UNITEDSTATESHISTORY&GEOGRAPHY

Joyce Appleby, Ph.D.Alan Brinkley, Ph.D.

Albert s. Broussard, Ph.D.James M. McPherson, Ph.D.

Donald A. Ritchie, Ph.D.

•Bothell, WA • Chicago, IL • Columbus, OH • New York, NY

Colonizing America, Prehistory to 1754 1

The American Revolution, 1754-1783 35

Essential QuestionsHow did the movement of people, goods,and ideas, muse sodal change over time?• How were the colonies affeeted by globalconflicts? • How did the colonies developidentities independent of Great Britain?

Essential QuestionWhy do people rebel?

Place and Time Colonizing America 1492-1707 2

LESSON 1 North America Betore Columbus 4

LESSON 2 Europe Begins to Explore 10Analyzing Primary Sources Columbus's Views of Hispaniola 13Analyzing Primary Sources The Defeat of the Aztec ..... 14

LESSON 3 Founding the Thirteen Colonies ., 16Biography Squanto (1580?-1622) 18

LESSON 4 Population and Economy 23Analyzing Primary Sources Challenges for Colonists 28

LESSON 5 (iovernance and New Ideas 29Analyzing PrimarySources The Trial of John Peter Zenger .. .32

Place and Time United States 1748-1783 36

LESSON1 The ColoniesFight tor Their Rights 38Analyzing Primary Sources The Right to Tax 40Biography Patrick Henry (1736-1799) 42Connections to Today Right to Protest 43

LESSON 2 The Revolution Begins 44THE DECLARATIONOF INDEPENDENCE 52

LESSON 3 The War tor Independence 57Analyzing Primary Sources Thomas Paine on the War

for Independence 59

LESSON4 The War ChangesAmerican Sodety ...63

(reating a (onstitution, 1781-1789 69

Federalists and Republicans, 1789-1816 117

Essential QuestionWhat gives a government authority?

Essential QuestionWhy do people form political parties?

PlaceandTime United States 1781-1793 70

LESSON 1 The Confederation 72Analyzing Primary Sources Thomas Jefferson on

Shays's Rebellion 75

LESSON 2 ANew Constitution 76Analyzing PrimarySources James Madison's Virginia Plan .. .77Biography Roger Sherman (1721-1793) 78Analyzing Primary Sources Thomas Jefferson on

Separation of Powers 79

LESSON 3 Ratifying the Constitution 81Biography James Madison (1751-1836) 82THECONSTITUTIONHANDBOOK 87Connections to Today Sonia Sotomayor 92THECONSTITUTIONOFTHEUNITEDSTATES 97

PlaceandTime United States 1789-1815 118

LESSON 1 Washington and Congress 120

LESSON 2 Partisan Politics 124Analyzing Primary Sources Washington's Farewe/l

Address 126

LESSON 3 Jefferson in Office 128Analyzing Supreme Court Cases Marbury v. Madison,

1803 130Analyzing Primary Sources Marbury v. Madison. . . . . .. 130

LESSON 4 The Warof1812 132Analyzing Primary Sources War Hawks 133Biography Tecumseh (1768-1813) 134

Growth and Division, 1816-1832 137

The Spirit of Reform, 1828-1845 159

Essential QuestionsHow did the nation's economy help shape itspolitics?· How did the economic differencesbetween the North and the South causetension?

Essential Questions(an average citizens change society?• How did reforms of this era increasetensions between North and South?

Place and Time United States 1817-1831 138

LESSON 1 American Nationalism 140Analyzing Supreme Court Cases McCulloch v.

Maryland, 1819. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. 142Analyzing Primary Sources The Monroe Doctrine 144

LESSON 2 Early Industry 145Analyzing Primary Sources Agriculture in the North . 149

LESSON 3 The Land of Cotton 150Biography Frederick Douglass (18181-1895) 153Thinking Like a Historian Evaluating Sourees 154

LESSON 4 6rowing Sectionalism 155Analyzing Primary Sources Henry Clay's American

System 157

Place and Time United States 1828-1848 160

LESSON 1 Jacksonian America 162Biography Daniel Webster (1782-1852) 163

LESSON 2 AChanging Culture 167Connections to Today Utopian Communities 169Analyzing Primary Sources Henry David Thoreau's

Waiden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 170

LESSON 3 Reforming Society 171LESSON 4 The Abolitionist Movement 176Biographies Sarah Grimke (1792-1873) Angelina

Grimke (1805-1879) 177

Manifest Destiny, 1820-1848 181

Sectional Conflict Intensifies, 1848-1861 201

. i. •

Essential QuestionsWhy did people want to move west in the1800s?· How did westward migrationaffeet the relationship between theUnited States and other countries andpeoples during this time?

