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prudence and Public Health when taken separately, I,B5, with 23 for re-entry in that subject.There are four periods of examination annually :

During the ensuing period twice in Endinburgh andtwice in Glasgow, in 1922-23. The Registrar inEdinburgh is Mr. D. L. Eadie, 49, Lauriston-place,and the Registrar in Glasgow, Mr. Walter Hurst,242, St. Vincent-street, to whom fees and certificatesmust be sent for the respective examinations, andfrom whom further particulars concerning fees canbe obtained.

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ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OFEDINBURGH: THE MEMBERSHIP

AND FELLOWSHIP.In addition to the diplomas granted by the Scottish

Conjoint Board the Royal College of Physiciansgrants its Single Licence to candidates alreadypossessing legal qualifications for professional practice.The Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh

grants a Membership and a Fellowship.Membership.-A candidate, who must be a Licen-

tiate of a British or Irish College of Physicians, or agraduate in medicine of a University, approved bythe Council, and 24 years of age, is examined inmedicine, therapeutics, and in any branch of thedepartments of medicine specially professed, such asgeneral pathology, psychology, public health, obstet-rics, gynaecology, diseases of children, tropicalmedicine, or medical jurisprudence. The fee for theMembership is 236 15s., 15 guineas of which will bereturned to any successful candidate who was alreadya Licentiate of the College at the time of qualifyingfor the Membership.

Fellowship.-The Fellows are selected from theranks of the Members. The fee is 5!-64 18s.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OFEDINBURGH : THE FELLOWSHIP.

The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh alsoadmits to the examination for its Single Licence anycandidates who hold a Diploma in Medicine of anyBritish, Indian, or Foreign university or of anyBritish College of Physicians, or of the Society ofApothecaries of London or Apothecaries’ Hall,Dublin, granted under the provisions of the MedicalAct, 1886, whose preliminary examination and courseof professional study is proved to be sufficient tofulfil the requirements of the College, or to those whohave passed a full examination for any of the above.Female practitioners are admitted to the Licence ofthe .College and also to the Fellowship, and the ’,regulations apply to practitioners of either sex. !

The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh grants a diploma of Fellowship after examination to theholders of the surgical degrees of diplomas of suchBritish examining bodies, as well as of the holders ofsuch surgical degrees of the Universities of Canada,Australia, New Zealand, and the Indian Empire asare recognised by the College.

The Fellowship.-Candidates for the examinationmust be 25 years of age and must have been engagedin practice for at least two years. The examinationis of a practical nature, partly written and partlyviva voce, and must include surgery and surgicalanatomy, operative surgery, and clinical practice.One optional subject must also be taken, the rangeof these specialisms covering nearly every branch ofmedicine. The fee to be paid on entering for examina-tion for Fellowship is .845, 210 of which is remittedto those who already hold the Licentiateship of theCollege. Candidates rejected at the examinationobtain repayment of fee less 210 retained for examina-tion expenses. One month’s notice of intention toappear for examination must be given by the candidateto Mr. D. L. Eadie, 49, Lauriston-place, Edinburgh,clerk to the College, together with credentials signedby two Fellows of the College, one of whom must bea resident in Edinburgh, otherwise a special applica-tion, with six testimonials, must be made to thePresident and the Council of the College.

THE ROYAL FACULTY OF PHYSICIANSAND SURGEONS OF GLASGOW.

Like the preceding corporations, the Royal Facultyof Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow grants aFellowship and a Licence to be held as separatequalifications.Fellowship.-The Fellowship of the Faculty is

granted after examination in medicine or surgery,together with an optional subject, which may beanatomy or physiology or be selected from any specialbranch of medicine or surgery. Fourteen days’ noticemust be given by the candidate of his intention topresent himself to Mr. Walter Hurst, the FacultyHall, 242, St. Vincent-street, Glasgow. The fee forthe Fellowship is 230, 210 of which sum are returnedto any successful candidate who already holds theLicence of the Faculty. An additional sum of 20is required in the case of candidates resident withinseven miles of Glasgow. In certain circumstancesFellows may be elected as a mark of distinction.

Licence.-The Licence of the Royal Faculty isgranted as a separate qualification to qualifiedpractitioners in Medicine after examination in surgery,including surgical anatomy and clinical surgery.The fee is 15 guineas. ____

SCOTTISH PROVINCIAL ANCILLARYSCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS.

The hospitals which are recognised by the ScottishConjoint Board, as places where professional study fortheir diplomas can be pursued are all those institutionswhich feed the medical faculties of the universities.In addition the Scottish Boards recognise all the placeswhich are recognised by the English Conjoint Board(see p. 444) and the Irish Conjoint Board (see p. 462).

III.—IRELAND.THE UNIVERSITIES.

UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN, TRINITY COLLEGE(SCHOOL OF PHYSIC).

I JjfartCMMoM.—In order to join the School of Physicstudents pass a matriculation examination. Univer-

sity students take the Entrance of Trinity Collegeand a Junior Freshman Term or a special MedicalPreliminary ; Extern Students, any examinationrecognised by the General Medical Council. Thewinter courses begin on Oct. 2nd.

Degrees in Medicine (1lLB.), Surgery (B.Ch.), andll2idwifery (J?...0.).—Candidates for these degreesmust be of B.A. standing and must be for at least fiveacademic years on the books of the Medical School,reckoned from the date of matriculation. The Artscourse may be taken concurrently with the Medicalcourse, and the B.A. degree need not be taken beforethe final medical examinations, but the Medicaldegrees are not conferred without the Arts degree.The following courses must be attended :-(1)Lectures-Botany, Zoology, Physics and PracticalPhysics, Systematic, Descriptive and Applied Anat-tomy, Chemistry and Practical Chemistry, Histology,Physiology and Practical Physiology, Practice ofMedicine, Midwifery, Pathology and Bacteriology,Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Medical Juris-prudence and Hygiene, Surgery and OperativeSurgery ; (2) three courses of nine months’ attendanceon the Clinical Lectures of Sir Patrick Dun’s or otherrecognised Hospital ; (3) Practical Vaccination, onemonth’s instruction ; (4) Mental Disease, threemonths ; (5) Practical Midwifery with Clinical Lec-tures, including not less than 20 personally conductedcases, six months ; (6) Ophthalmic Surgery, threemonths. Three groups of examinations have to bepassed. Preliminary Scientific Examination, includingPhysics and Chemistry, Botany, and Zoology. TheIntermediate Medical, Part I., including Anatomy,Physiology, and Organic Chemistry, and Part II.,including Applied Anatomy and Applied Physio-logy ; and the Final Examination, which is dividedinto Part I., Materia Medica, Hygiene and Juris-

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prudence, and Pathology and Bacteriology; andPart II., Medicine, including Clinical, Surgery, Mid-wifery, Gynaecology, Mental Diseases, Operations, andClinical Ophthalmology. Part I. may be passed in thefourth year and Part II. completed at the end of thefifth year.

