IISc Report

8/16/2019 IISc Report

1/37

Integrable Vein Viewing Systemin Hand Held Devices

Phaneendra K. Yalavarthy

Supercomputer Education and Research Centre (SERC) Indian Institute Of Science, Bangalore

Koushik Kumar Nundy

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering National Institute Of Technology.

Durgapur.

Shourjya Sanyal

Dept. of Biotechnology. National Institute Of Technology.

Durgapur.

http://www.serc.iisc.ernet.in/http://www.serc.iisc.ernet.in/


2/37

ACKNOWLEDGE EN!

We would like to express our gratitude to rof. Dr.S.!sokan " rofessor,

Depart#ent of Instru#entation, IISc Bangalore$, and his students for extending la%

facilities and pro&iding technical support. We would especially like to thank Dr. 'a(a#

Sekar " ro(ect !ssociate, Depart#ent of Instru#entation, IISc Bangalore$ for her

constant help and guidance. We would also like to extend our thanks to the authorities of

Superco#puter )ducation and 'esearch *enter, IISc Bangalore for allowing us to usetheir la%oratory and co#puting facility.

The report would not ha&e %een possi%le without the #oral and technical support

fro# Dr. !#it +u#ar hosh, for acco#plishing phase I clinical trials and we take this

opportunity to thank hi# heartily. We are also thankful to -r.Tuhin *hatter(ee. astly

we will always %e grateful to fa#ily and friends for their constant encourage#ent and

support.

"#aneendra K$ %alavart#y

K&'s#i( K'mar N'ndy

S#&'r)ya Sanyal


3/37

CON!EN!S Topic. Page.

!cknowledg#ent.

Ta%le of contents. ist of ta%les.

ist of figures and illustrations.

Chapter 1 – !stract. 1

Chapter " #$ntroduction. "

Chapter % #&ethod. %

a. Intensity decay patterns of single LEDs

b. Intensity decay patterns for multiple LEDs

c. Camera Diameter Chapter ' # (esults ) *iscussion +

a. Single LED intensity decay beha ior.

b. !ultiple LED intensity decay beha ior.

c. "ptimal field of ie# for each camera set I. !rea of illu#ination using )D sets

II. /ield of &iew of *a#eras used

d. Intensity against type of LEDs.

e. Reasons for optimising at $%& nm.f. Reasons for optimising at ' LED sets.

g. ngles used for e perimentation (hence* a ialdistance from focus)

h. "ptical +roperties of ,uman s-in and blood.

Chapter , – -ptimi ed system 1/

a. System parameters

b. Image uality and ariance

c. +ossible impro ements

Chapter 0 # Comparison ith availa!le technologies. "%

Chapter + # Conclusion and 2uture scope. "'

(e3erences. ",

!nnexure I 0 'adiant power )nergy -eter Details "/

!nnexure II0 Diode Details %1


4/37

LIS! O* !A+LES

C4 PT5( '.

Ta%le 1.2 ist of )D sets and circuit specifications

Ta%le 1.3 !rea of Illu#ination for )D set 1 "456n#x1$

Ta%le 1.7 ist of ca#era specifications and field of &iew.

Ta%le 1.1 ist of focal distances.

Ta%le 1.8 9uarter -illi#olar !%sorpti&ities, in l ##ol :2 c# :2 , of thehae#oglo%in species fro# ;36 to


5/37

LIS! O* *IG,-ES AND ILL,S!-A!IONS

C4 PT5( %.

/ig .7.2 : Setup for Single )D power decay #easure#ent with axialdistance.

/ig .7.3 : Setup for -ultiple )D power decay #easure#ent with axialdistance.

/ig .7.7 : Displaying actual setup with #ultiple )D sets.

/ig .7.1 : raph showing y > cos x.

/ig .7.8 : The concentric )D array used with 2.8 c# radius.

C4 PT5( '.

/ig 1.2. Single )D?s power decay with increasing axial distance for 26@

/ig 1.< !%sorption coefficient of whole %lood "18@ he#atocrit$.

