tkpy;iy vDk;

Nghf;fpy; ,th; ghly;fs; mikfpd;wd.

Ntshsh;> me;jzh; Nehf;fpy; mg;gh; rk;ge;jh; Nghd;W> mjdpDk; Nkyhf

me;jzh; kJuftp> Ntshsh; ek;kho;thiuj; nja;tkhff; fUjpaJ ,iwad;G

rhjp fle;jJ vd;gij tpsf;Fk;.

7. FyNrfuho;thH

CH jpUtQ;irf;fsk;. Nru mur kugpy; Njhd;wpth;. khrpkhjk; Gdh;G+r

el;rj;jpuj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. nfsj;Jtkzp mk;rk;. ,aw;ngah; FyNrfuh;.

ngUkhsplk; nfhz;l <Lghl;lhy; FyNrfug; ngUkhs; vd;Wk; miog;gh;.

jpUtuq;fj;Jj; jpUkhyplk; nfhz;l md;gpdhy; muirj; Jwe;J mbahH

Nritapy; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf;nfhz;lth;. mjw;fhf muRJwe;jikiaj;

jk;ghlypy; „fk;gkjahidf; fOj;jfj;jpd; kPjkh;e;J ,d;gkUk; nry;tKk;

,t;tuRk; ahd; Ntz;Nld;‟ vdf; $Wtjhy; czuyhk;.

fp.gp xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L. tlnkhopapYk; njd; nkhopapYk; rpwe;j

Gyik ngw;wth;. muq;fidg; Nghd;W ,uhkdplj;jpy; kpFe;j <LghL

nfhz;lth;. ,uhkidg; gw;wpa rkar; nrhw;nghopTfis tpUk;gpf; Nfl;L>

mjpy; xd;wpg; Nghdth;. jkpopy; ngUkhs; jpUnkhopAk; (105 ghly;fs;)

tlnkhopapy; KFe;jkhiyAk; ,th; ,aw;wpait. ghly;fspy; jk;ikf;

Nfhopf;Nfhd; $ly; ehafd;> nfhy;ypf; fhtyd; vd;gh;. nfhy;yp ehl;il

Mz;ljhff; $Wth;. ,th; tpj;Jtf; Nfhl;lk;khidAk;> jpUNtq;flj;jhidAk;

ghba ghRuq;fs; neQ;ir nefpo;tpg;gd. „jpUNtq;fl kiyapd; gbahff; fple;J

jpUkhypd;g ts tha;‟ fhz tpUk;GfpwhH. vdNt xt;nthU itztj;

jpUNfhtpypYk; ,iwtdpd; fUtiwf;F Kd; cs;sgb „FyNrfud; gb‟ vd;w

ngahpy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. mJNghy; „thshy; mWj;Jr; RbDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy;

khshj fhjy; Nehahsd; Nghy;‟ tpj:Jtf; Nfhl;lk;khdplk; jhd; md;G nfhz;L


125

,Ug;gjhff; $Wfpd;whH. vd;dJah; jhpDk; tpj;Jtf; Nfhl;lk;khNd cidad;wp

vdf;Fr; ruzpy;iy vd;fpwhH.

„jUJahkp jlhNaYd; ruzy;yhy; ruzpy;iy

tpiuFYT kyh;g;nghopy; #o;tpj;Jtf; Nfhl;lk;khNd

mhprpdj;jhy; <d;wjha; mfw;wpbDk;> kw;wts;jd;

mUs;epide;NjaOk; Fotp mJNt Nghd;wpUe;NjNd‟

vdj; jd; epiyiaf; $Wfpd;whH.

,th; ghba jaujd; Gyk;gy; ,yf;fpa eak; kpf;fJ. mjpy; ,uhkidj;

jhyhl;Lk; ghly; gbf;fg; gbf;f ,d;gk; gag;gJ.

„kd;DGfo;f; nfsriyjd; kzptapW tha;j;jtNd

njd;dpyq;iff; Nfhd; Kbfs; rpe;Jtpj;jha; nrk;nghd;Nrh;

fd;dped;kh kjpy;Gil#o; ,uhftNd jhNyNyh‟

vd;Dila ,d;dKNj ,uhftNd jhNyNyh‟

vd ehKk; Nrh;e;J jhyhl;Lk; ,d;gk; gag;gJ.

jpUtuq;fk;> jpUf;fz;zGuk;> jpy;iy Mfpa jyq;fSf;F kq;fshrhrdk;

nra;Js;shH. jpUtuq;fj;jpd; %d;whk; kjpiy ,th; fl;bajhff; $Wth;.

8. nghpaho;thH

jpUtpy;ypg;Gj;J}hpy; gpwe;jth;. Mdpj;jpq;fs; Rthjp ehs; mk;rk;

fUlhk;rk;. ,tUf;F „tp\;Zrpj;jd;‟ „gl;lh;gpuhd;‟ vd;Dk; ngah;fSk; cz;L.

,th; fhyk; fp.gp.9Mk; E}w;whz;L. ghba E}y;fs; ,uz;L 1. jpUg;gy;yhz;L 2.

nghpaho;thH jpUnkhop. fz;zidf; Foe;ijahf;fp ,th; ghba ghly;fs;

gpd;dh; gps;isj; jkpOf;F mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLj;jJ vd;gh;.

fz;zidj; jhyhl;Lk; NghJ ,th; aNrhijahfNt khwp tpLfpd;whH.

fz;zd; CJk; Foy; Nfl;L „GtpAs; ehd; fz;lNjhH mw;Gjk;‟ vdf; $wp

Mde;jf; fz;zPH tbf;fpd;whH. jd;Dila ghw;fliytpl;Lj; jpUkhy; jd;

neQ;rpy; ,Ug;gjhff; fUjpg; nghpaho;thH


126

„jdpf;flNy! jdpr;RlNu! jdpAyNf! vd;nwd;W

cdf;fplkh apUf;f vd;id cdf;F chpj;jhf;fpidNa‟

vdg; gutrkhfpg; guTfpd;whH. fz;zdpd; ghj fkyq;fisf; fhz thhPH gts

thapidf; fhz thhPH vd miof;fpd;whH. nghOjpUf;Fk; fhyj;jpNyNa

muq;fid tzq;fptpLq;fs; vd;fpwhH. fz;zidj; jhyhl;Lk; ghly; ek;ikAk;

jhyhl;Lk;. me;jj; jhyhl;L ,Njh

„khzpf;fk; fl;b tapuk; ,ilfl;b

Mzpg; nghd;dhw; nra;j tz;zr; rpWnjhl;by;

Ngzp Adf;Fg; gpukd; tpLje;jhd;

khzpf;FwsNs! jhNyNyh!

ita kse;jhNd! jhNyNyh!‟

nghpaho;thhpd; tsh;g;G kfNs Mz;lhs;.

9. Mz;lhs;.

jpUkhYf;F Ml;gl epidj;jikahYk; jpUkhyhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;

gl;likahYk; Mz;lhs; Mapdhs; vd;gh;. fhyk; fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L

Jsrpg; ghj;jpapy; nghpaho;thuhy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lth;. Mbj;jpq;fs; G+u

el;rj;jpuj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,th; G+kfs; mk;rk; vd;gh;. Nfhij ,aw;ngah;.

gpd;dh;f; Nfhij ehr;rpahH vdTk;> #bf;nfhLj;j Rlh;f;nfhb vdTk;>

nghpaho;thH ngw;nwLj;j igq;nfhb vdTk; Nghw;wg;gLth;.

jpUkhiyf; fztdhf mila tpUk;gpath;. ,th; ghba E}y;fs;

jpUg;ghitAk; (30 ghly;fs;)> ehr;rpahH jpUnkhopAk; (143 ghly;fs;) ,uz;LNk

gj;jpr; Rit kpf;fd. khHfop khjj;jpy; jpUkhiy milAk; tiffisg;

ngz;fSf;F ePuhLk; topahf vLj;Jiuf;Fk; E}y; jpUg;ghit. khh;fop Kbag;

ngz;fSf;F topjUk; ij gpwf;Fk;. Mz;lhs; fz;zdplk; nfhz;l fhjy;

cs;sj;ijf; fdT cs;sj;ij ehr;rpahH jpUnkhop vLj;Jiuf;Fk;. ,e;E}y;


127

mf;fhyj; jpUkzr; rlq;Ffis ed;F vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ

mk;kp kpjpf;Fk; rlq;if Kjd; Kjypy; $Wgth; Mz;lhNs.

ghHf;Fk; fhAk;> fdpAk; jpUkhyhfNt Mz;lhSf;Ff; fhl;rp jUfpd;wd.

fz;zd; CJk; rq;ifg; ghHj;J Mz;lhs; fhjyhy; Gyk;Gk; ghly; rq;f

,yf;fpa mfg;ghly;fis tpQ;rp epw;gJ.

„fw;G+uk; ehWNkh? fkyg;G+ ehWNkh?

jpUg;gtsr; nrt;tha; jhd; jpj;jpj; jpUf;FNkh?

kUg;nghrpj;j khjtd; jd; tha;r;RitAk; ehw;wKk;

tpUg;Gw;Wf; Nfl;fpd;Nwd; nrhy; Mopntz;rq;Nf.‟

10. njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thH

,th; CH Nrhoehl;Lj; jpUkz;lq;Fb. Fyk;> Kd; FLkpr; Nrhopa

me;jzh; Fyk;. khHfopj; jpq;fs; Nfl;il ehspy; jpUkhypd; tdkhiy

mk;rkhf mtjhpj;jth;. ,aw;ngah; tpg;uehuhazd;. fhyk; 9Mk; E}w;whz;L.

jpUkq;ifaho;thH fhyj;jth;.

jpUtuq;fj;jpy; ee;jtdk; itj;J muq;fDf;Fr; Nrit nra;jhH.

nghpaho;thH =tpy;ypg;Gj;J}hpy; nra;j Nritia ,th; jpUtuq;fj;jpy; nra;jhH.

jpUtuq;fj;jpy; tho;e;J te;j Njt Njtp vDk; jhrpf;F mbikahdhH.

,iwtd; mUshy; kdk; khwpj; njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thH vdg; gf;jp cyfk;

Nghw;Wk; NgW ngw;whH.

,th; ghbait jpUkhiy> jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp. jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rpapy;

mike;j ,g;ghly; rkak; kwe;Jk; Nghw;Wjw;FhpaJ. mg;ghly; tUkhW.

„gr;irkh kiyNghy;Nkdp gtstha;fkyr; nrq;fz;

mr;Rjh mku NuNw Mah;jk; nfhOe;Nj vd;Dk;

,r;Rit jtpa ahd;Ngha; ,e;jpuNyhf khSk;

mr;Rit ngwpDk; Ntz;Nld; muq;fkh efUshNd‟


128

„jpUkhiy‟apYk; muq;fidad;wp ahUkpy;iy vd;gijj; njhz;lubg;

nghbaho;thH cUf;fkhfg; ghLfpd;whH.

„ChpNyd; fhzp ,y;iy cwTkw;W xUth;,y;iy

ghhpy;epd; ghj%yk; gw;wpNyd; guk%Hj;jp

fhnuhsp tz;zNd fz;znd fjW fpd;Nwd;

MUsh;fisfz; mk;kh muq;fkh efUshNd.‟

FyNrfuho;thH ,tiu „Mbg;ghb muq;fhNth vd;wiof;Fk; njhz;lubg; nghb/

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. muq;fid kl;LNk ghbath;.

11. jpUg;ghzho;thH

Nrho ehl;L ciwA+hpy; gpwe;jth;. =tj;rk; vDk; jpUkUtpd; mk;rkha;

nea; taypy; Njhd;wpdhH. gpwe;j khjk; fhHj;jpif. el;rj;jpuk; cNuhrpzp.

ghzh; Fbapy; tsh;e;jikahy; ghzho;thH vdg;gl;lhH. ,irapy; ty;yth;.

jpUtuq;fk; nry;yj; jaq;fp> fhtphpf; fiuapy; epd;W muq;fidg; ghbdhH>

,opFyj;jhH vdf; fUjp ,th;kPJ fw;fis tPrpdh;. muq;fd; rhuq;f Kdpth;

fdtpy; Njhd;wpj; jiyapy; ,uj;j fhaj;Jld; fhl;rpaspj;J ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;

jpUghzho;thiu ,opTgLj;jpaNj. mg;NghJ mth; ,jaj;jpy; ehkpUe;Njhk;

vd;whH. mtiu cd; Njhspy; Rke;J Myaj;jpw;F mioj;J tUf vdf;

fdtpy; $wp muq;fd; kiwe;jhH. rhuq;f KdptUk; muq;fd; Mizia

epiwNtw;wpdhH.

jpUtuq;fd; jpU cUitf; fz;l jpUg;ghzho;thH „mkydhjp gpuhd;‟

vDk; ghRuk; ghbdhH. ,j;jpUnkhop ghjhjp Nfrkhf mikfpd;wJ.

muq;fidf; fz;l fz;fs; NtW vijAk; fhzhJ vd;gij>

„mz;lh;Nfhd; mzpauq;fd; vd; mKjpidf;

fz;lfz;fs; kw;nwhd;wpidf; fhzhNt‟

vd;W czh;r;rpg; ngUf;fpy;ghb ,iwtNdhL ,uz;lwf; fye;J tpLfpwhH.

jpUkhy; VO cyifAk; cz;L My;,iyapy; Japd;wij Mo;thH


129

„Mykh kuj;jpd; ,iyNky; xU ghyfdha;

Qhyk; VOk; cz;lhd; muq;fj;J mutpd; mizahd;‟

vdg; guTfpd;whH.

12. jpUkq;ifaho;thH

gpwe;j CH Nrhoehl;bd; jpUkq;ifapy; jpUthypj; jpUefhpd; mUfpYs;s

jpUf;FiwaY}H. es tUlj;jpy; fhHj;jpif khjk; tpy;ypd; mk;rkha;j;

Njhd;wpath;. kuG - fs;sh; kuG. ,th; je;ij ePyd; gilj;jiyth;. ,tUk;

Nrho kd;ddpd; gilj;jiytuhf ,Ue;J> gpd;dh; kd;dd; mUshy; jpUkq;if

ehl;bw;F murdhfpath;. ,th; kidtp FKjty;ypahH jpUkhyplk; kpFe;j

gf;jp nfhz;lth;.

,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L. jpUkhyplj;jpy; nfhz;l

<Lghl;bd; fhuzkhf kd;dDf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba jpiwg; gzj;ij

nfhLf;fhJ rpiwg;gl;L ,wiaUshy; rpiw kPz;lhH. nfhs;isauha; tpsq;fpa

,tiuj; jpUj;jj; jpUkhYk; jpUkfSk; topg;Nghf;fuha; te;J epw;f ,th;>

mth;fs; nghUisf; nfhs;iabf;f> ,Wjpapy; jpUkfspd; fhypYs;s

nkl;biaf; $l tplkdkpd;wp thahy; fbj;njLj;J ,Wjpapy; cz;ikAzh;e;J

mUs;ngw;wth;.

ehfg;gl;bdj;jpd; Gj;jtpfhuj;ijf; nfhs;isabj;J me;jg;nghUshy;

jpUtuq;fj;jd; %d;whk; kjpy; jpUg;gzpia Kbj;jjhff; $Wth;.

,tuJ ghly;fspy; Gj;j rkzh;fisg; gw;;wpa Fwpg;G cs;sJ. rq;f

fhy fhjy; kuGfis ,th; ghly;fspy; fhz KbfpwJ. J}J mbg;gilapy;

jpUkhyplk; md;ig ahrpj;jy; eakpf;fJ. jpUkq;ifaho;thHf;F ePyd;> gufhyd;>

fypad;> fypfd;wp vdg; gy ngah;fs; toq;Ffpd;wd.

,th; ,aw;wpd 1. nghpa jpUnkhop 2. jpUf;FWe; jhz;lfk; 3.

jpUneLe;jhz;lfk; 4. jpUvO$w;wpUf;if 5. rpwpa jpUkly; 6. nghpa jpUkly;

vd;gd. jpuhtpl rpRthk; ek;kho;thhpd; jpuhtpl Ntjkhk; ehd;F E}y;fSf;Fk;

Mwq;fkha; ,e;j MW E}y;fisAk; itzth; Nghw;Wth;.


130

ehuhazh vDk; ehkk; vtw;iwnay;yhk; jUk; vd;fpwhH.

„Fye;jUk;> nry;tk; je;jpLk; mbahH

gLJa uhapd nty;yhk;

epye;juQ; nra;Ak;> ePs;tpRk; gUSk;>

mUnshL ngUepyk; mspf;Fk;

tyk;jUk;> kw;Wk; je;jpLk; ngw;w

jhapDk; Mapdnra;Ak;

eyk;jUk; nrhy;iy ehd; fz;Lnfhz;Nld;

ehuhazh ntd;Dk; ehkk;‟

Mo;thH thf;Fg; ngha;f;fhjd;Nwh.

ngz; ,d;gj;jpy; jpisj;jpUe;jgpd; mij ntWj;jikia vJif

eaj;NjhL rhw;Wfpd;whH.

„fhtpia ntd;w fz;zhhplk; vd;

Mtpia ,oe;j ghtpaha; ,Ue;Njd;‟

vd;fpwhH. jpUkhiy milAk; topahJ kpf vspik vdf; $Wk; mth; top

ahJ?

„ngha;tz;zk; kdj;J mfw;wpg;

Gyd; Ie;Jk; nryitj;J

nka;tz;zk; epidj;jth;f;F

nka;e;epd;w tpj;jfd; jpUkhy;‟

vdf;$Wk; $w;W cz;ikad;Nwh.

,th; jk; ghRuq;fisr; „rq;fKfj;jkpo;khiy‟ „rq;fkyp jkpo;khiy‟

vdf; $wp jkpNohL jpUkhiy ,izf;fpd;whH.


131

4. Nrhoh;fhyk;

tprahydpd; ciog;ghYk; mtd;kfd; guhe;jfdpd; Mw;wyhYk;

rpw;wurha; tpsq;fpa Nrhokd;dh;fs; khkd;dh;fsha; cUg;ngw;Wg; Nguuirj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;. gy;yth;fhyj;jpy; jpUehTf;furh;> Qhdrk;ge;jh; Nghd;NwhH

gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gug;gpa NghjpYk; mitahtk; Nrhokd;dh;fs;

fhyj;jpNyNa njhFf;fg;gl;ld. irtj;jijg; gd;dpU jpUKiwfshfj;

njhFf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;j ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gpAk;> Mo;thH ghRuq;fs; ahTk;

ehyhapuj; jpt;ag;gpuge;jkhf ntsptuf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;j ehjKdpAk;

Nrhoh;fhyj;jtNu MtH.

rPtfrpe;jhkzp> tisahgjp> Fz;lyNfrp Mfpa ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;

,f;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaitNa. IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fSk;> fk;ghpd; ,uhkhazKk;>

Nrf;fpohhpd; nghpaGuhzKk; ,f;fhyj;jpw;F cl;gl;litNaahFk;.

fhg;gpaq;fs;

mwk; nghUs; ,d;gk; tPL vDk; ehd;F cWjpg;nghUSk; mikag;ghlg;

ngWk; E}y;fs; fhg;gpaq;fs; vdg;gl;ld. Nkiyehl;lhH fhg;gpaj;ij tPuAff;

fhg;gpak;> fiyf;fhg;gpak; vd ,uz;lhfg; gFg;gh;. fhg;gpak;v d;gJ fhtpak;

vd;w tlnrhy;ypd; jphpG vd;gh;. jkpopy; ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;> rpW fhg;gpaq;fs;

vd;w gFg;G cs;sJ. ,JTk; tlnkhop kuigg; gpd;gw;wpaJ vd;gh;.

Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fshfr; rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy> rPtfrpe;jhkzp>

tisahgjp> Fz;lyNfrp Mfpa E}y;fis vLj;Jiug;gh;. mwk; nghUs;

,d;gk; tPL vDk; ehd;fpy; xd;Nwh mjw;F NkNyh Fiwapd; mJ rpW fhg;gpak;

vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jz;bayq;fhuk;

ngUq;fhg;gpak;> rpWfhg;gpak; Mfpatw;wpw;F ,yf;fzk; $Wfpd;wJ.

Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNKfiyg;gw;wp rq;fk; kUtpa

fhyj;jpy; tphpthfr; Rl;lg;gl;lJ. Vida ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; %d;widAk;

fhz;Nghk;.


