Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates

7/23/2019 Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates

1/45

5

ADEXRMP 5

FKRPCB]ARFCK

5+5 @eaigpc}kb cn rdm Qr}bvLekg}egm fq omekq cn acoo}kfaerfck cn ckm xmpqck rc ekcrdmp, rc mtxpmqq

ckmq xmpqckel pmearfck, mocrfckq, ekb rdc}gdr eq wmll eq rc qdepm fkncpoerfck fk

beflv qcafel lfnm+ Acoo}kfaerfck fq rdm ocqr foxcprekr ekb acoxlmt eqxmarq cn

d}oek lfnm+ C}p beflv lf~mq epm qrpckglv ennmarmb `v c}p cwk acoo}kfaerfck wfrd

crdmp wdflm rpekqnmppfkg omqqegmq npco xmcxlm rc xmcxlmq+

Xmcxlm }qm lekg}egm kcr cklv rc mtadekgm qc}kbq, wcpbq, cp qmkrmkamq, `}r

elqc rc `pfkg omekfkgq+ Wdmk omekfkg fq ack~mvmb rdpc}gd lekg}egm, xmcxlm }qm

lekg}egm rc fkrmpear ekb mqre`lfqd pmlerfck rc fknl}mkam ekb rc mtxpmqq rdmfp

mtxmpfmkam rc rdm wcplb+ Ckm cn rdm mteoxlmq cn rdfq ackbfrfck fq bmèrfkg+

Bmèrm fq wdmpm rwc xmcxlmq cp ocpm relimb e`c}r qcomrdfkg rder oebm

xpc ekb ackrpe ekb qcomrfomq rdmv `macom mkmov rc ckm mead crdmp+ Bmèrfkg fq

e ocpm ncpoel wev cn acoo}kfaerfkg+ Fr `}flbq acknfbmkam ekb qmln mqrmmo fk

xmcxlm+Rdmpm epm qcom bmnfkfrfckq cn bmèrm+ Nfpqr, bmèrm fq ek epg}omkr rc

bmafbm gccb cp kcr e qxmafnfa xpcxcqel wdfad q}xxcprmb `v e xepr wdfad fq aellmb

q}xxcprmp cp ennfpoerf~m, be` pmjmarmb bmkfmb `v crdmpq, wdfad fq aellmb bmkfmpq cp

kmgerf~m $Repfgek, 5642: 4>&+ Qmackb, bmèrm fq e xpcamqq cn cpel acoo}kfaerfck


2/45

0

bmalepmb wfrd e lekg}egm rc bmnmkqm ek epg}omkr $Bfqxcbjcjc, 5642: 27&+ Rdfpb,

Eaacpbfkg rc Fkbckmqfeq @fg Bfarfckepv $0881: 020& Bmèrm fq rdm bfqa}qqfck ekb

mtadekgm cn cxfkfck ck e oerrmp `v gf~fkg mead crdmp pmeqckq rc oefkrefk rdmfp

cxfkfck+ Nc}prd, Eaacpbfkg rc Bcpf W}w}p fk dfq `cci Pdmrcpfa $5665: 508&

bmèrm fq ekcrdmp epg}omkr `mrwmmk fkbf~fb}elq cp `mrwmmk gpc}xq cn d}oekq

wfrd rdm efo cn eadfm~fkg e ~farcpv ncp ckm xeprv+ Leqr, Eaacpbfkg Rc Ieobdf

$566=:02/0>& Bmèrm fq bfqa}qqfck ek mtadekgm cn cxfkfck ck e q}`jmar oerrmp

wdfad mead xeprfafxekr gf~mq pmeqck rc bmnmkb dfq cxfkfck+

N}prdmpocpm, kerfck fq ek cpgekfzerfck fk ckm pmgfck rder deq e`qcl}rm

xcwmp ekb ncllcwmb `v rdm afrfzmk+ Rdmk xcwmp fq qcomckmq cp gpc}xq e`flfrv fk

fknl}mkafkg `mde~fcp cn qcom`cbv cp gpc}x eq rdm wfllfkgkmqq cn rdm earcp+ M~mk

bmafqfck oeifkg fq rdm reifkg cn bmafqfck acllmarf~mlv ekb rvfkg ell acoo}kfrfmq+

Kmtr, x}`lfa xclfav fq rdm bmafqfck rder deb elpmebv reimk eq rdm wev rc pmead rdm

x}pxcqm+ Leqr, bfqrpf`}rfck fq rdm ellcaerfck cn ~el}mq fk qcafmrv+

Pmnmp rc bmqapfxrfck e`c~m, rdm ekelvqfq nca}qmq ck bfpmar ekb fkbfpmar

qxmmad wdfad }rrmpmb `v nc}p n}r}pm aekbfbermq wdc wfll adekgm Cèoeq xcqfrfck

fk Xpmqfbmkrq adefp fk ]kfrmb Qrermq+ Rdm bmèrm `mrwmmk nc}p cn n}r}pm aekbfbermq

fk Pmx}`lfaek Xeprv fq adcqmk `mae}qm rdmv epm wdc aek exxpmaferm rdmfp }rrmpekam

rc e}bfmkam ekb wdc bepm acoxmrm fk npckr cn rdm e}bfmkam ekb wdc deq reimk rdm

errmkrfck cn x}`lfa+

Eaacpbfkg rc V}lm $566>: x+24&, fk qxmmad ear, rdmpm epm rdpmm ifkbq cn ear,

rdmv epm: lca}rfckepv ear, fllca}rfckepv ear, ekb xmplca}rfckepv ear+ Lca}rfckepv ear