')D > oxy:he#oglo%in, B A) > deoxy:he#oglo%in.

/ig 1.26 'educed scattering coefficient, sC.der#, of der#is.

/ig.1.22 Scattering coefficient &s wa&elength of oxygenated anddeoxygenated whole %lood co#puted %y -ie theory using the calculatedco#plex refracti&e indices.


6/37

/ig.1.23 !%sorption coefficient &s wa&elength of oxygenated anddeoxygenated whole %lood. ray cur&es0 data fro# 'ef. 28E. Blackcur&es0 -ie calculations.

C4 PT5( ,

/ig 8.2 ! three di#ensional i#age of the opti#iFed syste#.

/ig 8.3 -o%ile with contraption "Back Giew$.

/ig 8.7 -o%ile"/ront Giew$ with contraption "Back Giew$.

/ig 8.1 -o%ile "Back Giew$ with contraption "/ront Giew$

/ig 8.8. I#ages o%tained with de&ice and 7- ca#era without I'illu#ination, with illu#ination, with illu#ination after thresholding, for

/air co#plexion and Dark co#plexion skin.

/ig 8.; I#aging techniHue.


7/37

1

666666666666666666

Chapter 1 # !stract

666666666666666666

/his is a feasibility study of a design #here #e use illumination in the 0ear

Infrared range (0IR) and standard mobile phone camera systems to built a highly

portable and cost efficient ein detection system. /he system is tested using three

camera1e uipped cellphones of arying price and resolution ranges. 2e use cameras

#ith 34 (56& 6%&)* 7.'!+ (78%& 7&86) and '!+ (8&6% 79'5) resolutions. /he

illumination is in form of multiple LED systems of certain #a elengths ($%& nm* %6& nm

and :6& nm ) in the 0IR spectral region. 2e optimised a best case scenario #ith a system

of ' LEDs of $%&nm for ein ie#ing. /he #or- #as accredited by an independent

medical board based on field data.


8/37

2

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Chapter " – $ntroduction

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

/here are se eral de ices that find usage in the biomedical and biometricapplication sector. /hey are used to monitor beha ior or patterns of biological systems*for purposes including identification* diagnosis and mapping.

n upcoming field #hich sho#s promise is that of ein detection techni ues./here ha e been se eral methods that ha e been proposed and e plained in recentliterature* including but not limited to 0ear Infrared Region(0IR) imaging


9/37

3

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Chapter % # &ethod

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

a. $ntensity decay patterns o3 single 75*s

/here #ere three different LEDs used producing pea- #a elengths of $%&nm* %6& nmand :6& nm #ere used. /he aim of the e periment is to find the po#er decays of theLEDs #ith the increasing a ial distance from the source.

/he po#er meter #as used to compute the amount of incident IR from the LED. /he po#er meter #as clamped to a fi ed plan- perpendicular to the plan-. /he #hole setup#as colored blac- to decrease reflection from stray rays.

/hree sets of readings #ere ta-en of po#er ersus a ial distance* for the three typesof LEDs used.(>or LED details refer nne ure II). /he single LEDs #ere attached on a

ero board and made at same a ial height as that of the po#er meter incident #indo#./he LEDs #ere connected ia a crocodile clip to the current source* and oltage #as

ad usted to gi e optimum illumination of the LEDs./he po#er meter #as set up for reading* the po#er for the particular pea- rangeof the LEDs used. Radiant +o#er Energy !eter* #ith !odel $&85& photodiode heads*from Spectra1+hysics* #ere used to ta-e po#er measurements of the single LEDs (>ordetails regarding handling and operation of Energy meter and the photodiode head loo-into nne ure I). /he po#er meter #as re1set e ery time to reduce instrumentalaberration. /he LEDs apparatus #as mo es &.9cm from 8 to 7& cm range. /his #as usedto gi e us a practical idea about the po#er decay of the specific LEDs* #ithin practicallimits.

