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15 A‡±vei 2009

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Gg. G. Lvb

15 A‡±vei 2009

vii

m~wPcÎ

Aa¨vq - 1

wRnv` m¤ú‡K© weZK© 1

Aa¨vq - 2

Bmjv‡gi †g․wjK wek¦vm 6

Aa¨vq - 3

bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i Rxeb I wRnv‡`i Rb¥ 12

Aa¨vq Ñ 4

Bmjv‡gi we¯„vi : kw³i †Rv‡i bv kvwš„c~Y© Dcv‡q? 88

Aa¨vq Ñ 5

Avie-Bmjvwg mvgªvR¨ev` 180

Aa¨vq - 6

fvi‡Z Bmjvwg mvgªvR¨ev` 237

Aa¨vq - 7

Bmjvwg µxZ`vmZ¡ 336

Aa¨vq - 8

†kl K_v 450

Bibliography 456

wRnv`-2 wRnv`-3 wRnv`-4

wRnv`-5 wRnv`-6 wRnv`-7

wRnv`-8 wRnv`-9 wRnv`-10

wRnv`-11 wRnv`-12 wRnv`-13

wRnv`-14 wRnv`-15 wRnv`-16

wRnv`-17 wRnv`-18 wRnv`-19

viii

wRnv`-20 wRnv`-21 wRnv`-22

wRnv`-23 wRnv`-24 wRnv`-25

wRnv`-26 wRnv`-27 wRnv`-28

wRnv`-29 wRnv`-30

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& www.bangarashtra.net)

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1. Gardham D, Muslim students back killing in the name of Islam, Telegraph (UK) 27 July 2008 2. Sharia Law in UK in `unavoidable’, BBC, News, 7 February 2008. 3. Matthew Hickley, Islamic sharia courts in Britain are now ‘legally binding’, Dailymail1, 15 September 2008. 4. Quran 2:190: Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah loveth not transgressors (trs,

Yusuf Ali). 5. Raymond Ibrahim, the tow Faces of Al Qaeda, Chronicle Review, 21 September 2007.

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6

. What is jihad? Language still hinders terror fight, Reuters, 20 Feb, 2008. 7. Pipes D (2003) Militant Islam Reaches America, WW Norton, New York, p. 258-68

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ch©vqµ‡g GK jvL PweŸk nvRvi cqM¤̂i ev bwe †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb| cqM¤̂i ev bweM‡Yi G ci¤úivq Av`g cÖ_g, †gvnv¤§` me©‡kl|

me©‡kl bwe †gvnv¤§` me bwei g‡a¨ †kªô| wZwb wQ‡jb me©Kv‡j gvbeRxe‡bi m‡Ÿ©v‛P c~Y©ZvcÖvß gvbyl| me©‡kl I me©‡miv G bwe

Ck¦‡ii cwic~Y© I P~ovš— ¯^M©xq cÖZ¨v‡`k Ô†KvivbÕ Avbqb K‡ib Ges Ck¦‡ii P~ovš—K…Z ag© ÔBmjvgÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib| Ck¦i-‡cÖwiZ

Av‡Mi ag©wek¦vm¸‡jv, †hgb Bûw` I wLªóag©, Bmjv‡gi Zzjbvq Am¤c~Y© I nxbZi| Ab¨mKj ag©‡K evwZj I cÖwZ ’̄vcb Kivi Rb¨

Bmjvgag© †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb G `vwe K‡i Avjvn †Kviv‡b e‡jb: ÔwZwb (Avjvn) Zvui †cÖwiZ bwe (†gvnv¤§`)-†K c_-wb‡ ©̀k I (GKgvÎ)

mZ¨ ag©mn †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb, hv‡Z Ab¨mKj a‡g©i Dci Zv‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibÕ (†Kvivb 48:28)|8

Bmjvg `vwe K‡i †h, mg‡qi mv‡_ Bûw`iv Zv‡`i ag©kv ¿̄‡K weK…Z ev cwiewZ©Z K‡i‡Q (†Kvivb 2:59)| myZivs GUv evwZj I

cwiZ¨vR¨| G e¨vcv‡i wLªó ag©kv ¿̄ wKQyUv fvj g~j¨vqb †c‡q‡Q: GUv GLbI •ea, hw`I Bmjv‡gi †P‡q nxbZi| †Kvivb `vwe K‡i †h,

wLªóvbiv Zv‡`i g~j ag©MÖ‡š’i wKQy Ask fy‡j †M‡Q (†Kvivb 5:14) Ges Gi Dc‡`k Zviv fyj ey‡S‡Q| †hgb Zviv åvš—fv‡e whï‡K

Ck¦‡ii cyÎ g‡b K‡i (†Kvivb 5:72, 112:2, 19:34-35, 4:171)| †Kvivb GUvI `vwe K‡i †h, wLªóvbiv fyjemZ whï‡K wZbR‡bi

GKRb, A_©vr ÔwUªwbwUÕ ev wZb Ck¦i-Gi GKRb e‡j MY¨ K‡i (†Kvivb 5:73, 4:171)| wLªóvbiv hw`I fyjfv‡e ag©PP©v K‡i, ZeyI

Avjvn Zv‡`i ag©‡K evwZj K‡ib wb, Z‡e Avkv K‡i‡Qb †h Bmjv‡gi Øviv cwiYv‡g Zv evwZj n‡q hv‡e (†Kvivb 48:28)| Avð‡h©i

welq n‡jv, †Kgb K‡i Bûw`iv ZvDivZ (Iì †U÷‡g›U) weK…Z K‡i‡Q, wKsev Kxfv‡e wLªóvbiv evB‡ej (wbD †U÷‡g›U)-Gi

8

. The Quranic reference has been included in the parenthesis within the text. Quran 48:28 stands for Quranic chapter 48, Verse 28. One of the

three most acceptable translations of the Quran, hosted by the University of Southern California (http://www. usc. edu/dept/MSA/quran/),

has chosen for linguistic clarity.

http://www/

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4

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†mLv‡b Zvui Amxg AbyMÖn Dc‡fv‡Mi my‡hvM cv‡e|

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hvcb Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi Zvi GKgvÎ Dcvq n‡jv bwei c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i Pjv|

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n‡e cvw_©e Rxe‡b Zviv Kx cwigvY cvc K‡i‡Q Zvi Dci| AZtci Zviv ¯^‡M© Mgb Ki‡e Abš—Kv‡ji Rb¨|

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K‡i knx` wn‡m‡e g„Zz¨ eiY Ki‡e, A_©vr Zuviv hLb wRnv` ev cweÎ ag©hy‡× gviv hv‡eb (†Kvivb 9:111; Z„Zxq Aa¨v‡q Av‡iv

†`Lyb)| AZGe bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i RxeÏkvq Zvui wb‡`©‡k wKsev cwiPvjbvq hy× Ki‡Z wM‡q †h kZ kZ gymwjg g„Zz¨eiY K‡i‡Qb Ges

Zvi cieZ©xKv‡j kZvãxi ci kZvãx-e¨vcx †h jvL jvL gymwjg Bmjv‡gi cweÎ hy‡× gviv †M‡Qb Ges GLbI gviv hv‡‛Qb ev

fwel¨‡Z gviv hv‡eb Ñ Zvuiv mivmwi Bmjv‡gi ¯^‡M© c`vc©Y Ki‡eb| Ab¨vb¨ gymwjgiv, hviv ¯^vfvweKfv‡e gviv hv‡e, Zv‡`i‡K

Avj-vn-KZ©©„K mgMª c„„w_ex aŸs‡mi ci Ô†kl wePv‡ii w`bÕ ch©š— A‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY Hw`b Avjvn wbY©q Ki‡eb ¯^‡M© Mg‡bi

Av‡M KZKvj Zv‡`i‡K bi‡K KvUv‡Z n‡e|

myZivs gymwjg‡`i gv‡S bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i Rxe‡bi, A_©vr Zvui K_v I Kg©Kv‡Êi, mv‡_ cy“Lvbycy“Liƒ‡c mgK¶ nIqvi GKUv