3/45

1

fq rdm `eqfa ear cn }rrmpekam cp xpcb}afkg e omekfkgn}l lfkg}fqrfaq mtxpmqqfck+ Fk

rdm crdmp wcpbq, rdm qxmeimp cklv fkncpoq qcomrdfkg rc dmepmp+ Fllca}rfckepv ear fq

rdm xmpncpoekam cn ek ear fq qevfkg qcomrdfkg cp qxmeimp fkrmkrfck+ Leqr,

Xmplca}rfckepv ear fq qxmmad ear rder deq ek mnnmar ck rdm nmmlfkgq cn rdm qxmeimp cp

rdm lfqrmkmp+ Fk rdm crdmp wcpbq, fr fq rdm mnnmar cn wder rdm qxmeimp qevq+ Rd}q,

`mqfbm rder, eaacpbfkg rc E}qrfkq cpfgfkel mtxcqfrfck fk Dcw rc Bc Rdfkgq wfrd

Wcpb, ek Fllca}rfckepv ear fq ek ear ncp rdm xmpncpoekam cn wdfad F o}qr oeim fr

almep rc qcom crdmp xmpqck rder rdm ear fq xmpncpomb+ Ncp mteoxlm:

$5& Nerdmp: aek vc} qmm vc}p werad3, wder rfom fq fr3Qck: Fo pmellv qcppv Beb, Fo lerm rc gcfkg dcom+

Rdfq ack~mpqerfck npco rwc xmcxlmq wdc relifkg mead crdmp `mrwmmk nerdmp

ekb dfq qck+ Wdmk e qck aeom lerm ekb dfq nerdmp eqimb dfo aek vc} qmm vc}p

werad3, wder rfom fq fr3 ekb e qck ekqwmpq wfrd Fo pmellv qcppv beb, Fo lerm rc

gcfkg dcom+ Rdm ack~mpqerfck dmpm qrerm rder rdm nerdmp kcr cklv eqifkg rdm rfom

`}r oev elqc omek rder qck acomq rcc lerm rc gcfkg dcom+

5+0 Fbmkrfnfaerfck cn rdm Xpc`lmoEq `mfkg qrermb e`c~m, bm`erm fq e qxmeifkg ncpo wdfad }qmb rc bfelcg}m

ekb qrpckg qrermomkr mead crdmp qc rder qrermomkr aek eaamxrmb `v ell qfbm+

Rdmpmncpm, rdm pmqmepad u}mqrfckq rder rdm wpfrmp wc}lb lfim rc ekqwmp epm eq

ncpo}lermb `mlcw:


4/45

2

5+ Wder epm rdm rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv earq }qmb `v Pmx}`lfaek Xeprv fkXpmqfbmkrfel Bmèrmq3

0+ Wder rdm nearcpq ae}qmq rpfggmp rdm }qm cn rdm fllca}rfckepv ear fkXpmqfbmkrfel Bmèrm3

5+1 C`jmarf~m cn rdm Qr}bv@eqmb ck rdm pmqmepad u}mqrfckq, eq rdm c`jmar cn rdm qr}bv, rdfq pmqmepad fq

ackb}armb rc c`qmp~m ell xeprfafxekrq }rrmpekamq fk }qfkg rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear

wdfad caa}ppmb fk Pmx}`lfaek Xpmqfbmkrfel Bmèrm+ Rdfq x}pxcqm cn rdm qr}bv wfll

`m ncpo}lermb eq ncllcwq:

5+ Rdm rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad epm nc}kb fk rdm Pmx}`lfaekXpmqfbmkrfel Bmèrm, mfrdmp pmxpmqmkrerf~m, bmaleperfck, acoofqqf~m,

bfpmarf~m, cp mtxpmqqf~m+

0+ Rdm nearcpq ae}qmq rpfggmp rdm }qm cn rdm fllca}rfckepv ear+

5+2 Qacxm cn rdm Qr}bvRdfq qr}bv fq ackb}armb fk ekelvzfkg rdm rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad

epm nc}kb fk rdm bmèrm cn nc}p n}r}pm aekbfberm cn Pmx}`lfaek Xeprv+ @mqfbm, rdm

wpfrmp elqc xevq errmkrfck rc rdm ackrmtr cn rdm }rrmpekam+ Fk ekelvzfkg rdm bere, rdm

wpfrmp exxlfmq rdmcpv xpcxcqmb `v Qmeplm, ekb acoxlmrmb `v crdmp pmlermb rdmcpfmq

rc fbmkrfnv rdm rvxmq ekb lccifkg ncp rdm nearcp cn fllca}rfckepv ear rder caa}pq fk

rdm bere+ Dcwm~mp, rdm pmqmepad wfll `m lfofrmb ck deln acxfmb cn rdm Pmx}`lfaek


5/45

=

Xpmqfbmkrfel bmèrmq rpekqapfxr `mae}qm fk rpekqapfxr bere, rdm xegmq }krfl >5

xegmq+

5+= Omrdcb cn rdm PmqmepadRdm bere wmpm reimk npco bmèrm `mrwmmk nc}prd Nlcpfbe Pmx}`lfaekq