Doctor in .Medicine.-A Doctor in Medicine musthave passed all the qualifying examinations and must bea B.A. of three years’ standing. He must also read anddiscuss a thesis before the Regius Professor of Physic.

Master in <S’M)’<ye?’?/.&mdash;A Master in Surgery must be aBachelor in Surgery of the University of Dublin ofnot less than three years’ standing, and must producesatisfactory evidence of having been engaged for notless than two years from the date of his registrationin the study, or study and practice, of his profession.He must then pass a special examination.Master in Obstetric Science.-A Master in Obstetric

Science must be a Bachelor in Obstetric Science oftwo years’ standing and must produce evidence ofhaving been engaged in the study of Obstetric Medicineand Surgery during two years. He is then requiredto pass a special examination.Diploma in Gy2,trecoloqy and Obstetrics.-A post-

graduate diploma is conferred upon registered medicalpractitioners who take a six months’ course at theRotunda Hospital, a six months’ course in TrinityCollege, and then pass a special examination.Bachelor in Dental Science and .Master in Dental

Science.-The regulations under which these degreesare awarded can be obtained by application to theRegistrar of the School of Physic.

All Degrees and Courses of Instruction are open towomen students.

Clinical Instruction.-The hospital facilities forclinical instruction available in Dublin will bedescribed below.

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OFIRELAND.*

MaMcMMtOM.&mdash;All students intending to proceed tothe medical degree of the University of Ireland mustpass a matriculation examination, the examinationtaking place in June and September in Dublin and atcertain local centres. All students must pass in fivesubjects (three of which must be Irish, English, andmathematics). All students must pass in Irish exceptstudents not born in Ireland, and other studentswhose home residence shall have been outside Irelandduring the three years immediately preceding theirmatriculation ; but all such students will be expectedto attend a course of instruction in Irish Literatureand History prior to obtaining any degree in theUniversity. The following are the subjects for exa-mination :-1. Irish. 2. Latin or Greek. 3. French,German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Welsh, or

any other modern language approved by the Senate. ’,4. English. 5. Mathematics. 6. Latin, Greek, French, !German, Welsh, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, or any ’,other modern language approved by the Senate, ’,History and Geography (as a composite subject), Natural ’,Philosophy, or Physics as an alternative, Chemistry, ’,Botany, and for women candidates only, Physiology Iand Hygiene. Candidates who, under the regulationsare exempted from the necessity of presenting Irishas one of their subjects, may present as their fifthsubject either a second language or a second sciencesubject. Students entering for degrees in Medicine orDentistry, if already registered by the GeneralMedical Council, may be accepted as matriculatedstudents of the Faculty of Medicine on passing thematriculation examination in any faculty of theUniversity.The medical degrees granted are :&mdash;

11.B., B.Ch., and B.A.0., and ?T.h., JI.Ch., and- M..A.O., Ph.D.-Printed forms of application foradmission to any medical examination may be hadfrom " The Registrar, The National University ofIreland, Dublin."

* In each instance an asterisk indicates that no returns havebeen received up to the time of going to press.

The Constituent Colleges of the National Universityof Ireland at which the full curriculum for medicaldegrees can be obtained are University College,Dublin ; University College, Cork ; and UniversityCollege, Galway. ____

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN. *-The Universityand the College were created by the Irish UniversityAct, 1908. and by Charters issued in December, 1908.Former students of the Cecilia-street School of Medi-cine who graduated in the Royal University maybecome graduate members of the new College. Theconstitution of the College, like that of the ConstituentColleges of Cork and Galway, provides for a governingbody, an academic council consisting of professors andcoopted lecturers, a body of graduate members, and abody of student members matriculated in the Univer-sity. The first professors and lecturers were appointedby the Dublin Commissioners Irish Universities Act,1908.Matriculation.-Almost all the students of the

College are matriculated students of the NationalUniversity of Ireland.

Universities Examinations in Medicine.-The FirstExamination includes Physics, Chemistry, Botany,and Zoology. The examination may be taken in twoparts : Part 1., Physics and Chemistry ; Part II.,Botany and Zoology. Honours may be obtained onlywhen both parts are taken as one examination. TheSecond Examination includes Anatomy and Physio-logy. Both must be passed at the same time. TheThird Examination includes Pathology, MedicalJurisprudence and Hygiene, and Materia Medica.

Degrees of M.B., B.Ch., and B.A.a.-The Examina-tion in Medicine, Midwifery, Surgery, and Ophthalmo-logy includes both the theoretical and the clinicalbranches. No student can enter for the M.B., B.Ch.,or B.A.O. until the end of the fifth year when thecurriculum has been completed. The course of studyis as follows :-First year.&mdash;Winter : Anatomy andPractical Anatomy (required for the Second Examina-tion), Chemistry, Practical Chemistry, and Experi-mental Physics (with Laboratory Course). Summer :Zoology, Practical Zoology, Botany, and PracticalBotany. Second Year.-Winter: Anatomy, Prac-tical Anatomy, Physiology, and Practical Physiology(physical and chemical). Summer : Anatomy, Prac-tical Anatomy, Physiology, and Practical Histology.Third year.-Winter : Pathology, Surgery or Medi-cine, Hygiene, Medical Jurisprudence, and PracticalPharmacy. Summer: Materia Medica and Thera-peutics, and Practical Pathology.’ Candidates are

also required to attend a General Hospital for ninemonths (winter and summer). Fourth year, or fourthand fifth years.-Winter : Medicine or Surgery (thesubject to be that not taken in the third year), andMidwifery and Gynaecology. Summer: OperativeSurgery, Applied Anatomy, and Ophthalmology andOtology. Candidates are also required to attend aGeneral Hospital for nine months (winter and sum-mer), and to take instruction in Vaccination, and threemonths Fever Hospital. Fifth year.-If the Academic(Collegiate) Courses are taken as above, the Coursesof the fifth year will be the following : HospitalAttendance, General Hospital, nine months ; ClinicalOphthalmology and Otology, three months ; PracticalMidwifery and Gynaecology, six months ; MentalDiseases, to be attended at a Lunatic Asylum, threemonths. (Note.-Practical Midwifery and Gyneeco-logy may be taken in the fourth year after theSystematic Course of Midwifery, but it must notbe taken concurrently with the period of attend-ance at Fever Hospital.) The degree of M.D. maybe obtained either by examination or on publishedwork.Fees.-The fees for Courses may be obtained on

application to the Registrar for the College publica-tions.

