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where nfN and gN is the linear noise figure and linear gain, respectively of stage N. Noise figure is noise factor expressed in decibels (dB). The noise factor equation shows that stage 1 has the most influence in the overal noise factor/figure of a system. As a result, to reduce the total noise figure the first stage device should have low-noise and relatively high gain. This is why a low-noise amplifier (LNA) is the first active device in a communications system.Use the EM Talk noise figure calculator to determine the overall noise figure for a cascaded N-stage amplifier/system. The number of stages can range from 2 to 30 stages. No need to download an excel sheet to do your noise figure calculations!where nfN and gN is the linear noise figure and linear gain, respectively of stage N. Noise
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  Abstract  The IEEE 802.11n is an emerging technology that has very high throughput WLAN stanar !hich coul achieve ata rates up to "00 #$ps in 2.% &'( or ) &'( $an !ith a channel $an!ith o* 20 #'( or %0 #'(. In This paper !e invest igat e the at a thr oughput per* ormance o* IEE E 802.1 1n in mul tiple input mul tipl e out put +#I#,- ortho gonal *reuency ivision multiple/ing +,#- system. A list o* suspect parameters is analy(e in this paper to assess thei r e**e ct on per*ormance o* the IEEE 802. 11n phy sica l layer taen as an appli cat ion o* #I#, technol ogy . The scheme uses $ina ry phase shi *t e ying +3456-7 uarat ure phase shi* t e yi ng + 456- an uaratu re ampl itue moulation +A#- techniue uner Aitive !hite &aussian noise +AW&N- channels. 5imulation results sho! a signi*icant per*ormance o* $it error rate +3E9- an pacet error rate +4E9- epening on the channel selection.  Index Terms    #I#,7 ,#7 IEEE802.11n7 4ac et Error 9ate7 throughput. I. I  NTRODUCTION The communication de vel opment of the twent y- fir st century is fa ci ng an ind icati on of the loca l wi re le ss networs. !eople want to "e connected everywhere and all the time. This is the reason of giant popularity of wireless local area networs. The physical layer #!$%& design of wi re le ss sy ste ms has to ma nage wi th the co mp le ' interaction "etween analog radio fre(uency hardware that operates at carrier fre(uencies in some )$* range and the dig ita l "a se "and har dwar e whic h pe rf or ms comple ' algori thms lie viter"i-d eco ding+ filte ring+ pulse shaping fa st fo ur ier tr ans form #, ,T& etc /. The de mand fo r fle'i"ility has initiated a convergence of several wireless standards in very small porta"le devices. The I000 123.n is a currently emerg ing wireless l ocal 4r ea net wor #564N& stan dard capa" le of pro viding dramatically inc reased throughput + as well as improved range+ reduce d signa l fa ding + ove r the e'is ting I000 123.a7"7g 564N standards. To reali*e a wide range of services at high rate with high "andwidth and (uality of serv ices #8o9 & assu rance+ the I000 123.n is prese nted which adopts :I :O-O,D: technology 3/. The research shows that :I:O-O,D: system can transmit information with higher data rate and "etter 8o9. Therefore+ the I000 123.n will "e a"le to reach data rates of ;22 :"ps+ and it guarante es a mi nimu m of 22 :"p s of throughput+ mea nwh ile+ it dep res ses the Int er-9 ym"ol Int erf ere nce caused "y mu lti-pa th fa di ng+ enha nces imme ns el y transmi ssi on per for mance of wi rel ess communica tion system. In order to simulate new characteristics of 123.n  physical layer+ 123.n Tas )roup #T)n& considers and  proposes si' inds of channel model applied to adapt to dif fer ent enviro nmen ts </ . In =anuar y 322 > the I00 0   formed a new T)n to deve lop an amendment to the 123.n standard. The raw data throughput over the !$% was defined to reach appro'imately ;22 :"ps using a radio  "andwidth of >2:$*. It was also pro@ected that 123.n should of fe r a "e tt er oper ati ng di st ance tha n e'istin g networs. There was a lengthy phase in which two system  proposals "loced each other. Aeside some different ideas #c odi ng+ higher order mod ulat ions+ spa ce-time-c odi ng& the re has "e en an over whel mi ng agreement tha t the inte nded high thro ughp ut can onl y "e achie ve d "y using :I:O techni(ues+ i.e. multiple antennas at the transmitter as well as at the receiver. The new standard "uilds upon the  previous 123.a standard "y adding :I:O and an e'tension of the radio "andwidth to >2:$*. :I:O uses mul tipl e tra nsmi tter and rec eiv er antennas to allo w for increa sed data throughput through spatial multiple 'ing and for increas ed range "y e'pl oiting the spatia l diver sity as well as through space-time coding schemes lie alamouti coding >/. In 322B the 0nha nce d 5ir ele ss Consor tium #05C& was formed to help accelerate the I000 123.n develo pmen t pr ocess and pr omote a te chnol og y spec ific ation for interopera "ility of ne't 564N produc ts 3/. The final standard is e'pected to "e completed in 322;. In this art icle + we disc us s compu tat ion of input A0R in :I:O channels with different modulation types on each spatial stream. II.:I:O-O,D: O, D: is a multi -car ri er tr ans mi ssion te chni(ue in employment to decrease the inter sym"ol interference #I9I& of wireless systems with lesser sym"ol periods. 4s a result+ the over al l ca pa ci ty in wi re less systems is upgr aded. 4nother promising transmission techni(ue is :I:O which ena"les the enhancement of "it capacity and performance wi th low A0R proport iona l to the num"er of antenna s. There fore high spec trally effici ent wir eless transmission s ca n "e pr oduced "y us ing multi ple tr ans mis si ons and mult ip le receiving ant enna s. ,ur th ermore+ the amalgamation of :I:O and O,D: systems significantly decreases the e(uali*ation comple'ity B/. The de fin ition of :I:O sy ste ms is that wi th a giv en ar"itrar y wir eless communica tion sy stem+ there is a lin wh er e the tra nsmitt ing end and the re ce iving end ar e e(u ipped wit h mul tiple ante nna ele ments. The sig nals  produced "y "oth types of anten nas com"ine in such a way+ which result in a reduced A0R or increased data rate. 4 ma@or advantage of :I:O system is their a"ility to utili*e multi -pa th pr opa gatio n to inc re as e the tr ansmissi on efficiency and channel capacity "y the use of random fading and multipath delay spr ead. In this way+ many order s of ma gni tude enhance ment can "e ac hie ve d in wi re less communications without the use of e'tra spectrum ;/. The destructive addition of multipath in a propagation medium !erformance analysis of data throughput in I000 123.n :I:O O,D: system :. 4. Rahman+ :. A. I. Rea*+ $afi*ah $usain+  :ohd 4lauddin :ohd 4li+ :ohd. :arufu**aman+  Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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    Abstract The IEEE 802.11n is an emerging technology