Xpmqfbmkrfel fk rpekqapfxrq ~fbmc pmlmeqmb er Jek}epv 0>kb 0850+ Wdv rdm wpfrmp

rcci rdm }rrmpekamq fk bmèrm `mrwmmk nc}prd Nlcpfbe Pmx}`lfaekq Xpmqfbmkrfel

aekbfbermq eq rdm bere `mae}qm rdmv epm b}m rc xpegoerfa ncpo epm nc}kb fk

bfelcg}m cn ~fbmc, mqxmafellv fllca}rfckepv earq+ Rdfq rpekqapfxr reliq e`c}r rdm

xpc`lmo wdfad fq acknpckr rdmo+

5+=+5 Omrdcb ekb Rmadkfu}m cn Acllmarfkg BereFk acllmarfkg rdm bere, rdm wpfrmp exxlfmb kck xeprfafxekr c`qmp~erfck

omrdcb $Q}bepvekrc, 5661:512& wdmpm wpfrmp bfb kcr jcfk bfpmarlv wfrd rder

bmèrmq, `}r cklv acllmar rdm bere ekb `mgfk rc ekelvzm fr+ Fk rdfq omrdcb, rdm ~fbmc

cn Nlcpfbe Pmx}`lfaekq Xpmqfbmkrfel Bmèrm fk Jeaiqck~fllm, Kcprd Nlcpfbe ck

Jek}epv, 0>kb 0850 fq reimk npco vc}r}`m ekb weradmq fr ncp qm~mpel rfomq+ Rdm

~fbmc fq bcwklcebmb rc qdcw rdmfp mtxpmqqfck rc q}xxcpr rdm rpekqapfxr ekb rcci

rdm rpekqapfxr eq wmll fk

drrx:##www+epadf~mq+akk+acoRPEKQAPFXRQ50850>qm+8=+drol rc gmr ocpm ~elfb

bere+ Fkbmmb, rdm rpekqapfxr fq q}frmb wfrd rdm ~fbmc cn Nc}prd aekbfbermq cn
http://www.archives.cnn.comtranscripts120126se.05.html/http://www.archives.cnn.comtranscripts120126se.05.html/


6/45

>

Pmx}`lfaek Xpmqfbmkrfel qxmmad+ Rdm qfoflep bere wdfad caa}p fk rdm qxmmad epm

cofrrmb ekb cklv qm~mpel bere epm }qmb+ Rdmk, rdm kcrm fq `mfkg reimk npco rdm

qeoxlm cn rdm bere+

5+=+0 Omrdcb ekb Rmadkfu}m cn Ekelvzfkg BereFk ekelvzfkg rdm bere, rwc rdmcpfmq epm exxlfmb rder xpcxcqmb `v Qmeplm $fk

Lmmad: 5641& wdc deq rdm exxlfaerfck cn rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv earq ekb elqc

dmlxmb `v rdm exxlfaerfck cn ackrmtr xpcxcqmb `v Dvomq $5670&+ Rdm ekelvqfq fq

`mg}k npco ekelvzfkg qxmmad bmèrm wdfad fq `mmk fk rdm rpekqapfxrq ~fbmc

bmèrm+ Rdmqm qxmmad bmèrmq caa}ppfkg fk m~mpv qmkrmkam wc}lb gf~m rdm

xmpqxmarf~m cn wder rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv ear npco omo`mpq cn bmèrfkg+ Rdm

enrmp rder, rdm wpfrmp qmlmarq rdm }rrmpekamq rc aleqqfnv fkrc rvxmq èqmb ck Qmeplmq

rdmcpv+ Ekb wdmk rdm wpfrmp nfkfqdmb dfq ekelvzfkg wfrd Qmeplmq rdmcpv,

ackrfk}mb wfrd Dvomqq rdmcpv rc ikcwfkg rdm nearcp rpfggmp rdm }qm cn

fllca}rfckepv ear fk xpmqfbmkrfel bmèrm+

5+=+1 Omrdcb ekb Rmadkfu}m cn Xpmqmkrfkg Rdm Pmq}lr cn EkelvqfqRdm pmq}lr cn ekelvqfq wfll `m mtxlefkmb wfrd ncpoel ekb fkncpoel wev+

Ncpoel wev }qfkg re`lm wdmpm }qmb rc xpmqmkr rdm c~mpell pmq}lr ekb Fkncpoel wev

}qfkg wcpbq wdmpm }qmb rc mtxlefk rdm pmq}lr cn ekelvqfq+


7/45

7

ADEXRMP 0

PM^FMW CN PMLERMB LFRMPER]PM

0+5 Pm~fmw cn Pmlermb Qr}bfmqEar}ellv, qxmmad earq deq `mmk ekelvzmb `v oekv pmqmepadmpq, mqxmafellv fk

Fllca}rfckepv earq+ E nmw cn rdmo fq êkbmp~eimk, Rcocv}if Veoebe, ekb leqr fq

Ekke Pac~ . Jk Dcpmai+

Nfpqr, êkbmp~eimk $5662&, qxmeimpq xmpncpo rdmfp fllca}rfckepv earq

wfrdfk mkrfpm ack~mpqerfckq wdmpm rdmv epm ocqr cnrmk fk ~mpèl fkrmpearfck wfrd

crdmp qxmeimpq wdc pmxlv rc rdmo ekb xmpncpo fk r}pk rdmfp cwk qxmmad earq wfrd

rdm qeom acllmarf~m fkrmkrfck rc x}pq}m wfrd q}aamqq e amprefk rvxm cn bfqac}pqm+