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we‡klZ Bmjv‡gi cwiwa m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ Agymwjg-wbqwš¿Z f~LÊ `L‡ji Rb¨ †hme hy×| Bmjv‡gi ïi‚‡Z weKvkgvb gymwjg

m¤cÖ`vq g`xbvq bwe †gvnv¤§` cwiPvwjZ wRnv`-†ckvq wb‡R‡`i‡K DrmM© K‡iwQj| †m mKj hy‡× jywÉZ gvjvgv‡ji (agx©qfv‡e ¯^xK…Z)

Dci wbf©i K‡iB Zvuiv RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Zv (Z…Zxq Aa¨vq †`Lyb)|

beyqZxi †ZBk eQiKvj a‡i †gvnv¤§` Avjvni Nwbô mvwbœ‡a¨ wQ‡jb| mKj cwiw ’̄wZ‡Z Ñ Zv †nvK hy‡× †Kvb m¼U, hy×-ew›`‡`i

wel‡q †Kvb mgm¨v wKsev cwiev‡ii †Kvb weev` gxgvsmv Ñ Rxe‡bi c‡` c‡` Avjvn †gvnv¤§`‡K cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Zb| bwei mKj

KvRK‡g© Avjvn Aweivg bRi ivL‡Zb| hLbB †gvnv¤§` †Kvb fyj Ki‡Zb, Zr¶Yvr Avjvn nvwRi n‡Zb civgk© w`‡Z ev †m fzj

ms‡kvab Ki‡Z| Giƒ‡c beyqZxKv‡j †gvnv¤§‡`i cÖwZwU K_v I KvR wQj ¯^M©xq ev w`e¨ fv‡e cwiPvwjZ, A_v©r w`e¨ cÖK…wZi| Kv‡RB

Ômwn gymwjgÕ (a collection of prophetic tradition)-i Abyev`K I wewkó cwÊZ Avãyj nvwg` wmwÏKx mybœZ‡K ¯^M©xq m„wó e‡j `vwe

K‡i e‡jb: Ô...†Kvivb I mybœ‡Zi Dc‡`kvewj †Kvb gvbe kw³ †_‡K D™¢~Z bq, Gi meB Ck¦‡ii cÖZ¨vw`ó; myZivs G¸‡jv mKj

e¯‘MZ I Bn‡j․wKK we‡ePbvi E‡aŸ©|Õ9

G Kvi‡Y Bmjv‡g bwei mybœZmg~n ag©Mªš’ †Kvivb-ewnf©~Z wKš‘ Avav-¯^M©xq wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ,

hv gymwjg‡`i‡K AwZ mZK©Zvi mv‡_ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|

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51-52,54,56; 33:33; 47:33; 49:14; 58:13; 64:12)| Kv‡RB Bmjvg a‡g© †Kviv‡bi wb‡ ©̀kvewj I mybœZ n‡jv cÖvq mggv‡bi

`yÕwU ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© Ask| hv‡nvK Bmjv‡gi wKQy AvaywbK I mywkw¶Z •KwdqZ`vZv, kyay we‡ivwaZvi Kvi‡Y †nvK wKsev AÁZvi Kvi‡Y,

Avjvni my¯úó mZK©evYx m‡Ë¡I mybœZ‡K Bmjvg †_‡K wew‛Qbœ Ki‡Z m‡Pó| Zvi KviY nvw`‡m ewY©Z bwei wKQy wKQz mybœZ ev

Kvh©Kjvc AvaywbK †PZbv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Kv‡Q AMÖnY‡hvM¨, GgbwK N„Y¨| Zviv †Kvivb‡K Bmjv‡gi GKgvÎ msweavbiƒ‡c cÖwZwôZ

Ki‡Z Pvb| GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i g„Zz¨i ci 200 eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq a‡i wewkó Bmjvwg cwÊZM‡Yi Øviv †Kviv‡bi

9

. Sahih Muslim by Imam Muslim, Translated by Siddiqi AH, Kitab Bhavan, New Delhi, 2004 edition, Vol. I, p. 210–11, note 508.

bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i Rxeb I wRnv‡`i Rb¥ 9 10 wRnv`

5

5

evYxi m‡½ h_vh_ wgj †i‡L mybœZ msKwjZ n‡qwQj, Ges Zv kZvãxi ci kZvãx a‡i Bmjv‡gi we‡klÁ (D‡jgv)-†`i Øviv ¯^xK…Z

n‡q G‡m‡Q|

ÔkixqvÕ ev ÔcweÎ Bmjvwg AvBbÕ n‡jv Bmjv‡gi Av‡iKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| kixqv AvBb Bmjv‡gi c„_K †Kvb Dcv`vb bq,

eis Zv †Kvivb I mybœZ †_‡KB D™¢~Z|

†gvnv¤§` Ck¦‡ii evYxmg~n Zvi wkl¨‡`i gva¨‡g L‡Ê L‡Ê wjwce× I gyL¯— Kiv‡jI wZwb †m¸‡jv‡K cy¯—KvKv‡i msKwjZ Kivi

cÖ‡qvRb †eva K‡ib wb| GLb †h †Kvivb‡K Avgiv wPwb, Zv Bmjv‡gi Z„Zxq Lwjdv Imgv‡bi kvmbvg‡j (644-656 mvj) m¼wjZ

Kiv|

GKBfv‡e Avjvn evisevi gymwjg‡`i e‡j‡Qb, bwe †gvnv¤§`‡K AbymiY Ki‡Z ZeyI †gvnv¤§` wKš‘ Zvui KvR I Ae`vb m¤^wjZ

Rxebx Ñ hv wek¦ aŸsm bv nIqv ch©š— gymwjg‡`i‡K AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e Ñ Zv wj‡L wKsev Ab¨‡`i Øviv wjwL‡q †i‡L hvIqvi welqwU

D‡c¶v K‡i‡Qb| ¯úóZt Bmjv‡gi †Lv`vI †gvnv¤§`‡K Zvui (†Lv`vi) evYxmg~n GKUv cy¯—‡K (A_©vr †Kvivb) GKwÎZ Ki‡Z A_ev

bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i AvZ¥Rxebx (A_©vr mybœZ) wj‡L †i‡L hvIqvi wb‡ ©̀k w`‡Z †egvjyg fy‡j wM‡qwQ‡jb| A_P Bmjvg a‡g©i G `yÕwU

†g․wjK Dcv`vb gymwjg‡`i‡K me©Kv‡j K‡Vvifv‡e AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|

bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i g„Zz¨i ci K‡qKRb eyw×gvb gymwjg Avjvn I Zvui bwei G `ye©jZv¸‡jv Dcjwä K‡ib I Zv c~iY Ki‡Z m‡Pó

nb| Zvuiv Dcjwä K‡ib †h, Bmjvg ag©‡K AweK…Z I Avw` Ae¯’vq ivL‡Z n‡j ¯^M©xq evYx I mybœ‡Zi c×wZMZ web¨vm Ri‚wi|

myZivs Avjvni c~‡e©Kvi ag©MÖš’ ÔMm&‡cjÕ I Ô†ZvivÕ (evB‡ej I ZvDivZ)Õi †¶‡Î NUv weK„wZi g‡Zv GKB iKg weK…wZ Gov‡bvi Rb¨

Zuviv †gvnv¤§‡`i g„Zz¨i cÖvq `yB `kK ci Avjvni •`eevYx¸‡jv GKwÎZ K‡i †Kvivb msKjb K‡ib|

AZtci AwfÁ BmjvwgK cwÊZ‡`i `yÕ‡Uv aviv Bmjvg‡K mwVK c‡_ ivLvi wbwg‡Ë c„_K `yÕ‡Uv wekvj Kvh©-cÖK‡í wb‡qvwRZ nq|

cÖ_g cÖKíwU wQj bwei mybœZ GKwÎZ Kiv| 750 mv‡ji w`‡K avwg©K gymwjg cwÊZ Be‡b BmnvK KZ…©K bwei cÖ_g Rxebx

msKj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Zv ïiy nq| Zvici †_‡K eû weL¨vZ gymwjg cwÊZ I M‡elK bwei Rxe‡bi Ici A‡bK ỳtmva¨ I cy“Lvbycy“L

