III. Sonata FormIII. Sonata Form

III. Sonata FormIII. Sonata Form

Sometimes called Sometimes called sonata-allegro sonata-allegro formform

Definition- Definition- The form of a single The form of a single movement.movement.

Do not confuse with the term Do not confuse with the term sonatasonata- used for a whole - used for a whole composition made up of several composition made up of several movements.movements.

The form consists of 3 main The form consists of 3 main sectionssections

Exposition- Exposition- themes are presentedthemes are presented Usually labeled with the letters A & BUsually labeled with the letters A & B

Development- Development- themes are treated in new themes are treated in new waysways Usually labeled with the letter CUsually labeled with the letter C

Recapitulation- Recapitulation- themes returnthemes return Letters A & B or sometimes A’ & B’Letters A & B or sometimes A’ & B’

These sections are often followed by a These sections are often followed by a concluding section- concluding section- the codathe coda (Italian for (Italian for tail)tail)

C MozartC MozartT Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, T Symphony No. 40 in G Minor,

IV Mt.IV Mt. D 1788D 1788 S String OrchestraS String Orchestra H G minorH G minor M A- Fast Rushing Notes, B- Tender M A- Fast Rushing Notes, B- Tender

sweet melodysweet melody R Duple 2/2R Duple 2/2 F Sonata FormF Sonata Form T PolyphonicT Polyphonic

IV. Theme & VariationsIV. Theme & Variations

IV. Theme & VariationsIV. Theme & Variations

Definition- Definition- a basic musical idea- the theme- a basic musical idea- the theme- is repeated over and over and is changed is repeated over and over and is changed each timeeach time..

Widely used during this period.Widely used during this period. Each variation is about the same length, Each variation is about the same length,

however it is unique and may differ in mood.however it is unique and may differ in mood. Changes in melody, rhythm, harmony, Changes in melody, rhythm, harmony,

accompaniment, dynamics, or tone color may be accompaniment, dynamics, or tone color may be used for changeused for change

C HaydnC HaydnT Symphony No. 94 in G Major, T Symphony No. 94 in G Major,

II Mt.II Mt. D 1791D 1791 S Woodwinds, Brass, Perc, StringsS Woodwinds, Brass, Perc, Strings H G MajorH G Major M Surprise; Staccatoed melodyM Surprise; Staccatoed melody R Duple 2/4R Duple 2/4 F Theme & VariationsF Theme & Variations T PolyphonicT Polyphonic

V. Minuet & TrioV. Minuet & Trio

V. Minuet & TrioV. Minuet & Trio

Sometimes simply referred to as Sometimes simply referred to as Minuet.Minuet. Often used as the third movement of Often used as the third movement of

classical symphonies, string quartets, and classical symphonies, string quartets, and other works.other works.

Originated as a danceOriginated as a dance First appeared in the court of Louis XIV of First appeared in the court of Louis XIV of

France around 1650France around 1650 Danced by aristocrats throughout the 18Danced by aristocrats throughout the 18thth Cent Cent Stately, dignified dance for couplesStately, dignified dance for couples

Minuet for symphonyMinuet for symphony

This minuet is written for listening, not This minuet is written for listening, not dancing.dancing. Written in triple meter ¾Written in triple meter ¾ Usually a moderate tempoUsually a moderate tempo Form: A (minuet), B (trio), A (minuet)Form: A (minuet), B (trio), A (minuet) Trio section is usually quieter than the Trio section is usually quieter than the

minuet and also requires fewer instrumentsminuet and also requires fewer instruments Structurally the simplest movement of a Structurally the simplest movement of a

symphony or string quartetsymphony or string quartet

C MozartC MozartT Eine Kleine Nachtmusik (A little night T Eine Kleine Nachtmusik (A little night

music) III: Minuet music) III: Minuet

D 1787D 1787 S string serenade; light in moodS string serenade; light in mood H G majorH G major M Stately melody: moves to legato & M Stately melody: moves to legato &

back to statelyback to stately R Triple 3/4R Triple 3/4 F ABAF ABA T PolyphonicT Polyphonic

VI. RondoVI. Rondo

VI. RondoVI. Rondo

Many Classical movements are in Rondo Many Classical movements are in Rondo formform

DefinitionDefinition- - features a tuneful main theme features a tuneful main theme which returns several times in alternation which returns several times in alternation with other themes.with other themes.

