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III. The IncaIII. The Inca
A. Andean A. Andean CivilizationCivilization
1. In the Peruvian Andes
3. CuzcoCuzco: ancient Incan capital (11,000 ft. above sea level)
4. language: QuechuaQuechua
Machu PicchuMachu Picchu
Incan MummiesIncan Mummies
B. EconomicB. Economic1. agricultural & pastoral
2. terrace farming in mountains
3. potatoes, maize, beans, coca leaves, guinea pigs
4. domesticated llamas & alpacas
5. pottery
Incan Ceramic Incan Ceramic JarsJars
PeanutPeanut PotatoPotato SquashSquash
Cacao God
Cacao God
CornCorn
6. large professional army
7. intricate road system
8. peasants owed compulsory labor to the state - mitamita system
C. SocioculturalC. Sociocultural1. Rigid hierarchical society:
− rulers (el Inca)− aristocrats/military elite− priests− small merchant class− peasants
2. Religion:
− Inti: sun god, owns all property– little human sacrifice
D. PoliticalD. Political1. Military expansionism
– professional standing army
2. most united empire in the Americas!
– large bureaucracy– unified language– roads/bridges− quipusquipus (knots for
counting)− chasquis (runners)
The Quipu: An Incan Database
I. Southwest of U.S.I. Southwest of U.S.
1. present-day Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado
2. Hohokam culture (pottery & irrigation)
3. The Anasazi used large-scale irrigation with sophisticated weaving & pottery
4. Hopi & Pueblo built “adobeadobe” shelters
II. Mississippian CultureII. Mississippian Culture
1. Chiefdom tradition
2. cities built on large platform large platform mounds mounds & buried dead in mounds
3. city of Cahokia
Pre-Columbian Pre-Columbian Comparisons:Comparisons:Aztecs Maya Inca
Economics
Society
Politics
Pre-Columbian Pre-Columbian Comparisons:Comparisons:
A. Politically :A. Politically :
1. Expansion
– Maya: slaves– Aztec: military expansion for territory, sacrifices– Inca: religious
2. Centralization– Maya: city-states– Aztec: Tenochtitlan; NO bureaucracy– Inca: most centralized (big bureaucracy)
B. Socially:
1. All 3:
– peasant majority– slavery of conquered peoples– women subordinate except
• inherit land• commerce
2. Maya & Aztecs: merchant class Aztec: warrior elite Inca: religious elite, god-king (el Inca)