M‡elYvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nb| AMwYZ gvby‡li mv¶vrKvi MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Zvuiv †nRvR †_‡K wmwiqv, cvim¨, wgmi Z_v Avi‡ei me©Î

cwiågY K‡ib Ges bwei nvRvi nvRvi K_v, KvR I Dc‡`k GKwÎZ K‡ib| G‡`i g‡a¨ QqRb AZ¨š— †gavex I `¶ nvw`m msKjK

i‡q‡Qb, hvu‡`i msKwjZ nvw`m LvuwU ev mwn wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z:

1. Avj-eyLvix (810-870) msMÖn K‡i‡Qb 7275wU LvuwU nvw`m, hv‡K ejv nq Ômwn eyLvixÕ| 2. gymwjg web Avj-nv¾vR (821-875), eyLvixi GKRb wkl¨, msMÖn K‡i‡Qb 9200wU LvuwU nvw`m, hv‡K Ômwn gymwjgÕ ejv

nq|

3. Avey `vD` (817-888) msMÖn K‡i‡Qb 4800wU LvuwU nvw`m, hv‡K Ômybvb Avey `vD`Õ ejv nq| 4. Avj-wZiwghx (g„Zz¨ 892)| 5. Be‡b gvRv (g„Zz¨ 886) 6. Bgvg bvmvB (Rb¥ 215 wnRix)|

mybœZ msKj‡bi mgqKv‡j Avwef©ve N‡U Av‡iKwU avivi AwZkq †gavex Bmjvwg cwÊZM‡Yi| Zvuiv †Kviv‡bi evYx I nvw`‡mi mwVK

e¨vL¨vi wfwˇZ gymwjg mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBbmg~n mywba©vwiZfv‡e m~Îe× Kivi Dci ¸i‚Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib| G‡¶‡Î PviRb wewkó

gymwjg cwʇZi D‡`¨v‡M PviwU cÖavb aviv cÖwZwôZ nq, hv BmjvwgK AvBbkv¯¿ (RywimcÖy‡WÝ) ev ÔwdKvn&Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ| Zvuiv n‡jb:

1. Bgvg Avey nvwbdv (699-767) KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ ÔnvbvwdÕ AvBbkv ¿̄| `w¶Y Gwkqv, Zzi¯‥, ejKvb AÂj, Pxb Ges wgm‡ii gymwjgiv G avivi Abymvix|

2. Bgvg gvwjK web Avbvm (715-795) KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ ÔgvwjKxÕ AvBbkv¯¿| DËi I cwðg Avwd«Kv Ges K‡qKwU Avie †`‡ki gymwjgiv G g‡Zi Abymvix|

3. Bgvg Avj kvdx (767-820) KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ ÔkvdxÕ AvBbkv¯¿| `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqv, wgmi, †mvgvwjqv, BwiwÎqv I B‡q‡g‡bi gymwjgiv G m¤cÖ`v‡qi Abymvix|

4. Bgvg Avn¤§` web nv¤^vj (780-855) KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ Ônv¤^vjxÕ AvBbkv¯¿| †m․w` Avie I Ab¨vb¨ Avie iv‡óªi gymwjgiv Gi

Abymvix|

weL¨vZ gymwjg BwZnvmwe` Be‡b Lvj ỳ‡bi g‡Z ÔwdKvn&Õ n‡jv: ÔAvj-vni wewa-weavb msµvš— Ávb, hv e¨w³i K‡g©i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ Ñ

hviv wb‡R †_‡KB Bmjv‡g †KvbUv Aek¨KiYxq (IqvwRe), †KvbUv m¤ú~Y© wbwl× (nvivg), †KvbUv MÖnY‡hvM¨ (gvbw`De), †KvbUv

Abby‡gvw`Z (gvKiƒn), A_ev †KvbUv ïay AbygwZ-cÖvß (gyevn&) †m e¨vcv‡i AvBb †g‡b Pj‡Z eva¨Õ|10

PviwU cÖavb Bmjvwg AvBbkv‡¯¿i cÖwZôvZv Ges Zvu‡`i QvÎiv Bmjvwg AvBb I Abykvmb msµvš— GKwU mvims‡¶c •Zwii Rb¨

wZb kZvãxiI †ewk mgq a‡i AmvaviY M‡elYv Pvjvb, mvgwMÖKfv‡e Zv‡K cweÎ Bmjvwg AvBb ev ÔkixqvÕ ejv nq| Bmjv‡gi G

AvBbkv¯¿ ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU †¶‡Î mvgvb¨ e¨wZµg _vK‡jI †g․wjK cv_©K¨ G‡Kev‡iB bMY¨|

10

. Levy R (1957) The Social Structure of Islam, Cambridge University Press, U.K., p. 150

bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i Rxeb I wRnv‡`i Rb¥ 11 12 wRnv`

6

6

Bmjv‡gi †Lv`v Avjvn cwic~Y© I P~ovš— Rxebweavbiƒ‡c mgMÖ gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ ÔBmjvgÕ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb (†Kvivb 5:3)| A_v©r

Bmjvg n‡jv Avjvni cÖZ¨vkvbyhvqx gvbe Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ GKwU cy“Lvbycy“L Rxebweavb| myZivs Bmjvwg ag©weav‡b gvbe Rxe‡bi

cÖ‡Z¨KwU m¤¢ve¨ NUbv, cwiw¯’wZ I K‡g©i Rb¨ GKwU mgvavb ev w`Kwb‡ ©̀kbv i‡q‡Q| Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU Ae¯’vq Abymi‡Yi Rb¨ kixqvÕq

i‡q‡Q GKwU ¯^M©xq AvBb, Kg©cÖYvjx I Abykvmb Ñ n‡Z cv‡i Zv Lv`¨MÖnY, gjg~Î Z¨vM, †h․bKg©, bvgvR Av`vq, hy× Kiv A_ev Ab¨

†h †Kvb wel‡q|

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Bn‡j․wKK ev RvMwZ‡Ki g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| Bmjvg n‡jv gvbeRvwZi BnRvMwZK mgm¨vi ÔG‡Ki wfZi meÕ mgvavb| ZzwK©i

gymwjg cwÊZ W. †m`vZ †jwmbvi `„pZvi mv‡_ †NvlYv K‡ib: ÔBmjvg ïay GKwU ag©B bq, GKwU ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK I mvs¯‥…wZK

e¨e¯’vI e‡U|Õ11

fvi‡Zi AvwjMo wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ‡dmi Gg. DgiDwÏb e‡jb, Bmjv‡g ag© I ivRbxwZi m¤úK© AwefvR¨| wZwb

`vwe K‡ib: ÔmvaviY A‡_© Bmjvg GKwU ag© bq| a‡g©i Kvievi ïay gvby‡li Aš—‡ii †PZbv‡K wb‡q Ñ hvi mv‡_ mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Ûi

†Kvb †h․w³K m¤úK© †bB Ñ Ggb aviYv Bmjv‡g m¤ú~Y© Abycw¯’Z, m‡e©vcwi Bmjv‡g Zv N„wYZ|Õ12

Bmjv‡gi ag©xq Abykvmb

gvbeRxe‡bi mewKQy‡K Aš—f©y³ K‡i Ñ G hyw³i Ici †Rvi w`‡q wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb: ÔBmjvg mewKQy‡K Avwj½b K‡i, GKUv c~Y©v½

Rxeb weavb, hv‡Z gvbeKg©Kv‡Êi cÖwZwU

—̄i I gvbweK AvPi‡Yi cÖwZwU †¶Î Aš—f©y³|Õ

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hvc‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh© I c~Y©v½ c_cª`k©K|

Aa¨vq - 3

bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i Rxeb I wRnv‡`i Rb¥

ÔAvwg weRqx n‡qwQ mš¿v‡mi gva¨‡g|Õ - (bwe †gvnv¤§`, eyLvix 4:52:220)