132

rpyg;gjpfhuk;

rpyk;G jkpo; nkhopapy; Kjy; fhg;gpakhfj; jpfo;fpwJ. jz;bayq;fhuk;

fhl;Lk; fhg;gpa ,yf;fzq;fis KOikahfg; ngw;W> ,k;kz;zpy; vOe;j

fhg;gpakhFk;. ,J Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak; Kj;jkpo;f;fhg;gpak; vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; jk;gpahd ,sq;Nfhtbfs;> jd;

mz;zdpd; ed;ikf;fhf ,sikapNyNa JwT G+z;lth;. vdpDk; jkpNohL

cwT nfhz;lth;. rpyg;gjpfhuk; vDk; fhtpak; je;jth;.

rpyg;gjpfhuk; 5001 thpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ ,jpy; GfhH> kJiu> tQ;rp

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#o;tpidr; rpyk;G fhuzkhfr;


133

rpyg;gjpfhuk; vDk; ngauhy;

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,J nray;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

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,t;tho;j;ij>

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134

khrW nghd;Nd tyk;Ghp Kj;Nj

fhrW tpiuNa fUk;Nj NjNd

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czh;j;Jtij


135

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136

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xd;Wgl;L Njrpa tpohthff; nfhz;lhbAs;sdh;. Nfhtiy mwpKfg;


137

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fpl;Lk; vd vjph;ghHf;Fk; rpj;uhgjpaplk; ,ts; vd; kfs; md;W


138

khngUk; gj;jpdp kfs; kzpNkfiy

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ehzdp fisAk; khnzopy; rpijf;fk;

G+z;Kiy khjnuhL Gwq;fil epWj;Jk;

grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtp


139

mj;jd;ikAila grp vDk; Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;jp te;jhs;. Kd;G

kyh;g;ngha;ifapy; fhzhky; Nghd cjaFkhud; gpd;njhlh;e;J tUtij

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vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhs;.

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nty;yhjjhy; murp kdk; khWfpwhs;. kzpNkfiy murpf;F mwk;

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clw;fOjidNa caph;f;fOjidNah

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khHgpd; kPnjhsph; rpe;jhkzpAk; nky;ypilapy; NkfiyAk;


140

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czh;j;Jjy; Mfpait gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

rpyk;gpd; njhlh;r;rpahf mike;jpUg;gpDk; Gj;jkjf; fUj;Jf;fis

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Rthkpfs;

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nfhs;tJ vq;qdk; - vd;W rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wfpd;whH.

khjtp ngw;w kzpNkfiy ek;ik tho;tpg;gNj – vd;W mk;gpfhgjpf;

NfhitahrphpaUk; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wfpd;whH. kf;fspd; kdij vspa eilahYk;>

mofpa tUzidfyhYk; <Hj;Js;sJ vd lhf;lh; t.R.g.khzpf;fk;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. fzpifah; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;j kzpNkfiyia murd; kfd;

tpUk;GJk;> gpd;dh; JwT tho;it Nkw;nfhz;l gpd; murh;f;nfy;yhk; mwk;

czh;j;Jk; tifapy; kzpNkfiyg; ghj;jpuk; gilf;fg;gl;ls;sJ. Gj;jh;

ngUkhdpd; ngUikiar; nrhy;Yk;tpjkha; mike;jjhy;> tlnrhw;fs; fye;J

te;Js;sd. ,yf;fpa tifr; Ritia tpl rkaf; fUj;Jf;fs;

NkNyhq;fpAs;sd. jkpo;j;jhj;jh c.Nt.rh mth;fs; ,f;fhg;gpaj;ijg; ghuhl;Lk;

,lj;J rka rk;ge;jkhd gy nrhw;fisAk; njhlh;fisAk; NtW rpytw;iwAk;

,th; ,lj;jpw;Nfw;g nkhop ngah;j;J mikj;jpUj;jy; kpfg; ghuhl;bw;FhpajhFk;

vd;fpwhH.


141

E}ypy; fhyk;

kzpNkfiy MrphpaUk; rq;f fhy rhj;jdhUk; Ntwhdth; vd;gh;. mfk;

53> 134> 320> ew;wpiz 36>127>336 FWe;njhif 154 Mfpa ghly;fisr;

rhj;jdhH ,aw;wpAs;shH. mit mfg;nghUs; rhHe;jitahFk;. kzpNkfiy

MrphpaNuh ,d;gj;ij ntWj;J Gj;jkjf; nfhs;ifapy; gw;Wilatuhff;

fhzg;gLfpd;whH. ,sq;Nfhtbfspd; rkfhyj;jhH vd;gJ ghapuj;jpd; top

mwpaKbfpwJ.

rpwg;G thpfs;

grpAk; gpdpAk; gifAk; ePq;fp

trpAk; tsDk; Ruf;fntd tho;j;jp

mzptpoh miwe;jdd; mfefh; kUq;F

,sik ehzp KJik va;jp

ciuKbT fhl;ba ciuNthd;

gpwe;jhH cWtJ ngUfpa Jd;gk;

gpwthH $WtJ ngUk;Nghpd;gk;

kz;jpzp Qhyj;J tho;NthHf;F vy;yhk;

cz;b nfhLj;NjhH caph; nfhLj;NjhNu

,sikAk; epy;yh ahf;ifAk; epy;yh

tstpa thd;ngUQ; nry;tKk; epy;yh

Gj;Njs; cyfk; Gjy;tUk; jhuhH

kpf;f mwNk tpOj;JizahtJ.

Kj;njhs;shapuk;

%d;W murh;fisg;gw;wp 900 ghly;fs; nfhz;lJ. xt;nthU

murh;fisg;gw;wpAk; 900 ghly;fs; nfhz;lJ vd;Wk; $Wth;. jw;NghJ 130

ghly;fns fpilf;fpd;wd. ,e;E}y; mfk;> Gwk; fye;j E}yhf mike;Js;sJ.

Nrud; - 23> Nrhod;-46> ghz;bad;-61 ghly;fNs fpilf;fpd;wd. ,uz;by; 75

ghly;fs; mfk; gw;wpAk;> 55 ghly;fs; Gwk; gw;wpAk; mike;Js;sd.


142

njhy;fhg;gpah; fhl;Lk; tpUe;J vDk; mikg;gpYk; ,J mlq;Fk;. %Nte;jh;fspd;

rpwg;Gg; ngauhy; Fwpg;gplhky; nghJg;ngah; nfhz;Nl ghbAs;shH.

Kj;njhs;shapuj;ij Kjd;Kjyhf K.,uhfitaq;fhH mr;rpy; ntspapl;lhH.

(1905 kJiuj; jkpo;r;rq;fk;) ,e;E}Yf;F ciuAld;> b.Nf.rp. e.NrJ uFehjd;>

e.Rg;Gnul;bahH Nghd;NwhHfs; ciu nra;Js;sdh;. ghly;fs; ahTk; ehlfj;

jkpOf;F cjtp nra;tJ Nghy; fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.

Nrhod; gpwe;j ehspy; mUkiw me;jzh;fs; gRf;$l;lq;fisj;

jhdkhfg; ngw;Wr; nrd;wdh;. Gyth;fs; kiy Nghd;w ahidfisg; ghpRg;

nghUshfg; ngw;wdh;. Mdhy; rpye;jp jd; $l;il ,oe;J tpl;lJ vd;w E}y;

kpf;f ghly; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

“,yq;fpiy Ntw;fps;sp ,Nutjpehs; vd;Ndh

rpyk;gpjd; $boe;j thW”.

Nru kd;dd; kPJ fhjy; nfhz;l kq;if> mtd; tUtijawpe;J jd; cs;sf;

fplf;if ntspg;gLj;j tpije;NjhLfpwhs;. ehzk; cld; tuNt fjitj;

jhspl;L milf;fpwhs;. ,e;epiyapy; vg;gbr; nrhy;y KbAk; vd jtpf;fpwhs;.

“Ma;kzpg; igk;G+z; myq;Fjhuh; Nfhijiaf;

fhzpa nrd;W fjtilj;Njd; - ehzpg;

ngUQ; nry;th; ,y;yj;J ey;$He;jhH Nghy

tUQ;nry;Yk; NgUnkd; neQ;R” – vDk; ghly; Nkw;$wpa fUj;ij

tpsf;FfpwJ. kd;didr; Rke;JtUk; ngz;ahid nkJthf elf;fhJ ntfkhf

nry;tjhy; mtd; jpUtoiff; fhz KbahJ Nfhgk; nfhs;Sk; jiytp>

ahidna ePAk; ngz;jhNd vdg; gpjw;Wtij

“vyh klg;gpbNa vq;$ly; Nfhkhd;

Gyhmy; neUey;Nty; khwd; - cyhTq;fhy;

iga elf;fTk; Njw;whahH epd;ngz;ik


143

Iag;gLtJilj;J – vd;w ghly; fhl;LfpwJ. Nrho kd;ddpd; ePjp

ed;whfj; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ vdf;$wp eifj;jhs; xU eq;if. fhuzk; mtspd;

fz;fs; kd;didf; fz;L ,d;Gw;W neQ;rk; fye;jJ. Mdhy; jz;ilj;

NjhSf;Fj; jUtNjd; vd;fpwhs;.

fz;Nz cz;fz; fye;jd ey;neQ;rk;

jz;lg;gLt jlnkd;Njhs; fz;lha;

cyhm kWfpd; ciwA+H tstw;(F)

vyhmk; Kiwfple;j MW. Nrho kd;ddpd; jiy efhpy; G+f;fis

tpw;gid nra;jgpd; Njitapy;yhjg; G+f;fis ,iwj;Jtpl;likahy;

me;efuj;jpy; kz;zpy; thdtpy; tPo;e;jpUg;gJ Nghd;Ws;sJ. ,jid

khiy tpiygfh;thH fps;spf; fise;j G+r;

rhy kpFtNjhH jd;ikj; jha;f; - fhiyNa

tpy;gapy; thdfk; NghYNk Nty; tstd;

nghw;NghH cwe;ij Rfk; - vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ls;sJ. ,jidg; Nghd;w gy

eakpf;f ghly;fs; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

rPtfrpe;jhkzp

mwk; nghUs; ,d;gk; tPL vDk; ehd;F nghUisAk; jUfpd;wJ.

,e;E}iy kzE}y; vd;W toq;Fth;. fhg;gpaj;jiytd; rPtfd;. ,td;

fhe;jUtjj;ij Kjyhf vz;kiu kzk;Ghpfpd;whd;. ,NjhL fy;tp gapy;tij

ehkfis kzg;gjhfTk;> tPLNgwiltij Kf;jpkfshfTk; kzg;gjhfTk;

$Wtjhy; kzE}yhapw;W.

Mrphpah; jpUj;jf;fNjtH. rkzrkaj;ijr; rhHe;jth;.

jkpo;f;fhg;gpaq;fspy; rPtfrpe;jhkzpAk;> rpyg;gjpfhuKNk gioa ciu

ngw;Ws;sd. er;rpdhHf;fpdpah; ,e;E}Yf;F mofpaNjhH ciuje;Js;sik

rpwg;ghFk;.


144

,f;fhg;gpaj;ijjj; jpUj;jf;fNjth; vl;Nl ehspy; vOjp Kbj;jjhff;

$Wth;. Nrho kuigr; rhHe;jth; vd;gh;. ehptpUj;jk; vDk; E}iy ,th;

,aw;wpajhff; $Wth;. ehkfs; ,yk;gfk; KJyhf Kf;jp ,yk;gfk; <whfg;

gjpd;%d;W ,yk;gfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. nkhj;jk; 3145 nra;Al;fisf;

nfhz;lJ. ,tw;Ws; 2700 ghly;fs; jpUj;jf;fNjth; ghbait. Vida

ghly;fs; ,ilr; nrUfy; vDk; fUj;jsJ. Mapd; ,jw;Fg; NghJkhd

rhd;Wfspy;iy.

fhg;gpaj;jiytd; rPtfd;. Vkhq;fj ehl;L murd; rr;re;jd;> kidtp

tpria. ehl;il kwe;J me;jg;Guj;jpy; milf;fykhfk; kd;dd; ehl;bd; Ml;rpg;

nghWg;ig mikr;rd; fl;baq;fhudplk; xg;gilf;fpd;whd;. mikr;rd; jf;f Neuk;

ghHj;Jg; gilAld; te;J kd;didf; nfhy;fpwhd;. mikr;rd; rjpawpe;j

kd;dd;> kidtp tpriaia kapw;nghwpapy; Vw;wp thdpy; gwf;Fk;gbr;

nra;fpwhd;. caph; jg;gpa tpria RLfhl;by; ,wq;Ffpwhs;. mq;F mtSf;F

XH Mz;Foe;ij gpwf;fpwJ. rPtfd; vd;W ngah; kl;Lk; #l;b kfNdhL tho

KbahJ jha; tpria kiwe;J tho;fpwhs;. fe;Jf;fld; vdk; tzpfd;

rPtfid vLj;Jr;nrd;W> mr;rze;jp mbfsplk; fy;tp gapy mDg;Gfpwhd;.

fy;tp Nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;jtdhf tsh;fpd;whd;. ,sikg; gUtk; va;jpa rPtfd;

jd; mofhYk; Mz;ikahYk; Nghl;bfspy; ntw;wp ngw;W> fhe;jUt jj;ij>

FZkhiy> gJik> Nfkrhp> fdfkhiy> tpkiy> RukQ;rhp> ,yf;fiz Mfpa

vz;kiu kzf;fpwhd;. fl;baq;fhuidg; Nghhpy; nfhd;W jd; je;ijapd;

ehl;il kPl;L murhs;fpwhd;. kidtpaNuhL kfpo;r;rpaha;> ew;Gjy;th;fisg;

ngw;W ,Uf;Fq;fhiy Njhl;lj;jpy; ghHj;j xU fhl;rpahy; tho;f;ifapy;

tpuf;jpAw;Wj; JwT G+z;L Kf;jp milfpwhd;. ,JNt rPtf rpe;jhkzp jUk;

rPtfdpd; fijahFk;.

tpUj;jg;ghtpy; mike;j Kjw;fhg;gpak; vDk; ngUik rpe;jhkzpf;F

cz;L. mjw;F Kd;G ehad;khHfspd; gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fspy; tpUj;jg;gh cz;L.

,f;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fg; gpwF Njhd;wpa fk;guhkhazk;> nghpaGuhzk; Nghd;w gy


145

fhg;gpaq;fSk; tpUj;jg;ghtpNyNa mike;jd. ,J jpUj;jf;f NjtUf;Fg;

fpilj;j ntw;wpahFk;.

,aw;if tUzidfs; kdijf; ftUk;gbAk; ePjpfis czh;j;Jk;

tifapYk; mike;Js;sd. (fw;NwhH gzpTilauha; ,Ug;gh;) ,f;fUj;jpidj;

Njth; jUk; ghly;topg;ghUq;fs;.

„nrhy;yUQ; #y;gRk; ghk;gpd; Njhw;wk; Nghy;

nky;yNt fU,Ue;J <d;W> Nky; myhH

nry;tNk Nghy;jiy epWtpj; Njh;e;j E}y;

fy;tpNRh; khe;jhpd; ,iwQ;rpf; fha;j;jNt‟

rpe;jhkzp jUk; ehl;Ltsg;ghly;

„fha;khz;l njq;fpd; gok;tPof; fKfpd; new;wpg;

G+khz;l jPe;Njd; njhilfPwp tUf;if Ngho;e;J

Njkhq; fdprpjwp thiog;goq;fs; rpe;Jk;

Vkhq;fjnkd; wpirahy; jpirNgha Jz;Nl‟

RLfhl;by; kfd; gpwe;jTld; (rPtfd;) tpria mOJ Gyk;Gfpd;w fhl;rpapy;

Njth; ek; cs;sj;ij cUf;fptpLfpd;whH.

„ntt;tha; Xhp Kothf tpspe;jhH <kk; tpsf;fhf

xt;thr; RLfhl;L cauuq;fpd; epoy;Nghy; Elq;fpg; Ngahl

vt;tha; kUq;Fk; ,Ue;jpuq;fpf; $if Fowpg; ghuhl;l

,t;thwhfpg; gpwg;gNjh ,JNth kd;dh;f;F ,ay; Nte;Nj‟

Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; vDk; kuG tlnkhopapy; mike;Js;s „gQ;rkfhfhtpak;‟

vDk; mbg;gilapy; mike;jJ vd;gh;.

tlnkhopapd; jOty; rpe;jhkzp vd;gh;. tlnkhop E}y;fshfpa rj;jphpa

#shkzp> fj;jpa rpe;jhkzp Mfpatw;wpd; nkhopngah;g;G vd;gh;. rpe;jhkzpapy;

tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; kpFjpahfg; gapd;W te;Js;sd. rpe;jhkzp njhlf;fj;jpy;

fhkr;Rit kpFe;j xU fhjy;f hg;gpakhfNt Njhd;Wk;. vdpDk; ,Wjpapy;


146

epiyahikj; jj;Jtj;jpd; %yk; mwj;ijNa vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. rPtfd; $Wk;

mwpTiuNa rhd;whFk;.

„nka;tif njhpjy; Qhdk;;; tpsq;fpa nghUs;fs; jk;ikg;

ngha;tif apd;wpj; Njwy; fhl;rp; Ik;nghwpAk; thl;b

ca;tif capiuj; Njah njhOFj nyhOf;fk;; %d;Wk;

,t;tif epiwe;j Ngho;Nj ,Utpid fopAk; vd;whd;‟

tisahgjp

Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whf ,lk;ngwpDk; E}y; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

itrpa Guhzj;jpy; 35Mk; rUf;fk; tisahgjp fijia vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

E}yhrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. ,J rkz E}y;. tisahgjpapy; tUk;

„epf;fe;j Ntlj;J ,Ub fzq;fis‟ vDk; mb rkz E}y; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W

vdyhk;. NkYk; tisahgjpapy; mUf Njtd; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gs;sJ.

tisahgjp fij

etNfhb ehuhazd; xU tzpfd;. ,td; NtW rhjpg; ngz;iz

kze;jhd;. ,jdhy; mtd; Fyj;NjhH ntWf;f> ntWg;igj; jhq;f ,ayhJ

mtDk; may;ehL nrd;W tpl> mtd; kidtpf;Fg; gpwf;Fk; kfd; tsh;e;j gpd;

Gfhhpy; jd; je;ijiaf; fz;L ,Wjpapy; jha; je;ijaiu ,izj;J

itf;fpwhd;. itrpa Guhzk; jUk; fij ,JNtahFk;.

tisahgjp nra;Ashf 72 nra;Al;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,jpy;

Gwj;jpul;by; kl;Lk; 66 ghly;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp 10Mk;

E}w;whz;L. ,e;E}y; nra;Al;fis mbahHf;F ey;yhH> ,sk;G+uzh;>

er;rpdhHf;fpdpah;> ghpNkyofh; MfpNahH jq;fs; ciuapy; vLj;jhz;Ls;sdh;.

kf;fl;NgW ,y;yhjtd; nry;tk; gw;wp tisahgjp $Wk; ghly;

rpwg;ghdJ.

„nghiwapyh mwpT> Nghfg;

Gzh;tpyh ,sik> Nktj;


147

Jiwapyh tdr thtp

Jfpypyhf; Nfhyj; J}a;ik>

eiwapyh khiy> fy;tp

eykpyhg; Gyik ed;dPHr;

rpiwapyh efuk; NghYk;

Nrapyhr; nry;t kd;Nwh.‟

Fz;lyNfrp

fhg;gpaj; jiytpahy; ngaH ngw;w E}y;. RUz;l $e;jiyAilats;

vd;gJ nghUs;. ,f;fhg;gpak; KOikahff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. njhy;fhg;gpa

ciu> ahg;gUq; fytpUj;jpAiu> tPuNrhopa ciu> rptQhd rpj;jpahUf;F

Qhdg; gpufhrh; ciu> ePyNfrp ,tw;wpypUe;J ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js; ghly;fs;

gj;njhd;gJ kl;LNk. ,jidf; Fz;lyNfrp tpUj;jk; vd;Wk; $Wth;. ngsj;j

fij NgRk; Njhp fhijapd; 46Mk; fhijapYk;> ePyNfrp> mq;Fj;juepfha>

jk;kgjhl;lfjh> itrpf Guhzj;jpd; 34Mk; mj;jpahak; Mfpatw;wpy;

Fz;lyNfrp fij cs;sJ.

Fz;lyNfrp rpwe;j jh;f;fE}y;. rkz E}yhfpa ePyNfrp> Fz;lyNfrpf;F

vjpuhfj; Njhd;wpaJ. nghJthfr; rkathjq;fs; gw;wpg; NgRk; E}y;fs; Nfrp

vd miof;fg;gl;lNjh vd vz;z Ntz;bAs;sJ. Fz;lyNfrp> ePyNfrp>

gpq;fyNfrp> mQ;rdNfrp> fhyNfrp ,it rka thjk; NgRk; E}y;fs; vd;gh;.

tzpfd; kfs; gj;jiu. ,ts; fhsd; vd;w fs;tid tpUk;Gfpwhs;.

kfspd; tw;GWj;jyhy; je;ijAk; fs;tidr; rpiwapypUe;J kPl;L mtSf;F

kzk; nra;J itf;fpwhH. ,d;gkhd tho;f;ifapd; ,ilapy; Clypd;NghJ

rpdj;jpy; gj;jiu jd; fztid eP fs;td; jhNd? vd;W $wptpl mjdhy;

rpdq;nfhz;l fhsd; (fztd;) nja;tj;ij tzq;f vd;W ngha; $wp

kiyAr;rpf;F mtis mioj;Jr; nrd;W nfhy;yg; Nghtjhff; $Wfpd;whd;.

fztDf;F mwpTiu $wpAk; mtd; jpUe;jhj epiyapy; mtid tzq;fp tyk;

tUtJ Nghy; te;J fztid kiyAr;rpapypUe;J js;spf; nfhd;W


148

tpLfpd;whs;. jhd; nra;j ghtk; ePq;fplg; ngsj;j rkaj;jpy; Nrh;e;J mwf;

fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;gp ,Wjpapy; Gj;jgpuhdpd; jpUtbia milfpwhs;.

fpilj;jit gj;njhd;gJ ghly;fNs vdpDk;> xt;nthd;Wk; Mo;e;j

fUj;njhL kdj;ijj; njLgitahf mike;Js;sd. jpthfuthkd Kdpth;

ePyNfrpf;F vOjpa ciuapy; Fz;lyNfrpapd; 99 ghly;fspd; Kjw;Fwpg;G

kl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nka;ahd jtk; Ik;Gyid mlf;FtNj> kdj;J}a;ik ngw;wtNu

,d;gKk; GfOk; ngw KbAk; Nghd;w mhpa fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

ePHf;Fkpop epiyaw;w tho;f;iff;F vg;gb epiyahd ctikahdNjh

mJNghd;W ahf;if epiyahikf;Ff; Fz;lyNfrp jUk; ghly; ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

epiyj;Jtpl;lJ.