Information concerning these, and the numerousscholarships and exhibitions of the College can beobtained from the Dean of the Faculty, ProfessorE. P. McLoughlin.

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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, CORK : THE SCHOOL OF

MEDICINE.-The building is provided with a very large,well-ventilated dissecting room supplied with electriclight, with physiological, toxicological, pathologicaland pharmaceutical laboratories, materia medica,anatomical and pathological museums, as well as acollection of surgical and obstetrical instruments andappliances. There are well-appointed physical, chemi-cal, and biological laboratories, and a large naturalhistory museum in the adjoining building, and part ofthe College ground is laid out as a botanical garden.The plant houses are well filled with plants and areopen to the students in the class of Botany. TheLibrary contains about 70,000 volumes and is opendaily during term time to students. The MedicalMuseum occupies a large room erected at the northernend of the medical buildings. There are Students’Clubs for men and women students of the College andvarious athletic clubs, the last of these holding apublic meeting once in each year in the Mardykegrounds.

All students who have been admitted as matricu-lated students are required to attend before thePresident and sign the Roll of Matriculated Students.Students who are candidates for degrees in theNational University of Ireland must have passed theMatriculation Examination of that University or

other recognised examination, and medical studentsmust have passed a preliminary examination recog-nised by the General Medical Council. For informa-tion as to the conditions and courses of the Matricula-tion Examination application may be made to theRegistrar, National University, Dublin.Admission of Medical Students.-Students in the

Faculty of Medicine who have passed the FirstProfessional Examination of the Conjoint Examina-tions of the Royal College of Physicians and theRoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland, or of the RoyalCollege of Physicians and Royal College of Surgeonsof Edinburgh and the Faculty of Physicians andSurgeons of Glasgow, or of the Royal College of

Physicians, London, and Royal College of Surgeons,England, may be admitted to the rank of second-yearstudents on making application to the Council andsubmitting a certificate of having passed the examina-tion. Similarly, students who have passed the SecondProfessional Examination of the same Colleges maybe admitted to the rank of third-year students ;and those who have passed the Third Pro-fessional Examination of the Dublin Colleges, or ofthe Edinburgh Colleges and Glasgow Faculties,may be admitted to the rank of fourth-yearstudents.

Residence of Students.-There is no accommodationfor the residence of students within the College, butstudents not living at home, or with relatives or

friends, sanctioned by their parents or guardians, arerequired to live in a hostel or in recognised lodgings,a list of which can be obtained from the Secretary.All students are required to register their addresseseach session in the book kept for that purpose in thehall porter’s office, and to notify immediately to theRegistrar any change of address during the session.The Honan Hostel, adjoining the College, is equippedby private endowment. A number of sets of rooms, ’itogether with recreation and common rooms, are Iprovided for lay students who may desire to live there.For full particulars apply to the Warden. TheUrsuline Convent, Blackrock, has a house of residence,quite separate from their Secondary School, forCatholic women students.

Clinical Instruction.-Students may attend theSouth Infirmary, Cork North Charitable Infirmary,the Mercy Hospital, the Cork District Lunatic

Asylum, the Victoria Hospital for Diseases of Womenand Children, the County Lying-in Hospital, theCork Maternity, the Cork Fever Hospital, the CorkDistrict Hospital, and the Cork Ear, Eye, and ThroatHospital.

Complete information with regard to class fees,scholarships, and prizes can be obtained from theDean of the Medical Faculty, Professor A. E. Moore.

Cork District Mental Hospital (PsychologicalMedicine).-A course of clinical instruction on MentalDisease and Allied Neuroses will be delivered in theCork District Mental Hospital on Mondays andThursdays, commencing the first Thursday in May, bythe Resident Medical Superintendent. All studentswishing to enter for the course are expected to attendat the Mental Hospital at 4 P.M. on that day. Anyfurther information may be had from thesuperintendent.

Victoria Hospital (Incorporated) (Cork).-There are75 beds. Clinical instruction on Diseases Peculiarto Children is given. The extern department is opendaily at 9.30.

County and City of Cork Lying-in Hospital (Erinville,Western-road ; founded 1798).-This hospital contains22 beds, an Extern Midwifery Department, Gynseco-logical Department, Extern Department for Women,and Child Welfare Centre. Fee for six months’attendance, including clinical lectures, &pound;5 5s. Forfurther particulars apply to Lucy E. Smith, M.D.,secretary to staff.

Many of the institutions giving clinical instructionin connexion with University College, Cork, have not asyet sent in their returrzs for reasons that need hardly beexplained. ____

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GALWAY : SCHOOL OF MEDI-CINE.-The College contains a well-lighted and ven-tilated dissecting room and an anatomical lecturetheatre ; physiological, pathological, pharmaceutical,chemical, and physical laboratories; anatomical,pathological, gynaecological, and materia medicamuseums ; as well as large natural history and geolo-gical museums and an extensive library in whichstudents can read and from which they can borrowbooks. There are 12 Entrance Scholarships, value&pound;25 each, for which Medical Students compete withother students on the Entrance Course. In the Second,Third, and Fourth years three Scholarships in eachyear, value JE25 each, are reserved for Medical Students.Exhibitions of &pound;10 and &pound;5 are awarded on results of1st, 2nd, 3rd, and Degree Examinations in Medicine.H. H. Stewart Scholarships (&pound;10 a year for three years)are awarded by the University in Anatomy andPhysiology at Second Medical Examination amongstStudents of the three constituent Colleges. TravellingStudentships (&pound;200 a year for two years) are offeredby the University for competition amongst MedicalGraduates of the three Colleges of not more than twoyears’ standing. Women students are eligible for allCollege and University Degrees, Distinctions, andPrizes. There are extensive grounds, a portion of whichis occupied by a Botanic Garden and a portion is atthe disposal of the College Athletic Union. There areseveral student societies in the College, including aBiological Society. There are abundant facilities forresearch and Post-graduate work in the Chemistry,Physiology, and Pathology departments. There are

ample facilities for Women Students. Further informa-tion can be obtained from the Registrar of the College.

Olinical Instruction is given in the Galway Hospital’and in the Galway Union and Fever Hospitals, con-taining on an average 200 patients.

Galway Union and Fever Hospitals (150 beds).-Clinical instruction is given in these hospitals to theMedical Students of University College, Galway.The regulations for Scholarships tenable in the College,and the regulations for degrees and for courses can be-obtained from Messrs. O’Gorman and Co., Galway.

Centr&deg;al Hospital, Galway, Prospect Hill Branch (62beds).-Founded by Act of Parliament.

QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY OF BELFAST.There are six degrees in the Faculty of Medicine of

the University-viz., Bachelor of Medicine (M.B.),Bachelor of Surgery (B.Ch.), Bachelor of Obstetrics(B.A.O.), Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), Master ofSurgery (M.Ch.), and Master of Obstetrics (M.A.O.),The University also grants a Diploma- in Public

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Health, particulars of which will be found in theUniversity Calendar. The degrees of M.B., B.Ch.,and B.A.O. are the primary degrees in the Faculty ofMedicine, and are conferred at the same time and afterthe same course of study. No student is admitted tothe final examination for these degrees until he hasshown : (1) that he is a matriculated student of theUniversity ; (2) that he has completed the prescribedcourse of study in the Faculty of Medicine extendingover a period of not less than five academic yearsfrom the date of his registration as a student ofMedicine by the General Council of Medical Educa-tion and Registration of the United Kingdom ; (3)that he has passed the several examinations pre-scribed ; (4) that he has attended in the Universityduring three academic years at least the courses ofstudy prescribed for such degrees (the Senate mayaccept, for not more than two academic years of therequired five, courses of study pursued in any otherUniversity or School of Medicine approved by theSenate) ; and (5) that he has attained the age of21 years. Every candidate for admission as a matri-culated student of the University shall pass suchMatriculation Examination or fulfil such other testof fitness as may be prescribed by the Senate, whichmay prescribe the conditions under which studentswho have passed the Matriculation or EntranceExamination of any other University or Collegeapproved for that purpose (or who have fulfilled suchother test of fitness as may be prescribed) may beexempted from passing the Matriculation Examina-tion of the University. For information as toScholarships and Prizes inquiry should be made ofthe Secretary of the University.Primary Degrees of M.B., B.Ch., B.A.O.-All candi-

dates for these degrees must satisfy the examiners inthe subjects of four examinations known as the First,Second, Third, and Fourth Medical Examinationsrespectively.

The First Medical Examination.-The subjects ofthis examination are Chemistry (Inorganic andOrganic), Experimental Physics, Botany and Zoology.The examination will be divided into two parts whichmay be taken separately : 1., Chemistry and Physics ;II., Botany and Zoology.The Second Medical Examination.-The subjects

are Anatomy and Practical Anatomy, Physiology andPractical Physiology. Candidates who have pre-viously passed the First Medical Examination maypresent themselves for this examination at the closeof their second year.

The Third Medical Examination.-The subjectsare : (1) Pathology and Practical Pathology ; (2)Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics ;(3) Medical Jurisprudence ; (4) Hygiene. Candidateswho have previously passed the Second MedicalExamination may present themselves for this exami-nation at the close of the third year. Attendance ona course in any subject of the Third Medical Examina-tion shall not entitle a student to a certificate ofattendance unless he has previously passed in all thesubjects of the First Medical Examination.The Fourth Medical Examination.-The subjects

are : (1) Medicine ; (2) Surgery ; (3) Midwifery ; (4)Ophthalmology and Otology. This examination mayte taken in two parts : 1., Systematic ; II., Clinical,Practical and Oral. Candidates who have previouslypassed the Third Examination may present them-selves for Part I. of the Fourth Examination at theclose of the fourth year, provided that they havefulfilled the necessary requirements as to attendance,&c., on the courses of instruction in the subjects ofexamination. Candidates who have passed Part I.of this examination may present themselves forPart II. at the close of the fifth year, provided thatthey have fulfilled the necessary requirements as tohospital attendance on the various clinical courses inthe subjects of examination. Parts I. and II. maybe taken together at the close of the fifth year.Attendance on a course in any subject of the FourthMedical Examination shall not entitle a student to a Icertificate of attendance unless he has previously I

passed in all the subjects of the Second MedicalExamination.

Degrees of M.D., M.Ch., and M.A.O.-Thesedegrees are not conferred until the expiration of atleast three academic years, or in the case of graduatesof the University in Arts or Science of at least twoacademic years, after admission to the primarydegrees in the Faculty of Medicine. Every candi-date must show that in the interval he has pursuedsuch courses of study, or been engaged in such prac-tical work as may be prescribed. These degrees maybe conferred by the Senate either (a) after an examina-tion, which includes written, oral, clinical, and prac-tical examinations ; or (b) on the submission of a thesisor other evidence of original study or research, to beapproved by the Faculty of Medicine after an oral orother examination of the candidate on the subjectthereof.

The Medical School.-The Donald Currie ChemicalBuildings contain a lecture theatre, a preparationroom, a chemical museum, a large class-room for

elementary practical chemistry, laboratories forqualitative and quantitative analysis, rooms for waterand gas analysis, dark room for photographic pur-poses and balance room, provided with all modernappliances. The Anatomical Department contains alarge and well-lighted dissecting-room, a lecture-room,a professor’s and demonstrator’s room, a bone-room,and a laboratory for microscopic and photographicwork. The Medical Museum is in the same building.The Jaff&eacute; Laboratories for Physiology comprise alecture theatre, laboratories for practical work inchemical physiology, histology, and experimentalphysiology, and in addition small private researchrooms, including balance, galvanometer, and centri-fuge rooms. The Musgrave Pathological Laboratory.-In this department opportunity is afforded forresearch in pathology and bacteriology. The depart-ment is in touch with most of the hospitals in Belfast,and there is an ample supply of material for investiga-tion by graduates in morbid histology, clinical patho-logy, and the bacteriology of infectious diseases. Acourse in pathology or bacteriology is given tograduates, and members of this class have an oppor-tunity of seeing the methods employed in the variousinvestigations carried out in the department for thePublic Health Committee of the corporation in con-nexion with water-supply, sewage disposal, meat- andmilk-supply, the diagnosis of cases of infectiousdiseases, &c. The certificate issued to members of &pound;the class in bacteriology qualifies for the D.P.H. degree.The Pharmaceutical Laboratory is fitted and equippedfor the work of practically instructing students in thecompounding and dispensing of medicines.

Clinical Instruction.-The following institutions arerecognised by the University as affording properopportunities for clinical instruction : the RoyalVictoria Hospital, the Mater Infirmorum Hospital,the Union Hospitals, the Belfast Hospital for SickChildren, the Belfast Maternity, the Ulster Hospitalfor Women and Children, the Ulster Eye, Ear, andThroat Hospital, the Belfast Ophthalmic Hospital,the Purdysburn Fever Hospital, and the BelfastDistrict Lunatic Asylum.Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast (350 beds).-

Students eligible for McGrath, McQuitty, Malcolm,And Coulter Scholarships aggregate annual value &pound;170.Ten House Surgeons and House Physicians. 36 residentpupilships, three months each, annually for SeniorStudents, of which a proportion is allotted to WomenStudents. Special Departments for Radiology,Clinical Pathology, V.D., Dermatology, Gynaecology,Vaccine Therapy, Electro-cardiography.