    that has very high throughput WLAN stanar !hich coul

    achieve ata rates up to "00 #$ps in 2.% &'( or ) &'( $an!ith a channel $an!ith o* 20 #'( or %0 #'(. In This

    paper !e investigate the ata throughput per*ormance o*IEEE 802.11n in multiple input multiple output +#I#,-

    orthogonal *reuency ivision multiple/ing +,#- system.A list o* suspect parameters is analy(e in this paper to assess

    their e**ect on per*ormance o* the IEEE 802.11n physical

    layer taen as an application o* #I#, technology. Thescheme uses $inary phase shi*t eying +3456-7 uarature

    phase shi*t eying +456- an uarature amplitue

    moulation +A#- techniue uner Aitive !hite &aussiannoise +AW&N- channels. 5imulation results sho! a signi*icantper*ormance o* $it error rate +3E9- an pacet error rate

    +4E9- epening on the channel selection.

    Index Terms #I#,7 ,#7 IEEE802.11n7 4acetError 9ate7 throughput.

    I. INTRODUCTION

    The communication development of the twenty-first

    century is facing an indication of the local wireless

    networs. !eople want to "e connected everywhere and all

    the time. This is the reason of giant popularity of wirelesslocal area networs. The physical layer #!$%& design of

    wireless systems has to manage with the comple'

    interaction "etween analog radio fre(uency hardware that

    operates at carrier fre(uencies in some )$* range and the

    digital "ase"and hardware which performs comple'

    algorithms lie viter"i-decoding+ filtering+ pulse shaping

    fast fourier transform #,,T& etc /. The demand for

    fle'i"ility has initiated a convergence of several wirelessstandards in very small porta"le devices.