„ghisahk; jd;ik nrj;Jk; ghydhk; jd;ik nrj;Jk;

fhisahk; jd;ik nrj;Jk; fhKWk; ,sik nrj;Jk;

kPSk; ,t;tpay;Gk; ,d;Nd Nky;tUk; %g;Gkhfp

ehSk;ehk; rhfpd;Nwhkhy; ekf;F ehk; mohjnjd;Nd‟

ghyfd; ,isQdhfp> ,isQd; KjpNahdhfp xt;nthU gUtKk; nrj;J

mLj;j gUtj;jpw;Fg; NghfpNwhk; ,t;thW ehSf;F ehs; gUtk; fle;J

rhfpd;Nwhk;. mg;Nghnjy;yhk; ehk; mothnra;fpNwhk; ,wg;gpw;F kl;Lk; Vd;

moNtz;Lk;? vdf;Nfl;fpwhH.

,jd; Mrphpah; ehjFj;jdhH. fhyk; fp.gp.9 my;yJ 10Mk; E}w;whz;L

vd;gh;. Gwj;jpul;by; fpilj;j 19 ghly;fs; jtpu gpw E}y;fspy; fpilj;j 6

ghly;fs; Nrh;j;J 25 ghly;fs; fpilj;Js;sd vd;gh;.

IQ;rpWfhg;gpaq;fs;

IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; vDk; tof;F ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ.

Kjd;Kjypy; kapiyehjh; jk; ciuapy; IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; vDk; njhliug;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;whH. nj.ngh.kP mth;fs; jk;Kila ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy;


149

rkzh;fs; Kjd;Kjypy; IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; vDk; tof;ifg; gad;gLj;jpdh;

vd;gh;.

mwk; nghUs; ,d;gk; tPL Mfpa ehd;Fk; mikag;ghltJ

ngUq;fhg;gpak;. ,tw;wpy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nky; Fiwapd; rpWfhg;gpak;

vdj; jz;bayq;fhuk; ,yf;fzk; $Wk;. #shkzp> ePyNfrp>

cjazFkhufhtpak;> aNrhjufhtpak;> ehfFkhufhtpak; Mfpait IQ;rpW

fhg;gpaq;fshFk;. ,it Ie;Jk; rkzf;fhg;gpaq;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

#shkzp

mzpfydhy; ngw;w ngah; #shkzp. jiyapy; #Lk; mzp. rkzf;

fhg;gpak;. tpUj;jg;ghlypy; mike;JJ. Mrphpah; Njhyhnkhopj;Njth;.

12 rUf;fq;fSld;> 2131 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

kz;izAk; tpz;izAk; ,izf;Fk; fhg;gpak; ,J. kz;Zyf Nte;jd;

jptpl;ld; tpz;Zyf kq;if Rak;gpuigia kze;j tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; E}y;.

rkzf; fUj;Jf;fs; ew;fhl;rp> ey;Qhdk;> ey;nyhOf;fk; ed;F

typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ. rpe;jhkzpNghd;W fw;NghHf;Ff; ftpij ,d;gk; jUtJ.

ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fzq;fs; ngw;w #shkzp rpWfhg;gpa thpirapy;

,lk; ngWtJ Kuz;ghNl vdyhk;. vdNtjhd; fp.th.nrfe;ehjd; mth;fs;

„eilaofpy; rpe;jhkzpiatpl #shkzp nrg;gKilj;J‟ vd;gh;. njh.ngh.kP.Ak;

„#shkzpapd; ftpij Xl;lKk; ,dpikAk; rpe;jhkzpapy; ,y;iy‟ vd;ghH.

#shkzpg; ghapuk; „Nre;jd; vd;Dk; J}khz;fpotd;‟ mitapy; ,e;E}y;

muq;Nfwpajhff; $Wk;. vdNt nropad; Nre;jd; fhyk; #shkzpapd; fhyk;

vd;gh;. tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fs; nropad; Nre;jd; fhyk; fp.gp. Vohk; E}w;whz;L

vd;gh;. #shkzp fhyKk; Vohk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. ,jpy; khWgl;l fUj;J

cz;L.

#shkzp rkzf;fhg;gpak;. rkzh;fspd; =Guhzj;jpy; #shkzpf;fij

cs;sJ. ghftjf; fijAk; #shkzpNahL xj;Js;sJ. mq;F gyuhkd;>

fz;zd; ,q;F tprad;> jptpl;ldhf mikfpd;wd.‟.


150

tpUj;jg;ghtpy; fhg;gpaj;ijj; njhlq;fp itj;jth; jpUj;jf;fNjth;.

mj;NjtiuAk; tpQ;rptpl;lhH ,j;Njth;. „tpUj;jg;ghitf; ifahs;tjpy; ,th;

rPtf rpe;jhkzp MrphpaiuAk; tpQ;rptpl;lhH‟ vd K.t. Fwpg;gpLtjhy; ,jid

czuyhk;.

jptpl;ld; fijiaf; $wpDk; jptpl;ldpd; je;ij gahgjpapd; Jwitf;

$wp mtd; cyfpw;nfy;yhk; #shkzp Mapdd; vdf; $wp Kbfpd;wJ. ,J

rkzkuG vdyhk;.

Xir eakpf;f #shkzpg; ghly;jUk; ,d;gj;ij EfUq;fs;.

„tsh;nfhbad kzk; tphptd ky;ypifnahL nksty;

jsph; nfhbad eWtpiuad eWkyudewtk;

Fsph;nfhbad Fiokhjtp FtpKifad nfhfb

xsph;nfhbad cah;jpuspNdhL xOfpzudXil‟ (gh.434)

,JNghd;Nw tho;f;ifapy; Jd;gNk kpFjp> ,d;gj;ijj; Jd;gj;jpw;fpilapy;

NjbNa milaNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; fUj;jpy; mikAk; #shkzpg;ghly; eakpf;fJ.

kjahid Juj;j> mjw;Fg;gae;J Xbatd; fpisnahd;iwg; gw;wpj;

njhq;ff; fPNo ghk;G glnkLf;ff; fpis mira> mjdhy; Njd; rpe;jj;

Jd;gj;ij kwe;J Njidf; Fbf;f Kay;fpwhd;. kdpj tho;f;ifapy; fpilf;Fk;

,d;gk; ,j;Njd; Nghd;wJ vd;fpwJ. ghly; tUkhW

„ahidJug;g muTciw Mo;Fop

ehy;etph; gw;WG ehYk; xUtd;XH

Njdpd; mopJsp ef;Fk; jpwe;jJ

khDlh; ,d;gk; kjpj;jid nfhs;eP‟ (gh.1989)

ePyNfrp

ePyNfrp rkz rkaj; jUf;fE}y;. ahg;gUq;fytpUj;jp ,jid ePyk; vdf;

$Wk;. ,jid ePyNfrpj;njUl;L vdTk; $Wth;. Mrphpah; ahnud;W


151

njhpatpy;iy. gj;Jr; rUf;fq;fisAk;> 894 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.

Fz;lyNfrpf;F kWg;ghfj; Njhd;wpaJ.

rkajpthfu thkd Kdpth; rpwe;j ciu vOjpAs;shH. rf;uth;j;jp

eapdhH gjpg;Gr; rpwg;ghf cs;sJ. jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fofk; 1984,y; gjpg;gpj;J

ntspapl;ls;sJ. ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp.Mwhk; E}w;whz;bw;F Kd;G my;yJ Mwhk;

E}w;whz;lhf ,Uf;fyhk;. irt itzt nry;thf;F ,y;yhj fhyk; ,jd;

fhyk; vdNt ngsj;j rka vjph;g;ig Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

ePyNfrpapYs;s Fz;lyNfrp thjr; rUf;fk; Fz;lyNfrp gw;wp mwpa

cjTfpd;wJ.

ghQ;rhy ehl;bd; xU efuUNf cs;s gyhiyak; RLfhl;by; fhspf;F

,lg;gLk; gypia Kdpr;re;jpuh; vDk; rkzj; Jwtp jLf;fpwhH. fhsp gioaD}H

ePypia mDg;gp Kdptiu tpul;lr; nrhy;fpwhs;. Kdptiu tpul;l te;j ePyp

ePyNfrp> thjj;jpy; Kdpthplk; Njhw;Wg; Ngha;j; Jwtpf;F khztpahfpj;

Jwtpapd; fl;lisg;gb gyiuAk; thjj;jpy; ntd;W> ,Wjpapy; ngsj;j

Jwtpahd Fz;lyNfrpiaAk; mUf;ffPHj;jpiaAk;> nkhf;fyiuAk; Gj;jiuAk;

thjj;jpy; nty;fpwhs;. ,JNt ePyNfrp fijahFk;. gioaD}hpy; NgAUtpy;

tho;e;jtNs ePyNfrp. rkzj; Jwtpahy; JwtpahFk; NgW ngw;whs;.

ePyNfrp rpWfhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fzq;fisg; ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy.

vdpDk; rkzj;ijj; jUf;f Kiwapy; gug;Gk; rpwe;jE}y; vdyhk;.

#shkzp Nghd;W ,jpYk; Xireakpf;fg;ghly; cs;sJ.

„FUTilad nfhbapil xU Fiytphpad Nfhly;

jLRlud jdtaypd jifkyud Njhd;wp

mUFilad mzpAUtpd matd myh;fhah

KUFilad Kiftphptd Kwpayh;td Ky;iy‟


152

3.cjazFkhu fhtpak;

tpUj;jg;ghtpy; mike;jJ. Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. 367 nra;Al;fs;

cs;sd. rkzf;fhg;gpak;. Nrhoh;fhyk;. ngUq;fij cjazd; fijia

tphpthff; $Wk;. ,J mjidf;RUf;fp vLj;Jiuf;Fk;.

ngUq;fijapy; fpilf;fhj fijg;gFjpfis ,e;E}y; nfhz;L epiwT

nra;aKbfpwJ. fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa rpwg;gpidg; ngwhj E}y; ,Jntdyhk;.

fhg;gpar; Rit FiwT. MW fhz;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ ,e;E}y;. 1. cQ;irf;

fhz;lk;> 2. ,yhthz fhz;lk;> 3. kfjfhz;lk;> 4. tj;jtf; fhz;lk;> 5.

euthz fhz;lk;> 6.JwTf;fhz;lk;.

mte;jp ehl;L kd;dd; gpur;Nrhjdd;. ,td; kha ahidapd; %yk;

tj;jehl;L nfsrhk;gp efuj;J kd;dd; cjaizr; rpiwg;gLj;Jfpwhd;.

cjazid mikr;rd; A+fp rpiwapypUe;J jg;Gtpf;fpwhd;. gpd;dh; cjazd;

esfphp vDk; ahidia mlf;fpg; gpur;Nrhjdd; kfs; thrjj;ijf;F aho;

fw;Wf; nfhLj;Jf; fhjy; nra;J mtis kzf;fpwhd;. ,Wjpapy; tho;f;ifia

ntWj;Jj; JwT nfhs;fpwhd;. ,JNt cjazd; fijahFk;.

aNrhju fhtpak;

,JTk; tlnkhopj; jOtNyahFk;. tlnkhopapy; NrhkNjtp #hpah;ahj;j

a];jpyfk;> thjuhr #hp vOjpa aNrhju rhpjk;> mhpgj;jpuh;> Gl;gjj;jh; vOjpa

aNrhju fhtpak; Mfpa %d;W E}y;fSk; aNrhjud; fijiaf; $WtdthFk;.

jkpopy; vOjpa Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. Mapd; ,th; mhpgj;jpuUk;

Gl;gjj;jUk; vOjpa E}iy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,e;E}iy vOjpdhH

vdyhk;.

xU ntz;ghit mbg;gilahf itj;J aNrhju fhtpak; vOjpath;.

ntz;zhtY}Uilahd; Nts; vd;gh;. Mapd; Nghjpa rhd;wpy;iy. mg;ghly;

tUkhW.

„Gl;gee;jd; nrhd;d nghUs; Nrh; fij jd;idj;

jpl;gkha;r; nre;jkpopy; nrg;gpdhd; - el;GilahH


153

ntz;zhtY}UilahHNts;‟

aNrhjud; je;ij mNrhfd; JwT G+Zfpwhd;. vdNt aNrhjud; jd;

kidtp mkpo;jkjpAld; mhpaiz VWfpwhd;. Mapd; mkpo;jkjp ahidg; ghfd;

,irapy; kaq;fp mtNdhL $lhel;G nfhs;fpwhs;. ,J aNrhjuDf;Fr;

njhpatUk; NghJ mtd; kidtp eQ;rpl;Lf; fztidAk; mtd; jhiaAk;

nfhd;W tpLfpwhs;. gpd;dh; aNRhjud; kfd; aNrhjkjp murdhfpwhd;.

aNrhjkjp xU ehs; Ntl;ilf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ rkzKdpth; xUth; %yk;

jdf;Fg; gpwe;Js;s kfd; mgaUrpAk;> kfs; mgakjpAk; jd; je;ijAk;

ghl;bAk; vd;gij mwpfpwhd;. cld. mtd; JwT Nkw;nfhs;fpwhd;.

,e;epiyapy; ,uhrGuj;J kd;dd; khhpjj;jd; rz;lkhNjtpf;F kdpjh;fisg;

gypapl tpUk;Gfpwhd;. cyf tho;f;ifia ntWj;Jr; rkzj;jpy; ,ize;jpUe;j

,ul;ilah;fshfpa mgaUrp mgakjp Mfpa ,UtiuAk; fhtyh;fs; ifg;gw;wpf;

nfhz;L tUfpd;wdh;. kd;dDk; mth;fsplk;> „vq;fs; ehl;L eyDf;fhf

cq;fisg; gypaplg; NghfpNwhk;. vq;fSf;fhf ePq;fs; gpuhHj;jid nra;Aq;fs;

vd;W $Wfpd;whH”. mth;fSk; rhitg;gw;wp mQ;rhj caph;f;nfhiyapd;

jPikia kdk; gjpa vLj;Jiuj;jdh;. ,wg;gpYk; rphpf;Fk; ePq;fs; ahH vd;W

kd;dd; Nfl;Fk; NghJ Kw;gpwtp aNrhjud; (,g;gpwtp mgaUrp) jd;

fijiaAk; kidtp nra;j JNuhfj;ijAk; $Wfpwhd;. ,Wjpapy; “vq;fSila

,e;jj; Jd;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; VO gpwtpf;F Kd; khtpdhy; nra;j xU

Nfhopiag; gypapl;Nlhk;. me;j tpidNa vq;fs; Jd;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk;. khTg;

gz;lj;jpy; nra;j NfhopjhNd ghtkh vd;gJ nfhiyiatplg; gyp nfhLf;Fk;

Mir vq;fSf;F ,Ue;jNj. mJjhd; nfhLik. MirNa Jd;gj;jpw;Ff;

fhuzk;. vdNt cq;fs; %lek;gpf;ifiaf; fz;Nl rphpj;Njhk;” vd;W

tpthpf;fpwhd;. ,ijf;Nfl;l ,uhrGuj;J kd;dd; khhpjj;jd; kdk; jpUe;jp

gypnfhLg;gij epWj;jpdhd;. ,JNt aNrhju fhtpak; jUk; fhtpak;.


154

ahidg;ghfd; ghba khstgQ;rkuhfk; gw;wpf;$Wk; ,f;fhg;gpak;

mjd;%yk; ,iria ntWj;J xJf;FfpwJ. rkzE}y;fspy; NtW vq;Fk;

khhpjj;jdpd; ,f;fij ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. xsit.R.Jiurhkpgps;is ,jw;F

ciu vOjpAs;shH. ,jd; fhyk; 17Mk; E}w;whz;L. nj.ngh.kP mth;fSk;

,jid tpraefu Ml;rpf;Fr; rpwpJ Kd;dh;j; Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd;gh;.

rpw;wpd;gj;jpd; ,opGk; jtj;jpd; Nkd;ikAk;ed;F vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.

fhkj;jpd; jPikia

„vz;zkJ myhik gz;Zk; ,g;gpwg;G ,baE}Wk;

kz;zpay; Gfio kha;j;J> tUtop tsh;f;Fk; khdj;

jpz;ikia cilf;Fk; Mz;ik jpUnthL rpijf;Fk; rpe;ij

fz;nzhL fyf;Fk; kw;W ,f;filgL fhkk;‟

5.ehf Fkhufhtpak;

rkzE}y;> Nrhoh;fhyk;. Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. kfjehl;L murd;

ehf Fkhudpd; fijiaf; $Wtjhy; ehfFkhu fhtpakhapw;W. ,e;E}y;

fpilf;fhkNy ,Ue;jJ. 1973y; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,e;E}iy

ntspapl;lJ. vdNtjhd; 1960,y; ,yf;fpa tuyhW vOjpa milf;fyrhkp

mth;fs; ,e;E}y; gw;wp tptuk; njhpatpy;iy vd;fpwhH. 170 ghly;fs;>

tpUj;jg;ghtpy; mike;jJ. Ie;J ruf;fq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ehf Fkhudpd;

gpwg;G> tsh;g;G> mtDila tPur; nray;fs;> fhjy;epiy> Kw;gpwg;G> gQ;rkp

Nehd;gpd; rpwg;G> Jwtpd; Nkd;ik Mfpad Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd. rkzf;

Nfhl;ghLfs; kpFjpahf cs;sd. kd;dd; rpNuhdpfuhrDf;F nfsjk Kdpth;

$Wk; gQ;rkpf; fijahf ,f;fij mikfpwJ. mk;kd;dh; mUfidj; Jjpj;Jg;

ghLk; ghly; cs;sk; cUf;fk; jd;ikaJ.

„mwptd;eP mkyd;eP Mjp ePNa

Mhpad; eP rPhpad; eP mde;jd; ePNa

jphpNyhf NyhfnkhL Njad; ePNa

Njthjp NjtndDk; jPHj;jd;ePNa


155

vhpkzpew; gpwg;Gila <rd;ePNa

,Uehd;F FzKila ,iwtd; ePNa

jphpGtdk; njhOJ ,iwQ;Rk; nry;tk; ePNa

rphpth;j;j khdd;nDk; jPHj;jd; ePNa.”

ngUq;fij

gpUfj;fjh vd;gNj ngUq;fijahapw;W (gpUfj; - nghpa: fjh-fij)

rkzf; fhg;gpak;. cjazd; fij> nfhq;F NtspH khf;fij vd;Wk; $WtH.

Kjy; E}y; JHtpe;jdpd; gpufj; fij vd;gH. fhyk; Vohk; E}w;whz;L.

Mrphpag;ghthy; ,ad;wJ. Fzhl;bahH igrhrnkhopapy; ahj;j „gpufj;fjh‟

tpd; nkhopngaHg;Ng ngUq;fij.

E}y; KOikAk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. KjYk; KbTkpd;wp cs;sJ.

cjzaFkhu fhtpak; %ykhfNt fijia KOikahf mwpa KbfpwJ.

Ie;J fhz;lq;fis cilaJ.

nfsrhk;gpehl;L murd; rjhdpfd; kfd; cjazd;. murp kpUfhtjp.

,ts; rpk;Gl; gwitahy; tpGyfphp kiyf;Fj; J}f;fpr; nry;yg;gl;L mq;Nf

cjazd; gpwf;fpwhd;. mq;F kpUfhtjp jd; je;ij Jwtpaha; ,Ug;gijf;

fhz;fpwhs;. mth; cjazid XH me;jzj; Jwtpaplk; xg;gilf;f> mth;jd;

kfs; A+fpAld; mtidAk; tsh;f;fpwhH. A+fpAk;> cjazDk; rpwe;j

ez;guhfpdh;. jd; jhj;jh (jha; kpUfhtjpapd; je;ij) tpd; ehl;il Mz;l

khkd; Jwptahf tpUk;gpf; fhl;bw;F te;jNghJ jd; jkf;ifapd; kfd;

cjazd; vd;gij mwpe;J jd; itrhyp ehl;il mtdplk; xg;gilf;fpwhd;.

rpwpJ fhyj;jpy; cjazd;> je;ij ehlhfpa nfsrhk;gpAk; fpilf;fg;ngw;W

,Uehl;bw;Fk; murdhfpwhd;.

ahidiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ke;jpuk; mwpe;jtd; cjazd;.