Essential QuestionWas the CivilWar inevitable?

Place and Time United States 1821-1848 182

LESSON 1 The Western Pioneers 184

LESSON 2 The Hispanic Southwest 187Analyzing Primary Sources A Visitor Comments on

Frontier California 188Analyzing Primary Sources Foreign Traders in

California 189

LESSON 3 Independence for Texas 190ConnectionstoToday The Alamo 192

LESSON 4 The War With Mexico 195Analyzing Primary Sources Should the United States

Go to War with Mexico? 197

Place and Time United States 1848-1861 :. 202

LESSON 1 Slavery and Western Expansion .. 204Analyzing Primary Sources Webster on Seccession ... 206

LESSON 2 The Crisis Deepens 210Analyzing Supreme Court Cases Dred Scott v.

Sandford, 1857 212Biography Stephen Douglas (1813-1861) 213

LESSON 3 The Union Dissolves 216Thinking Like a Historian Comparing Points ofView .. 218

The Civil War, 1861-1865 221

Reconstruction, 1865-1877 247

Settling the West, 1865-1890 265

Essential Questions(an the nation's union of states bebroken?' Should war be conductedagainst both military and ävilianpopulation?

Essential QuestionsHow do nations recover from war?' WasReconstruetion a successor a fai/ure?

Essential QuestionWhy would people take on the chal/engesof life in the West?

Place and Time United States 1859-1865 222

LESSON 1 The Opposing Sides 224Biography Robert E.lee (1807-1870) 226

LESSON 2 The Early Stages 228

LESSON 3 Life During the War 233Analyzing Primary Sources Field Hospital Conditions 235Biography Clara Barton (1821-1912) 236

LESSON 4 The Turning Point 237Biography Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885) 241

LESSON 5 The War Ends 242Analyzing Primary Sources Ex Parte Milligon 244

Place and Time United States 1865-1877 248

LESSON 1 The Debate Over Reconstrudion 250Analyzing Primary Sources Senator Henry Wilson on

the Rights of a Man 251

Connections to Today The FourteenthAmendment 253

Biography Andrew Johnson (1808-1875) 255

LESSON 2 Republican Rule 256LESSON 3 Reconstruction Collapses 260Analyzing Primary Sources A Call for Unity 262

Place and Time United States 1860-1900 266

LESSON 1 Miners and Ranchers 268

LESSON 2 Farming the Plains 274

LESSON 3 Native Americans 277Biography George Custer (1839-1876) 280

Industrialization, 1865-1901 283

Urban America, 1865-1896 305

Becoming a World Power, 1872-1917 333

Essential QuestionHow did the United States become anindustrialized society after the Civil War?

Essential QuestionsWhy do people migrate? • How is urbanlife different from rurallife?

Essential QuestionHoware empires built?

Place and Time United States 1865-1901 284

LESSON 1 The Rise of Industry 286Analyzing Primary Sources The Birth of the

Telephone 288

LESSON 2 The Railroads 290LESSON 3 Big Business 294

LESSON 4 Unions 298

Place and Time United States 1865-1896 306

LESSON 1 Immigration 308LESSON 2 Urbanization 312

LESSON 3 Social Darwinism and SocialReform 316

Biography Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) 317

LESSON 4 Politics of the 6i1ded Age 322

LESSON 5 The Rise of Segregation 327Analyzing Supreme Court Cases Plessy v. Ferguson,

1896 329Biography Ida B.Wells (1862-1931) 330

Place and Time United States 1872-1917 334

LESSON 1 The Imperialist Vision 336Analyzing Primary Sources Mahan on Military Bases . 338

LESSON 2 The Spanish-American War 340Analyzing Primary Sources The Annexation Debate .. 344

LESSON 3 New American Diplomacy 346Connections to Today Panama Canal 348Analyzing Primary Sources Roosevelt Corollary 349Biography General John J. Pershing

(1860-1948) 351

The Progressive Movement, 1890-1920 353

World War land Its Aftermath, 1914-1920 375

Essential Question(an po/ities fix socia/ problems?

Essential QuestionWhy do nations go to war?