Ô†gvnv¤§` n‡jb gvbePwi‡Îi gwngvwš^Z Av`k©|Õ - (Avjvn, †Kvivb 68:4, 33:21)

A‡bK gymwjg g‡b K‡i †h, mßg kZvãx‡Z c„w_ex‡Z me©‡kl cqM¤̂i wn‡m‡e Avwef©©~Z n‡q gvbeRvwZi Kv‡Q Avjvni Pzovš— ag©gZ

cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ wek¦eªþvÊ m„wói c~‡e©B Avjvn †gvnv¤§`‡K m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb| e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPvwiZ GKwU K_v i‡q‡Q †h, †gvnv¤§`‡K R‣bK

wkl¨ cÖkœ K‡ib: ÔmewKQy m„wói c~‡e© Avjvn †Kvb wRwbmwU m„wó K‡ib|Õ Dˇi bwe e‡jb: ÔAvj&vn me©cÖ_g Zvui wb‡Ri Av‡jv †_‡K

†Zvgv‡`i bwei Av‡jv m„wó K‡ib|Õ13

bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i Rxeb wQ‡jv me©Kv‡ji c~Y©ZvcÖvß wbLuyZ Rxeb (Bbmvb-B Kvwgj)| Zuvi Rxeb wQ‡jv •bwZK DrKl© I cy‡Y¨

cwic~Y©, A‣bwZKZv I cvc weewR©Z| Zuvi Pwi‡Î gvbexq •ewk‡ó¨i fvj w`K¸‡jv m‡ev©‛P gvÎvq we`¨gvb wQj Ñ †nvK Zv Zuvi †h․b

•bwZKZv, `qvgvqv ev Ab¨ †Kvb †¶‡Î| c¶vš—‡i, Lvivc •ewkó¨ Zuvi g‡a¨ Av‡`․ wQj bv; _vK‡jI Zv wQj me‡P‡q bMY¨ gvÎvq|

wZwb wQ‡jb Aåvš— I wb®úvc, †h‡nZz Avjvn wb‡RB Zvu‡K cwiï× I cweÎ K‡iwQ‡jb| †Kviv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q: ÔAvgiv (Avj-vn) wK

†Zvgvi (†gvnv¤§‡`i) e¶ cÖmvwiZ K‡i †mLvb †_‡K mg —̄ fvi (cvc) AcmvwiZ Kwi wb?Õ (†Kvivb 94:1-2)| wZwb wQ‡jb me‡P‡q

`qvjy, wb‡ ©̀vl, me‡P‡q b¨vqcivqY I ¶gvkxj Ges me©vwaK gnvbyfe I mr| Aciw`‡K, Zuvi Pwi‡Î Av‡`․ †Kvb wbôziZv ev ee©iZv

wQj bv| Avjvn wb‡RB G mZ¨Zv Ávcb K‡ib Gfv‡e: ÔGes Avgiv (Avjvn) c„w_exi cÖwZ AbyK¤úv K‡i †Zvgv‡K (†gvnv¤§`‡K)

cvwV‡qwQÕ (†Kvivb 21:117)|

Ô•bwZK weï×Zvi Rb¨B Avgv‡K †cÖiY Kiv n‡q‡QÕ GK_v e‡j bwe †gvnv¤§` ¯̂qs Me© Ki‡Zb| Bmjv‡gi GK †kªô cwÊZ I

cybi‚¾xebev`x Bgvg Mv¾vjx (g„Zz¨ 1111) Ñ bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i ci huv‡K wØZxq me©‡kªô gymwjg wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq Ñ Zuvi we‡ePbvq

ÔRxe‡bi me©‡¶‡Î bwe wQ‡jb GKRb Av`k©, m‡e©v‛P DrKl©Zvq weï× ev cwic~Y© gvbyl|Õ bwei e¨w³MZ Pwi‡Îi wekvjZ¡ ev gnË¡

m¤^‡Ü Mv¾vjx AviI wj‡Lb:

†cÖwiZ gnvcyyi‚l me©`vB Avjvni Kv‡Q AvbZ wP‡Ë Zuv‡K m‡e©v‛P •bwZK ¸Yvejx I gnr Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix Kivi Rb¨ cÖv_©bv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb

wQ‡jb Amvgvb¨ bgªZvi cÖZxK Ges gvbeRvwZi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q gnr, mvnmx, b¨vqevb I avwg©K| ...wbh©vwZZiƒ‡c, ¯^vgx wn‡m‡e, †bZv I

weRqxiƒ‡c bwe •bwZK AvPi‡Yi †h D‛Pgvb cÖ`k©b K‡i †M‡Qb, Zv Zvui Av‡M ev c‡i †KD KLbI cv‡iwb|14

11

. Laçiner S, The Civilisational Differences As a Condition for Turkish Full-Membership to the EU; Turkish Weekly, 9 Feb. 2005 12. Umaruddin M (2003) The Ethical Philosophy of Al-Ghazzali, Adam Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, p. 307 13

. Haddad GF, The First Thing That Allah Created Was My Nur, Living Ialam website: http://www.livingislam. org/fiqhi/fiqha-

e30.html 14. Umaruddin, p. 66-67.

http://www.livingislam/

bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i Rxeb I wRnv‡`i Rb¥ 13 14 wRnv`

7

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AZGe bwe †gvnv¤§` n‡jb gvbeRvwZi Kv‡Q g½j, b¨vqwePvi I `qvi m‡Ÿ©v‛P g~Z© cÖZxK| Rxe‡b wZwb hv wKQy K‡i‡Qb, †mUvB wQj

me‡P‡q DËg; gymwjg wKsev Agymwjg, mevi mv‡_ wZwb †h AvPiY K‡i †M‡Qb, Zv wQj me‡P‡q b¨vh¨ I ¶gvkxj| G Aa¨v‡q

ms‡¶‡c bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i Rxeb Ñ we‡kl K‡i Avi‡ei Agymwjg g~wZ©c~RK, Bûw` I wLªóvb, evievi wZwb hv‡`i gy‡LvgywL n‡qwQ‡jb Ñ

Zv‡`i m‡½ Zuvi AvPiY Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| GK_v ejv wb®úÖ‡qvRb †h, gymwjgiv ZK©vZxZfv‡e wek¦vm K‡i †h Gme †jvK‡`i m‡½

†gvnv¤§‡`i AvPiY (bx‡P ewY©Z) me©†¶‡Î wQj me‡P‡q my›`i, b¨vh¨ I ¶gvkxj|

G Aa¨v‡q †gvnv¤§`-KZ©„K Bmjvg cÖwZôvKvjxb wRnv` m¤ú‡K© Avjvn †hme cÖZ¨v‡`k cvwV‡qwQ‡jb, Zvi we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv

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ev —̄e cª‡qvM Ñ hv bwe †gvnv¤§` Avjvni wb‡ ©̀‡ki cÖwZ m¤ú~Y© AbyMZ †_‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQ‡jb Ñ Zv Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Rb¥ I •kke Rxeb (570-610 wLªóvã)

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ZrKvjxb g°v bMixi cÖavb †Mvôx| ZrKv‡j g°v gi‚ DcZ¨Kvi GKwU †K․kjMZ Ae¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z wQj, hvi ga¨ w`‡q AwZµg

K‡iwQj ỳÕwU cÖavb evwYR¨ c_| Gi GKwU wngvqvi‡K hy³ K‡iwQj c¨v‡j÷vBb I wmwiqvi mv‡_; Ab¨wU mshy³ K‡iwQj B‡q‡gb,

cvim¨ DcmvMi I BivK‡K| G †K․kjMZ Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y g°v fviZ gnvmvMi (c~e© Avwd«Kvmn) I f~ga¨mvM‡ii g‡a¨ hvZvqvZKvix

gi‚-evwYR¨ Kv‡djv¸‡jvi UªvbwRUc‡q›Uiƒ‡c KvR KiZ| g°vi ga¨ w`‡q wgki, wmwiqv, †ivg, evB‡R›UvBb, cvim¨ I fviZxq evwYR¨