KdpthplkpUe;J mtDf;Ff; fpilj;j aho; vg;gbg;gl;l kjahidapidAk;

mlf;fptpLk; jd;ikaJ. ,tNdhL ,ue;j nja;tahidf; fhzhky; Ngha;tpl

mijj; Njb miyfpwhd; cjazd;. mg;NghJ cr;rapdpia Mz;l


156

gpur;Nrhjd kd;dd; xU ve;jpu ahidia mDg;G mjDs; tPuh;fis itj;J

cjazidr; rpiwg;gpbf;fpwhd;. ,ijawpe;j A+fp cr;rapdp nrd;W jd;

tUifia cjazDf;F ,ufrpakha; mwptpf;fpwhd;. gl;lj;J ahid

esfphpf;F kjk; gpbf;fr; nra;fpwhd;. ahuhYk; mlf;f ,ayh epiyapy;

gpr;Nrhjdd; cjazid mioj;J ahidia mlf;fpdhy; tpLjiy

nra;tjhff; $Wfpwhd;. ahidia ,irahy; mlf;fp> kd;dd; kfSf;F ,ir

fw;Wf; nfhLj;J mts; fhjiyg; ngw;W> xU ahid kPJ mtis mioj;JR;

nrd;W tpLfpwhd;. ,jw;F A+fp nghpJk; cjTfpwhd;. gpd;dh; gJkhtjp

khddPif> tprphpif Mfpa ngz;fis kzf;fpwhd;. ,Wjpapy; ehd;F

kidtpahpy; gJkhtjpapd; kfdplk; Ml;rpiaf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L gpw rkzf;

fhg;gpaq;fisg; Nghd;W cjazd; JwT Nkw;nfhs;fpwhd;.

ngUq;fij ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fzq;fisAk;> Ritahd

fijg; gFjpiaAk; nfhz;lJ. ngz;zhfg; gpwe;NjhHf;Fg; nghWikNa ngUik

jUk; vDk; fUj;ijg; ngUq;fij typAWj;JfpwJ. ngUq;fijapd; ,yf;fpa

eil gbg;NghHf;F ,d;gk; jUk;. gl;bdg; ghiyapy; tUk; fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bd

tUzidia epidT+l;Lk; tifapy; efhpy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs; gw;wpf;

nfhq;FNtsph; Fwpg;gpLtJ mike;Js;sJ.

„tljpir khkiyr;Rlh;tpL nghd;Dk;

Flflw; gpwe;j glh;nfhbg; gtoKk;

njd;wpirg; gpwe;j ntz;Rlh; kzpAk;

tpQ;irak; ngUkiy tpsq;nfhsp nts;spAk;

,yq;if aPoj;Jf; fye;jU nrg;Gk;

,kaj;Jg; gpwe;j tapur; rhjpAk;

flhuj; jpUk;nghL ifafj; jlf;fp

atdj; jr;rU kte;jpf; nfhy;yUk;..‟


157

vd;W gl;bdg; ghiy thpfNshL> rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; jhf;fj;ijAk; fhzKbfpwJ.

rkzf; fUj;Jf;fs; fijf;F ,ilA+wpd;wp ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ

rpwg;Gkpf;fJ.

gpwfhg;gpaq;fs;

tpk;gprhufij

Gj;jhpd; ngUik NgRk; fhg;gpak;. Gj;jhpd; mUshy; mth; Mrpngw;Wg;

ngsj;juhf khwpa tpk;grhud; vDk; kfj kd;ddpd; tuyhw;iwf; $WtJ

,e;E}y; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

NkUke;ju Guhzk;

Mrphpah; thkdhrhhpaH. ePyNfrpf;F ciu tFj;jth; ,tNu. rkz

,yf;fpak;. rkzh;fs; ,jidj; jq;fs; „rkar; rhuk;‟ vdf; fUJth;. „NkU‟

„ke;jpuh‟ vd;w clk; gpwe;NjhH ,Uthpd; tuyhw;iwf;$Wk; E}y; ,JthFk;.

,jw;F Kjy; E}y; =Guhzk;. 13 rUf;fq;fSk;> 1405 ghly;fSk; nfhz;lJ.

fhyk; 14 Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;.

,yf;fpa eaj;ijtpl mwpTj; NjlNy kpFjp. ngz;bUf;F tPLNgwpy;iy

vDk; rkzf; fUj;ij ,e;E}y; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. et;tpid jPtpid vd;gJ

gpwtpNjhWk; njhlUk;. Jd;gq;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; MirNa fhuzk; vd

Mirapd; ,opit czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. capiu Kf;jp milatplhky; jLg;gJk;>

capUf;Fg; gifAk;> kdpjid tpyq;F fjpapy; Nrh;g;gJk; MirNa. Miria

Nkhfk; vd;fpwJ> NkhfNk gpwtpf;F ey;tpj;J vdf;$wp eufj;jpy; js;Sk;

vd;fpwJ. Nkhfk; ,y;yhjtNu ey;y Kdpth; vd;fpwJ. Miria mWj;J

Md;kh ey;topia milaj; Jiz GhpAk; E}y; NkUke;ju Guhzk; vdyhk;.

fk;guhkhazk;

fk;guhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,uhkhazj;jpw;F mtuhy; ,uhktjhuk; vd;Nw

ngahplg;gl;lJ. fk;gDf;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; gyh; ,uhkhazf; fijiag;

ghbapUg;gpDk; fk;gd; E}Ny kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ.

fk;ghpd; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,uhkhazj;jpw;F mtuhy; ,uhktjhuk; vd;Nw


158

ngahplg;gl;lJ. fk;gDf;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; gyh; ,uhkhazf; fijiag;

ghbapUg;gpDk; fk;gd; E}Ny kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W tpsq;FfpwJ.

fk;ghpd; tho;f;if gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfspy; fw;gid kpFe;Js;sJ. NrhoehL

nrhe;jehL. Mjhpj;jth; rilag;g ts;sy;. ,aw;ngah; njhpahJ. jdpg;ghly;

jpul;by; fk;gd; ghbajhf tUk; ghly;fs; fk;gd; ghbajh vd;Dk;

Muha;r;rpf;FhpaJ. tlnkhop> njd;nkhop ,uz;bYk; Qhdk; ngw;wth;.

,uhkhazk; jtpu VHvOgJ> jpUf;iftof;fk;> ruRtjp me;jhjp> rlNfhgh;

me;jhjp Mfpa E}y;fis ,th; vOjpdhH vd;gh;.

jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fspy; jdf;nfdj; jdpaplk; gpbj;j fhg;gpak;

fk;guhkhazk;> fh;gh; itztuhf ,Ug;gpDk; gpw rkaq;fisg; Nghw;Wk; gz;G

cs;sth;. ,uhkid Kk; %Hj;jpfSf;Fk; Nkyhdtdhff; fhz;fpwhH.

,uhkidg; gw;wpa fk;ghpd; nrhw; rpj;jpuk; gbj;Jg; gbj;J kfpo;jw;FhpaJ.

fk;gh; jk; E}ypw;F %y E}yhf thd;kPfpiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ehl;Lg;

glyj;jpy; fk;ghpd; $w;whfNt ,J ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,e;E}y; fhyfhz;lk;>

mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muz;a fhz;lk;> fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;> Re;jufhz;lk;>

Aj;j fhz;lk; vd MW fhz;lq;fisAk; 118 glyq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ (fk;gd;

fofg; gjpg;G – nrd;id 1976) thd;kPfj;ij Kjy; E}yhf Vw;w NghjpYk;

jkpo; kugpw;Nfw;gg; gy khw;wq;fisr; nra;Js;shH> ngUk;ghYk; fyp tpUj;jg;gh

tifapidNa kpFjpahff; ifahz;Ls;shH. nkhj;jg; ghly;fspy; fpl;j;jl;l

ghjpg; ghly;fs; fyptpUj;jNk. ,jidaLj;J mWrPHtpUj;jk;

vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU czh;tpw;Fk; ntt;NtW tpUj;jq;fisf; fk;gh;

mikj;js;shH. re;jNtWghLfis kpFjpahf vLj;jhz;Ls;shH. 460f;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l re;j NtWghLfs; cs;sd. 22 ghly;fSf;F xUKiw re;jq;fis

khw;Wk; Nghf;F fk;ghplk; cs;sJ. „xNu ghlYf;fhfr; re;jj;ij khw;wTk;

nra;Js;shH‟ vd Kidth; fhf;Fk; ngUkhs; Fwpg;gpLtJ vz;zj;jf;fJ.

fk;guhkhazf; fhtpak; jkpouJ ftpj;Jtj;jpd; Ngnuy;iyahFk;.

jkpohpd; ftpjh kz;lyj;ij Mz;l ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp fk;gd;. ghj;jpuq;fs;


159

NgRk; KiwAk;> mike;Js;s ghq;Fk; ,f;fhg;gpak; xU ehlfNkh vd vz;z

itf;Fk;. Fk;gfUzd;> tPlzd; ciuahly;> Fk;gfUzd;> ,uhtzd;

ciuahly; tPlzd;- ,uhtzd; ciuahly;> thyp ,uhkd; ciuahly;

,itahTk; ehlfg; ghzpapy; mike;J ehlf eak; ey;Ffpd;wd.

#Hg;gzifapd; moif tUzpf;Fk; gFjpapy; fk;gd; jkpo;r; nra;Aspd;

moiff; nfhl;Lfpwhd;. md;deil gapd;W mire;J tUfpwhs; #Hg;gzif.

mts; kl;Lkh mirfpwhs;. mth; mirtpw;Nfw;g jkpo; mirfpwJ. gbf;Fk;

thrfUk; mirfpwhHfs;.

„gQ;rp xsph; tpQ;R Fsph; gy;ytk; mDq;fr;

nrQ;nrtpa fQ;repfh; rPwba shfp

mQ;nrhy; ,skQ;iQ vd md;dk; vdkpd;Dk;

tQ;rp vd eQ;rnkd tQ;rkfs; te;jhs;‟

thyp vd;id Vd; nfhd;wha;? vd;W ,uhkdplk; kiwe;jpUe;J Nfl;fk;

Nfs;tpfs; jh;f;fthjk; epiwe;jit. thd;kPfj;jpy; fhz KbahjitahFk;.

mNrhftdj;jpy; rPijiaf; fz;L jpUk;Gk; mDkd; czh;r;rpg;

ngUf;NfhL ,uhkidg; ghHf;fpwhd;. ,uhkidf; fz;lJk;

„ eq;ifiaf; fz;Nl dy;Nyd;

--------------------------------------------------

fw;ngDk; ngau njhd;Wk;

fspelk; Ghpaf;fz;Nld;‟

vd;W$wp mDkd; fsp elk;Ghpfpd;whd;. thHj;ijfSk; fk;gdplk; mlq;fhJ

fspelk;GhpfpwJ.

,aw;iw tUzid mikg;gjpYk; fk;gd; midtiuAk; tpQ;rptpLfpwhd;.

vspikahd re;jj;ijf;> fw;gidNahL mikf;fpwhd;. kUj epyj;ij xU

ehlfNkil Mf;fptpLfpd;whd;. ehlfNkil mikj;Jtpl;lhy; ehlf khe;jh;

Ntz;Lk;> ghHitahsh; Ntz;Lk;. ,Njh ghliyg; ghUq;fs;


160

„jz;liy kapy;fshl jhkiu tpsf;fk; jhq;ff;

nfhz;ly;fs; KotpNdq;ff; Ftis fz;tpopj;J Nehf;fj;

njz;biu vopdpfhl;j; Njk;gpop kfuahopd;

tz;Lfs; ,dpJghl kUjk; tPw;wpUf;F khNjh‟

fk;gdpy; Njha;e;NjhH kJ cz;l tz;lha; kaq;FtJ jpz;zk;.

vdNtjhd; ftpkzpAk;>

„nta;apw; Nfw;w epoYz;L

tPRk; njd;ww; fhw;Wz;L

ifapy; fk;gd; ftpAz;L‟

vd;fpwhH.

„fk;gh; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk;‟ ,J gonkhop. ghujpahUk;

„....................................................

fk;gidg; Nghy; ts;Std; Nghy; ,sq;Nfhitg; Nghy;

G+kpjdpy; ahq;fZNk gpwe;jjpy;iy‟

vd;gh;.

jpUj;jf;fNjth; tpUj;jg;ghitf; fhg;gpaj;jpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpaNghjpYk;

tpUj;jg;ghtpd; vy;iyiaj; njhl;ltd; fk;gNd. vdNtjhd;>

„tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; xz;ghtpw;F cah; fk;gd;‟ vdg; Gfog;gLfpwhH.

thd;kPfp %y E}yhf ,Ug;gpDk; jkpo; kuigr; rpijahky; fhf;fpwhd;

fk;gd;. rPijia ,uhkd; fz;L fhjy; nfhz;lgpwF tpy;iy cilg;gjhf

mikf;fpwhd;. ,uhtzd; rPijiaj; jPz;lhJ gh;zrhiyNahL J}f;fpr;

nry;tjhf mikj;jy;> ,uhkd; irt czit cz;gjhf mikj;jy;>

mq;fjidj; jd; kfdhfr; Rf;hPtd; Vw;wy;> thyp ,we;jJk; mtd; kidtp

jhiuiar; Rf;hPtd; jd; jhahff; fUJjy; (thd;kPfj;jpy; Rf;hPtd; jhiuiaj;

jd; kidtpahf;fpf; nfhs;fpwhd;) ,uhkd; flTs; vd;W $lf; fUjhJ thypapd;

ciuahlypy; tsk; Nrh;j;jy; vdg; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; %yk; rpijahky;


161

gz;ghl;Lr; rpe;jidNahL mikj;Js;sik ghuhl;bw;FhpaJ. vy;yh tz;zKk;

fye;j fk;gdpd; tz;zj;ij vg;gbg; ghuhl;LtJ. mtd; ghly; topNa

ghuhl;lyhk;. ,uhkd; jhlifiaf; nfhd;w NghJ tpRthkpj;jpuh; mtdJ

iftypik fz;lhH. ehk; fk;gdpd; ifapy; vOj;jpd; typik fz;Nlhk;.

,uhkd; fhy;gl;Lf; fy; ngz;zhf khwpajpy; mtdJ fhypd; ngUik fz;lhH.

„,t;tz;zk; epfo;e;j tz;zk; ,dp,e;j cyFf;F vy;yhk;

ca;tz;zk; md;wpkw;W XH Jah;tz;zk; cWtJ cz;Nlh?

iktz;zj;J muf;fp Nghhpy; kio tz;zj;J mz;zNycd;

iftz;zk; mq;Ff; fz;Nld; fhy;tz;zk; ,q;Ff; fz;Nld;‟

fk;gh; gpwe;j CH jpUtOe;J}H vd;gh;. vk;ghpd; fhyk; fp.gp.9Mk;

E}w;whz;L> 12Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fk; vd ,U fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpd;wd.

ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp fk;gDf;F r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad; mth;fs; (fk;gd; ,yf;fpa

cj;jpfs;) ehw;gJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l milnkhopfs; ey;Ffpd;whH. fpl;lj;jl;l

Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Njhd;wpa xU ftpQH ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bYk;

,yf;fpathjpfspd; kdj;jpy; Kjyplk; ngw;Ws;sik vz;zp kfpoj;jf;fJ.

„fk;guhkhazkhdJ N`hkh; vOjpa ,ypal;ilAk;> nth;[py; vOjpa

<dpal;ilAk;> kpy;lDila Rth;f;f ePf;fj;ijAk;> tpahr ghujj;ijAk;> jdf;Nf

Kjy; E}yhf ,Ue;j thy;kPfp uhkhazj;ijAk; $lg; ngUq;fhg;gpa

,yl;rzj;jpd; mk;rq;fSs; mNefkha; midj;ijak; ntd;Wtpl;lJ‟ vd;w

t.Nt.R Iahpd; $w;W kpifad;W cz;ikNa vdyhk;.

nghpaGuhzk;

Mrphpah; Nrf;fpohH. CH njhz;il ehl;Lf; Fd;wj;J}H. fhyk; 12Mk;

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Fwpg;gpLk;. ,th; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrho kd;ddplk; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth;. „cj;jk

Nrhog;gy;ytd;‟ vDk; gl;lk; ,tUf;FhpaJ. nghpa Guhzk; ghba

mUl;ld;ikahy; „njhz;lh; rPH guTthH‟ vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhH. Nrf;fpohH Fbapy;


162

gpwe;jikahy; „Nrf;fpohH‟ vd miof;fg;gl;lhH. irtj; jpUj;njhz;lh;fspd;

tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; E}y;. 63 ehad;khHfspd; ngUikia vLj;NjhJk;

,f;fhg;gpaj;ijr; Nrf;fpohH „jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;‟ vd;whH. mf;fhyj;jpy;

ngUk;ghd;ikahd jkpo;f;fhg;gpaq;fs; nkhopngah;g;ghf ,Ue;j epiyapy;

,f;fhg;gpaf;fU jkpopNyNa mike;jik rpwg;GilaJ. Nrf;fpphH jk; E}iy

„khf;fij‟ vd;whH. kh vd;why; nghpa> fij vdpd; Guhzk; vdNt mth;

gad;gLj;jpa nrhw;nwhluhy; „nghpa Guhzk;‟ vdg;gl;lJ vdyhk;.

Re;juhpd; jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifAk;> ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gpfspd;

jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjpAk; Nr;fpfohH ,e;E}iy ,aw;wg; gpd;Gykhf

mike;jd. ,jidg; gpd;te;NjhH njhif tif tphp vdr; rpwg;gpg;gh;. (njhif-

jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif tif-jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp> tphp-nghpa Guhzk;)

Fwpg;gpl;l jiytd; ,y;yhky; ehad;khHfs; midtUk; jiytuhf

tpsq;Ftjhy; ,J fhg;gpakd;W vd;gh;. Mapd; nghpaGuhzj;jpw;Fg; nghpaNjhH

ciu fz;l rp.Nf. Rg;gpukpza KjypahH ,jidg; ngUq;fhg;gpak; vdf; $wpr;

rhd;WfSld; epWTthH. fhg;gpaj; jiytuhff; fUjg;gLgth; Re;juh;.

fijapd; Kjy;> ,il> ,Wjpapy; Re;juh; tUtjhy; mtNu jiyth; mtiur;

Rw;wpNa fij epfo;Tfs; mikfpd;wd vd;gh;.

kd;dd; FNyhj;Jq;fd; rpe;jhkzp ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kpFe;j <LghL

nfhz;Ls;sikia mwpe;j Nrf;fpohH mtDf;Fr; irtg; gw;wpid Cl;l

ehad;khHfspd; tuyhw;iwf; $wpdhH. gpd;dh; mtw;iw kd;dd;

Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f E}yhf;fpdhH vd;gh;. Mapd; ,f;fijf;Fg; NghJkhd

rhd;Wfspy;iy.

nghpaGuhzk; irt cyfpw;Ff; fpilj;j jdptpsf;F. vdNtjhd;

kfhtpj;thd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is mth;fSk; jk;Kila Nrf;fpohHgps;isj;

jkpopy; „gj;jpr;rit edp nrhl;lr; nrhl;lg; ghba ftptyt‟ vd;W Nrf;fpohiug;

ghuhl;Lfpd;whH. ,e;E}y; ,uz;L fhz;lq;fshf> gjpd;%d;W rUf;fq;fisf;


163

nfhz;lJ. 4281 ghly;fs; cs;sd. jdpabahHfs; mWgj;J %tUk;

njhifabahHfs; xd;gJ NgUk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sdh;. ehad;khHfisg; gw;wp

fwgidahf vOjhJ mth;fs; tho;e;j ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W tuyhw;Wf;

fhg;gpakhfg; nghpa Guhzj;ij ahj;Js;shH. ,th; Kjyikr;ruhf

,Ue;jikahy; mjw;Fhpa tha;g;Gfs; kpFjpahf ,Ue;jd vdyhk;.

gf;jpiag; gug;Gk; ,yf;fpakhapDk; fhjy; Ritia tpsf;Ftjpy;

jdpaplk; ngWfpwJ. guitahiug; ghHj;j Re;juh; fhjy; tag;gl;L

„fw;gfj;jpd; G+q;nfhk;Ngh? fhkd;jd; ngUtho;Nth/

nghw;Gila Gz;zpaj;jpd; Gz;zpaNkh Gay;Rke;J

tpw;Ftis gtskyh; kjpG+j;j tpiuf;nfhbNah?

mw;GjNkh? rptdUNsh? mwpNad; vd;wjpraj;jhH.‟

jpUQhd rk;ge;jiuf; fz;Kd; fhl;Lk;NghJ fhjy; kiwfpwJ Md;kPfxspaha;

gf;jpr;Ritapy; cs;sk; cUFk;.

„Qhdj;jpd; jpUTUit ehd;kiwapd; jdpj;Jizia

thdj;jpd; kpirapd;wp kz;zpy;tsh; kjpf;nfhOe;ijj;

Njdf;f kyh;f;nfhd;iwr; nrQ;rilahH rPHnjhLf;Fk;

fhdj;jpd; vOgpwg;igg; fz;Fspuf; fz;lhHfs;‟

fhjYk;> gf;jpAk; Nghy; ,aw;if tUzidapYk; Nrf;fpohH ek; cs;sk;

fth;fpd;whH. ed;nra; epyk; fz;Kd; tUk; fhl;rp

„fhnly;yhk; fiof;fUk;G fhnty;yhk; Fiof;fUk;G

khnly;yhk; fUq;Ftis tanyy;yhk; neUq;Ftis

Nfhnly;yhk; kltd;dk; Fsnky;yhk; flyd;dk;

ehnly;yhk; ePHehL jid xt;th eynky;yhk;‟

nghpaGuhzk; ,ilf;fhyj;Jj; jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;tpaiyAk;>

gz;ghl;ilAk; tpsf;Fk; gf;jp fye;j tuyhw;Wf; fhg;gpak; vdyhk;.