    The I000 123.n is a currently emerging wireless local

    4rea networ #564N& standard capa"le of providing

    dramatically increased throughput+ as well as improved

    range+ reduced signal fading+ over the e'isting I000123.a7"7g 564N standards. To reali*e a wide range of

    services at high rate with high "andwidth and (uality of

    services #8o9& assurance+ the I000 123.n is presented

    which adopts :I:O-O,D: technology 3/. The research

    shows that :I:O-O,D: system can transmit information

    with higher data rate and "etter 8o9. Therefore+ the I000

    123.n will "e a"le to reach data rates of ;22 :"ps+ and it

    guarantees a minimum of 22 :"ps of throughput+

    meanwhile+ it depresses the Inter-9ym"ol Interferencecaused "y multi-path fading+ enhances immensely

    transmission performance of wireless communication

    system. In order to simulate new characteristics of 123.n

    physical layer+ 123.n Tas )roup #T)n& considers andproposes si' inds of channel model applied to adapt to

    different environments the I000

    ?

    formed a new T)n to develop an amendment to the

    123.n standard. The raw data throughput over the !$%

    was defined to reach appro'imately ;22 :"ps using a radio

    "andwidth of >2:$*. It was also pro@ected that 123.n

    should offer a "etter operating distance than e'isting

    networs. There was a lengthy phase in which two system

    proposals "loced each other. Aeside some different ideas

    #coding+ higher order modulations+ space-time-coding&

    there has "een an overwhelming agreement that the

    intended high throughput can only "e achieved "y using

    :I:O techni(ues+ i.e. multiple antennas at the transmitter

    as well as at the receiver. The new standard "uilds upon theprevious 123.a standard "y adding :I:O and an

    e'tension of the radio "andwidth to >2:$*. :I:O uses

    multiple transmitter and receiver antennas to allow for

    increased data throughput through spatial multiple'ing and

    for increased range "y e'ploiting the spatial diversity as

    well as through space-time coding schemes lie alamouti

    coding >/. In 322B the 0nhanced 5ireless Consortium

    #05C& was formed to help accelerate the I000 123.n

    development process and promote a technology

    specification for interopera"ility of ne't 564N products

    3/. The final standard is e'pected to "e completed in 322;.

    In this article+ we discuss computation of input A0R in

    :I:O channels with different modulation types on eachspatial stream.

    II.:I:O-O,D:

    O,D: is a multi-carrier transmission techni(ue inemployment to decrease the inter sym"ol interference #I9I&of wireless systems with lesser sym"ol periods. 4s a result+the overall capacity in wireless systems is upgraded.4nother promising transmission techni(ue is :I:O whichena"les the enhancement of "it capacity and performancewith low A0R proportional to the num"er of antennas.Therefore high spectrally efficient wireless transmissions

    can "e produced "y using multiple transmissions andmultiple receiving antennas. ,urthermore+ theamalgamation of :I:O and O,D: systems significantlydecreases the e(uali*ation comple'ity B/.

    The definition of :I:O systems is that with a given

    ar"itrary wireless communication system+ there is a lin

    where the transmitting end and the receiving end are

    e(uipped with multiple antenna elements. The signals

    produced "y "oth types of antennas com"ine in such a way+

    which result in a reduced A0R or increased data rate. 4

    ma@or advantage of :I:O system is their a"ility to utili*e

    multi-path propagation to increase the transmission

    efficiency and channel capacity "y the use of random fading

    and multipath delay spread. In this way+ many orders ofmagnitude enhancement can "e achieved in wireless

    communications without the use of e'tra spectrum ;/. The

    destructive addition of multipath in a propagation medium

    !erformance analysis of data throughput in I000123.n :I:O O,D: system

    :. 4. Rahman+ :. A. I. Rea*+ $afi*ah $usain+:ohd 4lauddin :ohd 4li+ :ohd. :arufu**aman+Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,

    43600, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

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    and the interference of other users results in severe

    attenuation of the transmitted signal over the wireless

    channel. The relia"ility of wireless communications is the

    product of diversity techni(ues such as temporal diversity+

    fre(uency diversity or antenna diversity. In order to achieve

    the full diversity promised "y transmit and received

    antennas+ space time "loc code #9TAC& is used -1/. The

    employment of more than one antenna at the transmitter

    and the proper coding of data across the transmit antennasphysical layers with 9TAC guarantee an increased data rate

    with minimal decoding comple'ity at the receiver. The

    channel codes are constructed "ased on the classical

    mathematical framewor of orthogonal designs. ,or

    comple' signal constellations such as 84:+ 9TACs are

    designed to achieve the ma'imum possi"le transmission

    rate for any num"er of transmit antennas /. It is a

    techni(ue+ which operates on a "loc of input sym"ols

    producing a matri' and outputs whose columns and rows

    represent time and antennas+ respectively. 4 ey feature of

    9TACs is the provision of full diversity with e'tremely low

    encoder7decoder comple'ity 2/. ,ig. and 3 show "loc

    diagrams of general :I:O transmit and receive data pathstructures for an I000 123.n !$% layer.