Place and Time United States 1890-1920 354

LESSON 1 The Roots of Progressivism 356Analyzing Primary Sources Jane Addams on Unsafe

Working Conditions for Children 360Biography Florence Kelley (1859-1932) 361

LESSON 2 Roosevelt and Taft 363Analyzing Primary Sources Upton Sinclair on the

Meatpacking Industry 365Biography Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946) 366

LESSON 3 The Wilson Years 369Analyzing Primary Sources Wilson's New Freedom 371

Place and Time United States 1914-1920 376

LESSON 1 The United States EntersWorld War I 378

Thinking Like a Historian Determining Cause andEffect 380

Analyzing Primary Sources Should the United StatesStay Neutral in World War I? 381

LESSON 2 The Home Front. 383Connections to Today Women in the Military 387

LESSON 3 A Bloody Conflict 388Biography AlvinYork(1887-1964) 391

LESSON 4 The War's Impact 394Analyzing Primary Sources Warren G. Harding on

aReturn to Normalcy 397

The Jazz Age, 1921-1929 399

The Great Depression Begins, 1929-1932 423

Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1933-1941 439

Essential QuestionsHow was social and economic lifedifferent in the early twentieth centuryfrom that of the late nineteenth century?o How has the cultural identity of theUnited States changed over time?

Essential QuestionsWhat muses changes in the economyover time? 0 How do depressions affeetsocieties?

Essential Questions(an the government fix the economy? olsgovernment responsible for the economicwell-being of its citizens?

Place and Time United States 1920-1930 400

LESSON 1 The Politics ofthe 19205 402Analyzing Primary Sources Coolidge and Prosperity 403

LESSON 2 A Growing Economy 406

LESSON 3 A Clash ofValues 411Analyzing Primary Sources Ku Klux Klan Poster 412

LESSON 4 Culturallnnovations 415

LESSON 5 African American Culture andPolitics 418

Place and Time United States 1928-1933 , 424

LESSON 1 The Causesof the GreatDepression 426

Analyzing Primary Sources Hoover RejectsGovernment Intervention 430

LESSON 2 Life During the GreatDepression 431

Biography Margaret Bourke-White (1904-1971) 433

LESSON 3 Hoover's Response to theDepression 434

Thinking Like a Historian Analyzing SecondarySourees 435

Place and Time United States 1931-1941 440

LESSON 1 The First New Deal 442Biography Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) 445Connections to Today Emergency Economic

Stabilization Act 448

LESSON 2 The Second New Deal 449Analyzing Primary Sources The GM Strike 451

LESSON 3 The New Deal Coalition 453

A World in Flames, 1931-1941 457

America and World War 11, 1941-1945 477

Essential Questions(ould World War" have been prevented?• Why do some people fail to respondto injustice while others try to preventinjustice?

Essential QuestionWhat kinds of saaifices does warrequire?

Place and Time United States 1931-1941 458

LESSON 1 The Origins of World War 11 460Biography Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) 463

LESSON 2 From Neutrality to War 465Biography Winston Churchill (1874-1965) 467

LESSON 3 The Holocaust 470

Place and Time The World 1941-1945 478

LESSON 1 Wartime America 480Analyzing Primary Sources Broadened Perspectives .. 481Analyzing Primary Sources The Value of Vehicles ..... 483Analyzing Supreme Court Cases Korematsu v. United

States, 1944 485Thinking Like a Historian Distinguishing Fact from

Opinion 486

LESSON 2 The War in the Pacific 488Biography General Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964) 489Analyzing Primary Sources Sherrod on the Battle of

Tarawa 492

LESSON 3 The War in Europe 495Biography Vernon Baker (1919-2010) 499Analyzing Primary Sources Fighting at Omaha Beach .. 501

LESSON 4 The War Ends 502Analyzing Primary Sources Should America Drop the

Atomic Bomb on Japan? 506

The Cold War Begins, 1945-1960 509

Postwar America, 1945-1960 535

The New Frontier and the Great Society, 1960-1968 553

"

Essential QuestionsHow did the Cold War shape postwarinternational relations?· How did ColdWar tensions affect American society?

Essential QuestionHow does prosperity change the waypeople live?

Essential QuestionsCan government fix society's problems?• How do you think Presidents Kennedyand Johnson changed American society?

Place and Time United States 1945-1960 510

LESSON 1 The Origins ofthe Cold War 512Analyzing Primary Sources Churchill on the Iron

Curtain 515

LESSON 2 The Early Cold War Years 517

LESSON 3 The Cold War &American Society 524

Biography Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957) 526Analyzing Supreme Court Cases Watkins v. United

States, 1957 527Thinking Like a Historian Determining Cause and

Effect 528

LESSON 4 Eisenhower's Cold War Policies ... 529Analyzing Primary Sources Secretary of State Dulles

on Brinksmanship 531

Place and Time Postwar America 1945-1960 536

LESSON 1 Truman and Eisenhower 538Analyzing Primary Sources Truman's Fair Deal 541

LESSON 2 The Affluent Society 543Biography Dr. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) 545

LESSON 3 The Other Side of American Life .549Connections to Today Juvenile Delinquency 551

Place and Time United States 1960-1968 554

LESSON 1 The New Frontier 556Thinking Like a Historian Determining Cause and

Effect 558Analyzing Supreme Court Cases Baker v. Carr,1962;

Reynolds v. Sims, 1964 559

LESSON 2 JFKand the Cold War 561

LESSON 3 The (ireat Society 566Analyzing Primary Sources The Challenge of Poverty 569

The Civii Rights Movement, 1954-1968 571

The Vietnam War, 1954-1975 591

The Politics01Protest, 1960-1980 609

Essential QuestionsWhy do you think the civil rightsmovement made gains in postwarAmerica?· What motivates a society tomake changes?