Main theme-Main theme- usually lively, pleasing, and usually lively, pleasing, and simple to remember.simple to remember.

Can be used either as an independent Can be used either as an independent piece or as one movement of a symphony, piece or as one movement of a symphony, string quartet, or a sonatastring quartet, or a sonata

VI. RondoVI. Rondo

Often is a finale, because of its Often is a finale, because of its liveliness bringing a sense of conclusionliveliness bringing a sense of conclusion

Rondo form is often Rondo form is often combinedcombined with with elements of sonata form to produce a elements of sonata form to produce a sonata-rondo: sonata-rondo: contains a development section like in contains a development section like in

sonata formsonata form Outlined in ABACABA Outlined in ABACABA

C C BeethovenBeethovenT T String Quartet in C minor Op18, No. 4 String Quartet in C minor Op18, No. 4

IV Mvt. RondoIV Mvt. Rondo

D 1798-1800D 1798-1800 S String QuartetS String Quartet H A Section C minor & B and C Sections H A Section C minor & B and C Sections

MajorMajor M Lively; Fast violin; Lyrical Legato MelodyM Lively; Fast violin; Lyrical Legato Melody R Duple 2/2R Duple 2/2 F ABACABAF ABACABA T Polyphonic T Polyphonic

VII. The Classical VII. The Classical SymphonySymphony

The Classical SymphonyThe Classical Symphony

Definition- an extended, ambitious Definition- an extended, ambitious composition typically lasting between composition typically lasting between 20 and 45 minutes. It exploits and 20 and 45 minutes. It exploits and expands the range of tone color and expands the range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra.dynamics of the classical orchestra.

Usually has 4 movementsUsually has 4 movements

Each movement evokes a wide range Each movement evokes a wide range of musiciansof musicians

Typical sequence of movementsTypical sequence of movements 1) vigorous, dramatic fast movement1) vigorous, dramatic fast movement 2) lyrical slow movement2) lyrical slow movement 3) dance-like (minuet or scherzo)3) dance-like (minuet or scherzo) 4) brilliant or heroic, fast movement4) brilliant or heroic, fast movement

The Classical SymphonyThe Classical Symphony

Opening movement almost always is fast Opening movement almost always is fast and in sonata form, usually the most and in sonata form, usually the most dramaticdramatic

Second- slow movement- broad song-like Second- slow movement- broad song-like melodiesmelodies

Third- generally a minuet and trio, or Third- generally a minuet and trio, or scherzoscherzo

Fourth- often in sonata or sonata-rondo Fourth- often in sonata or sonata-rondo form, usually fast, lively, or triumphant form, usually fast, lively, or triumphant depending on the composerdepending on the composer

VIII. The Classical VIII. The Classical ConcertoConcerto

The Classical ConcertoThe Classical Concerto

Definition-Definition- three movement work for three movement work for an instrumental soloist and orchestraan instrumental soloist and orchestra

Combines Combines virtuosic solo passagesvirtuosic solo passages withwith orchestra’s orchestra’s wide range of tone color and wide range of tone color and dynamicsdynamics

Lasts from Lasts from 20-45 minutes!20-45 minutes!

Three movement workThree movement work

1) Fast 2) Slow 3) Fast1) Fast 2) Slow 3) Fast

NoNo minuet or scherzo minuet or scherzo

Often will have a Often will have a cadenzacadenza at the end at the end where orchestra holds chord while where orchestra holds chord while soloist does a virtuosic passagesoloist does a virtuosic passage

C HaydnC HaydnT Trumpet Concerto in Eb Major: III Mvt: T Trumpet Concerto in Eb Major: III Mvt:

AllegroAllegro

D 1796D 1796 S Solo Trumpet, Woodwinds, Timpani, S Solo Trumpet, Woodwinds, Timpani,

StringsStrings H Eb MajorH Eb Major M Soft legato string, virtuoso trumpetM Soft legato string, virtuoso trumpet R duple 2/4R duple 2/4 F Sonata-Rondo (ABA B’ACAB”Coda)F Sonata-Rondo (ABA B’ACAB”Coda) T HomophonicT Homophonic