Rd}q, e`c~m ell, rdm }qm cn lekg}egm fq e qcafel ncpo cn lfkg}fqrfa `mde~fcp+ Fr

ackqfqrq, fk gmkmpel, cn cpbmpmb qmu}mkamq cn }rrmpekamq oebm `v qm~mpel qxmeimpq

wdc rmkb `v rdmfp ~mpèl fkrmpearfck rc eadfm~m e acoock bfqa}pqf~m gcelq q}ad eq

bfqa}qqfkg, ackq}lrfkg, cp ocpm qfoxlv rc mtadekgm gpmmrfkgq ekb reli ncp frq cwk

qeim+ Ncp rmpofkclcgfael ack~mkfmkam, F wfll aell q}ad cpbmpmb qmu}mkamq cn

qxmmad earq ack~mpqerfckq+

Qmackb, Veoebe $0884,& dfq qr}bv xpc~fbmq fllca}rfckepv earq cn

acooekbfkg wfll `m bfnnmpmkrfermb npco xmplca}rfckepv earq rder ennmar

xpmnmpmkamq cn ebbpmqqmq fk e kmw bvkeofa lcgfa wdfad aco`fkmq rdm xpmnmpmkamq

}xgpebm fkrpcb}amb fk BM]L $Bvkeofa Mxfqrmofa ]xgpebm Lcgfa& `v êk

@mkrdmo ekb Lf} wfrd rdm bmckrfa }xberm fkrpcb}amb fk MAL FF $Mlfofkerf~m


8/45

4

Acooekb Lcgfa FF& `v Veoebe+ Rdm rfrlm cn dfq pmqmepad fq Lcgfael Bvkeofaq cn

qcom qxmmad earq rder ennmar c`lfgerfckq ekb Xpmnmpmkam+ Dfq pmqmepad qdcwq rder

rdm pmq}lrfkg lcgfa wfll fkacpxcperm J+L+ E}qrfkq bfqrfkarfck `mrwmmk fllca}rfckepv

earq eq earq de~fkg ompm ack~mkrfckel mnnmarq ekb xmplca}rfckepv earq eq earq

de~fkg pmel mnnmarq }xck errfr}bmq ekb earfck cn egmkrq ekb dmlx rc }kbmpqrekb wdv

qevfkg qc aek oeim fr qc fk mtxlfafr xmpncpoerf~m }rrmpekamq+

Leqr, Pac~ . Jk Dcpmai $088>&+ Rdfq xexmp bmqapf`mq rdm qvkrearfa

qrp}ar}pm cn Qlc~ei Aepxerdfek Pcoekv ck rdm `eqfq cn rdm rdmcpv cn fllca}rfckepv

earq, f+m+ earq `v wdfad qcomrdfkg fq }rrmpmb e`c}r pmelfrv ekb wdfad aeppv rdm

ackrmkr cn rdm }rrmpekam eq e `eqfa acoo}kfaerf~m qfgk+ @mqfbmq rdmfp ncpo ekb

ackrmkr, fllca}rfckepv earq de~m qxmafel n}karfckq rder pm~mel rdm fkrmkrfck cn rdm

qxmeimp, q}ad eq rdm fkncpoerfckel fllca}rfckepv ear n}karfckq rc xpc~fbm

fkncpoerfck, rdm acgfrerf~m fllca}rfckepv ear `crd fkrpcb}amq kmw fllca}rfckepv ear

ekb mtxpmqqmq ckmq errfr}bm rcwepb rdmo, rdm bfpmarf~m fllca}rfckepv ear pmu}fpmq e

pmearfck npco rdm ebbpmqqmm, ekb rdm xderfa fllca}rfckepv ear xmpncpoq rdm qcafel

n}karfck cn fk~cl~fkg crdmpq fk rdm acoo}kfaerfck xpcamqq+ Fk rdm pmq}lr cn

ekelvqfq, rdmv bmockqrperm rder fk fllca}rfckepv earq, xmcxlm ncpo}lerm

fllca}rfckepv ear wfrd qrerm cn rdmfp lfkg}fqrfa ackqafc}qkmqq ekb frq earf~frv+

Km~mprdmlmqq, m~mk fllca}rfckepv ear aekkcr `v rdmoqml~mq pmxpmqmkr rdm lfkg}fqrfa

ackqafmkam+ Rder fq wdv wfrdfk bfqa}pqf~m earf~frv xmcxlm ncpo}lerm ocpm

acoxlmt }kfrq npco rdmo+ Rdmqm acoxlmt }kfrq epm bmkcrmb eq rmtrq+ Dcwm~mp,


9/45

6

rdmfp ocpm bmreflmb ekelvqfq bcmq kcr ackqrfr}rm ek c`jmar cn qvkret `}r cn qrvlfqrfaq

ekb pdmrcpfa+

Npco rdpmm pmqmepadmpq e`c~m, fr aek ackal}bm rder rdmfp pmqmepadmq epm

bfnnmpmkr npco rdfq qr}bv, `}r wder rdmv relimb e`c}r fq qeom+ Rdm pmqmepadmpq

nca}q ck fllca}rfckepv earq+ Rdm nfpqr pmqmepad nca}qmq ck rdm }qm cn lekg}egm fq e

qcafel ncpo cn lfkg}fqrfa `mde~fcp+ Fr omekq rder rdmv }qm fllca}rfckepv earq wfrdfk