†K›`ªmg~‡ni g‡a¨ wecyj cwigvY cY¨mvgMÖx PjvPj Ki‡Zv|

Gfv‡e g°v n‡q D‡VwQj ZrKvjxb e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i GKwU e¨¯— †K›`ª I gi‚f~wgi evwYR¨ Kv‡djv¸‡jvi Rb¨ cvwb I Ab¨vb¨

cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx msMÖ‡ni wbqwgZ _vgvi ev wekªv‡gi ¯’vb| d‡j G A‡ji ỳB e„nr kw³, cvim¨ I evB‡R›UvBb mvgªvR¨, g°vi

†bZv‡`i mv‡_ wgÎZv K‡i g°v‡K ¯^-¯^ wbqš¿‡b ivL‡Z †Póv KiZ|15

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mg_©‡b Ab¨vb¨ †Mv‡Îi m‡½ AvuZvZ K‡i ZrKvjxb g°vi kvmK‡Mvôx LyRvqvÕ-†`i ¶gZvPy¨Z K‡i g°vq KzivBk †bZ…Z¡ cÖwZôv K‡ib|

wZwb g°v kvmb I cweÎ KvÕev N‡ii cÖkvm‡bi Rb¨ mvgwiK mvRmiÄvg I A ¿̄k‡¯¿i wefvM cªwZôv K‡ib| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h, wZwb

Ck¦‡ii cweÎ M„n KvÕev Ni cyYwb©g©vY I wekvjK…Z K‡ib, hv Gi Av‡Mi kvmK‡`i Avg‡j wQj Ae‡nwjZ| wZwb KvÕevi cybM©Vb I

cybwbg©vY K‡i Zvi †fZ‡i Avj-jvZ, Avj-D¾v I Avj-gvbvZ bvgK bvevZvBqvb‡`i wZb †`ex‡K cªwZwôZ K‡ib| Avie †c․ËwjK

ag©g‡Z G wZb †`ex wQj Zv‡`i Ck¦i (ûevj ev Avjvn)-Gi Kb¨v|

†gvnv¤§‡`i wcZvgvZv‡K cÖwZwbqZ Afv‡ei g‡a¨ Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡Z n‡Zv| wcZv Avãyjvni g„Zz¨i mgq Zuvi gv Avwgbv Zuv‡K

M‡f© wb‡q Qq gv‡mi Aš—tmË¡v wQ‡jb| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Gici Zuvi gv‡qi Afve-AbUb AviI cÖKU n‡q D‡V| g°vi D‛Pweˇ`i

(†hgb KzivBk) g‡a¨ ZrKv‡j beRvZK‡K †eZbfy³ cvjK gv‡qi Kv‡Q †i‡L jvjb-cvj‡bi GKUv wbqg wQj|16

cvjK gv‡K †eZb

w`‡Z Amg_© Zuvi gv GK mßvn eq‡mi wkï †gvnv¤§`‡K nvwjgv bv‡gi GK †e ỳBb gwnjvi Kv‡Q Ac©Y K‡ib|17

nvwjgv Zvi GKB

eq‡mi wbR †Q‡ji m‡½ †gvn¤§`‡K jvjb-cvj‡bi `vwqZ¡ wb‡q P‡j hvq|

nvwjgv AZtci Pvi eQi eqmx †gvnv¤§`‡K cÖ_g g°vq wdwi‡q Av‡b Zuvi gv‡qi m‡½ mv¶vZ Kiv‡bvi Rb¨| G m¤ú‡K© Kw_Z

Av‡Q †h, †gvnv¤§`‡K cvjK cyÎ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kivq nvwjgvi cwiev‡ii fvM¨ Ly‡j wM‡qwQj| Kv‡RB Zuviv †gvnv¤§`‡K eo bv nIqv

ch©š— ivL‡Z Pvq| †m †gvZv‡eK †gvnv¤§‡`i cvjK gvZvwcZv cybivq Zuv‡K wb‡q hvq| wKš‘ Zuvi eqm hLb cuvP eQi ZLb GKw`b

nvwjgv †gvnv¤§`‡K g°vq G‡b Avwgbvi Kv‡Q wdwi‡q †`q| Rvbv hvq, nvwjgv †gvnv¤§`‡K wdwi‡q †`Iqvi mgq Zvu‡K wb‡q msNwUZ

GKwU A‡j․wKK Kvwnbx e¨³ K‡i| ejv nq, Òaea‡e mv`v †cvkvK cwiwnZ `yB e¨w³ †gvnv¤§‡`i Kv‡Q Av‡m I Zuv‡K gvwU‡Z †kvqvq|

Zviv Zuvi eyK wP‡o †d‡j Ges (wKQy) AbymÜvb K‡i|Ó17K

cieZ©x‡Z Avjvn G NUbvwU‡K †gvnv¤§‡`i cvc gy‡Q †d‡j cweÎKi‡Yi

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wPý wb‡q †d‡ib| cieZx©‡Z G wPý‡K Zuvi ÔbeyqwZi wmj‡gvniÕ wn‡m‡e eY©bv Kiv nq (mwn †evLvix 4:741, wZiwgwh 1524)|

Avwgbv AwZ h‡Zœi mv‡_ †gvnv¤§`‡K jvjb cvjb K‡ib| wKQyKvj c‡i wZwb †gvnv¤§`‡K g`xbvq wb‡q Av‡mb| g`xbvi Ae¯’vb

g°v †_‡K 210 gvBj Dˇi, 10 †_‡K 12 w`‡bi c_| †gvnv¤§‡`i cÖgvZvgnx g`xbvq LvRivR es‡ki †g‡q nIqvq G es‡ki m‡½

†gvnv¤§‡`i AvZ¥xqZvi m¤úK© wQj| `yf©vM¨ekZt g`xbv †_‡K g°vq †divi c‡_ Zuvi gv gviv hvb| ZLb Zuvi eqm gvÎ Qq eQi| Zuvi

wcÖq `v`v Ave`-Avj gyËvwje gviv hvevi ci PvPv Avey Zvwje wK‡kvi †gvnv¤§‡`i jvjb-cvjb K‡ib| hv†nvK Zuv‡K KwVb mg‡qi

gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq AwZ Aí eq‡m| wK‡kvi eq‡mB wZwb †gl cvj‡Ki KvR Ki‡Zb Ges Mevw` cï PviY K‡i GKvKx wbtm½ mgq

15. Walker B (2002) Foundation of Islam, Rupa & Co, New Delhi, p.37 16. Muir W (1894) The Life of Mahomet, London, p. 129-30 17. Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, trs. A Guillaume, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2004 imprint, p. 71. 17K. Ibid, p. 71-72.

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Zuvi fv‡M¨ bvUKxq cwieZ©b Av‡b I Zuvi mvgvwRK gh©v`v e„w× K‡i| Gi Av‡M Lvw`Rv †gvnv¤§`‡K Zvi e¨emv †`Lv‡kvbvi Rb¨

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AvK…ó n‡q Bûw` ag© MÖnY K‡ib, c‡i wLªóvb nb|19

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18. It should be noted here that widowed khadijah was looking for an able agent to run her businesses. Her nephew, named Khuzaima,

once met Muhammad when he was on a business trip overseas with his uncle, Abu Taleb. Khuzaima spotted Muhammad’s business

talent, which he had mastered while accompanying his uncle’s trade-caravans to various destinations since the age of twelve.

Khuzaima later introduced him to Khadijah for employing him to run her businesses. 19. Ibn Ishaq, p. 83 20. Ibid, p. 111 21. Muhammad’s father’s name was Abdullah, meaning slave of Allah.

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22. Al- Tabari (1988) The History of Al-Tabari, Trs. WM Watt and MV McDonald, State University of new York Press, Vol. VI, p.45.

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23

. Ibn Ishaq, p. 192-93. 24

. Muir, p.114 25

. Ibn Ishaq, p.198-99 26

. Ibn Ishaq, p. 204, Muir, p. 129-130.