/he e periment #as repeated three times for each LED sets and the a erage result#as computed*

/he ideal result #as computed and the ariance #as computed* to gi e an ideaabout the practical stochastic limits of the obser ed data.

/he theoretical alue #as computed using the formulae

y ∝ e2here y F normali?ed po#er

F distance from source F absorption coefficient


10/37

4

2ig.%.1. Setup for Single LED po#er decay measurement #ith a ial distance.

!. $ntensity decay patterns 3or multiple 75*s

/he procedure is similar to the single LED sets only that an array of '16 LEDs #ereused in series to do the e periment in place of single LED. /he LEDs #ere mounted suchthat their focus lie on the a is of the po#er meter.

. Radiant +o#er Energy !eter* #ith !odel $&85& photodiode heads* from Spectra1+hysics* #ere used to ta-e po#er measurements of the single LEDs (>or details regardinghandling and operation of Energy meter and the photodiode head loo- into nne ure I)./he po#er meter #as re1set e ery time to reduce instrumental aberration. /he LEDsapparatus #as mo es &.9cm from 8 to 7& cm range. /his #as used to gi e us a practicalidea about the po#er decay of the specific LEDs* #ithin practical limits. /he po#ermeter #as used to compute the amount of incident IR from the LED. /he po#er meter#as clamped to a fi ed plan- perpendicular to the plan-. /he #hole setup #as colored

blac- to decrease reflection from stray rays./he LEDs po#er ersus a ial distance from source #as computed in four sets* '

LEDs of :6&nm* ' LEDs of %6& nm and ' and 6 LED set of $%&nm. (>or LEDdescription sees nne ure II.) /he LED sets #ere connected to a current source* #ithoptimi?ed ad usted oltage for the each LED to gi e ma imum illumination. Each set#as placed on a fle ible bidirectional mo able setup that -ept the focus of the LEDs onthe a is of the po#er meter recei er element.

/he contraptions #ith the LEDs #ere mo ed from 8cm to 7&cm* -eeping focus onthe a ial plane at a distance of 7cm and readings #ere recorded. Repeated readings #ereta-en for each set and the best case results #ere tabulated.


11/37

5

2ig.%.". Setup for !ultiple LED po#er decay measurement #ith a ial distance.

2ig.%.%. Displaying actual setup #ith multiple LED sets.

c. 75* array diameter.

*risan et al ha e pro ed that concentric arrangement of LEDs though harder toimplement* gi es best o erall diffusion and ein ie#ing capacities. So a concentric LEDarray #as chosen o er con entional parallel (double line* rectangular etc.) to optimi?e

ein ie#ing of the instrument./he diameter of the LED array #as fi ed at 7.9cm. /his #as based on the central idea

that the closest feasible radius #ill help us to optimi?e the LEDs emitted po#er usage ofthe pea- #a elength. /he closest feasible radius is calculated by finding the ma imumcamera diameter of the a ailable camera mobile de ices.


12/37

6

/he a erage camera apparatus radius aried in diameter from 7cm to 7.9 cm. /his#as based on mar-et sur ey of a ailable mobile camera phones of global and local

brands li-e Sony Ericsson* 0o-ia* Samsung etc. /he LEDs being 7cm in length theoptimum bending angle #as assumed to be bet#een 7 to & cm so at optimum of 7.9cmradius #as ta-en -eeping practical feasibility conditions in nearest multiple of &.9cm for

con enience of construction.

2ig %.'. 4raph sho#ing y F cos .

2ig.%.,. /he concentric LED array used #ith 7.9 cm radius.


13/37

7

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Chapter ' – (esults and *iscussions

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

In the follo#ing discussion the setups used areG

Set 0o. LED #a elength

0o ofLEDs Circuit Diagram Rating

7 $%& '

9&m * 53

8 %6& ' 7&& m * 53

' :6& ' 7&& m * 63

6 $%& 6 9&m * %3

9 $%&H%6&H:6&

7H7H7 See c-t.