    ,ig. . :I:O-O,D: transmitter "locs

    ,ig. 3. :I:O-O,D: receiver "locs

    $ence+ the most forthcoming tendency of I000 123.nstandard applications anticipated to com"ine :I:O withO,D: signal processing in the ne't generation 564Nsystem. The o"@ective is to provide high data rates up to ;22:"ps. It is nown that the arrangement of :I:O-O,D:is a promising elucidation for enhancing the performance.

    $igh throughput in wireless communication systems can "eachieved "y increasing the num"er of antennas anddou"ling the "andwidth range. In addition+ 9TACtechni(ues are also suggested in the :I:O-O,D: "ased123.n standard proposals "y considering that 9TAC canhelp to achieve the full diversity and hence increase thedata rates and throughput of an 123.n system ;/. Thepurpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of123.n under a selection of different 9TAC rates and :C9inde'. The system under investigation is a >'> :I:O-O,D: !$% layer with ;>-84: modulation 45)Nchannels with 9TAC code rates and 73. Comparison isperformed with a 3'3 :I:O-O,D: system in order toshow full diversity performance of the system. !revious

    wor provided us with results from some simple modulationtechni(ues+ e.g. 8!9E modulation for the code rate of and ;-84: for the code rate of 73. The scope of thispaper is to advance the 123.n performance on ;>-84:

    modulation techni(ue with 9TAC code rates and 73+ andto evaluate its performance through e'tensive simulations.The simulation results confirm that a significantperformance gain can "e achieved with a system of 739TAC code rate and multiple transmit7receive antennas+ incomparison to those systems with 9TAC code rate .Farious modulation schemes and coding rates are defined"y the standard and are represented "y a modulation and

    coding scheme inde' value in ta"le I.

    T4A60 IG :ODU64TION 4ND CODIN) 9C$0:0

    :C9in-de'

    9patialstreams

    :odulationtype

    Codingrate

    Data rate #:"it7s&32 :$*channel

    >2 :$*channel

    2 A!9E 73 .32 B.22 8!9E 73 >.>2 B.22

    < ;-84: 73 31.2 ;2.22> ;-84: >-84: ;B.22 -84: B7; 3.32 B2.221 3 A!9E 73 >.>2 2.22> 3 ;>-84: -84: B7; >>.>2

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    operates in B)$* R, "and and may use >2 :$* or 32 :$*"andwidth. The rest of the O,D: parameters in our designwhich are "ased on the T)n9ync standard are shown inTa"le II.T4A60 IIG O,D: !4R4:0T0R ,OR 123.N

    !arameter Falue,,T si*e ;>

    9u"carrier B3Data su"carrier >1

    Carrier spacing 2.'> :I:O-O,D: system using 73

    9TAC code rate and a 3'3 :I:O-O,D: system using

    9TAC code rate e'hi"its in ,ig. >. The !erformance gain

    is achieved "y the channel selection with 73 9TAC coderate for :C9systems at >B dA using 9TAC code rate 73 and payloadB22 Ayte under 45)N channel. The a"ove simulationresult e'hi"its a significant performance gain that can "eachieved "y 73 9TAC.

    F. CONC6U9ION

    In this paper+ we have presented an elucidation of :I:OO,D: system performance in I000 123.n. 4 lower

    :C9 value has used corresponding to a throughout

    reduction. It can "e seen that if :C9 is changed to higher

    data rate with the same transmitting antennas+ "oth !0R

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    and A0R performance will "e influenced. The reached gain

    is more significant for large pacets+ since the 123.n

    standard "ecomes less an issue+ with larger amounts of

    payload information is transmitted per channel access.

    R0,0R0NC09

    / A. ,u and !. 4mpadu+ K4n area efficient ,,T7I,,T processor for:I:O-O,D: 564N 123. n+L !o"rnal of Signal #rocessing

    Systems, vol. B;+ pp. B-;1+ 322.3/ 0. !erahia+ KI000 123. n developmentG history+ process+ andtechnology+L $omm"nications Maga%ine, &EEE, vol. >;+ pp. >1-BB+3221.

    -channel ,,Tprocessor for I000 123. n :I:O-O,D: 564N system+L in 2reen

    and Ubi"ito"s ec5nology .2U/, 01 &nternational $onferenceon+ 323+ pp. >-.

    ;/ 0. Charfi+ 6. Chaari+ and 6. Eamoun+ K!$%7:4C enhancements and8o9 mechanisms for very high throughput 564NsG a survey+L &EEE$omm"nications S"rveys "torials, vol. B+ pp. > M + pp. B


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