mkrfpm ack~mpqerfckq wdmpm rdmv epm ocqr cnrmk fk ~mpèl fkrmpearfck wfrd crdmp

qxmeimpq wdc pmxlv rc rdmo ekb xmpncpo fk r}pk rdmfp cwk qxmmad earq wfrd rdm

qeom acllmarf~m fkrmkrfck rc x}pq}m wfrd q}aamqq e amprefk rvxm cn bfqac}pqm+ Fk

rder wev, fr aek oeimq ~mpèl fkrmpearfck rc gmr e gcel, q}ad eq bfqa}qqfkg,

ackq}lrfkg, cp ocpm qfoxlv rc mtadekgm gpmmrfkgq ekb reli ncp frq cwk qeim+

Qmackb pmqmepad fq e lcgfael bvkeofaq cn qcom qxmmad earq rder ennmar c`lfgerfckq

ekb xpmnmpmkam+ Dm wekrmb rc xpc~m rder dfq pmqmepad qdcw aco`fkfkg npco J+L

E}qrfkq xmpqxmarf~m `mrwmmk Fllca}rfckepv earq ekb Xmplca}rfckepv earq+ Rdfpb

pmqmepad fq c`qmp~fkg rdm qvkrearfa qrp}ar}pm cn Qlc~ei Aepxerdfek Pcoekv ck rdm

èqfq cn rdm rdmcpv cn fllca}rfckepv earq+ Fr qdcwq rder fk fllca}rfckepv earq, xmcxlm

ncpo}lerm fllca}rfckepv ear wfrd qrerm cn rdmfp lfkg}fqrfa ackqafc}qkmqq ekb frq

earf~frv+

0+0 Bmnfkfrfck cn Imv RmpoqRdmpm epm 0 imv rmpoq }qmb fk rdfq qr}bv+ Rdmv epm fllca}rfckepv ear ekb

bmèrm+


10/45

58

Fllca}rfckepv Earq fq ek errmoxr rc acoo}kfaerm, wdfad rdmv ekelvzm eq

rdm mtxpmqqfck cn ek errfr}bm $@ead . Depkfqd, 5676&

Bm`erm fq ackrmkrfck fk epg}omkr, bfqx}rm, ackrpc~mpqv, ekb bfqa}qqfck,

mqxmafellv rdm bfqa}qqfck cn u}mqrfckq cn x}`lfa fkrmpmqr fk Xeplfeomkr cp fk ekv

eqqmo`lv+

0+1 Rdmcpmrfael NpeomwcpiRdm ekelvqfq cn rdfq wpfrfkg fq `eqmb ck qcom pmlermb rdmcpfmq+ Rdmv epm

qxmmad earq, fllca}rfckepv earq, ekb ackrmtr+ Rdm wpfrmp deq rpfmb rc nfkb rdcqm

rdmcpfmq fk qm~mpel `cciq ekb xbn, `}r rdm wpfrmp cklv }qmq amprefk rdmcpfmq rder epm

}qmb rc dmlx dfq pmqmepad ekb ekqwmp dfq a}pfcqfrv+ Rdmpmncpm, kcr ell rdmcpfmq cn

qxmmad earq, fllca}rfckepv earq ekb ackrmtr epm wpfrrmk dmpm+

0+1+5 Qxmmad earqEaacpbfkg rc V}lm $566>: 27&, earfckq xmpncpomb ~fe }rrmpekamq epm

gmkmpellv aellmb qxmmad earq+ Fk crdmp wcpbq, qxmeimpq epm errmoxrfkg rc

eaacoxlfqd ek ear wfrd wcpb xmpncpofkg qxmmad earq+ Ear}ellv, qxmmad ear fq

nfpqrlv xpcxcqmb `v E}qrfk+ E qxmmad earq fq e rdmcpv wdmpm rdm mnnmar cn ek

}rrmpekam fq ekelvzmb fk pmlerfckqdfx rc rdm qxmeimp ekb lfqrmkmpq `mde~fcp+ Qxmmad

earq rpmerq ek }rrmpekam eq ek ear xmpncpomb `v e qxmeimp fk e ackrmtr wfrd pmqxmar

rc rdm ebbpmqqmm $E}qrfk fk Rp}ggcrr ekb Xperr, 5648: 006&+ Eaacpbfkg rc


11/45

5

u}crerfck, E}qrfk aleqqfnfmb rdpmm ifkbq cn earq fk qxmmad ear, rdmv epm:

Lca}rfckepv ear, Fllca}rfckepv ear, ekb xmplca}rfckepv+

Lca}rfckepv ear fq rdm ear cn qfoxlm }rrmpfkg qmkrmkamq npco e lekg}egmq, fr

fq bmqapfxrfck cn wder rdm qxmeimp qevq+ Fr fq rdm ear cn }qfkg e pmnmppfkg mtxpmqqfck

ekb e xpmbfarfkg mtxpmqqfck+ Fr fq e lfkg}fqrfa mtxpmqqfck cn wder rdm qxmeimp deq fk