Ta!le '.1 List of LED sets and circuit specifications

a. Single 75* intensity decay !ehavior

2e can see that for a single LED* the obser ed decay pattern is* as suggested intheory* nearly e ponential in nature. /he tendencies for the $%&* %6& and :6&nm single

LEDs are as follo#sG


14/37

8

2ig '.1 Single LED s po#er decay #ith increasing a ial distance for :6&nm* %6&nm and

$%& nm.

/he green lines represent the actual normalised po#er obtained on slo#ly mo ing the

po#er meter from the source. /he red line denotes the theoretical alue* and the blue* the

median of the obser ed alues.

>rom the abo e graphs* #e can see that a ery close fit is obser ed bet#een the e pected

and obtained alues./he theoretical alues follo# the cur e

p F e J *

y F pApma

#here p F ctual po#er

pma F !a imum intensity

y F normalised po#er


15/37

9

F distance of po#er meter from source

JF absorption coefficient

and the obser ed alue for J K &.68.

!. &ultiple 75* intensity decay !ehavior

>or sets of multiple LEDs* #e see that the po#er obtained on the a is obtains a pea-

alue at a certain distance* dropping off on either side in a more or less e en* but non1

linear manner. /he graphs of normalised po#er against a ial distance ha e been obtained

from the follo#ing setup mentioned in the !ethod section.

/he nature of the cur es obtained is as follo#sG

2ig '." ctual and 0ormal po#er ersus a ial distance for set 7.


16/37

10

2ig '.% ctual and 0ormal po#er ersus a ial distance for set 8.

2ig '.' ctual and 0ormal po#er s a ial distance for set '.


17/37

11

2ig '., ctual and 0ormal po#er ersus a ial distance for set 6

ial focus G data71 8cm * data81 'cm * data'1 6cm * data61 9cm * data91 5cm.

/hus #e can see that ma imum po#er intensity is obser ed at focal distance for

lo# distances. >or higher distances* ho#e er* ma imum intensity occurs at close regions*

#ith a local ma ima at focal distance* #hich is lo#er because of the po#er meter being

uite far from the LED array source.

"correlation of graph with i#age$

2e can e pect clearer images to be obtained* if higher intensity illumination is

pro ided* depending on the camera s properties* #hich limit the ma imum intensity o er

#hich o ere posure #ould occur resulting in noisy images. lso* belo# a certain

minimum e posure* there is no detection of reflected radiation due to typically lo#


18/37

12

sensiti ity of mobile phone cameras. /here is the issue of a minimum distance belo#

#hich the camera autofocus cannot function. /hus* the actual range of distances #hich

pro ide acceptable images for use becomes limited.

c. -ptimal 3ield o3 vie 3or each camera set 8-ptimal area o3 illumination9

8$9 rea o3 illumination using 75* sets

/he area of illumination aries almost linearly #ith the distance of the LED array

source from the illuminated region. /a-ing threshold at &.&9 of ma possible intensity*

#e get area as belo#G

Ta!le '." Area of Illumination for LED set 4 (780nmx4

2ig '.0 rea of Illumination for LED set 6 &s Dist from source

*istance 3rom 75* Tip Total Num!er o3 Pi:els Threshold 7imit ;hite Pi:els


19/37

13

(II) 2ield o3 vie o3 Cameras used

&anu3acturer &odel (esolution (egion83rom , cm9 rea

Samsung M$&& '!+ 9 cm 6 cm 8& cm 8

0o-ia 5&'& '.8!+ 5.9 cm 6.: cm '7.% cm 8

Samsung >5$: 7.'!+ 6.5 cm '.8 cm 76.$ cm 8

!otorola L5i &.'!+ (34 ) 9 cm '.$ cm 7%.9 cm 8

Ta!le '.% List of camera specifications and field of ie#.

d. $ntensity against type o3 75*s

2ig '.+ Intensity ersus #a elength.