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11

11

†_‡K hvq| wKš‘ G‡`i KvD‡KB †KvivBkiv †Kvb iKg ¶wZ wKsev nqivwb K‡i wb| Ggb wK Zv‡`i‡K †Kvb cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxbI n‡Z

nqwb|

Bmjvwg BwZnvmwe` Be‡b BmnvK Rvbvb: Ô†KvivBkiv †`L‡jv †h †gvnv¤§` Zuvi es‡ki evB‡i (g`xbvq) Abymvix †c‡q‡Q; myZivs

Zviv GLb AvKw¯§K Avµg‡Yi nvZ †_‡K gy³ bq|Õ AZtci Zviv Zuv‡K †j․n-wkK‡j eÜx Kivi, ev g°v †_‡K weZvwoZ Kivi, wKsev

nZ¨v Kivi e¨vcv‡i wPš—v-fvebv K‡i Ges †kl DcvqwU Aej¤^b K‡i|27

wKš‘ GUv †Kvbg‡ZB hyw³hy³ bq †h, hw` wbôzi †KvivBkiv

Zuv‡K nZ¨vi Rb¨ GZUvB bv‡Qvi n‡Zb, Zvn‡j Zviv Aš—Z †cQ‡b †_‡K hvIqv Avwj Ges †gvnv¤§` I Avey eKi-Gi cwievi‡K

wewfbœfv‡e nqivwb Ki‡Zv| †gvnv¤§‡`i g°v †_‡K mdjfv‡e cjvq‡bi ci Zvui wkl¨ Zvjnv g`xbv †_‡K g°vq wd‡i Av‡mb

Ggbfv‡e †hb wKQyB N‡Uwb| wd‡i G‡m wZwb †gvnv¤§` I Avey eK‡ii cwievi‡K g°v †_‡K wb‡q hvb|28

†KvivBkiv †h †gvnv¤§`‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z wKsev weZvwoZ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj Ñ Dc‡iv³ welq-we‡ePbv¸‡jv Zv Awek¦vm¨ K‡i †Zv‡j|

ciš‘ Ab¨Î †gvnv¤§‡`i GK fvl¨ Avgv‡`i‡K Rvbvq †h, Avjvn ¯^qs g`xbvq †gvnv¤§‡`i wgk‡bi mdjZvi `„k¨ †`‡LwQ‡jb I Zvu‡K

†mLv‡b Mg‡bi wb‡ ©̀k w`‡qwQ‡jb| †gvnv¤§` e‡jb: ÔAvwg (Avj-vn-KZ©„K) Avw`ó n‡qwQjvg Ggb GKwU kn‡i AwfevwmZ n‡Z, †h

kni Ab¨vb¨ kni‡K MÖvm (Rq) Ki‡e, Ges hv‡K ejv nq Bqvw_ªe, Ges hv n‡jv g`xbv (Ôg`xbvZ-Dj-bexÕ A_©vr bexi Avevm)Õ

(†evLvix 3:951)|

cieZ©x‡Z Avjvn GK Avqv‡Z (†Kvivb 2:217) †gvnv¤§` I Zuvi m¤cÖ`v‡qi cÖwZ †KvivBk‡`i e¨envi m¤ú‡K© e‡jb: ÔAvj-vni

c‡_ Avm‡Z evav cÖ`vb Kiv, Zuv‡K A¯̂xKvi Kiv, cweÎ gmwR‡` cÖ‡e‡k evav cÖ`vb I Zvui m`m¨‡`i‡K weZvwoZ Kiv Avjvni `„wó‡Z

¸i‚Zi Aciva|Õ GLv‡b Avjvn ¯úóZtB Rvbv‡‛Qb †h, g°vevmxiv †KejgvÎ †gvnv¤§‡`i ag© wek¦vm AMÖvn¨, Bmjvg MÖn‡Y Ab¨‡`i‡K

(mvaviYZ wbR cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i‡K) euvav cÖ`vb I †gvnv¤§‡`i m¤cÖ`vq‡K KvÕev N‡i XyKv wb‡la K‡iwQj| †KvivBkiv †gvnv¤§`‡K

ev Ab¨ †Kvb gymwjg‡K nZ¨v Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Q, GK_v Avjvn †Kv_vI D‡jL K‡ibwb| G evYx‡Z Ôm`m¨‡`i weZvwoZ KivÕ ej‡Z

Avjvn m¤¢eZ GUv eySv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †h, †KvivBkiv Bmjvg MÖnY bv Kivq †gvnv¤§` Zuvi ag©cÖPv‡i mdjZv cvIqvi Rb¨ Ab¨Î

(g`xbvq) Mg‡b eva¨ nq|

e`iÕGi hy‡× †gvnv¤§` wb‡RI GKB e¨vL¨vi ¯^xK…wZ †`b| G hy‡× †KvivBkiv civwRZ nIqvi ci gymwjgiv hLb Zv‡`i g„Z‡`n

AvPvinxbfv‡e MYKe‡i wb‡¶c KiwQj, ZLb †gvnv¤§` g„Z‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ wPrKvi K‡i e‡jb: Ò‡n bi‡Ki evwm›`viv, †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i

bwei `ywe©bxZ ¯^Rb| hLb A‡b¨iv (g`xbvevmxiv) wek¦vm K‡i‡Q, ZLb †Zvgiv Avgv‡K wg_y¨K e‡j‡Qv; †Zvgiv hLb Avgv‡K Qyu‡o

†d‡j w`‡q‡Qv, A‡b¨iv ey‡K Zz‡j wb‡q‡Q| †Zvgiv Avgvi wei‚‡× hy× K‡i‡Qv, Avi A‡b¨iv Avgvi c‡¶ hy× K‡i‡Q|Ó29

GLv‡bI bwe

†KvivBk KZ©„K Zuv‡K nZ¨vi K_v D‡jL K‡ib wb| GLv‡b †h jovB ev hy‡×i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, Zv Zuvi g`xbvq AwfevwmZ nIqvi

c‡ii hy×, hv wZwb wb‡RB ïi‚ K‡ib| †Kbbv Gi Av‡M †KvivBk I gymwjg‡`i gv‡S †Kvb hy× nqwb Ges †mhy‡× †gvnv¤§‡`i c¶

g`xbvevmx‡`i †hvM †`Iqvi †KvbB my‡hvM wQj bv|

†gvnv¤§`‡K nZ¨v Kivi Rb¨ †KvivBk-D‡`¨v‡Mi KvwnbxwU wQj Lye m¤¢eZ bwei GK wg‡_¨ cªPviYv Ñ G Avkvq †h, GUv g`xbvq

†c․uQv‡bvi ci †mLvbKvi RbM†Yi Zuvi cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZ AvKl©‡Y, A_ev g`xbvevmx‡`i‡K (we‡kl K‡i Zuvi Abymvix‡`i‡K)

†KvivBk‡`i cÖwZ k΂fvevcbœ K‡i I †¶wc‡q Zzj‡Z mnvqK n‡e| g`xbvq Ae¯’vb †bIqvi ciciB †KvivBk‡`i wei‚‡× †gvnv¤§‡`i

AvµgYvZ¥K I wnsmvZ¥K wRnv` ïi‚ †m m¤¢vebv‡K mg_©b K‡i| GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, wZb eQi Av‡M wVK GKBfv‡e wZwb †KvivBk‡`i

wei‚‡× ZvÕ†qdx‡`i gv‡S k΂fve M‡o †Zvjvi e¨_© cÖqvm K‡ib|

g°vevmxiv wK wbôzi wQ‡jb?

gymwjg mgv‡Ri K‡_vcK_‡b g°vi †KvivBk‡`i m¤ú‡K© †h aviYv †`Iqv nq, Zv‡Z g‡b nq †KvivBkiv wQj AwZkq ee©i| ejv nq

Zviv bexi Dci cÖPÊ wbôziZv Av‡ivc K‡iwQj| GK gymwjg Avgv‡K wj‡L‡Q †h, g°vq †KvivBkiv Ô`xN© 13 eQ‡i A‡bK gymwjg‡K