Mater Infirmorum Hospital (220 beds).-Hon.Secretary Medical Staff : Mr. J. B. Moore.

Belfast In-firmary and Hospital (1600 beds).-Clinical courses are given biennially, and course forD.P.H. in Hospital. Intern Venereal Clinic in Infir-

mary under Corporation scheme. Maternity Hospitalrecognised for Practical Midwifery training. Par-ticulars may be obtained on application, as to classes,to Dr. McLiesh.

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Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Queen-street.-Clinical instruction is given in this hospital. Duringthe Winter Session two Courses of Lectures are

delivered on the Medical and Surgical Diseases inci-dental to Infancy and Childhood. Demonstrations inOphthalmology and Pathology are given, and ampleopportunities are afforded in the wards (which con-tain 45 beds), and in the Out-patient Department,which is largely attended, for gaining a practical andtheoretical knowledge of the diseases of Infancy andChildhood. This Hospital grants Certificates inDiseases of Children, which are recognised by thevarious Examining Bodies. A Gold Medal is offeredfor competition at the close of the session. Fee forthe session-2 guineas. For re-attendance-1 guinea.Hon. Secretary to the Medical Staff, Dr. John McCaw.

Maternity Hospital, Townsend-street, Belfast.-25 beds in constant occupation, and exclusivelydevoted to Midwifery and Ante-Natal conditions.There is also a large district. Students are welcomed,and clinical lectures are delivered daily by a Memberof the Staff. There is also a large Ante-Natal Depart-ment where clinical instruction is given twice weekly.

Ulster Hospital for Children and TVomen, Temple-more-avenue, Belfast (44 beds).-clinical instructionto students in Diseases of Children, Gynaecology, andObstetrics. Special departments : Radiology andEye, Ear, and Throat. Gold Medal awarded annually.One House Surgeon appointed from students ofhospital.Benn Ulster Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, Clifton-

street, Belfast (30 beds).Belfast Fever Hospitals.-City Fever Hospital,

Purdysburn (330 beds) ; Union Fever Hospital (200beds). Clinical Classes are held during the winter andsummer sessions. Post-Graduate (D.P.H.) Classes arealso held. Lecturer : A. Gardner Robb, M.B., D.P.H.

Belfast Villx Colony Asylum (1000 beds).

IRISH MEDICAL CORPORATIONSGRANTING DIPLOMAS.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OFIRELAND.

The College issues its Licences in Medicine and inMidwifery to practitioners whose names appear on theMedical Register of the United Kingdom.

The Licence in Medicine.-The subjects of examina-tion are: Practice of Medicine, Clinical Medicine,Pathology, Medical Jurisprudence, Midwifery, Hygiene,and Therapeutics.

The Licence in Midwifery.-Candidates must pro-duce certificates of registration. A registered medicalpractitioner of five years’ standing may be exemptedfrom the examination by printed questions.

The Membership.-Examinations for Membershipare held in February, June, and November. The feefor the examination is 5!-21 to Licentiates of the College,or &pound;36 15s. to non-Licentiates.

The Fellowship.-Fellows are elected by ballot.Applicants must have been a Member of the Collegefor at least one year and must have attained the ageof 27 years. There is a fee of &pound;35 in addition to a stampduty of &pound;25.

Further particulars can be obtained from theRegistrar of the Royal College of Physicians ofIreland, 6, Kildare-street, Dublin.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS INIRELAND.

The Licence in Surgery.-A candidate whose nameis entered either on the Medical Register for theUnited Kingdom, the Colonial Medical Register, orthe Foreign Medical Register of the year in which hepresents himself for examination, and who satisfiesthe Council that he has passed through a course ofstudy and Examinations equivalent to those requiredby the Regulations of the Conjoint Board of the RoyalCollege of Physicians of Ireland and the Royal Collegeof Surgeons in Ireland, preceded by the passing of an

Examination in Arts recognised by the GeneralMedical Council, may, at the discretion of the Council,be admitted to the Examination.

Candidates are examined in Surgery, ClinicalSurgery, Operative Surgery on the subject, SurgicalAppliances, and Ophthalmic Surgery.Diploma in Midwifery.-A diploma in Midwifery is

granted after examination to persons possessing aregistrable qualification.

Fellowship Examinations.-Candidates for the Fel-lowship shall make application to the President andCouncil to be admitted to examination. They arerequired to pass two examinations-Primary andFinal. Candidates may present themselves for theFinal Examination immediately after passing thePrimary part, provided they have complied with thenecessary regulations. The subjects for the PrimaryExamination are (a) Anatomy, including Dissections;and (b) Physiology and Histology. The subjects forthe Final Examination are Surgery, including SurgicalAnatomy and Pathology. For admission to the FinalExamination the candidate must have passed thePrimary Examination, and must be a Licentiate orGraduate in Surgery of a university or licensing bodyrecognised by the General Medical Council; all suchcandidates must not be less than 25 years of age.

Further particulars as to fees and conditions ofexamination can be obtained from the Registrar of theCollege, Stephen’s-green West, Dublin.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF IRELANDAND ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN

IRELAND.

Every candidate for the Conjoint Examinations ofthe Colleges shall produce evidence of having beforeentering on medical studies passed a PreliminaryExamination in general education recognised by theRoyal Colleges. Each candidate before receivinghis diplomas must produce a registrar’s certificate orother satisfactory evidence that he has attained theage of 21 years.

Preliminary Examination.-The subjects for exa-

mination are identical with those prescribed for thePreliminary Examination by the General Council ofMedical Education and Registration.

Professional Examinations.-Every candidate mustpass four professional Examinations-at the end of thefirst, second, third, and fifth years respectively of hisprofessional studies. No candidate shall be admittedto the Final or Qualifying Examination within threemonths of his rejection at the Final or QualifyingExamination by any other licensing body.

First Professional Examination.-Every candidateis required, before admission to the First ProfessionalExamination, to produce evidence&mdash;(1) of havingpassed in the subjects of the Preliminary Examination;and (2) of having attended a course of-(a) lectureson Theoretical Chemistry, six months ; (b) PracticalChemistry, three months ; (c) Biology, three months ;and (d) Physics.The subjects of the First Professional Examination

are the following :-1. (a) Chemistry ; (b) Physics.2. Biology. The fee for this examination is &pound;15 15s.

Second Professional Examination.-Candidates arenot admissible to this examination till they havepassed in the subjects of the First Professional Exa-mination, and they must produce evidence of havingattended (a) anatomical dissections, six months ; andLectures on (b) Anatomy, six months ; (c) Physiology,six months ; (d) Practical Physiology and Histology,three months.The subjects of the Second Professional Examina-

tion are the following :&mdash;(1) Anatomy ; and (2) Physio-logy ’and Histology. The fee for this examination is&pound;10 10s.