2e can see that there is considerably higher po#er in the $%&nm ' LED set that #e

are using. /his* typically* should lead to a rise in image uality courtesy higher intensity*

constricted only by the aforementioned restrictions.

e. (easons 3or optimising at +/> nm2e too- images for sets 7* 8* '* 6 and 9 #ith the '!+ camera. /here #ere distinctly

better images for sets 7* 6 and 9 #hen compared to sets 8 and '. lso* there is no

discernible difference in image uality bet#een set 7* 6 and 9. /he circuit comple ity*

ho#e er* is much higher for set 9* because of the different #a elength LEDs ha ing

different current ratings. /hus* #e can say that sets 7and 6 are the best performing and

most efficient setup in terms of feasibility and image uality.

780 840 940

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

intensity at5 cm for fo-cal dist=5cm

Wavelength (nm

! o " e r ( m W


20/37

14

3. (easons 3or optimising at ' 75* sets

>or sets 7 and 6* there is comparable performance in terms of image uality at

medium distance ranges. ,o#e er at slightly higher range* illumination suddenly drops

off for set 7. lso* set 6 has a more regular illumination pattern* closely resembling a

s uircle. So* #e prefer using set 6* the $%& nm 6 LED set

g. ngles used 3or e:perimentation8hence? a:ial distance 3rom 3ocus9

/o ma-e the beams meet at a certain point on the a is* the LEDs are tilted at certain

angles in respect to the hori?ontal. /hese angles are based on the a ial distance at #hich

the separate beams central a es meet. /he focal distances and angles of inclination #e

used are as follo#sG

>ocal Distance (cm) ngle (degrees) in respect to hori?ontal

8 9'

' 5'.9

6 5:.9

9 $'.'

5 $:Ta!le '.' List of focal distances.

h . -ptical Properties o3 4uman skin and !lood.

/he uality of image obtained by any camera is dependent on the optical properties ofhuman tissue. /his is because any image obtained depends not ust on the light emitted bythe LED source* but on the amount of light that is reflected bac- into the field of ie# ofthe camera.

/he optical properties that primarily need to be considered are the absorption andscattering coefficients of s-in epidermis* melanosomes(containing melanin) and enular

blood at the re uired light #a elength ($%& nm). lso re uired is the typical uantity ofmelanosomes in the epidermis of light s-inned and dar- s-inned people. /he melaninconcentration #ould help calculate the ratio of absorption coefficients of s-in to enular

blood at $%& nm. /his is turn* #ould help predict contrast pattern for images obtained#ith ambient lighting at $%& nm* for N3einOGNother tissuesO.


21/37

15

2ig './ bsorption coefficient of epidermis #ith f.mel F 7&P Reduced scattering coefficient* J s .derm* of dermis.


22/37

16

2ig.'.11 Scattering coefficient s #a elength of o ygenated and deo ygenated #hole blood computed by !ie theory using the calculated comple refracti e indices.


23/37

17

Property Skin Aein 8*eo:y#4!9

bsorption coefficient J a ( mm 17)


24/37

18

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Chapter , – -ptimi ed system

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

a. System parameters

/he camera mobile system is attached #ith a e ternal contraption containing aconcentric array of four LED in circular symmetrical pattern* (i.e. each LED lie on thecircumference of a circle ant ninety degree from the center). /his setup #as found to bethe best case for ein ie#ing using minimal po#er consumption i.e. in our case anattached camera mobile de ice.

/he set is made by arranging in circle of a diameter of 'cm in#ard bending LEDs#ith angle &f $$ o./he LEDs #ere fi ed on a ero board on LED holders. Each LED #as 7 cm in height.

/he contraption #as connected to a 53* (suggested current input 9& m ) e ternal po#er source through remo able clip. /he po#er source and the ero board containing

the LED array #ere fi ed on a remo able plastic co er. '& P pass filter is added to cutglare and gi e optimum ie#ing capabilities./he contraption is s#itched onAoff by means of a remo able clip.

2ig ,.1. three dimensional image of the optimi?ed system.


25/37

19

2ig ,.". !obile #ith contraption (Bac- 3ie#).

2ig ,.%. !obile(>ront 3ie#) #ith contraption (Bac- 3ie#).