Essential QuestionsHow does military conflict divide peop/ewithin cu/tu res? • Shou/d citizens supportthe government during wartime?

Essential QuestionsWhat did students, women, and Latinosteam from the civil rights movement andapp/y to their protest actions? • How hassociety changed for students, women,and Latinos?

Place and Time United States 19S4-1968 572

LESSON 1 The Movement Begins 574Analyzing Supreme (ourt (ases Brown v. Board of

Education, 1954 575

LESSON 2 Challenging Segregation 580Analyzing Primary Sources "I Have a Dream" Speech 583

LESSON 3 New Civil Rights Issues 586

PlaceandTime Vietnam 1954-1975 592

LESSON 1 Going to War in Vietnam 594Analyzing Primary Sources Should America Fight in

Vietnam? 597

LESSON 2 Vietnam Divides the Nation 600Analyzing Supreme (ourt (ases Tinker v.

Des Moines, 1969 601

LESSON 3 The War Winds Down 604Analyzing Supreme (ourt (ases New York Times v.

United States, 1971 606

Place andTime United States 1960-1980 610

LESSON 1 Students and theCounterculture 612

LESSON 2 The Feminist Movement 615Thinking Like a Historian Comparing and

Contrasting 617

LESSON 3 Latino Americans Organize 620Analyzing Primary Sources Ernesto Galarza on the

Importance of the Barrio 621Biography Cesar Chavez (1927-1993) 623

Politics and Economics, 1968-1980 625

The Resurgence of Conservatism, 1980-1992 651

Essential QuestionsHow do you think the Nixonadministration affeeted people'sattitudes toward government? • Howdoes society change the shape of itselfovertime?

Essential QuestionHow do you think the resurgence ofconservative ideas has changed society?

Place and Time United States 1970-1979 626

lESSON 1 The Nixon Administration 628Connections to Today Removal of U.s. Troops

from Iraq 630Biography Henry Kissinger (1923-) 632

lESSON 2 The Watergate Scandal 633Analyzing Supreme Court Cases United States v.

Nixon, 1974 635

lESSON 3 Ford and Carter 637Thinking Likea Historian Comparing and Contrasting 638Analyzing Primary Sources Carter After the Iran

Hostage Rescue Failure 640

lESSON 4 New Approaches to Civil Rights ..641Biography Ben Nighthorse Campbell (1933- ) 643Analyzing Primary Sources Letter Protesting Mining

on Hopi Lands 644

lESSON 5 Environmentalism 646

Place and Time Eastern Europe 1979-1991 652

lESSON 1 The New Conservatism 654Thinking Like a Historian Contrasting 655

lESSON 2 The Reagan Years 658Analyzing Primary Sources Reagan's First Inaugural

Address 659Analyzing Primary Sources Debating Tax Cuts 660Biography Ronald Reagan (1911-2004) 661

lESSON 3 Life in the 1980s 663Biography Oprah Winfrey (1954-) 665

lESSON 4 The End ofthe Cold War 667

A Time of Change, 1980-2000 673

America's Challenges for a New Century,2001-Present. 691

Essential QuestionsHow have improvements in science andtechnology helped change society?·How have immigration, technology, andglobal trade changed the world?

Essential QuestionsHow is American culture shaped by a setof common values and praetices?· Howhave disputes over ideas, values, andpolitics resulted in change?

PlaceandTime United States 1981-1999 674

LESSON 1 The Clinton Years 676Analyzing Primary Sources Is a Balanced Budget

Amendment a Good Idea? 678Thinking Like a Historian Comparing and

Contrasting 679

LESSON 2 A New Wave of Immigration 682

LESSON 3 Teehnology and Globalization 686

Place and Time United States 2000-2010 692

LESSON 1 Bush's Global Challenges 694Analyzing Supreme Court Cases Bush v. Gore, 2000 695

LESSON 2 Foeusing on Afghanistan andIraq 699

Biography Hamid Karzai (1957-) 700

LESSON 3 Domestie Challenges 704Analyzing Supreme Court Cases Hamdan v. Rumsfeld,

2006 705Thinking Like a Historian Evaluating Information 707

LESSON 4 The Obama Presideney 708Thinking Like a Historian Interpreting Significance 711

Appendix 719Glossary/Glosario 838Index 869