Third Professional Examination.-Every candidateis required, before admission to the Third ProfessionalExamination, to produce evidence of having passedthe Second Professional Examination, and certificatesof having attended courses of instruction in (a) thepractice of a medico-chirurgical hospital for nine

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months; (b) Pathology-(1) Systematic, (2) Practical,three months each ; (c) Materia Medica, Pharmacy,and Therapeutics, three months ; (d) Forensic Medi-cine and Public Health, three months. The subjectsfor the Third Professional Examination are thefollowing :-( 1 ) Pathology; (2) Materia Medica,Pharmacy, and Therapeutics ; (3) Public Health andForensic Medicine. The fee for this examinationis &pound;9 9s. Clinical instruction in Ophthalmic andAural Surgery, three months. The examination in

Ophthalmic and Aural Surgery may be takenimmediately after passing the Third ProfessionalExamination.Final Professional Examinafion.-Before admission

to the Final Examination candidates must have passedthe Third Professional Examination and producedevidence of having attended in Division I. the practiceof a medico-chirurgical hospital for two periods of ninemonths each (unless such evidence has been previouslyproduced for admission in Division II.); the practiceof a recognised fever hospital or the fever wards of arecognised clinical hospital, three months ; clinicalinstruction in Mental Diseases, one month (12 attend-ances) ; lectures on Medicine, six months at a recog-nised medical school ; of having performed the dutiesof medical clinical clerk in a recognised hospital forthree months ; of having attended a course of instruc-tion in post-mortem examinations and demonstrationsduring one session. In Division II. of having attendedthe practice of a medico-chirurgical hospital for twoperiods of nine months each (unless such evidence hasbeen previously produced for admission to Division 1.) ;lectures on Surgery, six months at a recognisedmedical school ; instruction in Operative Surgery,three months at a recognised medical school ; of havingperformed the duties of surgical dresser in a recognisedhospital for three months ; of having attended a courseof instruction in the practical administration of generalanaesthetics. In Division III. of having attended amidwifery hospital or maternity and having been

present at 20 labours, six months ; instruction on i,vaccination, six attendances to be certified by a public ’,vaccinator ; lectures on midwifery (including diseases

’’

peculiar to women and to new-born children), sixmonths at a recognised medical school. Candidatesare recommended to present themselves in all thesubjects of the Final Examination at one time, buta candidate at or after the end of the fourth year maypresent himself in any cne of the Divisions I., II., orIII., provided he has completed his curriculum as faras concerns the division in which he presents himself.The examination in at least one of the divisions mustbe deferred till the end of the fifth vear.The subjects of the Final Examination are :

(1) Medicine, including Fevers, Mental Diseases, andDiseases of Children ; (2) Surgery, Operative ; and(3) Midwifery and Gynaecology, Vaccination, andDiseases of New-born children. The fee is &pound;6 6s.Further particulars can be obtained from AlfredMiller, O.B.E., the Secretary of the Committee ofManagement, Royal College of Surgeons, Stephen’s-green, Dublin. ____

ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN IRELAND (SCHOOLSOF SURGERY).-The schools of surgery are attachedby Charter to the Royal College of Surgeons and haveexisted as a department of the College for over acentury. They are carried on within the College build-ings and are specially subject to the supervision andcontrol of the Council, who are empowered to appointand remove the professors and to regulate the methodsof teaching pursued. The buildings have been recon-structed, the capacity of the dissecting-room nearlytrebled, and special pathological, bacteriological,public health, and pharmaceutical laboratories fittedwith the most approved appliances in order thatstudents may have the advantage of the most modernmethods of instruction. The entire building is heatedby hot-water pipes and lighted throughout by theelectric light. Winter Session commences in October ;Summer Session in April. Scholarships and Prizes :Carmichael Scholarship, &pound;15 ; Mayne Scholarship, ;t!8 ;Stoney Memorial gold medal; Operative Surgery,

gold and silver medals ; Barker Prize, &pound;26 5s. ;H. Macnaughton-Jones gold medal in Obstetrics andGynaecology ; and class prizes and medals. Prospec-tuses and guide for medical students can be obtainedpost free on written application to the Registrar, RoyalCollege of Surgeons, Stephen’s-green W., Dublin.

APOTHECARIES’ HALL OF IRELAND.

The Licence of this Hall is granted to students whopresent certificates of having fully completed the courseof study as laid down in the curriculum and who passthe necessary examinations. The diploma of theApothecaries’ Hall of Ireland entitles the holder to beregistered as a practitioner in medicine, surgery, andmidwifery, with also the privileges of the Apothecary’sLicence. There are three professional examinations,the total fees for which amount to 226 5s. 6d. Womenare eligible for the diploma.

There are four examinations-primary, intermediate,Parts I. and IL, and final. They are held three timesa year, in March, June and December. The primaryexamination comprises biology, physics, theoreticaland practical chemistry (with an examination at thebench). Candidates holding a Pharmaceutical licence’are exempt from this subject. Intermediate, Part I.,Anatomy and Physiology. Intermediate, Part II.,Pathology, Medical Jurisprudence, and MateriaMedica and Pharmacy. The intermediate examinationcomprises anatomy of the whole body (includingpractical dissections), physiology, practical histology,and materia medica. The final examination comprisesmedicine, surgery, and midwifery.Each candidate before receiving his diploma must

produce evidence that he has attained the age of 21years. The details of the course of education requiredand syllabus of the examinations will be suppliedon application to the Registrar at 95, Merrion-square,Dublin.

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HOSPITALS AFFORDING PRACTICE RECOG-NISED BY THE IRISH UNIVERSITIES AND

CORPORATIONS.1

SIR PATRICK DUN’s HOSPITAL, Grand Canal-street,Dublin.-Classes both in Medicine and Surgery areheld each morning from 9 o’clock from Oct. 1st tillthe end of June. Special classes for junior studentswill be held in the wards during the months of October,November, and December. A Resident Surgeon, withsalary, is appointed annually. Nine Resident Pupilsare appointed every four months. Six surgicalDressers and six Clinical Clerks are appointed eachmonth. There are facilities for women students.

Prizes and Medals.-Clinical medals and prizesamounting to about &pound;21 each will be awarded inMedicine and in Surgery respectively in accordancewith the will of the late Rev. Samuel Haughton, M.D.,S.F.T.C.D. Candidates who fail to obtain thesemedals and prizes will be awarded special certificatesin Medicine and in Surgery provided they showsufficient merit.Fees.-Winter and summer session, &pound;12 12s. ;

winter session (six months), &pound;8 8s. ; ; and summersession (three months), &pound;5 5s. Special certificate inanaesthetics, &pound;1 1s. The practice of this hospital is opento all students, and the certificates are recognised byDublin University, the National University and RoyalColleges of Surgeons of England, Ireland, and Scotland.The Hospital is an official " Treatment Centre"

for venereal diseases.Further information will be supplied by the Hon.