26/37


27/37

21

;orking Principle /he near infrared light ($%6 nm) is sensiti e to o ygenatedhemoglobin in the blood* to pro ide the contrast bet#een the blood essels and s-in. /he

penetrability of near infrared light is more compared to isible light ma-ing it ideal forein detection. >our near infrared LEDs are used to pro ide uniform illumination and

images #ill be ac uired #hile these LEDs are on. /he instrument #as optimi?ed and

found to ha e good performance #hen the images #ere ac uired at K 6 cm distance fromthe human s-in.

Sa3ety &easures /he e uipment (0ear infrared LEDs) is po#ered through four si?e batteries* pro iding 5 3olts (9& m ). /he near infrared light is completely harmless andtypical po#er reading of the near infrared light is 7& m2. ll images are ac uired non1in asi ely using mobile phone camera and there is no ioni?ing radiation in ol ed.

$mage cBuisition time +atient preparationG K 7 minute* c uisitionG K ' minutes(/hree images #ill be ac uired G one #ith LED illumination* second #ithout LEDillumination* third #ill be during inter enus in ection)

2or 3urther details regarding protocol re3er to protocol details separately uploaded.

2ig ,.0. Imaging techni ue.


28/37

22

c. Possi!le improvements

/he current setup pro es the hypothesis that current models of a ailable mobilecamera #ith suitable LED array can be optimi?ed for dermal and near1dermal ein

ie#ing. +ossible optimi?ation includes a thresholding algorithm* to gi e clearer

indication of ein detection and indication. lso diffused light source can be used formore uniform illumination. Larger concentric LED arrays #ith similar focus as in theoptimi?ed system* #ill gi e better field of ie# for ein ie#ing.

/he contraption could be integrated into the camera mobile phones to further enhancemobility and portability. /he camera uality impro ement #ill gi e better uality images.IR sensiti ity of the camera could be further increased to gi e better uality images in the

0IR domain.It can be added to internal battery source could ma-e the contraption less bul-y.


29/37

23

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Chapter 0 # Comparison ;ith vaila!le Technologies

6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666

a. cademic Pu!licationsRefer to Chapter 8 1 Introduction.

!. Patented technologies/he patents mentioned in the references deal mostly #ith the issue of subsurface

structure imaging methodologies and systems.

+atents 8* ' *6 *9 and 5 #hich basically deals #ith the same in ention underdifferent urisdictions* necessarily deal #ith generation of diffused infrared light forilluminating an ob ect and producing a ideo image of the ob ect based on reflected

infrared light. 2hile the described mechanism can be used for the purpose of einimaging* it s primary utility is in that of thermal imaging and also that of short range

ision in dar- ambience. /hough similar in principle to the de iceAmechanism that has been discussed and presented in this report* it has se eral important points that helps usdiscern bet#een the t#o.

primary difference is in the mounting of LEDs on a cur ed pseudo sphericalsurface in the aforementioned patent literature. /his results in increased complication ofdesign and usage as space occupied also increases* especially #hen compared to thede ice in uestion* i?. >ormer is not #ell suited to be integrated in miniature hand heldde ices. It is hence obser ed that the proposed de ice has an higher portability and

manoeu rability. /he number of LEDs used in constructing the de ice* in the abo ementioned patents are much higher and therefore needs larger e ternal po#er input to runde ice* #hich pre ents it to be integrated to hand held de ices containing minimal batteryoperated po#er source. !ore comple optical setup is re uired* using compleamalgamation of mirrors* lenses and multiple e ternal light source to optimise

performance* ma-ing it more bul-y and not suitable as add1ons to hand held de ices.lso* such a setup #ould result in escalation of cost and diminished ease of use.

>or patents $ and %* #e see a structure much comple in nature* #ith image processing algorithms introduced resulted in added re uirement of processing po#er.!as-ing* di ision* contrast enhancement and blue filter cause an un#anted increase in

bul-. Mse of additional optical tools is an added problem.