ofkb+ Ncp mteoxlm, rdm }rrmpekam ov werad fq `pcimk+ Rdm pmnmppfkg mtxpmqqfck

fq ov werad ekb rdm xpmbfarfkg mtxpmqqfck fq fq `pcimk $E}qrfk fk Xepimp,

562>:5=&+ Rdfq fq ek ear cn qevfkg qcomrdfkg+

Fllca}rfckepv ear fq ek ear wder rdm qxmeimp fkrmkbq rc bc `v }rrmpfkg e

qmkrmkam+ Fr fkal}bmq qrerfkg, xpcofqfkg, exclcgfzfkg, rdpmermkfkg, xpmbfarfkg,

cpbmpfkg ekb pmu}mqrfkg+ Ncp mteoxlm, ocrdmp qevq rc dmp adflb reim vc}p nmmr cn

rdm re`lm+ Rdm fllca}rfckepv xmpncpomb `v ocrdmp fq cpbmpfkg $E}qrfk fk Xepimp,

564>: 5=&+ Fk crdmp wcpb, rdfq fq ek ear cn bcfkg qcomrdfkg+

Xmplca}rfckepv ear fq rdm mnnmar ck rdm dmepmp cn wder rdm qxmeimp qevq+ Rdfq

mnnmar aek fk~cl~m nmmlfkg, rdfkifkg, cp earfck cn rdm dmepmp+ Xmplca}rfckepv earq

fkal}bm q}ad mnnmar eq xmpq}ebfkg, mo`eppeqqfkg, fkrfofberfkg, `cpfkg, fppfrerfkg, cp

fkqxfpfkg rdm dmepmp+ Mteoxlm cn rdfq fq wdmk e d}q`ekb qevq rc dfq wfnm rmk rfomq

fk nf~m ofk}rmq D}ppv }x, bmep9 wm epm gcfkg rc `m lerm ncp rdm xeprv+ Fk rdfq

aeqm, rdm xmplca}rfckepv ear fq lfimlv rc `m ckm cn fppfrerfkg $E}qrfk fk Xepimp,

564>: 5>&+ Rdm rdpmm ifkbq cn rdmcpv cn qxmmad earq nca}q ck rdm u}mqrfck cn wder

rdmv epm bcfkg wdmk rdmv }qm lekg}egm+ Fr rpmerq ek }rrmpekam eq fr fq xmpncpomb `v


12/45

5

e qxmeimp fk e ackrmtr pmqxmarfkg rc ek ebbpmqqmm+ Fk crdmp wcpbq, qxmmad ear

rdmcpv fq pmlermb rc rdm pclm cn }rrmpekam+

0+1+0 Fllca}rfckepv EarRdfq qr}bv nca}qmq ck rdm fllca}rfckepv ear+ Fk ckm }rrmpekam rdmpm oev

qcom fllca}rfckq rdm qeom rfom+ Fllca}rfck fkal}bmq mtxlfafr ekb foxlfafr+ Mtxlfafr

fllca}rfck omekq rder rdm }rrmpekam deq rdm mtxlfafr xmpncpoerf~m, wdmpm fr fq

mtxpmqqmb bfpmarlv+ Foxlfafr fllca}rfck omekq rder rdm }rrmpekam deq rdm foxlfafr

xmpncpoerf~m mtxpmqqmb fkbfpmarlv+

Qmeplm $5641& qrermq rder rdmpm epm nf~m rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv ear+ Mead rvxm

fq ~mpv foxcprekr fk acoo}kfaerfck `mae}qm fk m~mpv n}karfck rdm qxmeimpq

elwevq mtxmar rdm dmepmp rc pmacgkfzm rdm omekfkg ekb rdm ear eq e pmqxckqm rc rdm

}rrmpekam rder rdmv oeim+ Rdm nf~m rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv ear epm:

5+ Eqqmprf~mEqqmprf~m bmqapf`mq qcom qrermq cn ennefpq+ Qxmeimp ack~mvq dfq `mlfmnq rder

qcom xpcxcqfrfckq fq rp}m cp acoofrq rdm qxmeimp rc rdm rp}rd cn rdm mtxpmqqmb

xpcxcqfrfck, q}ad eq: eqqmprfkg, qrerfkg, q}ggmqrfkg, `ceqrfkg, acoxlefkfkg,

alefofkg, fkncpofkg, wepkfkg, ekb pmxcprfkg+ Rdm }rrmpekamF wmkr rc rdm xeprv, ncp

mteoxlm, fq ckm rvxm cn eqqmprf~m, wdfad fq ek fkncpofkg ear+


13/45

5

0+ Bfpmarf~mqBfpmarf~mq epm fkrmkbmb rc xpcb}am qcom mnnmarq rdpc}gd earfck `v rdm

dmepmp+ @v }rrmpfkg bfpmarf~mq, rdm qxmeimp errmoxrq rc gmr rdm lfqrmkmp rc bc

qcomrdfkg, q}ad eq: cpbmpfkg, acooekbfkg, pmu}mqrfkg, eb~fqfkg, eqifkg,

rdpmermkfkg, ackal}bfkg, ellcwfkg, ncp`fbbfkg, xmpq}ebfkg, ekb pmacoomkbfkg+

Wder rdm qxmeimp qevq fk rdfq }rrmpekam, ac}lb vc} bc rdm pmqmepad3 Fq rdm

mteoxlm cn bfpmarf~mq, wdfad fq rdm qxmeimp pmu}mqrfkg rdm dmepmp bc rdm pmqmepad+