Secretary to the Medical Board.JERVIS-STREET HOSPITAL, Dublin. *-Founded 1718 ;

rebuilt 1886. 130 beds. A new out-patient depart-ment has been completed and contains all modernrequirements.

1 This list of the institutions recognised by the ConjointBoard of Ireland is supplemented in the regulations of theColleges by those hospitals mentioned as recognised institutionsin Scotland and England. The recognised facilities for clinicalinstruction in some of the Irish centres have been described.

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MATER MISERICORDI&AElig; HOSPITAL, Dublin. (Underthe care of the Sisters of Mercy. )-This Hospital wasfounded in 1861 by the Sisters of Mercy. It is thelargest in Ireland, containing 382 beds, is open atall hours for the reception of accidents and urgentcases. Clinical instruction will be given by thePhysicians and Surgeons at 9 A.M. daily. OphthalmicSurgery will be taught in the Special Wards and inthe Dispensary. Surgical operations will be per-formed daily. Connected with the hospital are exten-- sive Dispensaries, which afford valuable opportunitiesfor the study of general Medical and Surgical Diseases,and Accidents. Instruction will be given on Pathologyand Bacteriology. Three House Physicians, nineHouse Surgeons, and 16 resident pupils will be electedannually. Dressers and Clinical Clerks will also beappointed, and certificates will be given to those whoperform their duties to the satisfaction of the staff.Leonard Prizes will be offered for competition annually.For further particulars see prospectus. Certificatesof attendance upon this hospital are recognised by allthe Universities and licensing bodies in the UnitedKingdom. There is a Private Hospital for the recep-tion of Medical and Surgical cases ; also a TrainingSchool and a Home for Trained Nurses in connexionwith the Hospital. Trained and experienced Nurses.who have passed a qualifying examination in nursing<can be obtained on application to the Lady Superior,Mater Misericordiae Hospital.

Terms of attendance.-Nine months, &pound;12 12s. ;six winter months, &pound;8 8s. three summer months, &pound;5 5s.Entries can be made with any of the physicians orsurgeons, or with the Registrar, Dr. John O’Donnell,3, Merrion-square. A prospectus containing in detailthe arrangements for Clinical Instruction, Prizes, &c.,may be obtained from the Secretary, Medical Board,Mr. H. Barniville, 9, Merrion-square.MEATH HOSPITAL AND COUNTY DUBLIN INFIRMARY.

This hospital was founded in 1753 and now contains i166 beds available for clinical teaching. A building containing 40 beds for the isolated treatment of fevers is attached to the hospital. The certificates of thishospital are recognised by all the universities andlicensing bodies of the United Kingdom. MedicalClinical Clerks and Surgical Resident Pupils andDressers are appointed every three months, andHouse Surgeons and Clinical Assistants are electedannually. Apply to Hon. Treasurer of Medical Board.MERCER’S HOSPITAL.-This hospital, founded in

1734, is situated in the centre of Dublin, in the imme-diate vicinity of the Schools of Surgery of the Royal,College of Surgeons, the Catholic University School ofMedicine, and within five minutes’ walk of TrinityCollege. It contains 120 beds for medical and surgical.cases, and arrangements have been made with themedical officers of Cork-street Fever Hospital whereby-all students of this hospital are entitled to attend theclinical instruction of that institution and become-eligible for the posts of Resident Pupil, &c. There is.a large dispensary for out-patients. An electro-cardiograph has just been installed. Students of thehospital are permitted to attend the gynaecological,department, where they receive practical instruction.There are special wards for the treatment and studyof children’s diseases. During the past few yearsthe hospital has undergone extensive alterations inorder to bring it up to modern requirements.Appointments.-A House Surgeon is appointed

annually. There are six men and two women ResidentPupils, and Clinical Clerks and Dressers are appointedfrom amongst the most deserving members of the,class.

Fees.-Winter, six months, &pound;8 8s. ; Summer, three’months, &pound;5 5s. ; nine months, &pound;12 12s.For further particulars apply to-Dr. Bethel Solomons,

Hon. Sec., Medical Board, 42, Fitzwilliam-square,Dublin.

NATIONAL MATERNITY HOSPITAL, Holles-street,Dublin.-Established 1894. The hospital consists of.an Intern and Extern Maternity, and a Dispensary.for the treatment of Diseases of Women and Children.

About 1035 cases are admitted and over 300 operationsare performed annually. Every facility is given for thecarrying out of practical work. Post-graduate andspecial courses are arranged for at any time. Certifi-cates of attendance at this hospital are recognisedby all the licensing bodies. Terms (three months’course) 6 guineas. Board &pound;22s. per week. Medicalmen can take out Post-graduate courses by paying afee of &pound;3 3s. for the first month. If he wishes to remaina second month the fee is &pound;2 2s. Clinical Lectures aregiven daily and Oral Lectures four times per week.During the past year over 50 Post-graduate studentswere admitted. The L.M. Diploma is given by specialexamination on arrangement with the Masters.Further particulars can be obtained from the Masters:Sir Andrew Horne, 94, Merrion-square, Dublin; Dr.Reginald J. White, 23, Merrion-square, Dublin; or

from the Secretary, Holl&eacute;s-street. Dublin.ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, Dublin.-This institution is

the largest combined gynaecological and maternityhospital in the British Empire. Over 4000 confine-ments are attended annually and 500 gynaecologicalpatients admitted. Students can take out theirnecessary gynaecological and midwifery practicalcourses. The work of the hospital is carried on con-tinuously through the year and consists of dailyclinical instruction in the maternity department andexamination and operations in the gynaecologicaldepartment. Qualified students are given facilitiesfor studying .and assisting in the management of allabnormal cases so far as is practical. The appoint-ments on the staff of the hospital are given to qualifiedpast students of the hospital who have taken the L.lVI.and consist of Extern Assistants for six months, onebeing appointed every three months. From thesethe Assistants to the Master are appointed. Womenstudents can reside in the hospital on the same termsas men. The L.M. is granted by examination aftera six months’ course. Fees for Intern students:one month &pound;6 6s., months other than the first, &pound;4 4s.For further particulars apply to the Master.I ROYAL CITY OF DUBLIN HOSPITAL.-Founded 1832 ;enlarged 1851 ; rebuilt 1893. 130 beds. There isa special wing for the treatment of fevers and contagiousdiseases founded by the late Mr. Drummond. Secre-tary : G. R. Shine.