>or patent :* dedicated digiti?er image processor* and specific diagnostic and prognostic e pert system circuitry is re uired* #hich results in massi e increase incomple ity and cost. /hus its usefulness is limited to pathological laboratories* hospitalsand high cost setups. It lac-s the capability to record information in pictographic format*thus rendering inability of data reco ery and circulatory system mapping.


30/37


31/37


32/37

26

from Lo#1Quality ImagesG 0e# Biometric techni ue Msing Lo#1Cost

De icesO* IEEE* 6th International Conference on Image and 4raphics* 8&&$

(7&) Shi Whao* Vi1Ding 2ang and Vun1,ong 2ang* Biometric identification

Based on Lo# Quality ,and 3ein +attern images * International Conf. on

!achine Learning @ Cybernetics* 78179 Tuly 8&&%* Uunming* Vunnan* China*

3ol. 8* pp. 77$8177$$.

(11 T./. Uuenstner and U.,. 0orris* NSpectrophotometry of human hemoglobin in

the near infrared region from 7&&& to 89&& nmO* T 0ear Infrared Spectroscopy 8

(7::6)* pp. 9:X59.

(78) D. T. >aber* !. C. 4. alders* E. 4. !i-* B. . ,ooper* !. T. C. an

4emert* and /. 4. an Leeu#en* N" ygen Saturation1Dependent bsorption and

Scattering of Blood.O +hys. Re . Lett. :'* &8%7&8 (8&&6).

(7') S. Srini asan* B. 2. +ogue* S. Tiang* ,. Dehghani* and U. D. +aulsen*

N3alidation of hemoglobin and #ater molar absorption spectra in near1infrared

diffuse optical tomography*O in "ptical /omography and Spectroscopy of /issue

3* B. Chance* R. R. lfano* B. T. /romberg* !. /amura* and E. !. Se ic-1

!uraca* eds.* +roc. S+IE 6:99* 6&$X 679 (8&&').

(76) S. L. Tac ues* D. T. !c uliffe* /he melanosomeG threshold temperature

for e plosi e apori?ation and internal absorption coefficient during pulsed laserirradiation* +hotochemistry @ +hotobiology*9'* $5:1$9 (7::7).

(79) /abulated data from arious sources compiled by S. +rahl at

httpGAAomlc.ogi.eduAspectra.


33/37

27

7ist o3 Patent (e3erences

No. Patent No. Country Title $nventorsD pplicants

7. MS D955*8%' MS 3ein imaging apparatus Brafford et al.8. 88&%:6 India Imaging System usingDiffuse Infrared Light Luminet Corporation

'. MS $*8':*:&: B8 MS Imaging System usingDiffuse Infrared Light ,erbert D. Weman

6. 2" 8&&6A&%&8$5 8 International Imaging System usingDiffuse Infrared Light ,erbert D. Weman

9. 7&8&&9&7798$9 Uorea Imaging System usingDiffuse Infrared Light ,erbert D. Weman

5. M 8&&688&566 B8 ustralia Imaging System usingDiffuse Infrared Light ,erbert D. Weman

$. 9'9$AC,E0+A8&&: India

System and !ethod for+ro ection of subsurfacestructure onto an ob ect s

surface

Luminet Corporation

%. 2" 8&&%A7&778: 7 International

System and !ethod for+ro ection of subsurfacestructure onto an ob ect s

surface

Luminet Corporation

:. 9765:8' MS pparatus and method fors-in lesion e amination tam +. Dha#an


34/37

28

nne:ure $ (adiant po er 5nergy &eter *etails

/he anne ure is recei ed from the user guide of the Radiant po#er Energy !eter* fromSpectra 1 +hysics* "riel Electronics.(!odel $&85&)

II.' +hotodiode ,eads

Ese o3 +>"0> ith Photodiode heads

/o set type of light source or Laser being used G

7. >rom bargraph measurements screen press the menu button t#ice and pressNlaserO until the correct laser type of #a elength is displayed.

8. Return to bargraph screen by pressing the menu button again.

To choose manual or automatic ranging or drom the bargraph screen* press the menu button once.8. +ress NrangeO and then select the appropriate manual range autorange or

dBm(logarithmic scale).'. +ress Ne itO and then press the menu button t#ice to return to the bargraph

measurement screen.