†g‡i †d‡j| †jvgnl©K Dcv‡q wbh©vZb K‡i †KvivBkiv Zv‡`i‡K nZ¨v K‡i|Õ30

gymwjgiv †KvivBk‡`i wei‚‡× Gme Awf‡hvM e¨envi

K‡i †gvnv¤§‡`i mwnsm Awfhvb I g°v `Lj Ges Zv‡`i ag© webó Kivi ARynvZ wn‡m‡e| †Kvivb I mybœZ-G †KvivBk‡`i‡K Amf¨,

wbôyi wbh©vZbKvix I Avjvni k΂iƒ‡c wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q evi evi| Ggb wK g°vq Ae¯’vbKv‡j †gvnv¤§` wb‡RI Zv‡`i‡K kqZvb I

cvcx e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib, Ôhviv m‡ev©‛P cv‡ci Abyi³Õ (†Kvivb 56:46) Ges ÔnZfvM¨Õ, hv‡`i‡K NbNb ÔAwMœKz‡Ê I dzUš— cvwb‡Z

wb‡¶c Kiv n‡eÕ (†Kvivb 56:41-42)| †gvnv¤§` g°vi †c․ËwjK‡`i wei‚‡× ïay †`vlv‡ivcB K‡ib wb, Zv‡`i wei‚‡× Bn‡j․wKK

kvw¯—iI ûgwK †`b Gfv‡e: Ô‡`vlx‡`i mv‡_ AvgivI Z ª̀~c AvPiY Ki‡ev| mZ¨ cÖZ¨vL¨vbKvix‡`i Dci Awfkvc †b‡g Avm‡eÕ

(†Kvivb 77:18-19)| wZwb Zuvi m¤úª`vq‡K mwVK ev mZ¨fvlx Ges Bmjvg cÖZ¨vL¨vbKvix‡`i‡K wg_¨yK, cvcx I wg_¨v-m„RbKvix

27

. Ibn Ishaq, p. 121-122 28

. Muir, p. 165 29

. Ibn Ishaq, p. 306 30

. Islamic literature records no incidence of death; no Muslim died in anti- Islam violence during Muhammad’s stay in Mecca.

bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i Rxeb I wRnv‡`i Rb¥ 23 24 wRnv`

12

12

e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib Ges g°vi †c․ËwjK‡`i‡K bi‡Ki Abš— AwMœKzÊ b¨¯— K‡ib| wb‡P Avjvni cÖ_g w`KKvi AvqvZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨

†_‡K Gai‡bi K‡qKwU evYx D‡jL Kiv nj:

Ôhvuiv wek¦vm K‡i Ges •ah©kxjZv (`„pZv I AvZ¥mshg), Ki‚Yv I `qv †cvlY K‡i, Zvuiv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ MY¨ n‡e hvuiv (Ck¦‡ii) `w¶Y n‡¯—i

m½x| wKš‘ hviv Avgv‡`i Bkviv‡K (HkxevYx) A¯̂xKvi K‡i... Zviv wPi AwMœKz‡Ê wbcwZZ n‡eÕ (†Kvivb 90:17-20)|

Ôhviv Avjvni evYx wek¦vm K‡i bv, Avjvn Zv‡`i‡K c_ wb‡`©kbv w`‡e bv; Zviv KwVb kvw¯— †fvM Ki‡e| ...Zviv wg_¨v iPbvKvix; Zviv

wg_¨vev`xÕ (†Kvivb 16:104-105)|

hv‡nvK, gymwjgiv `vwe K‡i †h, †KvivBkiv †gvnv¤§` I Zuvi Abymvix‡`i cªwZ AgvbweK wbôyiZv cÖ`k©b K‡iwQj| gymwjg mgv‡R

GaviYv Mfxifv‡e e×g~j n‡jI, Zv cÖgvY Kiv LyeB KwVb| Amnvq Dli gi‚ cwi‡e‡k I †m mg‡qi K‡Vvi Afve-AbU‡bi gy‡L

g°vevmxiv wQj LyeB ag©cÖvY gvbyl| Hk¦wiK AbyMÖn jv‡fi Avkvq Zviv Ck¦‡ii cweÎNi KvÕevq 360wU g~wZ© ¯’vcb K‡iwQj| Zviv

KvÕev‡K Avie I Av‡kcv‡ki †`k¸‡jvi †c․ËwjK‡`i Rb¨ m‡e©v‛P agx©q kª×vi e¯‘ I Zx_©‡K‡›`ª cwiYZ K‡iwQj| AvR‡Ki gymwjgiv

KvÕev‡K hZUv kª×v K‡i, ZrKv‡j †c․ËwjKivI ZvB Ki‡Zv| †gvnv¤§` ïay KvÕev‡K wfwËnxbfv‡e Zuvi wb‡Ri Ck¦‡ii cweÎNi e‡jB

`vex K‡ib wb, Zuvi evYx †c․ËwjK ag©‡K wg_¨v e‡jI AwfwnZ K‡iwQj|

G ai‡bi AcgvbKi gš—e¨ I ¯úwa©Z `vex m‡Ë¡I †KvivBkiv †gvnv¤§` I Zuvi m¤cÖ`vq‡K 13 eQi g°vq emevm Ki‡Z †`q|

†gvnv¤§` g°vq cÖ_g mvZ eQi Ñ A_v©r hZw`b bv Zuvi HkxevYx †KvivBk‡`i cÖwZ we‡Ølfvevcbœ I AcgvbKi n‡q D‡V Ñ ZZw`b

cÖvq ¯^vaxbfv‡e Zuvi ag© cÖPvi Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| g°vevmxiv KvÕevi cÖwZ †gvnv¤§‡`i `vwei we‡ivax wQj Ges ciewZ©‡Z Zuvi K_vevZ©v

I HkxevYx¸‡jv µgvb¦‡q AcgvbKi n‡q DVvq Zuvi cÖPviKvh© A‡bKUv Am¤¢e K‡i Zz‡jwQj, wKš‘ Zviv Zuvi ev Zuvi wkl¨‡`i Dci

PovI n‡q KvD‡K nZ¨v ev AvnZ K‡i‡Q, Ggb †Kvb bwRi †bB|

gymwjg `vm‡`i Dci †KvivBk‡`i wbh©vZ†bi wKQy wew‛Qbœ NUbv i‡q‡Q; Gi KviY Zviv †gvnv¤§‡`i ag© MÖnY K‡i †KvivBk‡`i

ag©wek¦vm‡K AcgvwbZ K‡iwQj| wKš‘ Zv KL‡bvB gvivZ¥K ev Rxe‡bi cÖwZ ûgwK`vqK wQj bv| Ggb wKQy D`vniYI i‡q‡Q †h,

†KvivBkiv Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i‡K †gvnv¤§‡`i `‡j †hvM w`‡Z evav m„wó K‡iwQj (KL‡bv KL‡bv N‡i Zvjve× †i‡L)|

wb‡gœ ewY©Z gymwjg DcvL¨vbwe`‡`i wKQz mv¶¨ ev wee„wZI cÖgvY K‡i †h, †KvivBk‡`i cÖwZ †gvnv¤§‡`i cÖKvk¨ k΂fvevcbœZv

†`Lv‡bv I AcgvbKi MvwjevRx m‡Ë¡I, †KvivBkiv Zvui cÖwZ D‡jL‡hvM¨ mnbkxjZv †`wL‡qwQj| Avj-Rynwi wjwce× K‡ib:

(ïi‚‡Z) wZwb (†gvnv¤§`) hv e‡j‡Qb Awek¦vmx †KvivBkiv Zv ui we‡ivwaZv K‡iwb| GK‡Î e‡m _vKv Zv‡`i cvk w`‡q (†gvnv¤§‡`i) hvevi

mgq Zuv‡K j¶¨ K‡i Zviv ejZ: ÒAvãyj gyËvwj‡ei †Mv‡Îi G hyeKwU ¯̂M©xq evYx †c‡q‡Q e‡j `vex K‡i!Ó hZw`b Avjvn Zv‡`i Ck¦i‡K

AvµgY K‡iwb, ZZw`b Zviv G iKgB ej‡Zv..., Ges c‡i wZwb (Avjvn) hLb †NvlYv K‡ib †h, Zv‡`i wcZvMY hviv Awek¦vmx n‡q g„Zy¨eiY