164

,iwtdpd; mbahHfSf;Fr; rhjpapy;iy vdg; ghba Gul;rpf;fhg;gpak;

nghpaGuhzk;.

63 ehad;khHfs;

mbahH ngah; mtjhpj;j

khjk;

el;rj;jpuk;

rhjp gpwnra;jpfs;

1 Re;juh; Mb> Rthjp Mjpirth; CH:jpUehtY}H>

rptidj;

NjhoikAld;

fhz;gth;. Vohk;

jpUKiw ghbath;

2 jpUePyfz;lh; ij> tprhfk; Fath; CH: jpUvUf;fj;jk;

GypA+H.

3 ,aw;gifahH khHfop>

cj;juk;

itrpah; kidtpiaNa

,iwabahHf;Ff;

nfhLj;J ,ay;gpw;Fg;

gifahdth;.

4 ,isahd;Fb

khwdhH

Mtzp> kfk; Ntshsh; tWikapYk; tpijj;

ney;iy thhp te;J

mbath;f;F

mKjspj;jth;

5 nka;g;nghUs;

ehadhH

fhHj;jpif>

cj;jpuk;

murh; jpUePw;wpw;fhf

capiuNanfhLj;jth;.

giftidAk;

kd;dpj;jth;

6 tpwd;kpz;lhH rpj;jpiu>

jpUthjpiu

Ntshsh; kiyahs;Njrj;Jr;

nrq;Fd;W}H. Re;juh;

rptdbahiu

tzq;fhJ Ngha;tpl

mjdhy; rptidna

ntWj;Jg; gpd; Re;juh;

mbahH ngUikNgRk;

jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif


165

ghbaJk; Re;juiug;

Nghw;WthH.

7 mkh;ePjpahH Mdp> G+uk; itrpah; CH: gioahiw>

jpUey;Y}hpy; klq;fl;b

mbath;f;F mKJ

nra;jth;

8 vwpgj;j ehadhH khrp> mj;jk; fs;,wf;Fk;

njhopy;

jpUf;fUT+H-

rptDf;Fhpa

G+f;$ilia ahid

vwpa ahidiaAk;>

ghfidAk; nfhd;wth;.

9 VdhjpahH Gul;lhrp>

cj;jpuhlk;

fs;,wf;Fk;

njhopy;

vapdD}H.

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vjphp ,tiuf;

nfhy;fpwhd;.

10 fz;zg;gh; ij>

kpUfrPhplk;

Ntlh; jpz;zg;gh; rptdhy;

fz;zg;gh;. ,tuJ

Kw;gpwtp mHr;Rdd;

vd;gh;. MNw ehspy;

Kj;jp ngw;wth;. jd;

fz;fisr; rptDf;F

toq;fpath;.

11 Fq;Fypaf;fypah; Mtzp> %yk; me;jzh; CH: jpUf;flT+H

ahuhYk; epkph;j;j

Kbahj rptypq;fj;ij

epkph;j;jpath;.

12 khdf;fQ;rhud; khHfop> Rthjp Ntshsh; fQ;rD}H. rptdbahH

kfspd; $e;jiyf;

Nfl;f kfpo;r;rpNahL

mhpe;J nfhLj;jth;.

13 mhpthl;lhah; ij>

jpUthjpiu

Ntshsh; ,aw;ngah; jhadhH.

CH: Nrho

ehl;Lfzkq;fyk;

14 Mdhah; fhHj;jpif>

mj;jk;

Mah; CH: kq;fyT+H> ,tuJ

Gy;yhq;FoYf;F


166

cyfNk fl;Lg;gLk;

15 %Hj;jp Mb>

fhHj;jpif

murh; CH: kJuhGhp.

rptDf;Fr; re;jdk;

,y;iy vd;W jd;

Koq;ifia

miuj;jth;.

16 KUfd; itfhrp> %yk; me;jzh; CH. jpUg;GfY}H.

Qhdrk;ge;jhpd; ez;gh;

rk;ge;jh;

jpUkzj;jd;W Kf;jp

ngw;wth;

17 gRgjpahH Gul;lhrp>

mRgjp

tPuirth; nta;aY{H

18 ee;jdhH Gul;lhrp>

cNuhfpzp

Giyah; jpUehisg; NghthH

vDk; ngah;.

clNyhL rpjk;guj;jpy;

fapiy nrd;wth;.

19 jpUf;Fwpg;Gj;

njhz;lh;

rpj;jpiu>

Rthjp

tz;zhH mbahH Jzpiaj;

Jitj;Jf; Fwpj;j

Neuj;jpy; nfhLf;f

Kbatpy;iyNa vd

tUe;jpj; jiyiag;

ghiwapy; Nkhjpath;

20 rz;NlRtuh; ij> cj;jpuk; Mah; ,aw;ngah; tprhurUkh;.

rptid epe;jpj;jjhff;

fUjpj; jk; je;ijapd;

fhiyna ntl;bath;

21 jpUehTf;furh; rpj;jpiu>

rjak;

Ntshsh; rkzj;jpypUe;J

irtk; khwpath;.

kd;didAk;

irtj;jpw;F

khw;wpath;.

22 Fyr;rpiwahH Mtzp>

mDrk;

NtshsH ghz;baehL

kz;Nkw;Fb mikr;rh;>

kd;dd; neLkhwidr;


167

irtdhf;fpath;

23 ngUkpoiyf;FWk;gh; Mb> rpj;jpiu ---- ngUkpoiy> Re;juiu

tzq;Fjy; Nkhl;rk;

mila top vd

ek;gpath;.

24 fhiuf;fhyk;ikahH gq;Fdp> Rthjp itrpah; %j;jehad;khH. rptd;

mk;ikNa vd;W

miof;Fk; NgW

ngw;wth;.

25 mg;G+jpabfs; ij> rjak; me;jzh; jpUehTf;furhplk;

Ngud;G nfhz;lth;.

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mKjspj;jth;

26 jpUePyef;fdhH itfhrp> %yk; me;jzh; CH: rhj;jkq;if.

rptd; kPJ rpye;jp tpo

kidtp Cjp tpyf;f

mjdhy; rptd; kPJ

vr;rpy;gl;lnjd

kidtpia tpyf;fp>

gpd; rptd; Ntz;l

Vw;whH

27 ekpee;jpabfs; itfhrp> G+rk; me;jzh; Vkg;Ng&H rptd;

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vz;nza; ,y;iy.

rptd; jpUth&H ePiu

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,unty;yhk; vhpe;jJ.

28 jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; itfhrp> %yk; me;jzh; Njthuj;jpd; Kjy;

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rptdUs; ngw;wth;.

29 fypf;fhkh; Mdp> Nutjp Ntshsh; ----------

30 jpU%yh; Ig;grp> mRtjp --- ee;jpNjth; mUs;


168

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31 jz;babfs; gq;Fdp> rjak; -- CH: jpUthT+H.

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mUshy;

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32 %Hf;fdhH fhHj;jpif>

%yk;

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#jhbg;ngw;w

nghUshy;

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nra;jth;.

33 Nrhkhrpkhwd; itfhrp>

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me;jzh; CH: Nrhoehl;Lj;

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njhOJ rptgjk;

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34 rhf;fpah; khHfop>

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rkak;. mfj;jpy;

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35 rpuhg;GypahH fhHj;jpif

G+uhlk;

me;jzh; -

36 rpWj;njhz;lh; rpj;jpiu> guzp -- gy;ytkd;dh;

eurpk;kth;kdpd;

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fhuzkhdth;.

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37 Nrukhd;ngUkhs; Mb> Rthjp murh; CH:kNfhij efuk;.

Nru kuG. Re;juh;

Njhoh;. fowpw;wwpthH


169

ehadhH vd;gh;.

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38 fzehjdhH gq;Fdp>

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39 $w;WtdhH Mb>

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jpy;iyeluhrhpd;

jpUtbNa kFlk;

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40 Gfo;r;Nrhod; Mb>

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murh; #hpatk;rk;.

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gifth;

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nra;Njd; vdj; jd;

jiyia mhpe;jth;.

41 eurpq;f Gul;lhrp>

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murh; jpUKidg;ghb ehL.

jpUthjpiu

KidaiuadhH

NjhWk; mbahHf;F

mKjspj;J E}W

nghd; nfhLj;jhH.

42 mjpgj;jh; Mtzp>

Mapy;ak;

kPdth; CH: ehfg;gl;bdk;.

flw;fiuia mLj;J

rpw;W}H. tiyapy;

tpOk; Kjy;

kPidr;rptDf;F

mspj;jth;

43 fypfk;gdhH ij> Nutjp itrpah; CH:ngz;zhflk;.

jk; Ntiyahs;

rptdbahH Ntlk;

jhpj;J tuf; fhypy;

tpOe;J tzq;fpath;.


170

jLj;j kidtpapd;

ifia ntl;batH.

44 fypadhH Mb> Nfl;il itrpah; vz;nza; tpsf;F

Vw;wKbahJ jd;

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45 rj;jpehadhH Ig;grp> G+rk; Ntshsh; Nrhoehl;LtphpQ;irA+H.

rpt epe;jid

nra;NthH ehtpid

mWj;J tpLthH.

46 Iabfs;

fhlth;Nfhd;

Ig;grp> %yk; murh; fhQ;rp gy;yth; Fyk;.

,th; muspa gpuge;jk;

N\j;jpuj; jpUntz;gh

47 fzk;Gy;ydhH fhHj;jpif –

fhHj;jpif

,Uf;FNtSH.

rptDf;F tpsf;F

vhpa vz;nza;

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48 fhhpahH khrp> G+uhlk; ghzh; ,iwtNd

ghLk;gbf;Nfl;fk;

ngUik ngw;wth;.

49 $d;ghz;bad; Ig;grp> guzp murh; kq;ifah;f;furpapd;

fztd;> ghz;bad;

neLkhwd;

50 thapyhH khHfop> Nutjp NtshsH

51 KidaLthH gq;Fdp> G+rk; Ntshsh; CH:jpUeP^H

52 fow;rpq;fd; itfhrp> guzp murh; Nfhapy;kz;lgj;jpy;

tpOe;j G+it

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murp %f;if mhpa>

jz;lid NghjhJ

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kidtpapd; ifiaAk;

mhpe;jth;

53 ,lq;fypahH Ig;grp> murh; nfhLk;ghSHrpw;wurh;.


171

fhHj;jpif ,t;tk;

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Nrhouhl;rpiaj;

Njhw;Wtpj;j

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54 nrUj;JizahH Mtzp> G+rk; Ntshsh; MT+H. Nfhapy;

kz;lgj;Jg; G+it

murp Efu murpnadg;

ghuhJ %f;if

mhpe;jth;.

55 Gfo;j;JizahH Mtzp>

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56 Nfhl;GypahH Mb> Nfl;il Ntshsh; Nrhodplj;jpy;

gilj;jiytdhf

,Ue;jth;

57 G+ryhH Ig;grp>

mDrk;

me;jzh; jpUepd;wT+H. kdj;jpy;

rptDf;Ff; Nfhapy;

fl;bath;.

58 kq;ifah;f;furp rpj;jpiu>

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59 NerehadhH gq;Fdp>

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vdf; fhuzg;ngauha;

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60 Nfhr;nrq;fzhd; khrp> rjak; murh; rptngUkhDf;F 77

Nfhapy; fl;batd;.

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172

[k;GNf];tuh; mUs;

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61 ePyfz;laho;g;ghzh; itfhrp> 5yk; ghzh; Qhdrk;ge;jUld;

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62 riladhH khHfop>

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ngw;wjhy; ehadhH

MfpdhH.

63 ,ir QhdpahH rpj;jpiu>

rpj;jpiu

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Re;ju%Hj;jp

Rthkpfspd; jha;

ehad;khHfspy; Ntshsh;fNs kpFjpahf cs;sdh; (18)

fe;jGuhzk;

,ilf;fhyj; jkpofj;jpy; Guhzq;fspd; nry;thf;F kpFe;jd.

tlnkhopf;fhg;gpaq;fs; jkpopy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;ld. mt;tifapy;

tlnkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l rptrq;fu rq;fpij fhQ;rpapy; tho;e;j fr;rpag;g

rpthr;rhhpahuhy; jkpopy; fe;jGuhzkhapw;W. MW fhz;lq;fisAk;> 10436

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11Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. 12Mk; E}w;whz;L vdf; $Wk; nfhs;ifAk; cs;sJ.

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$Wk; E}y;. gy;NtW jpUtpisahlw; Guhzq;fs; ,Ug;gpDk; ,JNt rpwg;ghff;


173

fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;E}y; tlnkhopapy; mike;Js;s „`hyh];a kfhj;jpaj;ij‟

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;lJ. ,yf;fpa eaKk; fw;Nghiu <Hf;Fk;

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Guhzk; vOjpdhH. Mapd; guQ;Nrhjpapd; jpUtpisahly; Guhzk; ntsp

te;jJk; mjd; rpwg;ghy; Kd;dJ Klq;fptpl;lJ. kjpg;gw;Wg; Ngha;tpl;lJ

vdyhk;.

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nfhz;Ls;sd.

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vOJNthH KbTiuapy; Kd; $wpa gFjpfisf; RUf;fpj; jUjy; ,ay;G.

,k;Kiwiag; guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; jd; Guhzj;ij Kbf;Fk;NghJ

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mhpr;re;jpud fijia vspikNahLk;> czh;r;rpNahLk; ghbAs;shH.

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mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghlg;ngw;wJ.


174

nrtpf;F ey;Nyhir> ,dpa nghUs; eak; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ.

esd;> jkae;jp fij jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfk; KOf;f mwpAk;gbr; nra;jth;

GfNoe;jpahthH. nghd; tpise;j fsj;J}hpy; gpwe;jth;. GfNoe;jpAk;

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%d;W fhz;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. 424 Nehpir ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. fhyk;

12Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gh;. xl;lf;$j;jUf;Fg; gpe;jpath; vdf; fUjp 13Mk;

E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; tho;e;jth; vd;gh;. ,tiu Mjhpj;j ts;sy; re;jpud;

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ghujNk jkpopy; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpa E}y;. me;E}y; fpilf;ftpy;iy.


175

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ghba ghujk;.

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je;ijahH tPuuhftd;. rkak; itztk;. fp.gp.14Mk; E}w;whz;L.

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4339 tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy; MdJ. tlnrhw;fs; kpFjp. fk;gidg; Nghd;W

jkpo;g;gLj;jhikahy; gy tl nrhw;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;E}Yf;Fg; ghapuk;

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ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fzq;fs; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah;

,yq;ifiar; rhHe;jth;. CH ey;Y}H. mur Fyk; vd;gh;. tlnkhopg;

Gyikkpf;fth;. fhyk; 17Mk; E}w;whz;L. ,tuJ jkpo; Mrhd; ,uhkhErf;

ftpuhah;. Mo;thHj; jpUefhpiar; rhHe;jth;.


176

nkhj;jg; ghly;fs; 2500. kf;fs; tof;fpy; mjpfk; ,lk;ngwhj E}y;

,uFtk;rk;.

tR rhpj;jpuk;

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tpy;ypGj;J}uhH vOjpa ghujk; vg;gb mth; ngauhy; tpy;ypGj;J}uhH

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ngauhy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. tpy;ypghujk; 10 gUtq;fisf; $w ,th; 18

gUtq;fs; mikj;Js;shH. nkhj;jg;ghly; 13953. tpy;ypghujr; nra;Al;fis

E}w;Wf;fzf;fpy; khWjypd;wpf; ifahz;Ls;shH. ,th; CH Kjyk;NgL. fhyk;

18Mk; E}w;whz;L.

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Mrphpah; gps;isg; ngUkhs; Iaq;fhH. ,tUf;f mofpa kzthsjhrh;

vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. jkpo; ,yf;fz mwpT kpf;NfhNu. ,e;E}iyr; rpwg;ghfg;

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vd;Wk; ngah; ngw;Ws;sd.

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fpilj;Js;sJ.

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jpUtuq;fj;J mKjdhH ghba E}y; ,JthFk;. ,uhkhDrhpd;

ngUikapid vLj;Jiuf;Fk; E}y;. Mrphpah; jpUtuq;fj;jpy; tho;e;jth;.


177

,uhkhErUf;F xU E}w;whz;L gpe;jpath;. fp.gp.13Mk; E}w;whz;L. ,th;

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ke;jpuk; Nghy; typikahf cr;rhpf;fj; jFe;j ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. vdNt

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Njrpfg;gpuge;jk;

Njrpfg; gpuge;jk; vOjpath; Ntjhe;j Njrpfh;. ,tuJ fhyKk;

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nghpahNu. itztj;jpd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffis ,e;E}y; ed;F tpsf;FfpwJ.

405 ghly;fs;. gy;NtW tifahd ghf;fs;.

Ntjhe;j Njrpfh; ,aw;ngah; ntq;flehjd;. njhz;ilkz;lyk; fhQ;rpia

mLj;j Jg;Gy; ,tuJ nrhe;j CuhFk;. ,tuJ fhyk; 13 Mk; E}w;whz;L.

,tUk; ,uhkhErUk; itztj;ijg; gug;gpa NghjpYk; ,Uth; Nfhl;ghl;bYk;

NtWghL cs;sJ. Kf;jpailar; rhjp xU nghUl;ly;y vdf; fUjpath;

,uhkhErh;. mjw;F Neh;khwhd fUj;jpidf; nfhz;lth; Ntjhe;j Njrpfh;.

guzp

„Mid Mapuk; mkhpik ntd;w

khd tDf;F tFg;gJ guzp‟

vd ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; guzpf;F ,yf;fzk; $Wfpd;wJ. NghHf;fsj;jpy;

Mapuk; ahidfisf; nfhy;Yk; tPuidr; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghLtJ. NghHnra;Ak;

tPuh;fSf;F Cf;fk; mspf;fg; ghlg;gl;lJ vdyhk;.

guzp el;rj;jpuj;jpd;NghJ nfhw;witf;Ff; $o; ml;L tpohf;

nfhz;lhLth;. nfhw;witf;Fhpa ehs; guzp. NkYk; Nga;> ahid> vkd;

,tw;NwhL njhlh;GilaJ guzp vd;gh;.

gd;dpUghl;bay; guzpapd; gz;ig

tQ;rp kiye;J ckpiQ Kw;wpj;


178

Jk;igapw; nrd;w njhLfoy; kd;did

ntk;Grpd khw;whd; jhid ntq;fsj;jpy;

FUjpg; NguhW ngUFk; nrq;fsj;J

xUjdp Vj;Jk; guzpaJ gz;Ng‟

vd vLj;Jiuf;Fk;

er;rpdhHf;fpdpah; VHf;fsk; ghL eUk;> NghHf;fsk; ghLeUk;> guzp

ghLeUk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLtjhy; nghUeh;fspy; guzp ghLNthH vdj; jdpg;gphpT

,Ue;jdh; vd vz;z ,lk; cs;sJ.

flTs; tho;j;J> filjpwg;G> fhLghly;> Nga; Kiwg;ghL> fhspf;Ff; $sp

$wpaJ> fsk; ghbaJ> tho;j;J vdg; gy;NtW tif cWg;Gf;fs; guzpapy;

mikAk;. ,t;TWg;Gf;fs; Kiw khwp mikjYk; cz;L.

ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; guzp E}y;fspy; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ

fypq;fj;Jg;guzp. Vida guzp E}y;fspy; rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit

xl;lf;$j;jhpd; jf;fahfg; guzp> itj;jpa ehjNjrpfhpd; ghrtijg; guzp>

jj;Jtuhthpd; Nkhftijg; gjuzp> mQ;Qtijg; guzp> Mrphpah; ngahpy;yh

,uzpatijg; guzp Mfpad. nghJthfg; guzp Njhw;Nwhd; ngahpy; mike;J

ntw;wp ngw;Nwhdpd; rpwg;gpidf;$Wk;.

fypq;fj;Jg;guzp

Mrphpah; nraq;nfhz;lhH. guzpf;NfhH nraq;nfhz;lhH vdg; Gfog;gLth;.

Kjw; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyk;. (fp.gp.1070 – 1118) fp.gp. 11Mk; E}w;whz;L.

jPgq;Fbapy; tho;e;jth;. Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; gilj;jiytd; fUzhfuj;

njhz;ilkhd; fypq;f kd;dd; mde;jth;k Nrhlq;fd; kPJ NghH njhLj;J

ntd;w tPur; nray;fisg; ghLtJ ,g;guzpahFk;.

fypq;fj;Jg;guzpapd; ghly;fs; nghUs; eaKk; Xir eaKk; kpf;fit.

czh;r;rpf; Nfw;gg; ghly;fspd; XirfSk; khwp khwp mike;Js;sd. ,uz;L

,uz;L mbfisAilajha;j; jhopirapy; mike;jJ. 585 jhopirfs; cs;sd.