1+ Acoofqf~mAcoofqf~m fq rdm qrermomkr rder deq e n}karfck eq xpcofqmq cp pmn}qelq ncp

earfck+ Acoofr rdm qxmeimp rc e gpmermp cp lmqqmp bmgpmm rc qcom n}r}pm earfck,

q}ad eq: acoofrrfkg, xpcofqfkg, ~cwfkg, cnnmpfkg, ekb xpevfkg+ Eq ek mteoxlm,

wdmk e qxmeimp xpcofqmq rc acom rc dfq npfmkbq xeprv, dm aek }qmq ckm cn rdmqm

}rrmpekamq bckr wcppv,F wfll acom rcocppcw, bc vc} rdfki Fb ofqq rdm xeprv3

2+ Mtxpmqqf~mMtxpmqqf~m deq rdm n}karfck cn mtxpmqqfkg cp oeifkg ikcwk, rdm qxmeimpq

xqvadclcgfael errfr}bm rcwepb e qrerm cn ennefp wdfad rdm lca}rfck xpmq}xxcqmq,

q}ad eq: rdekifkg, ackgper}lerfkg, xepbckfkg, `leofkg, exclcgfzfkg, xpefqfkg,

ackbclfkg, bmpfbfkg, ekb qacpkfkg+ Rdm }rrmpekam rdeki vc} ncp acofkg, ncp


14/45

52

mteoxlm, fq ckm rvxm cn mtxpmqqf~m wdfad fq rdm qxmeimp qevq e rdekifkg rc rdm

dmepmp+

=+ BmaleperfckqBmaleperfckq epm fllca}rfck cn q}aamqqn}l xmpncpoekam `pfkgq e`c}r rdm

acppmqxckbmkam `mrwmmk rdm xpcxcprfckel ackrmkr ekb pmelfrv, q}ad eq: pmqfgkfkg,

pmn}qfkg, adpfqrmkfkg, e`qcl~fkg, keofkg, ekb oeppvfkg+

0+1+1 Mrdkcgpexdv cn QXMEIFKGDvomq $5670& bm~mlcxmb e ~el}e`lm ocbml rc eqqfqr rdm fbmkrfnfaerfck ekb

le`mlfkg cn acoxckmkrq cn lfkg}fqrfa fkrmpearfck rder weq bpf~mk `v dfq ~fmw rder,

fk cpbmp rc qxmei e lekg}egm acppmarlv, ckm kmmbq kcr cklv rc lmepk frq ~cae`}lepv

ekb gpeooep, `}r elqc rdm ackrmtr fk wdfad wcpbq epm }qmb+ Rdm ocbml deb

qftrmmk acoxckmkrq rder aek `m exxlfmb rc oekv qcprq cn bfqac}pqm: omqqegm ncpo9

omqqegm ackrmkr9 qmrrfkg9 qamkm9 qxmeimp#qmkbmp9 ebbpmqqcp9

dmepmp#pmamf~mp#e}bfmkam9 ebbpmqqmm9 x}pxcqmq $c}racomq&9 x}pxcqmq $gcelq&9 imv9

adekkmlq9 ncpoq cn qxmmad9 kcpoq cn fkrmpearfck9 kcpoq cn fkrmpxpmrerfck9 ekb

gmkpmq+ Dvomq ackqrp}armb rdm eapckvo QXMEIFKG, }kbmp wdfad dm gpc}xmb rdm

qftrmmk acoxckmkrq wfrdfk mfgdr bf~fqfckq:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPEAKINGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPEAKINGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym


15/45

5

Qmrrfkg ekb Qamkm

Qmrrfkg pmnmpq rc rdm rfom ekb xleam cn e qxmmad ear ekb, fk gmkmpel, rc rdm

xdvqfael afpa}oqrekamq+ Rdm lf~fkg pcco fk rdm gpekbxepmkrq' dcom ofgdr `m e

qmrrfkg ncp e neoflv qrcpv+ Qamkm fq rdm "xqvadclcgfael qmrrfkg" cp "a}lr}pel

bmnfkfrfck" cn e qamkm, fkal}bfkg adepearmpfqrfaq q}ad eq pekgm cn ncpoelfrv ekb

qmkqm cn xlev cp qmpfc}qkmqq+ Rdm neoflv qrcpv oev `m rclb er e pm}kfck amlm`perfkg

rdm gpekbxepmkrq' ekkf~mpqepv+ Er rfomq, rdm neoflv wc}lb `m nmqrf~m ekb xlevn}l9

er crdmp rfomq, qmpfc}q ekb acoomocperf~m+

Xeprfafxekrq

Qxmeimp ekb e}bfmkam+ Lfkg}fqrq wfll oeim bfqrfkarfckq wfrdfk rdmqm

aermgcpfmq9 ncp mteoxlm, rdm e}bfmkam aek `m bfqrfkg}fqdmb eq ebbpmqqmmq ekb

crdmp dmepmpq+ Er rdm neoflv pm}kfck, ek e}kr ofgdr rmll e qrcpv rc rdm vc}kg

nmoelm pmlerf~mq, `}r oelmq, elrdc}gd kcr ebbpmqqmb, ofgdr elqc dmep rdm kepperf~m+