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ROYAL VICTORIA EYE AND EAR HOSPITAL, Dublin.* *- Established 1844. Incorporated 1897. 102 beds.In-patients, 1661 ; out-patients, 9181. Two housesurgeons for Eye and one for Ear appointed annually.

DR. STEEVENS’ HOSPITAL, Dublin. *-Established1720. 250 beds. Patients, 12,834. Secretary: Mr.R. J. Ogden.

ST. VINCENT’S HOSPITAL AND DISPENSARY, Dublin.- Established 1834. 200 beds. Clinical Lectures inMedicine and Surgery are held from October to June.Special classes for Juniors from October to December.Pathological and Bacteriological Demonstrations aregiven every Thursday and instructions in the use oflaryngoscope and Otoscope for Senior students everySaturday. Medals and Prizes : the Bellingham goldmedal in Medicine and the O’Farrell gold medal inSurgery are offered for competition at the end of thesummer session, as well as junior prizes, also theSurgeon McArdle Prize, value &pound;20. In the comingterm it is hoped that there will be opened a NewExtern Department and a New Pathological Labora-tory. Dr. Meenan, hon. secretary, 28, Fitzwilliamsquare.

From Dublin returns have not yet been received fromthree of the most important hospitals-namely, thAdelaide Hospital, the Coombe Lying-in Hospital, andthe Richmond, Whitworth, and Hardwicke Hospital.

WE take this opportunity of thanking the Deansand Secretaries of the various institutions for theirkind cooperation in enabling us to bring theinformation contained in our Students’ Number up60 date.

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THE LANCET.

LONDON: SATURDAY, AUGUST 26, 1922.

The Prospects of Medicine.LAST year Sir DONALD MACALISTER, in giving to the

General Medical Council the figures relating to theregistration of medical students for recent years,pointed out that the number registered in 1920 washigher than any-that had occurred previously savein 1919, the tendency having been steadily upwards ssince 1913. The figures to which he referred rangedfrom 1480 in 1913 to 3420 in 1919, and those whocould read meaning into the figures felt safe in

prophesying that a movement downwards in the

entry to the profession would take place. There couldbe no doubt that the number of aspirants to the medicalcareer, consecutive to the great part played by bothprevention and treatment in the war, was leading toa position in which there might be danger to profes-sional education, and perhaps to professional careers,through the mere mass. At the moment there was

difficulty in providing the training, and in the futurethere might be further difficulty in obtaining a liveli-hood, unembarrassed by downward competition. Forthe first time the suggestion that the medical profes-sion, undermanned though it might actually be,would soon be really overcrowded and not merelybadly distributed, received support from those

experienced in professional matters. And this

position, it would seem, has become clearer to thepublic and those who influence young men in thechoice of their careers, for last year only 1808 medicalstudents were registered, which is little more than halfof-the number two years previously. But 1760 menand women became qualified to practise medicine,that being the largest recent total, so that tem-

porarily the proportion, which experience tells us tobe reasonable, has been restored.Taking six years as the period in which to pass

from enrolling as a student to registration as a prac-titioner, the first definite sign of overcrowding in theranks of medicine should appear in 1925, so that it ismuch to be hoped that by that date the professionalposition will be in a more stable condition than it is atpresent, and that, later, those who are now joining ourranks will find themselves practising in more orderlycircumstances, and with some of those measures ofconsolidation, which all agree to be necessary, actuallyaccomplished. What the circumstances exactly willbe, and how far they may conform with our presentideals of the medical life, would be bold prophecy,but the struggles will have taken place before ournew recruits can be actively interested, though theirprospects are deeply involved in the results. At thepresent moment we have a National Insurance MedicalService which is labouring under considerable dis-abilities. It is doing effective work, but it is hamperedby inability to develop, and this at both ends of itsduties and responsibilities. It is not as yet properlyin touch with preventive medicine in the country, thelarger share of which lies necessarily in the hands ofthe State ; nor has it any facilities for the special orinstitutional treatment of the more serious conditionscoming under its care. The National Insurance Act

undoubtedly stabilised general practice in many

directions ; it did away with the need to possess acapital sum before embarking upon private practice,it provides a certain livelihood from the outset, andit has by this time familiarised the public to someextent with the aims of medical endeavour and thedirections of medical thought, so that cooperationfrom without is definitely increasing. So far, so good ;but during the next year or two, in which the numberof candidates for medical work of all kinds will be

large, and general economic conditions stringent, thesolidarity of medicine is a special need. The divisionsand subdivisions of our duties, which are the inevitableoutcome of their large range, require to be broughtinto definite and positive relation with each other, ifscientific medicine is to progress and the populationto receive the best that our equipment now enables usto offer. The public ought to receive from us an

example of the value of combination, and no morepractical move could be taken in this direction thanthe development of post-graduate teaching, to whichreference is made later in special connexion with themetropolis. Post-graduate work, by bringing the

periphery into contact with the centre-whetherinstitution, laboratory, or special clinic-provides acommon field of effort.We are for the moment assuming, as in past times,

that a majority of the new students proposes to jointhe ranks of the general practitioner ; and we maysay at once that we hope the day, which has beenobviously approaching, to be now arriving when nohard line can be drawn between the general practi-tioner and the consultant, the clinician and thepathologist, the private practitioner and the official.It is in this general fusion of professional effort that thesuccess of medicine, alike as a scientific and a publiccareer, will reside, and the Dawson Report remains anexcellent pattern of combined yet separated energiessuch as is required. It is daily experience to hearcandid criticism of the practice of medicine underthe scheme of National Insurance, and the hardsayings emanate equally from those attached to

voluntary hospitals and those who have chosen oneor other of the many branches of the public healthservice. We regard these differences, which are

largely due to misunderstanding, as very dangerousto the future of medical work. Prevention is now

regarded by many general practitioners as much aresponsibility as is cure, but the continued withholdingfrom medical benefit under the Insurance Acts offacilities for hospital treatment, consulting opinion,and means of laboratory diagnosis, is keeping backthe practitioner from the full development of hiswork as a preventive agent. There are still a fewareas in which inert practitioners are content torelieve symptoms by the exhibition of stock remediesand to allow no time for the full practice of theirprofession. We believe this number to be quite smalland to be daily growing smaller, but undoubtedly itsexistence constitutes a danger to future professionalprospects. The head of the Insurance Departmentat the Ministry of Health recently stated in publichis conviction that the overwhelming majority ofinsurance practitioners are sincerely desirous of makingthe service efficient and satisfactory. But there are

approved society officials-sometimes they are forcefulindividuals-who desire to dominate medical practice,as far as they are in contact with it, and who seekin our weakest spots for arguments to justify theirclaim. Reform from within will disconcert thereformers from without. The administration of healthby the laymen on local authorities will certainly notbe of the best unless they can command the helpand cooperation of all sections of medicine.