179

FNyhj;Jq;fd; meghad; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhd;. mtidg; gw;wpa

nra;jpfisj; jUfpd;wJ. E}ypd; mikg;G vd;W fhZk;NghJ guzpf;Fhpa

jiytd; gy;yhz;L tho ,iwaplk; Ntz;Lk; flTs; tho;j;J. NghHf;fsk;

nrd;w fztd; tutpw;fhf Vq;Fk; fhjy; kidtpapd; filj;jpw;G. ntw;wpj;jha;

nfhw;witapd; NfhapiyAk; mts; ciwAk; fhl;ilAk; ghLk;> fhL ghbaJ>

Nfhapy; ghbaJ. Njtpiag; ghLjy;> Nga;fspd; jd;ikiaf; $Wk; Nga;ghbaJ.

,e;jpurhyk;> kd;ddpd; guk;giug; ngUikiaf; $Wk; ,uhr ghuk;ghpak;.

Kjw;FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; (meghad;) gpwg;G> ntw;wpfis tpsf;Fk; mtjhuk;>

fypq;fj;jpy; NrhoDf;Fk; fypq;fDf;Fk; eilngw;w Nghhpidf; fypq;fj;Jg;

Nga; fhspf;Ff; $Wk;> fhspf;Ff; $sp (Nga;) $wpaJ. NkYk; fhspf;Fg; NghH

epfo;r;rpiag; Nga; tphpthf vLj;Jiuf;Fk; NghH ghbaJ. NghHf;fsj;ijf;

fhzg; Nga;fs; fhspia miof;ff; fhspAk; fz;L Nga;fSf;Ff; $Wk; fsk;

ghbaJ. gpd;dh; fhspapd; Mizf;Nfw;gg; gy;Jyf;fpf; $ol;L cz;L ,it

fpilg;gjw;Ff; fhuzkhd meghar; Nrhoidg; Nghw;wpg; ghLk;.

Xir eaj;jpw;Ff; fypq;fj;Jg; guzp rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lha; mikfpwJ.

NghHf;fs Xirfs; tUzpf;Fk; ghly;>

„vLnkL nkLnkd ntLj;jNjhH

,fnyhyp flnyhyp apff;fNt

tpLtpL tpLghp fhpf; Fohk;

tpLk;tpL nkDnkhyp kpiff;fNt‟

mLj;Jf; filj;jpwg;G fhl;Lk; fhjy; NghHf;fsk; fhzPH. NghHf;fsj;jpy; fypq;f

tPuh;fisr; rha;j;Jf; Fd;nwd epkph;e;j NjNshL> %q;fpiy xj;j Njhspidg;

ngw;w jiytpiaf; fhz xt;nthU giltPuDk; XbtUfpwhd;. kfsph;

tuNtw;ff; fhj;J epw;fpd;wdh;. Nty; vLj;j tPud; iffs; ghHit mk;ghy;jhf;f>

ths; tpopapy; kaq;fpf;$Wk; $w;W>

„nrf;fr; rpte;j fOePUk;

nrfj;jpy; ,isQH MUapUk;


180

xf;fr; nrUFq; Foy;kltPH

ck;nghw; fghle; jpwkpNdh.

tUthH nfhOeh; vdj;jpwe;Jk;

thuhH nfhOeh; vdtilj;Jk;

jpUFq; FLkp tpbasTe;

NjAq; fghle; jpwkpNdh.‟

guzp E}y;fs; gy Njhd;wpDk; fhyg; Nghf;fpy; tof;nfhope;jd. guzp

gw;wp Muha;r;rp nra;j lhf;lh; e.tP.nrauhkd; gjpNdO guzpE}y;fs; gw;wpa

Fwpg;Gfs; fpilg;gjhff; $Wth;.

jf;fahfg; guzp

Mrphpah; xl;lf;$j;jh;. Nrho kd;dd; tpf;uk Nrhod;> ,uz;lhk;

FNyhj;Jq;fd;> mtd; kfd; ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; MfpNahH fhyj;jth;.

vdNtjhd; ,k;%tiuAk; ehafh;fshf mikj;J %tUyh ghbdhH. Nrhoh;

mitapy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wth;. ,th; fhyj;jth; GfNoe;jpAk;> fk;gDk; vd;gh;.

khWgl;l fUj;Jk; cs;sJ. ,th; vOjpa NtW E}y;fs; FNyhj;Jq;fd;

gps;isj;jkpo;> fhq;Nfad; ehyhapuf;Nfhit> %tUyh> ,th; fhyk;

fp.gp.gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L.

jl;rd; rptngUkhid kjpf;fhJ ahfk; nra;a mjdhy; rpdq;nfhz;l

rptdpd; ike;jd; tPugj;jpud; ahfj;ij mopj;J> cjtpf;F te;Njhiu ntd;W

jl;rdpd; jiyiaj; Jz;bj;j Guhz tuyhw;iwf; $WtJ. Njhw;w jf;fdpd;

ngauhy; kuGg;gb ngah; ngw;wJ.

mfj;jpaiug; Nghw;Wfpd;whH. jkpo; kPJ kpFe;j gw;Wf;nfhz;lth;

xl;lf;$j;jh;. nkhop eil rpwpJ fLikahfNt cs;sJ. E}iy Kbf;Fk;nghJ

„thop jkpo;r; nrhw; nwhpe;j E}w;Wiw

tho; jkpo;f; nfhj;j jidj;J khHf;fKk;‟

vd tho;j;Jfpd;whH. KUfnd Qhdrk;ge;jdhf te;J thjpl;Lr; rkzh;fis

ntd;wjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.


181

,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; jpy;iykd;wpYs;s jpUkhy; %Hj;jj;ijf;

flypy; vwpe;j tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpia ,e;E}y; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. jpUkhiyr;

rpWnja;tk; vd;W $wpapUg;gJ ,tuJ irtg; gw;wpd; kpFjpiaf; fhl;LfpwJ.

cyh

jiytd; cyhtUk; NghJ> Ngij> ngJk;ig> kq;if> kle;ij> mhpit>

njhpit> Nghpsk;ngz; Mfpa vOtifg; gUtkfspUk; mtd; mofpy; kaq;fpf;

fhjy; nfhs;tjhfg; ghLtJ cyh. ,J jkpo; kfspiu ,opTgLj;Jk; nray;

vdf; fbe;J cyhit xJf;Fth;. vdNtjhd; er;rpdhHf;fpdpah; ,jpy; tUk;

fhjy; kfspH guj;ijah;> Fykfspud;W vd;gh;. ngUq;fijAk; cyh

gw;wpf;$Wkplj;jpy;

„cj;jk kfsph; xopa......‟ vdf; $wpa Fy kfspiu ePf;Fk;. „Nguhrphpah;

ciuAk; „..............CnuhL Njhw;wKk; guj;ijah;f;fd;wpf; Fykfsph;f;Ff;

$wg;glhJ‟ vdf;$Wk;.

cyhtUk; jiytdpd; rpwg;Gf;fs; tphpthfr; Rl;lg;gLk;. mjidaLj;J

mtidf; fz;L fhjy; NehAw;w VOtifg; gUt kfsphpd; epiy

vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLk;. kpFjpahd cyh E}y;fisg; ghbath; xl;lf;$j;jh;.

cyh E}y; ,uz;L gFjpfshf mikAk;. Kjdpiyapy; Fbapd;jd;ik>

murd;ePjp> kuG> nfhil> ePuhLjy;> mzp mzpAk; Kiw> efu tuNtw;G> fspW

CHjy; Mfpait ,lk; ngWk;. jiytd; rpwg;Gf; $Wq;fhy; gj;Jtifr;

rpwg;Gf;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLk;. ,jidj; jrhq;fk; vd;gh;. cyhtpd; gpw;gFjpapy;

vOtif kfsphpd; Mly; ghlNyhL jiytd; kPJ mth;fs; nfhz;l fhjYk;

,lk;ngWk;.

cyh gpw;fhyj;Jj; Njhd;wpaJ. vdpDk; njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLk;

„CnuhL Njhw;wKk; chpj;njd nkhopa

tof;nfhL rptzpa tifikahd‟

vDk; E}w;gh cyhtpd; Njhw;w epiy vd;gh;.


182

jkpopy; jpUf;ifyha Qhd cyh> jpUth&H cyh> jpUg;G+tzehjh;

cyh> jpUf;fhsj;jpehjh; cyh> Vfhk;guehjd; cyh> jpUf;fOf;Fd;wj;J cyh>

tpf;uk Nrhod; cyh> FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; cyh> ,uhruhr Nrhod; cyh>

jpUf;Fw;why ehjUyh> MSila gps;isahH jpUTyh khiy> nrhf;fehjh;

cyh> jw;fhyj;jpy; ntspte;j fhkuhrh; cyh Mfpa gy E}y;fs;

Njhd;wpAs;sd.

Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhH ,aw;wpa jpUf;ifyha Qhd cyh> cyh

E}y;fspy; Kjypy; Njhd;wpajhFk;. vdNt ,e;E}iy „Mjp cyh‟ vd;gh;.

,iwtd; ngUik NgRk; cyh vDk; Kiwapy; ,jidj; „nja;tPf cyh‟

vd;Wk; $Wth;. rpwe;j Xir eaKk; fUj;jhoKk; nfhz;lJ.

Nrukhd; ngUkhd; ehadhH Vohk; jpUKiw ghba $e;ju%Hj;jp

Rthkpfspd; ez;gh;. nghz;tz;zj; je;jhjp> jpUth&H Kk;kzpf;Nfhit>

jpUf;ifyha Qhd cyh Mfpa rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; ,th; mUspaitNaahFk;.

jpUf;ifyha Qhd cyh gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; gjpNdhuhe; jpUKiwapy;

,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jd; fhyk; fp.gp.8Mk; E}w;whz;L. rptdpd; ngUikAk;>

,iwtpapd; moFk;> tPjpfspd; rpwg;Gk; mofpa tUzidNahL mike;J

fw;Nghiu kfpo;tpf;fpd;wJ.

ek;gpahz;lth; ek;gpfs; ,aw;wpa „MSila gps;isahH jpUTyhkhiy‟

mLj;J miktJ. jpUQhdrk;ge;jiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L miktJ.

%tUyh xl;lf;$j;juhy; ghlg;gl;lJ. tpf;uk; Nrhod;> FNyhj;Jq;fd;>

,uhruhrd; Mfpa %d;W Nrho kd;dh;fisAk; jiyth;fshff; nfhz;L

jdpj;jdpahfg; ghlg;ngw;w cyh. ,k;%d;iwAk; ,izj;J %tUyh vd;gh;.

,k; %d;W kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpYk; tho;e;jth; xl;lf;$j;jh;. jf;fahfg; guzpAk;

,th; ghbaNjahFk;.

jkpof tuyhw;iw mwpa ,e;E}y; nghpJk; gad;gLfpd;wJ> tprahyar;

NrhoDf;F 96 tpOg;Gz;fs; Vw;gl;l nra;jpAk;> Kjyhk; ,uhruhrdpd;


183

ntw;wpAk;> fq;ifAk; flhuKk; nfhz;l Kjyhk; ,uNre;jpudpd; ntw;wpAk; gw;wp

xl;lf;$j;jh; jk; cyhE}y;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

Ngijg; gUtj;ij xl;lf;$j;jh; fhjy;fskhf;Ffpd;whH. mwpahg; gUtk;

,JthFk;. Mapd; ,jidaLj;J mikak; gUtk;; ngJk;ig. ngJk;igg;

gUtj;ijNa cyh ghLNthH rpwg;ghf vLj;jhs;fpd;wdh;. vdNt> „NgRk;

cyhtpw; ngJk;igg;Gyp‟ vDk; tof;Fs;sJ vz;zj;jf;fJ.


184

IV. tsh;jkpo;

1. fpwp];jth;fs; jkpOf;Fr; nra;j njhz;L

jkpo;ehl;bw;F te;j Nkdhl;L mwpQHfSk; jkpo;ehl;by; gpwe;J tho;e;j

fpwp];j;jth;fSk;> jkpo; nkhopf;F Mw;wpa gzpfisj; jhd; fpwp];j;Jtj;

jkpo;j;njhz;L vd;fpNwhk;.

jkpo; nkhopf;Fr; nra;j njhz;Lfs;

,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fis Nkiy ehl;L nkhopfspYk;> Nkiyehl;L

,yf;fpaq;fisj; jkpo; nkhopapYk; nkhopngaj;jdh;.

ciueilj; jkpio cz;lhf;fpdh;.

ehty;> rpWfij> ehlfk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; jkpio tsur; nra;jdh;.

jpwdha;Tf; fiyiaAk; nkhop Muha;r;rpiaak; jkpopy; GFj;jpdh;.

ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;> gonkhopfs;> tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;

Kjypatw;iwj; njhFj;Jf; fhg;ghw;wpdh;.

tpQ;Qhd E}y;fisj; jkpopy; ,aw;wpdh;.

Vl;Lr; Rtbapy; ,Ue;j jkpio mr;rpy; nfhz;L te;jdh;.

jkpopy; nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> ,yf;fpa ,jo;fs; ntsptuj; Jiz epd;wdh;.

jkpo; vOj;J tbtj;jpy; rpy rPHjpUj;jq;fisr; nra;J> rpf;fiyg;

Nghf;fpdh;.

nghUis czuj;jf;f tifapy; ,lk; tpl;L vOJjy;> Gs;spfs;

Kjypad itj;Jg; gphpj;jy; Mfpatw;iwg; GFj;jpf; fw;Fk; Kiwia

vspikg;gLj;jpdh;.

,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fis ,aw;wpj; jkpod;idf;Fg; Gjpa

mzpfyd;fis mzptpj;jdh;.

jkpo;ehl;L kf;fsplk; jk; rkaf; fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;gp mth;fisj; jk;

kjj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;SkhW nra;tjw;fhf INuhg;gpah;fs; jkp;o; nkhopiaf;

fw;wdh;. jkpo; nkhopiag; Ngrpdh;. jkpo; nkhopapy; E}y;fs; gy vOjpdh;.


185

,r;nray;fshy; jkpo; nkhopAk;> ,yf;fpaKk; gy ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wr;

nropj;jd. INuhg;gpah; jk;ik mwpahkNyNa jkpo;j; njhz;L nra;jhHfs;.

kjkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l jkp;o;f; fpUj;jth;fSk; jkpo;j; njhz;L nra;jhHfs;.

jj;Jtg; Nghjfh;

jj;Jtg; Nghjf Rthkpapd; ,aw;ngah; ,uhgh;l;-b nehgpyp. ,j;jhyp

ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;. cah;Fy ,e;Jf;fisf; fpUj;Jtuhf;Fk; Nehf;fj;NjhL

te;jhH. mjw;F Vw;whw;Nghy; jd;Dila eil> cil ghtidfisg; gpuhkzh;

Nghy; khw;wpf;nfhz;lhH. kJiuapy; rig epWtp ehw;gj;ije;J Mz;Lfs; rkag;

gzp Ghpe;jhH. kjr; rhHGila tlnkhop fye;j gy jkpo; ciueil E}y;fis

,aw;wpAs;shH. mtw;wpy; gy mr;Nrwhj fhuzj;jhy; mope;Jtpl;ld.

kJiuapy; tho;e;J gpd;dh; ikyhg;G+hpy; 1656-y; fhykhdhH. ,th; ,aw;wpa

E}y;fs; ke;jpukhiy> rFd epthuzk;> Gdh; n[d;k Ml;Nrgk;> jj;Jtf;

fz;zhb> VRehjh; rhpj;jpuk; MfpadthFk;.

rPfd; ghy;F Iah;

,th; n[Hkdp ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;. jkpo; ehl;by; Kjd; Kjyhf

GNuhl;nl];lhz;L fpUj;Jt kjj;ijg; Nghjpj;j Kjy; FU MthH.

juq;fk;ghbapy; jq;fp jkpo;j;njhz;L Ghpe;jhH. Kjd;Kjypy; jkpo;g;Gj;jfq;fis

mr;rpl;L ntspapl;lhH. jkpofj;jpy; Kjd; Kjypy; mr;Rf;$lk; epWtpaJ

kl;Lky;yhky; fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiyAk; epWtpdhH. jkpo;> ,yj;jpd; Mfpa

,UnkhopfSf;Fk; nghJthf toq;Fk; gy nrhw;fis tpsf;Fk;> jkpo;

,yj;jPd; xg;gpyf;fd Ma;T vd;Dk; Ma;T E}iyAk;> ,th; iggpisj;

jkpo;g;gLj;jpAs;shH kw;Wk; jkpo; - ,yj;jPd; mfuhjp Mfpatw;iw mr;rpl;lhH.

Nghg; IaH

,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;. rkag; gzpf;fhf ,e;jpah te;jth;.

jkpo; ehl;bd; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; gs;spf; $lq;fisAk;> rkag; gs;spfisAk;

epWtpdhH. ,th; jpUf;Fws; KOtijAk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngah;j;J

me;E}ypd; ngUikapid cyfwpar; nra;jhH. jpUthrfj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy;


186

nkhopngah;j;J ,Utpid fle;j nry;td; ,irj;j thrfj;ijnay;yhk;

tUtpisahl;lhw; NghYk; kWnkhopajdpy; itj;jPH vd;W Nguhrphpah; #ypad;

tpd;rdpd; ghuhl;bidg; ngw;whH. fpUj;Jtj;ijg; gug;gg; ghjphpauhf te;jth;>

jkpiog; gug;Gk; Qhdpahf tpsq;fpdhH. ehybahH> rpQhd Nghjk;

Mfpatw;iwAk;> GwehD}W> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy Mfpa E}y;fspd; rpy

gFjpfisAk;> kzpNkfiyf; fijiaAk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;jhH.

Mq;fpy ,jo;fspy; jkpopd; ngUik Fwpj;Jk; gy fl;Liufs; tiue;jhH.

vy;yP]; Jiu

,th; Mq;fpNyah;. nrd;id efuf; fnyf;luhf Ntiy ghHj;J te;j

vy;yPrh; jkpopYk;> tlnkhopapYk; ty;yth;. ,th; jpU.Kj;Jr;rhkpg;gps;isath;

fisf; nfhz;L gioa Vl;Lr; Rtbfisr; Nrfhpj;jhH. mtiuf; nfhz;L

tPukhKdpth; tuyhW ntsptur; nra;jhH. jkpopYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; jpUf;Fwspd;

Kjy; gjp%d;W mjpfhuq;fSf;F Kjd; Kjypy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; ciu

vOjpAs;shH.

tPukhKdpth;

,th; ,j;jhyp ehl;bdh;. ,th; ,aw;ngah; fhd;];lz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp.

1700-y; jkpofj;Jf;F te;j ng];fp> Rg;ujPgf; ftpuhahplk; jkpo; fw;whH. jdJ

Kg;gjhtJ tajpy; jkpo;ehL te;J Vwf;Fiwa 37 Mz;L fhyk; jkpofj;jpy;

jq;fp> kjg;gzp Ghpe;j VRrigf; FU MthH. tPukhKdpth; njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;

vDk; E}ypy; v.X vDk; Fw;nwOj;Jf;spd; Nky; rpW NfhL Nghd;w Gs;spiaAk;

nka;naOj;Jf;fspd; Nky; Ropj;j Gs;spiaAk; itf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W GJtpjp

$wpdhH. fPNo Ropf;fg;gl;l nfhk;igf; (n) Fw;nwOj;jhf;fp> ,UGwKk;

Ropf;fg;gl;l nfhk;ig (N) nel;nlOj;jhf;fpdhH. tPukhKdpth; ,t;ntOj;Jr;

rPHjpUj;jk; vspikahf ,Ue;jikahy; jkpoh;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldh;. jkpo;

nkhopapd; thp tbitj; jpUj;jpa ntspehl;lhH tPukhKdpth; xUtNu. ,th;

vOjpa njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; vd;Dk; ,yf;fz E}iyf; Fl;bj;njhy;fhg;gpak;

vd;W midtUk; ghuhl;Lfpd;wdh;. ,th; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; njhz;L nra;Js;shH.


187

jpUf;fhtY}Hf; fyk;gfk;> rpj;Njhp mk;khs; mk;khid> md;idaOq;fy;

me;jhjp> milf;fy khiy Kjypa rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fisAk;> Njk;ghtzp vDk;

fhg;gpaj;ijAk; ,tH ,aw;wpdhH>

Njk;ghtzp rpwg;ig czh;e;Nj ftpNahfp Rj;jhde;j ghujpahH rhukhk;

Njk;ghzpapidj; njhbDk;> jkpo; kzk; fkOk; vd; fuNk vd;W

ghuhl;Lfpd;whH. ,e;E}ypd; rpwg;Gk; ngUikAk; fz;L kfpo;e;j rhd;NwhH

,tUf;F tPukhKdpth; vd;Dk; gl;lkspj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jdH. Njk;ghtzp

fijg;Nghf;fpy; gy ,lq;fspy; fk;guJ fhtpaj;ijj; jOtpr; nry;fpd;wJ.

jpU. G+uzypq;fk; gps;is mtHfs; ,J rPtf rpe;jhkzpf;F ,izahd

fhtpakhFk; vd;W Nghw;Wfpd;whH.

,tH NtjpaH xOf;fk;> Ntjtpsf;fk;> Ntjfk; kWj;jy; Kjypa

ciueil E}y;fisAk; toq;fpdhH. epfz;Lfspy; xLq;fpf;fple;j jkpo;

nrhw;fisAk;> nghUisAk; rJufuhjpahf;fpj; jkpopd; Kjy; mfuhjp E}iy

mspj;j ngUikAk; ngw;whH. ,jpy; ngah;> nghUs;> njhif> njhil vDk;

ehd;F mjpfhuq;fis mikj;Jr; rJufhuhjp vd;W ngahpl;lioj;jhH.