Selecting chosen ;avelengths

7. >rom the po#er measurement mode* press the menu button located on the rightside until NmoreO appears. +ress NmoreO.

8. +ress select until N#a elengthO is highlighted. +ress NgoO'. +ress NchangeO and then NupO and Ndo#nO to select the first #a elength. Repeat

steps 8 and ' for other #a elengths desired.

Setting Startup Con3igurations

7. >rom the po#er measurement mode press the menu button located on the rightside until NmoreO appears. +ress NmoreO.

8. +ress NselectO until NconfigureO is highlighted. +ress NgoO.'. +ress NselectO until configure is highlighted. +ress NgoO.6. +ress NselectO and N alueO to choose the manual po#er range you #ish to be

default or choose autorange.9. 0o# press Nselect and N alueO again to choose the po#er line fre uency and

startup #a elength.

"&wer eas'rement

Warning. Do not exceed the #axi#u# head li#it for power, energy, and power densityas listed in the ta%le with the head specifications. Otherwise, there is a risk of da#agingthe a%sor%er.


35/37

29

To e:pand the !argraph scale 1>F a!out the present reading

7. >rom the bargraph po#er measurement screen press the menu button then press

N?oomO then press the menu button t#ice again or simply press the center buttonform the bargraph screen #ithout the menu button.8. +ress N?oomO again to return to full scale.

To o33set current reading set to ero

7. >rom the bargraph po#er measurement screen press the menu button then pressNoffsetO or ust press the left upper button from the bargraph screen.

8. +ress Noffset again to cancel.

To use the +>"0> to 3ine tune light source or laser po er

7. >rom the bargraph po#er measurement screen press he menu button t#ice then press NmoreO.

8. +res NselectO until NtuneO is highlighted. +ress NgoO.

A. -P5( T$-N ;$T4 P4-T-*$-*5 TYP5 45 *S

Warning . Before using the head for power or energy #easure#ent, check that your light source orlaser power or energy density does not exceed the head ratings

A$.1 Photodiode !sor!er 4eads

2hen a photon source* such as a laser* is directed at a photodiode detector* a current iscreated proportional to the light intensity and dependent on the #a elength.

/he $&8%5 heads and $&8%% ha e a uni ue sensor design head (patent applied for) in#hich the t#o sensors are identical and connected bac- to bac-. 2hen a uniform signal*such as room light* falls on the detector head the signal form the t#o sensors cancels.

"n the other hand #hen a light source or a laser beam falls on the head* it illuminates

only the first sensor and therefore is detected. /hus the $&8%5 automatically subtractsmost of the bac-ground #hile deleting the desired signal. /he subtraction is not perfect but usually :%P of the bac-ground signal is eliminated so that the detector can be easily be used in ordinary lighting conditions.

$&8%8 Si head #ithout bac-ground subtraction e tends measurement capabilities to M3and $&8%$ be lead to IR.


36/37


37/37

31

nne:ure $$ *iode *etails

' Sets of LEDs used independently.

2a elengthsG

No. ;avelength 75* Aoltage8A9 Current8m 9

7.$%&nm LED$%&1&' M 7.$9 9&

8.%6&nm ELD1%6&1979 7.$ 7&

'.:6&nm "+E99%6S 76 7&&

6.:6&nm IR'''C1 7.7 8&

/he laser diodes #ere procured from

(-$T4N5( 7 S5(T5C4N$K Gm!42iedner ,auptstrasse $5* 17&6& 3ienna* ustria/el.G H6'1719%5986'1& >a G H6'1719%5986'66###.roithner1laser.com* office[roithner1laser.comMIDG /M57:'%6%:* >0G 855:96f* ,4 2ien

Costumer no.G 7''87'RL/ "rder no.G &8$796

Date post:	05-Jul-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	nita-harwedi
View:	240 times
Download:	0 times

IISc Report

Documents