K‡i‡Q Zviv mevB bi‡K cwZZ n‡q‡Q, Zvic‡i Zviv bwe‡K N„Yv I Zuvi cÖwZ k΂Zv ïi‚ K‡i|31

†gvnv¤§‡`i ¯̂M©xq evZ©v †KvivBk‡`i ag©, †`eZv Ges ixwZ I cÖ_vi we‡ivax I AegvbbvKvix nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zvui Bmjvg MÖn‡Yi

AvnŸvb‡K Zviv LyeB f‡`ªvwPZfv‡e cÖZ¨vLvb KiZ| Zvi GKUv D`vniY n‡jv: GKw`b †gvnv¤§‡`i PvPv Avey Zvwje GKUv ¯’vb

AwZµg Kivi mgq †`L‡jb †h, Zuvi cyÎ Avwj †gvnv¤§‡`i m‡½ bvgvR co‡Q| wZwb Avwji Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z Pvb †m †gvnv¤§‡`i m‡½ wK

Ki‡Q| G mgq bwe DËi w`‡jb: Ô†m (Avwj) Zvu‡K cÖ`Ë Ck¦‡ii cÖZ¨v‡`‡ki wk¶vi AbyKiY Ki‡QÕ Ges wZwb Avey Zvwje‡KI Zv

Abymi‡Yi AvnŸvb Rvbvb| G AvnŸvb †c‡q e„× Avey Zvwje DËi w`‡jb †h, wZwb c~e©-cyi‚l‡`i ag© Z¨vM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv wKsev

wZwb Ggb cÖv_©bvq †hvM w`‡Z cv‡ib bv, †h †¶‡Î ÔZuvi cðvr‡`k‡K gv_vi Dci ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nqÕ (bvgv‡Ri wmR`vi mgq)|32

Zv‡`i †`eZv I c~e©-cyi‚l‡`i cÖwZ †gvnv¤§‡`i wb›`vc~Y© fvlv I Acev` m¤ú‡K© †KvivBk‡`i †h cÖwZwµqv wQj, Zv †gvnv¤§‡`i

wkl¨ Avgi Be‡b Avj AvÕm-Gi fvl¨¯îƒc evBnvwK Zvi ÔcÖ‚d Ae cÖ‡dwmÕ (ÔbeyqZxi cÖgvYÕ) eBwU‡Z wjwce× K‡ib| AvÕm e‡jb:

GKw`b KvÕevq mg‡eZ †c․ËwjK‡`i gv‡S Avwg Dcw¯’Z wQjvg| Zviv Avjvni bwe m¤̂‡Ü Av‡jvPbv KiwQj| Zviv e‡j: ÔAvgiv Gi c~‡e©

KL‡bvB Kv‡iv KvQ †_‡K GiKg wKQz mn¨ Kwiwb, hv G †jvKwUi KvQ †_‡K mn¨ KiwQ| †m Avgv‡`i wcZ…MY‡K Acev` w`‡‛Q, Avgv‡`i

a‡g©i mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Q Ges Avgv‡`i RbMY‡K wef³ Ki‡Q, Avi Avgv‡`i †`eZv‡`i Acgvb Ki‡Q| G †jvKUvi KvQ †_‡K Avgv‡`i‡K

Giƒc hš¿bv`vqK welq mn¨ Ki‡Z n‡‛Q|Õ bwe ZLb Kv‡QB wQ‡jb Ges Zv‡`i K_vevZv© ïbwQ‡jb| wZwb Dˇi e‡jb: Ô†n †KvivBkMY! Avwg

Aek¨B my`mn Gi cwi‡kva †b‡ev|Õ33

GK_v mZ¨ †h, †KvivBkiv Zv‡`i ‣cZ…K ag©‡K „̀pfv‡e a‡i iv‡L I †gvnv¤§‡`i a‡g©i we‡ivwaZv K‡i| A_P Zviv Zuvi ag© cÖPv‡ii

6ô eQ‡ii †kl w`‡KI †gvnv¤§`‡K KvÕev-M„‡n cÖ‡e‡k evav †`qwb| mvjgvb i‚k`xi Dcb¨v‡mi cU Ôm¨vUvwbK fv‡m©mÕ (†Kvivb

53:19-20)-Gi bvUKxq NUbvq Gi my¯úó cÖgvY wg‡j| Avj-ZvevwiÕi BwZnvm Abymv‡i `yÕwU Z_vKw_Z ÔkqZv‡bi HkxevYxÕ

(Ôm¨vUvwbK fvm©Õ)-‡Z †gvnv¤§` ‣cËwjK‡`i Avj-jvZ, Avj-D¾v I Avj-gvbvZ †`ex‡`i‡K c~Rvi †hvM¨ e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i †bb|

31

. Sharma SS (2004) Califs and Sultans: Religions Idology and Political Praxis, Rupa & Co, New Delhi, p. 63; Muir, p. 63 32

. Glubb JB (Glubb Pasha, 1979) The Life and Times of Mohammad, Hodder & Stoughton, London, p. 98 33

. Sharma, p. 63-64

bwe †gvnv¤§‡`i Rxeb I wRnv‡`i Rb¥ 25 26 wRnv`

13

13

ciewZ©‡Z †gvnv¤§` hLb Zvui G fzj eyS†Z cv‡ib, ZLb Avjvn kqZvb †gvnv¤§‡`i gy‡L G HkxevYx `yÕ‡Uv Zz‡j w`‡qwQj, G QzZvq Zv

cwiZ¨vM K‡ib (†Kvivb 53:21-22)|34

G NUbvwU N‡U 616 mv‡j hLb KvÕev N‡ii g‡a¨ †gvn¤§` †KvivBk †bZv‡`i m‡½ GK

mgš̂q •eVK KiwQ‡jb|35

628 mv‡j û`vBweqvi mw܇Z †KvivBkiv AveviI †gvnv¤§` I Zuvi AbyMvgx‡`i‡K Zx_© (Ig&iv) cvj‡bi

Rb¨ cªwZeQi wZb w`b KvÕev N‡i cÖ‡e‡ki AbygwZ †`q (bx‡P †`Lyb)| GLb Pjyb Avgiv eZ©gvb mg‡qi †cÖ¶vc‡U GKB iKg GKUv

KwíZ cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbv Kwi:

g‡b Ki‚b, g°vi †h†Kvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi A_ev †m․w` Avi‡ei evB‡ii A_ev we‡k¦i †h†Kvb ’̄v‡bi GK †jvK g°vq wM‡q †mLv‡b mg‡eZ GK`j

gymwj‡gi mvg‡b †NvlYv w`‡jb †h, wZwb mwZ¨Kv‡ii Ck¦‡ii wbKU †_‡K cÖZ¨v‡`k †c‡q‡Qb †h, wZwbB mwZ¨Kv‡ii †cÖwiZ evZ©vevnK; Bmjvg

wg_¨v; KvÕev ZviB Ck¦‡ii cweÎ Ni; gymwjg‡`i DwPr Zv‡`i ag© cwiZ¨vM K‡i Zvi bZzb ag© MÖnY Kiv|

G Z_vKw_Z bZzb bwei fv‡M¨ Kx NU‡e, Zv AbyaveY Kiv Kv‡iv c‡¶B KwVb n‡e bv| ¯úóZtB †m †jvKwU‡K gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨ g„Zz¨i

¯^v` MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| ev¯—eZ hw` †KD †h †Kv‡bv gymwjg †`‡ki GKwU cÖavb gmwR‡` wM‡q cÖKv‡k¨ Giƒc `vex K‡i,

eZ©gvbKv‡ji RvwZmsN mb‡` gvbevwaKvi I evK¯̂vaxbZvi wbðqZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡K Bmjv‡gi Cl©vcivqb Abymvix‡`i nv‡Z GKB

fvM¨ eiY Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| G D`vniY †_‡K AvR‡Ki gymwjg Ges †mB Z_vKw_Z Ôee©iÕ hy‡Mi g°vi Kw_Z nZfvM¨ I `ye©©©©„©Ë