,th; gpnuQ;R> ,yj;jpd; fpNuf;fk;> `_g;U> ,j;jhyp> ghurPfk;> Mq;fpyk;>

jkpo;> njYq;F> tlnkhop Mfpa nkhopfspy; Gyik ngw;wpUe;jhH. jkpOf;Fg;

Gjpa jhd guhkhHj;j FU fij vd;Dk; fij E}iy toq;fpdhH. ,jpy;

eaKk;> eifr;RitAk; epuk;gpa ,e;E}y; rpwe;j fij E}yhFk;. jkpopy; Kjd;

Kjyhfj; Njhd;wpa jiyrpwe;j Vsd ,yf;fpakhf ,J jpfo;fpd;wJ. ,e;E}y;

njYq;F> fd;dlk; Mfpa ,e;jpa nkhopfspYk; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sik

,jd; ngUikiag; Gyg;gLj;Jk;.

Ntjtpsf;fk; Ngjk; kWj;jy; vd;gJk; mtuhy; ciueilapy;

,aw;wg;gl;l fj;Njhypf;f rka E}y;fs; MFk;. Ngr;Rj; jkpopyf;fzj;ijf;

nfhLj;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; vd;w ngahpy; ,yj;jpd; nkhopapy; E}nyhd;W

vOjpAs;shH. ,yf;fzg;gzpf;fhfr; nre;jkpo;j; Njrpfh; vDk; gl;lk; ngw;whH.


188

Fwspd; mwj;Jg;ghiyAk;> nghUl;ghiyAk; ,j;jhyp nkhopapy;

nkhopngah;j;Js;shH.

rJufhjp Kj;jhukhf kpsph;fpd;wJ. tPukhKdpth; jkpo; Kdpth;fspy;

xUtuhf tpsq;FfpwhH vd;W nrhy;ypd; nry;th; uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is ,tUf;Fg;

Gfohuk; #l;bg; G+hpf;fpd;whH. ,t;thW tPukhKdpth;> fpUj;jt kf;fSf;Ff;

fhg;gpaj; je;ijahfTk; jkpo; kf;fSf;F ciueil ,yf;fpa Kd;NdhbahfTk;

mq;fj ,yf;fpa MrphpauhfTk;> mfuhjp E}y;fspd; jiytuhfTk;> nkhop

E}yhuha;r;rpapy; Kjy;tuhfTk;> nkhopngah;g;G E}y;fspd; topfhl;bahfTk;

jpfo;fpd;whH.

n`r;.V.fpUl;bzg;gps;is

jpUney;Ntyp nul;bahH gl;bapy;> itzt Ntshsh; FLk;gj;jpy;

gpwe;jth;. itztuhd ,th; 1858Mk; Mz;L fpUj;Jtuhf kjk; khwpdhH.

[hd;gd;ad; vOjpa gpy;fphpk;]; GNuhfpu]; vDk; E}iyj; jkpo; nkhopapy;

,ul;rz;a Fws;> ,ul;rz;a kNdhfuk;> ,ul;rz;a rka eph;zak; vDk;

E}w;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shH. ,ul;rz;a kNdhfuk; vDk; E}y; fpUj;Jth;fspd;

Njthuk; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. jhAkhdth;> fk;gh; ,th;fspd; ftpj; jhf;fq;fs;

ahTk; fpUl;bzg;gps;isapd; gilg;Gfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,tUila ngw;NwhH rq;fuehuhazh;> nja;t ehafp mk;khs; MthH.

rkak; khwpagpd; n`d;wp My;gHl; vDk; ngaiu itj;Jf; nfhz;likahy;

n`r;.V.fpUl;bzg;gps;is vdj; jk; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;nfhz;lhH. fk;gdpd;

ftpr;rhaiyg; nghpJk; tpUk;gp mijj; jk; fhtpaj;jpYk; ifahz;Ls;sikahy;

,tiuf; fpUj;Jtf; fk;gd; vd miof;fpd;wdh;. ,th; jpUtde;jGuk; kd;dh;

fy;Y}hpapy; jkpo;g;Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpAs;shH.

Ntjehafk;gps;is (1826-1889)

jpUr;rpf;F mUfpy; cs;s Fsj;J}hpy; gpwe;jth;. kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp

Re;juk; gps;isaplk; jkpo; fw;wth;. khAuk; khtl;lj;jpy; Kd;rPg;ghfg;

gzpahw;wpdhH. ,irj;jkpopYk;> Mq;fpy nkhopapYk; ed;F Gyikg; ngw;wth;.


189

ehty; ,yf;fpaj;ijj; jkpOf;F mwpKfg; gLj;jpdhH. ,th; vOjpa gpujhg

KjypahH rhpj;jpuNk jkpopd; Kjy; ehtyhFk;. ,th; 16 jyGuhzq;fisAk;> 16

me;jhjpfisAk;> 10 gps;isj;jkpo; E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shH. NkYk;

rh;trka rkukf; fPh;j;jid> rj;jpa Ntjf; fPHj;jid> jpUtUs; khiy> Njt

Njhj;jpu khiy Mfpatw;iw vOjpAs;shH. jpUkzf;fhyq;fspy; kzkfid

ikj;Jdh; vs;sp eifahLtij ehl;Lg;Gw tbtpy;

ikj;JdNu ,d;WKjy;

kfuhrh; ePNu

nfhj;jhH Foyp vq;fs;

Fapiyf; nfhz;bNu

coTj; njhopy; nra;j ckf;F

clk;ngy;yhk; NtW

Cj;ij fOtg; gw;WNkh

xd;gJ MW - vd;W ghbAs;shH

2. ,Ryhkpah;fs; jkpOf;Fr; nra;j njhz;L.

Kd;Diu

fp.gp. 7k; E}w;whz;by; Kfk;kJ egp Njhd;wpdhH. mtUila Njhoh;fs;

jkPd; md;rhhp> cf;fhrh rfhgp ,UtUk; jkpofk; te;jhHfs;. ,Ryhkpaf;

Nfhl;ghLfisg; gug;gpdhHfs;. fp.gp.14 Mk; E}w;whz;by; khypf;fhG+H vd;w

jsgjp njd;dhl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J Kfkjpa Ml;rpia epiy epWj;jpdhd;.

mjd; gpd;dNu jkpofj;jpy; ,Ryhkpa rkak; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wJ. murpay;

nry;thf;fhy; jkpoh; gyh; Kfkjpauhf khw;wg;gl;ldh;. rpyh; jhkhfTk; khwpdh;.

,th;fs; ,Ryhkpah; vd miof;fg;gl;lhYk; nkhopahy;> czh;thy; jkpoh;fshf

tho;e;J te;jdh;. ,RyhkpaUs; gyh; jkpo;g;Gyik ngw;Wf; ftp ghLk; Mw;wy;


190

ngw;wdh;. vdNt rkaf; nfhs;iffis> tuyhWfisf; $Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fisj;

jkpopy; ,aw;wpdh;.

17Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; ,Ryhkpa ,yf;fpak; jioj;J Xq;fp

tsh;e;Js;sJ. mth;fs; gjpndl;bw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fhg;gpaq;fisAk;> mk;khid>

me;jhjp> Mw;Wg;gil> gps;isj;jkpo;> Nfhit Kjypa jkpo; kuG topr;

rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fisAk;> nehz;b ehlfk;> fPhj;jid ehlfk; Nghd;w ,ir

ehlfq;fisAk;> gilg;nghH> Kd[hj;J> fp];]h> kryh ehkh Nghd;w

,Ryhkpa ,yf;fpa tiffisAk;> khiy> Vry;> rpe;J> Fk;kp> jhyhl;L>

jpUg;Gfo;> fPh;j;jid> Mde;jf; fspg;G> Qhdg;gDty; Nghd;w ehl;Lg;Gw

,yf;fpa tiffisAk;> ciueil E}y;fisAk;> ePjp E}y;fisAk; rka

E}y;fisAk; je;J jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy;fpg; ngUfr; nra;jdh;. ,th;fs;

,aw;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fis Ie;J tiffshfg; gphpg;gh;.

1. Nghpyf;fpak; 2. rpw;wpyf;fpak; 3. nghJkf;fs; ,yf;fpak; 4. GJtif

,yf;fpak; 5. Qhdg;ghly;fs; ,t;thW E}y; gilj;j Gyth;fisg; Nghw;wpg;

ghJfhj;j Gutyh; rPjf;fhjp ts;syhH.

Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG

ehw;gj;NjO Mz;Lfs; tho;e;j ,thpd; gpwg;gplk; fhay;gl;bdkhFk;.

,sikapy; ,th; mj;jh; tpahghpaha; tpsq;fpdhH. ,tUila ,aw;ngah;

Ry;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjph;. ,th; tho;e;j fhyk; 1788-1835 tiu MFk;.

jpUkzj;jd;Nw kztho;f;ifia ntWj;J Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhz;lhH. rJufphp>

Gwhkiy> ehfkiy Kjypa kiyfspYk;> fhLfspYk; jdpj;J tho;e;J Kw;wpa

Nkhdj;jpy; Qhdk; ngw;wth;. gpd;dh; nrd;id ,uhaGuj;jpy; Jwtpahf tho;e;jhH

vd;gh;. ,th; Kfk;kjpa kjj;jpy; Mo;e;j gw;Ws;sk; nfhz;lth;. ,aw;ngah;

kiwe;J Fzq;Fb k];jhd; vd;Dk; ngah; ngw;whH.

„khjtQ;Nrh; NkNyhH tOj;Jq;Fzq;Fbahz;l vd;Wk;> FUtha;

mLj;NjhHf;F mUs; Ruf;Fk; Nrhjpf; FzQ;Nrh; Fzq;Fbahz;l vd;Wk;>

khrpyhkzpNa> Kdpth;fs; ,iwNa ts;syha; te;j fz;kzpNa vd;Wk;


191

GydOf;fw;w Gyth; ngUkf;fshy; Gfog;ngw;wth; Qhdp Fzq;Fb k];jhd;

rhfpG. eh$H> fhiuf;fhy;> nrd;id Mfpa ,lq;fspy; jq;fpg; gy mw;Gjq;fis

epfo;j;jp jd; ghly;fisAk;> fPHj;jidfisAk; nrd;id efuj;njUf;fspy;

,irNahL tha;tpl;Lg; ghbf; nfhz;L jphpe;jhH. jhAkhd mbfspd; ghly;

Nghd;W ,tUila ghly;fSk; rkaj; njsptpidAk; cz;ikapidAk;

tw;GWj;jp epwfpd;wd. ,tuJ ghly;fs; midj;Jk; njhFf;fg;gl;Lf;

Fzq;Fbk];jhd; rhfpG kPJ jpUj;jzpif rutzg; ngUkhs; Iah; ehd;kzp

khiyAk; ma;ahrhkp KjypahH gjpw;Wg;gj;je;jhjpAk; ghbAs;sdh;.

,th; mfj;jPrh; rjfk;> ee;jPrh; rjfk;> epuhkaf;fz;zp> Mde;jf; fspg;G

vd;gtw;wpid ,aw;wpAs;shH.

nra;Fj; jk;gpg;ghtyh;

,th; ehQ;rpy; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j ,yq;fil vd;Dk; Ciur; Nrhe;jth;.

rq;fuehuhazd; vd;gthplk; fy;tp fw;whH. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,izaw;w

Gytuhd ,th; xU rjhtjhdp Mth;. xU Neuj;jpy; E}W mtjhdq;fisr;

nra;Ak; jpwik ngw;wth;. ,th; 1907-Mk; Mz;L nrd;id tpf;Nlhhpah gg;spf;

`hypy; ngUk; Gyth;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; jdJ rjhtjhdj; jpwikia

epUgpj;Jf; fhl;bg; ghuhl;Lg; ngw;whH. „rPwhg;Guhzj;jpw;F‟ ciu vOjpAs;shH.

jpUtUl;gh vd;Dk; Gdpj E}iy vjph;j;J aho;ghzj;Jf; fjpiu Ntw;gps;is>

MWKf ehtyh; KjypNahH gpur;rhuk; nra;jdh;. mit mUl;gh my;y kUl;gh

vd;wdh;. ,f;fUj;ij kWj;J Vw;gl;l mUl;gh-kUl;gh G+rypy; kUl;gh

fl;rpapdh; kUl;gh kWg;G vd;Dk; E}iy ntspapl;ldh;. kUl;ghit kWj;jhy;

mJ mUl;gh MfptpLk; vd;W $wp ts;syhhpd; ngUikia epiyehl;bdhH.

,th; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ehiff;Nfhit> jpUeh$Hjphpge;jhjp> mofg;gf;Nfhit>

jpUf;Nfhl;lhw;Wg; gjpw;Wg; gj;J> ePjp ntz;gh> ,d;dpirg; ghkhiy>

jpUNfhl;lhw;Wg; gps;isj;jkpo; Kjypad MFk;.


192

fhrpk; Gyth;

fhrpk; Gyth; jpUtbf; ftpuhah; vd;gthplk; fy;tp fw;whH. mth;

fw;wtw;Ws; mUzfphp ehjhpd; jpUg;GfNo mtiu kpfTk; <Hj;jJ. mth; jhDk;

mt;thW xU E}y; gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhH. ,jd; nghUl;L egpfs;

ehafj;ij Ntz;bdhH. egpfs; ehafk; ,th; fdtpy; Njhd;wp gfUk; vd;W

nrhy;yp kiwe;jhH. clNd fhrpk; Gyth; mijNa Kjy; mbahff; nfhz;L

„gfUKUtpyp mUtpyp ntUtpypl‟ vdj; jpUg;Gfo; ghbdhH. fhrpk; Gyth; re;jr;

rpwg;Gs;s nre;jkpo;g;ghf;fs; gytw;iw egpehafj;jpd;kPJ ghbAs;shH. mit

mUzfphpahhpd; jpUg;GfNo vd;W $Wkstpw;Fj; jpUg;Gfo; re;jj;NjhL

ghbAs;shH. mg;ghlypd; njhFjp jpUg;Gfo; vd toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rt;thJg;

Gytuhy; kJuftp – vd;W ghuhl;lg;gl;l ngUikAilath;. ,tNu jk;ik

kJu ftpuhrd; vd mioj;Jf;nfhz;lhH.

Nrfdhg; Gyth;

nra;fg;Jy; fhjph; neapdhH nyg;ig vd;w ngaiur; RUf;fpr;

Nrfdhnyg;ig vd;wioj;jdh;. ,tiur; Nrfdh Gyth; vd;Wk; mioj;jdh;.

,tUk; Gfo;ngw;w Qhdpahd Fzq;Fb k];jhDk; gs;spj;Njhoh;fs;. ,th;

fhay;gl;bdj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ,uj;jpd tzpfhpd; kfd;. ,sikapy; ,th; Nghjpa

mstpy; mwpT tsh;r;rp milahky; ,Ue;jhH vd;Wk;> xU ehs; fUehfk; ,th;

ehitj; jPz;baJ. mJKjy; ftpgilf;Fk; Gyik ngw;whH vd;W $Wth;.

,Ug;gpDk; jk; guk;giuj; njhopyhd ,uj;jpd tpahghuj;ijj; njhlh;tNjhL>

ghly; GidtjpYk; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhH.

,th; \hFy; `kPJ Mz;lifapd; tuyhw;iw 2565 ghf;fs; nfhz;l

Guhzkhf ,aw;wpdhH. KifjPd; tuyhw;iw 1340 ghf;fs; nfhz;l fj;Gehafk;

vd;Dk; Guhzkhfg; ghbAs;shH. egp ,Guh`pk; mth;fspd; Gdpj tuyhw;iw

2044 ghf;fspy; ghbAs;shH. mjw;Fj; jpUkzpkhiy vd;W ngah; #l;bdhH.

,e;E}y; ,iwtdpd; Gfiof; $WtjhFk;. ,th; Njhj;jpukhiy> nrhHf;f ePjp>

Gjh ;̀ \hk; jpUf;fhuzg; Guhzk;> ehifae;jhjp> kf;fhf; fyk;gfk; Kjypad


193

gilj;Js;shH. me;jhjp ml;lge;jk;> fkyge;jk;> ehfge;jk; Mfpa rpj;jpa

ftpfSk; egpfs; Nky; ghbdhH.

rt;thJg;Gyth;

,th; vkdPr;Ruk; vd;Dk; Ciur; NrHe;jth;. ,th; rh;f;fiug; Gythpd;

ikj;Jdh; vd;gh;. JUtzpfh; Kfk;kJkPH rt;thJ nrhw;Gyikf; nfjph; nrhy;y

Kbahnjd;W Fkuf; flTs; FwpQ;rpapy; Vwpf; nfhz;lhd; vd;Wk;>

mUzfphpehjh; fpstbtk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhH vd;Wk; xU Gyth; rpwg;gpj;Jr;

nrhy;fpd;wdhH. rt;thJg;Gyth; nre;jkpo; ty;yth;. tir ghLtjpy; fhsNkfg;

Gytiug; Nghd;wth;. tz;lkpopd; vz;Nzh> vOj;Njh> ,irNah> ,ay;Gyth;

fz;Nzh> rt;thJf; ftp vd;W xU jkpo;g;Gyth; K];yPk; ftpQuhd rt;thJg;

Gytiug; Nghw;Wfpd;whH. ,tiu tz;lkpo; rt;thJ thnay;yhk; eQ;Nr vd;whH

xU Gyth;. mt;tsT rf;jp nfhz;l thf;Fg; ngw;wth;. ,jw;F cjhuzkhf

Nri\aq;fhH vd;gh; ,tUf;Fg; gzk; jukWj;jhH. mjw;F ,th;

tPrk; gzk; nfhLf;fhj Nrrh

tPhpak; ghk;G fbj;Jr; rhrh vd;W rgpj;jhH. ,ij myl;rpag;gLj;jpa

Nri\aq;fhiu tphpad; ghk;G jPz;b md;Nw mq;NfNa khz;lhH. ,th; ehiff;

fyk;gfk; kjPdj; je;jhjp> KifjPd; Mz;lth; gps;isj;jkpo; Nghd;w

rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fisg; ghbAs;shH.

tz;zf; fsQ;rpag; Gyth;

,tUila ,aw;ngah; `kPJ ,g;ufPk;. ,th; kJiuf;F mz;ikapy;

cs;s kPry; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhH. kJiuapy; xU jk;gpuhidr; rhHe;J gy

nkhopfisAk; fw;Wzh;e;jhH vd;gh;. tz;zg;ghly;fs;- re;jg;ghly;fs; ghLtjpy;

,th; ty;yth;. Mifahy; ,tiu tz;zf; fsQ;rpag; Gyth; vd mioj;jdh;.

KifjPd; Guhzk; ,tuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. eh$hpy; muq;Nfw;wk; MdJ.

,e;E}ypd; ,dpikapy; kfpo;e;j md;gh; xUth; ,th; tpUk;gpa jd; kfis

,tUf;F kzKbj;J itj;jhH. ,th; ,aw;wpa E}y; ,uh[ehfk; MFk;.

fhtpar; Ritfs; ahTk; epiwe;j> 2240 ghf;fshy; mike;j ,dpa E}y;. ,J


194

fiykhd; egpapd; fijiaf; $WtjhFk;. NkYk; jPd; tpsf;fk; vd;Dk;

GuhzKk;> nkhifapjPd; Guhzk;. mypghJ\h ehlfk;> Fj;G ehafk; Mfpad

,th; ,aw;wpadthFk;.

rh;f;fiug; Gyth;

,th; 17-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;. rt;thJg;Gythpd; ikj;Jdh;.

eifr;Rit Njhd;w ciuahLtjpYk;> nra;As; ,aw;WtjpYk; ty;yth;. ,th;

mNugpahtpYs;s Kfk;kjpag; Gz;zpaj;jykhd kjPdh efiur; rpwg;gpj;J

kjPdh me;jhjp vDk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; gilj;Js;shH.

Fyhk; fhjpW ehtyh;

,th; eh$iur; rhHe;jth;. ,th; Gyth; Mw;Wg;gil muGj;jkpo; mfuhjp>

MhpG jhafk;> ckWgh\htpd; Gj;j rhpj;jpuk;> fd;[Py; fwhkhj;J>

rKj;jpukhiy> rPwhg;Guhztrdk; jpUkhf;fhj; jpUte;jhjp> egpehafj;jpd;kPJ

Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> eh$Hf;fyk;gfk;> eh$Hg;Guhzk;> gjhapUf;fyk;gfk;> kjPdhf;

fyk;gfk;> kJiuf;Nfhit Mfpait gilj;Js;shH.

mypahH Gyth; ,UE}w;W Ik;gj;njl;Lf; Fws;fisf; nfhz;l ngz;Gj;jp

khiy vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpAs;shH. kjhWrh;fpG Gyth; jpWrheh vd;Dk;

fhg;gpa E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shH. eapdh Kfk;kJ Gyth; Kdfphpd; khiy vd;Dk;

E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shH. fy;tpf;fsQ;rpag; Gyth; rpd;d rPwhg;Guhzk;> rpj;jpuf;

ftpj;jpul;L vd;Dk; ,U E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shH.

GJtif ,yf;fpak;

muhgpa ghurPf ,yf;fpa mikg;gpidj; jOtpj; jkpopYk; gy

,yf;fpaq;fis Kfkjpah;fs; vOjpdh;. mit> ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;

vd;Dk; Kj;jpiu ngw;wd. mit> Nghiur; rpj;jhpf;Fk; gilg;NghH gw;wpa

E}y;fs; Ie;J gilg;NghH> #ird; gilg;Nghh;> ,e;jpuhad; gilg;NghH vd;gd.

mLj;jJ> my;yhitj; njhOk; Kd[j;! E}y; Kdrhj;J khiy. mLj;jJ

tuyhW $Wk; fPrh E}y;fs; A+RG egpfp];]h> nra;Jd; fp];]h> E}W krhyh>

Mapu krhyh Kjypad kw;Wk; ehkh tuyhW $WtJ E}y;. E}W ehkh> ehkh


195

vd;gJ ghurPfg; ghitfSs; xd;W. Kd[j;> fP];]h> krhyh vd;gd muGr;

nrhw;fs; MFk;.

Qhdg;ghly;fs;

Qhdf; fUj;Jf;fs; mike;j ghly;fisAk; Kfk;gjpag; Gyth;fs;

ghbdh;. jhAkhdtiug; Nghy Qhd E}y;fis vOjpg; Gfo;ngw;wth;fspy;

jiyahath; Fzq;Fbk];jhd; rha;G Mth;. ,e;Jkjf; fUj;Jf;fisAk;>

flTsiuAk; Nghw;wp kNdhd;kzpf;fz;zp KifajPd; rhjfk;. Mde;jf; fspg;G

Nghd;w gy E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shH. kw;Wk; kr;rNuifr; rpj;jd;> jw;fiy gPH

KfkJ rhfpG Mfpath;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;.


196

V. nkhopgapw;rp

1. nghUs; ,yf;fzk;

jkpOf;Nf rpwg;G kpf;fjha; kpsph;tJ tho;f;if ,yf;fzj;ij vLj;J

,ak;GtJ nghUs; ,yf;fzkhFk;. ek;gpafg;nghUs;> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy

Nghd;w ,yf;fz E}w;fspd; topahf vspjhfTk;> njspthfTk; Ghpe;J nfhs;s

KbfpwJ.

ek; Kd;NdhH nghUis mfk;> Gwk; vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpj;jdh;. mfk;

vd;gJ fhjy; tho;f;ifiaAk;> Gwk; vd;gJ nghJthfr; rKjhaf;

flikfisAk;> rpwg;ghf tPutho;f;ifiaAk; tpsf;FtjhFk;. mfj;jpizfspy;

md;gpd; Ie;jpizf;F kl;Lk; Kjw;nghUs;> fUg;nghUs;> chpg;nghUs; cz;L.

“Kjy;fU chpg;nghUs; vd;w %d;Nw

EtDq;fhiy Kiw rpwe;jdNt

ghlYk; gapd;wit ehLq;fhiy” (njhy;)

1. Kjw;nghUs;: xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; chpa epyKk;> nghOJk; Kjw;nghUs;.

jpiz epyk; ngUk;nghOJ rpWnghOJ

1 FwpQ;rp kiyAk; kiy rhHe;j

,lKk;

Fsph; ahkk;

2 Ky;iy fhLk; fhL rhHe;j ,lKk; fhHfhyk; khiy

3 kUjk; taYk; tay; rhHe;j ,lKk; Mz;LKOtJk; itfiw

4 nea;jy; flYk; fly; rhHe;j ,lKk; Mz;LKOtJk; Vw;ghL

5 ghiy ngUk; kzy; rhHe;j ,lk; Ntdpw;fhyk; ez;gfy;

2. fUg;nghUs;

xt;nthU jpizf;Fk; chpa nja;tk;> kf;fs;> czT> tpyq;F Kjypad

fUg;nghUs;

fUg;nghUs; FwpQ;rp Ky;iy kUjk; nea;jy; ghiy

1 nja;tk; KUfd; jpUkhy; ,e;jpud; tUzd; JHf;if

2 caHe;NjhH ntw;gd; Njhw;wy; FWk;giw Nrh;g;gd; vapdh;

3. jho;e;NjhH Fwtd; ,ilah; coth; gujh; kwth;

4 tpyq;F ahid khd; vUik RwhkPd; nre;eha;

5 G+ FwpQ;rp Ky;iy jhkiu nea;jy; Futk;


197

6 aho; FwpQ;rpaho; Ky;iyaho; kUjaho; tpshpaho; ghiyaho;

7 czT jpiz tuF nre;ney; kPd; topg;Nghf;fhplkpUe;J

gwpj;j czT

8 kuk; re;jdk; nfhd;iw kUjk; Gd;id ghiy

9 gwit kapy; fhl;Lf;Nfhop ehiu flw;fhfk; fOF

10 CH rpWFb Nrhp Ng&H gl;bdk; FWk;G

11 ePH mUtp fhl;lhW Fsk; kzw;fpzW ePH tw;wpa Rid

12 giw njhz;lfk; VWNfhl;giw kzKoh kPd;Nfhl;giw Jb

13 gz; FwpQ;rpg;gz; rhjhhpg;gz; kUjg;gz; nrt;thpg;gz; gQ;Rug;gz;

njhopy; Njd;vLj;jy; epiu

Nka;j;jy;

VW

jOTjy;

kPd;mhpjy; topg;gwp (epiu

fth;jy;)

3. chpg;nghUs;

xt;nthU epyj;jpw;Fhpa xOf;fk; chpg;nghUs; vdg;gLk;.

1. FwpQ;rp - Gzh;j;jYk; Gzh;jy; epkpj;jKk;

2. Ky;iy - ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jKk;

3. kUjk; - ClYk; Cly; epkpj;jKk;

4. nea;jy; - ,uq;fYk; ,uq;fy; epkpj;jKk;

5. ghiy - gphpjYk; gphpjy; epkpj;jKk;

2. mfj;jpizfs; - VO

mfkhtJ xNu md;Gila jiytDk;> jiytpAk; fhjy; cs;sj;jhw;

fye;J> fsT tho;f;if Nkw;nfhz;L> gpd; fw;gpaypy; GFe;J> ,y;ywkhfpa

ey;ywj;ij Vw;W ,Wjpapy; tPLNgW miltJ. ,f;fhjy; vg;nghOJk;

cs;sj;J czh;thNyNa czug;gLtJ. gpwh;f;Fg; Gyg;gLj;JkhW vLj;Jf;$w

,ayhjJ. Mjyhy; ,t;nthOf;fk; mfk; vdg;gl;lJ.

mfg;nghUs; vO tifg;gLk;

mit

1.FwpQ;rp 2.Ky;iy 3.kUjk; 4.nea;jy; 5.ghiy 6.iff;fpis

7.ngUe;jpiz vd;gd.


198

md;gpd; Ie;jpiz

md;gpd; Ie;jpiz vd;gJ md;gilf;fhkk;. Fyj;jhYk;> Fzj;jhYk;>

eyj;jhYk;> tajhYk; xNu jd;ikAila jiytDk; jiytpAk; xUtiu

xUth; md;G nfhz;L xOFk; xOf;fk;. ,j;jifa md;G xOf;fj;ij md;gpd;

Ie;jpiz vdTk; miof;fg;ngWk;.

“fhjy; ,Uth; fUj;J xUkpj;J

MjuT gl;lNj ,d;gk;” vd;gJ xsit thf;F.

Ie;jpiz vd;gJ md;Gilf;fhkk;

iff;fpis

iff;fpis vd;gJ xUjiyf; fhkk;. jiytd; kl;Lk; fhjy; nfhz;L

jiytp fhjy; nfhs;shikAk; jiytp kl;Lk; fhjy; nfhz;L jiytd; fhjy;

nfhs;shikAk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;

“iff;fpis cilaJ xUjiyf;fhkk;”.

ngUe;jpiz

ngUe;jpiz vd;gJ nghUe;jhf; fhkk;> Fzk;> Fyk;> eyk;> taJ

Kjypatw;why; nghUj;jkw;wth;> ngw;NwhH> cwtpdh; KjypNahH Vtyhy; kzk;

Ghpe;J tho;jYk;> tpUg;gkw;Nwhiu type;J $LjYk; Kjypa md;gpw;F

xt;thjd nty;yhk; ,jd; fz; mlq;Fk; “ngUe;jpiz cilaJ nghUe;jhf;

fhkk;”.

3. tiuT fw;G

tiuT flhjy;

Njhop jiytid tpiutpy; tiuf vdf; flhTjy; mjl;bf; $wy;>

tw;GWj;jy;> tpdTjy;> Ntz;Ljy;> J}z;Ljy; vdg; gy nghUs;gLk;.

tiuT flhjypd; tif

“ngha;j;jy; kWj;jy; fowy; nka;j;jy; vd;W

xUehy; tifj;Nj tiuT flhjy;”


199

ngha;j;jy; (ngha;ahdit $wp mr;RWj;jy;) jiytd; Ntz;Ltij

kWj;jy;> fowy; (,bj;Jf; $Wjy;) nka;j;jy; (cz;ikahd mwnewp>

cyfpaiy vLj;Jiuj;jy;) ,it ehd;Fk; tiuT flhjypd; tiffshFk;.

tiuT flhjypd; fpstp tiffs;

tpdtpa nrtpypf;F kiwj;jik tpsk;gYk;

myh;mwp TWj;jYk; jha;mwp Tzh;j;jYk;

ntwpmr; RWj;jYk; gpwh;tiuT czh;j;jYk;

tiuT vjph;Tzh;j;jYk; tiuAk;ehs; czh;j;jYk;

mwptwp TWj;jYk; Fwpngah;j;jpLjYk;

gfy;tU thid ,uTtU nfd;wYk;

,uTtU thidg; gfy;tU nfd;wYk;

gfypDk; ,utpDk; gapd;W tUnfd;wYk;

gfypDk; ,utpDk; mfy;,td; vd;wYk;

cuNthd; ehLk; CUk; FyDk;

kuGk; GfOk; tha;ikAk; $wYk;

MWahHj; Jw;w mr;rk; $wYk;

Mw;whj; jd;ik Mw;wf; $wYk;

fhty;kpf ciuj;jYk; fhkk;kpf ciuj;jYk;

fdTeypT ciuj;jYk; ftpdopTiuj;jYk;

vdKiw ehb ,ak;gpa ,UgJk;

tiuT flhjy; tphpvdg; gLk;Nk.

tpdtpa nrtpypf;Ff; fsit kiwj;jik gw;wpj; jiytw;Fj; Njhop

tpsk;gy;> jiytDf;F CuhH mwpe;J myh; J}w;Wjiy mwpTWj;jy;> fsitj;

jha; mwpe;jikia mwpTWj;jy;> jiytpf;F VNjh nja;tf; NfhshW vd;W

ntwpahl;L vLf;fg; Nghfpd;wdh; vdj; jiytid mr;RWj;jy;> nehJ kyh;

kzk; Ngrp tUtij czh;j;jy;> tiuitj; jiytpapd; ngw;NwhH Vw;gh; vdf;

$wy;> tiutjw;Fhpa ey;y ehs; tUfpd;wnjd czh;j;jy;> jiykfs;


200

gz;igAk; mwpitAk; jiytDf;F mwpTWj;jy;. Fwpaplk; khw;wp ciuj;jy;>

gfy; tUthid ,uT thvd;wy;> ,uT tUthidg; gfy;th vd;wy;> gfypYk;

,utpYk; khwpkhwp tUf vd;wy;> ,UnghOJk; tuhNj vdy; (,t;thW

myf;fopg;gJ> mtid tpiutpy; kze;J nfhs;SkhW J}z;Ltjw;Nfahk;)

jiytdJ ehLk; CUk; FyKk; Fbtop kuGk; GfOk; tha;ikak; $wp

tiuaj; J}z;Ljy;> top gw;wpa MWghHj;Jw;w mr;rk; $wy;> mtsJ mw;wh

ikia Mw;Wtpf;ff; $Wjy;> fhty; kpFjpia ciuj;jy;> fhkk; kpFjpia

ciuj;jy;> fdT ey;tij ciuj;jy;> jiytp moF nfLtij ciuj;jy;

,it ,UgJk; tiuT flhjy; fpstp tiffshk;.

mwj;njhL epw;wy;

jiytpapd; cly; NtWghL> eilKiw Kjypad fz;L IAw;W

jiykfis jha;> nrtpyp Kjypath;fs; mtis „,w;nrwpg;gh;‟ (tPl;by; itj;J>

ntspapy; NghfhJ fhg;gh;) me;epiyapYk; my;yJ NtW #oy;fspYk;

NjhopNah> jiytpNah> jiytidg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jp mtDf;Nf

mtis kzk; nra;J nfhLf;f Kay;tJ ,J. fhjypj;jtidNa

kzg;gJjhd; mwkhjypd; ,J> “mwj;njhL epiy” vdg;gl;lJ.

mwj;njhL epw;gJ vd;gJ fsit ntspg;gLj;JtJ. ngw;NwhHf;Fr;

rpdj;ijAk; tUj;jj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jf;$baJ. ,jidj; jiytpNah> NjhopNah

NeNu ngw;Nwhplk; nrhy;tJ ehfhpfkhfhJ mjdhy; jq;fs; „Fw;wj;ij‟ eakhf

ntspg;gLj;JthH Nghy; ele;J nfhs;th;.

“jiytp ghq;fpf;F mwj;njhL epw;Fk;

ghq;fp nrtpypf;F mwj;njhL epw;Fk;.

nrtpyp ew;wha;f;F mwj;njhL epw;Fk;

ew;wha; je;ij jd;idah;f;F mwj;njhL

epw;Fk; vd;g newpAzh;e;NjhNu

(ek;gpafg;nghUs; -48)


201

jiytp NeNu ngw;Nwhhplk;> jd; fhjiy ntspg;gLj;Jjy; ehfhPfkhfhJ.

mjdhy; mts; mf; „fstpidj;‟ jd; caph;j; NjhopaplNk $Wths;.

Njhopf;Fk; njhpahj epiyapy;> Vw;gLtJ ,J vd;gij mwpayhk;.

Njhop mwpe;j gpd;> jiytpapd; nrtpypj;jhaplk; ,ij ntspg;gLj;Jths;.

nrtpypj;jha; ew;wha;f;F ntspg;gLj;Jth;. gpd;G ew;wha; jiytpapd; je;ij>

jikad;khHf;F czh;j;Jths;. kf;fspd; gz;ghNl ,J.

4. Gwj;jpiz

1. ntl;rpj;jpiz

giftNuhL Nghhplf; fUJk; Nte;jd; xUtd; mjw;F mwpFwpahf

mg;gif ehl;bYs;s Mepiufisf; fth;e;J tUkhW jd; tPuh;fSf;F Miz

,Lthh;. mt;thizia Vw;W tPuh;fs; Ntw;Wg;Gy fstpy; M je;J xk;gg;

Gwg;gLth; ,J ntl;rp vdg;gLk;.

,t;tPuh;fs; ntl;rpg;G+tpid R+Lth;. gif ehl;L kd;dh; Nghh;

njhLg;gjw;F Kd;Ng ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba me;jzh;> ngz;bh;> gps;isfSk;>

gzpAilNahUk;> gRf;fSk; mfYkhW me;ehl;by; giw mwptpj;J njhptpg;gh;.

mg;NghJ jhkhf ghJfhg;Gj; Njbf; nfhs;s ,ay;gpy;yhj gRf;$l;lq;fisf;

ftu jd; tPuh;fis VTthd;.

gifehl;L tPuh;fs; Mepiufisf; fth;e;J nrd;W tpLth; ,jidNa

Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiyapy;

“ntd;wp Nte;jd; gzpg;gTk; gzpg;gpd;wpAk;

nrd;wp fz;Kid Mje; jd;W”

(Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy ntl;rp 1)

2. tQ;rpj;jpiz

tQ;rp vd;gjw;F gifehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;jy; vd;gjhFk;. tQ;rpj;

jpizapd; Jiwfs; nkhj;jk; ,UgJ MFk;. tQ;rpf; nfhbapd; G+f;fisr; #b

nry;tjhy; ,J tQ;rpj; jpizahapw;W.


202

jdf;F gzpahj gif Nte;jid gzpaitj;J mtdJ ehl;ilf;

ftUtjw;fhf me;ehl;bd; Nky; gilnaLj;Jr; nry;tJ tQ;rpj;jpiz MFk;.

“thlh tQ;rp jiykiye;J

$lhH kz;nfhsy; Fwpj;jd;W”

(GwnghUs; tQ;rp -3)

giftiu xU nghUl;lhf kjpahky; Mz;ik fhl;LthHfs;.

Nghhpd;NghJ tpiue;J nts;sj;ijf; fy;yiz jLj;J epWj;JtJ Nghyg;

gifth;fs; gyiu tPud; xUtNd jLj;J epWj;JtJz;L. jd; tPuh;fSf;F

murd; ngUQ;nrhW ey;Fthd;. ntw;wpAk; Njhy;tpAk; ,UthyUf; chpaNj.

Njhw;w nfhw;wtd; ntd; Nte;jDf;F jpiw jUthd;.

3. copiQj;jpiz

gifaurdpd; kjpiy tisj;Jf; nfhz;L Kw;WifapLjy; copiQj;

jpizahFk;. mg;nghOJ tPuh;fs; copiQg; G+itr; #Lth;. ,jDila

Jiwfs; nkhj;jk; ,Ugj;J xd;gJ MFk;.

“Kbkpir copiQ#b xd;dhH

nfhb Elq;fy; vaph; nfhsf;fUjpd;W

(Gw.nt.copiQ.6)

jd; Mizia Vw;fhkYk; ,Uf;Fk; Nte;jdpd; kjpiy Kw;WifapLtJ

tof;fk;. Kjypy;> kjpypd; Gwj;Nj jq;Fthd; kd;dd;. ,thplk; Njhw;gil

ngUfp epw;Fk;. kjpypDs; murDk; nry;tg; ngUf;Filatdhfj; jpfo;thd;.

mjdhy;> Gwj;jurd;> mk;kjpiyf; nfhs;s Kbahky; tUe;JtJ Kz;L.

gifth; gyh; Kd;Nd> copiQ tPud; xUtd;> jd;de; jdpahfNt NghHGhpthd;.

4. thifj;jpiz

thif vd;gJ ntw;wp MFk;. Nghhpy; ntw;wp ngw;w murDk;

mt;turdpd; tPuh;fSk; ntw;wp ngw;wjw;F milahskhf thifg; G+tpidr; #b


203

ntw;wpiaf; nfhz;lhLjy; thifj;jpiz vdg;gLk;. thifj;jpizapd; Jiwfs;

nkhj;jk; Kg;gj;J %d;W Jiw MFk;.

“,iyGid thif#b ,fy;kiye;J

miyfly; jhid muRml;L MHj;jd;W”

(Gw.ntz;.thifj;jpiz)

NghH kPJ nfhz;l tpUg;ghy; murh; $jph; fhyj;jpYk; Ntdpw; fhyj;jpYk;

ghriwapy; jq;fpapUg;gh;. murh; tay; epykhfpa NghHf;fsj;jpy; NjiuNa Vuhf;

nfhz;L fizfis tpijahf tpijj;Jg; gifthpd; jiyfshfpa

fjph;kzpfis mWj;J ntw;wp ngWthHfs;. giftUld; Nghhpl;L ntd;w XH

murdJ Njh; Kd; tPuh;fs; Fuit vd;w $j;jpid MLthHfs;. mt;thNw

Njhpd; gpd;Dk; MLthHfs;. jhk; $wpa tQ;rpdj;Jf;F Vw;g> capiu

mtpg;gypahf ,LthHfs;. gifth; ehl;bidf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;L kfpo;th;.

murh; me;jzh; tzpfh; Ntshsh; vd;w ehd;F tFg;ghUk; mwf;fsr;

rhd;NwhH> Nrhjplh;> kwth;> kwf;Fb kfsph; Mfpa ,th;fsJ ,ay;G

Nkk;ghlfis rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WjYk; thifj; jpizapy; mlq;Fk;.

5. ghlhz;jpiz

murDila Gfo;> nfhil typik> tPuk; Kjypa gz;Gfisg; Gfo;e;J

ghLtJ ,JthFk;. ghL + Mz; + jpiz vdg;gphpj;J Mzpd; nray;jpwd;fisg;

Gfo;tJ vdg; nghUs; nfhs;th;.

xspAk; Mw;wYk; xk;gh <ifAk;

mspAk; ,itAk; Mw;wy; tiuj;jd;

(GwnghUs; - thif)

kd;dJ nfhbiaf; flTs; nfhbNahL rhHj;jpg; Gyth;fs; Gfo;thHfs;.

jpUkhy; „Nrh‟ vd;w muzj;ij md;W mopj;jJ NghyNt> ,t;TopiQ

Nte;jDk; gifaurh; jk; kjpiy mopf;f ty;ytd; vdg; ghuhl;LthHfs;.

***********


204

Mf;fk; Kidth; R. me;Njhzp nry;tFkhH ,izg;Nguhrphpah; & jiyth; jkpo;j;Jiw ehrNuj; kh;fh\p]; fy;Y}hp> gps;isad;kid.

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