Mkbq

X}pxcqmq, gcelq, ekb c}racomq+ Rdm e}kr oev rmll e qrcpv e`c}r rdm

gpekbocrdmp rc mkrmprefk rdm e}bfmkam, rmead rdm vc}kg wcomk, ekb dckcp rdm

gpekbocrdmp+


16/45

5

Ear Qmu}mkam

Ncpo ekb cpbmp cn rdm m~mkr+ Rdm e}kr'q qrcpv ofgdr `mgfk eq e pmqxckqm rc

e rceqr rc rdm gpekbocrdmp+ Rdm qrcpv'q xlcr ekb bm~mlcxomkr wc}lb de~m e

qmu}mkam qrp}ar}pmb `v rdm e}kr+ Xcqqf`lv rdmpm wc}lb `m e aclle`cperf~m

fkrmpp}xrfck b}pfkg rdm rmllfkg+ Nfkellv, rdm gpc}x ofgdr exxle}b rdm relm ekb oc~m

ckrc ekcrdmp q}`jmar cp earf~frv+

Imv

Al}mq rder mqre`lfqd rdm "rckm, oekkmp, cp qxfpfr" cn rdm qxmmad ear+ Rdm

e}kr ofgdr fofrerm rdm gpekbocrdmp'q ~cfam ekb gmqr}pmq fk e xlevn}l wev, cp qdm

ofgdr ebbpmqq rdm gpc}x fk e qmpfc}q ~cfam moxdeqfzfkg rdm qfkampfrv ekb pmqxmar

cn rdm xpefqm rdm qrcpv mtxpmqqmq+

Fkqrp}omkrelfrfmq

Ncpoq ekb qrvlmq cn qxmmad+ Rdm e}kr ofgdr qxmei fk e aeq}el pmgfqrmp wfrd

oekv bfelmar nmer}pmq cp ofgdr }qm e ocpm ncpoel pmgfqrmp ekb aepmn}l

gpeooerfaellv "qrekbepb" ncpoq+

Kcpoq

Qcafel p}lmq gc~mpkfkg rdm m~mkr ekb rdm xeprfafxekrq' earfckq ekb pmearfck+

Fk e xlevn}l qrcpv `v rdm e}kr, rdm kcpoq ofgdr ellcw oekv e}bfmkam fkrmpp}xrfckq


17/45

5

ekb aclle`cperfck, cp xcqqf`lv rdcqm fkrmpp}xrfckq ofgdr `m lfofrmb rc xeprfafxerfck

`v clbmp nmoelmq+ E qmpfc}q, ncpoel qrcpv `v rdm e}kr ofgdr aell ncp errmkrfck rc

dmp ekb kc fkrmpp}xrfckq eq kcpoq+

Gmkpm

Rdm ifkb cn qxmmad ear cp m~mkr9 ncp rdm mteoxlm }qmb dmpm, rdm ifkb cn

qrcpv+ Rdm e}kr ofgdr rmll e adepearmp ekmabcrm e`c}r rdm gpekbocrdmp ncp

mkrmprefkomkr, cp ek mtmoxl}o eq ocpel fkqrp}arfck+ Bfnnmpmkr bfqafxlfkmq bm~mlcx

rmpoq ncp ifkbq cn qxmmad earq, ekb qxmmad acoo}kfrfmq qcomrfomq de~m rdmfp

cwk rmpoq ncp rvxmq+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exemplumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exemplum


18/45

54

ADEXRMP 1

RDM FLLCA]RFCKEPV EAR ]QMB FK PMX]@LFAEK XPMQFBMKRFEL

BM@ERMQ

1+5 Fkrpcb}arfck

Rdfq adexrmp rmllq e`c}r 2 omo`mpq cn Nlcpfbe Pmx}`lfaek Xeprv

wdc wekr rc acoxmrm wfrd Xpmqfbmkr @epeai Cèoe wdc qrfll qrekbfkg fk rdm adefp

cn Xpmqfbmkr cn ]kfrmb Qrermq }krfl pfgdr kcw+ Qc, rdfq adexrmp bmelq wfrd ekelvqfq

cn fllca}rfckepv earq pmnlmarmb fk rdmfp qmkrmkamq eq qmmk fk Rpekqapfxr cn AKK

Nlcpfbe Pmx}`lfaek Xpmqfbmkrfel Bmèrm+ Fk rdm qdcw cn bmèrm, rdmpm epm qcom

xmcxlm wdc nfll rdm bmèrmq qdcw9 rdm xmcxlmq epm Wcln @lfrzmp eq Ocbmpercp,

Ackgpmqqoek Pck Xe}l, Gc~mpkcp Ofrr Pcokmv, Rdm Ncpomp Qxmeimp cn rdm

Dc}qm, Kmwr Gfkgpfad, ekb Rdm Ncpomp ]+Q+ Qmkercp npco Xmkkqvl~ekfe, Pfai

Qekrcp}o+ Rdfq bmèrmq qdcw dmlb fk ]kf~mpqfrv cn Kcprd Nlcpfbe fk Jeaiqck~fllm

ekb efpmb Jek}epv 0>, 0850+ Rdmv wmpm relimb e`c}r xpc ekb ackrpe fk Eompfae

ackrfkmkr+

Rdm ekelvqfq cn rdm bere eppekgmb èqmb ck pekbcolv cn rdm qmkrmkamq+

Rdmpm epm qcom bere rc `m ekelvzmb+


19/45

56

1+0 Rdm Ekelvqfq cn Bere

Ber}o 5

Pfai Qekrcp}o : Fo Pfai Qekrcp}o, ekb Fo rdpfllmb rc `m dmpm ck rdm

aeox}q cn Kcprd Nlcpfbe

$Le}gdrmp&

$Exxle}qm&

Pfai Qekrcp}o : Ekb Fo mqxmafellv rdpfllmb `mae}qm Fo dmpm wfrd e Kcprd

Nlcpfbe Pmqfbmkr wdc lf~mq pfgdr bcwk rdm `mead npco

Jeaiqck~fllm, ov oco, wdc fq 61 vmepq clb, wdc fq wfrd

om dmpm rckfgdr+

$Exxle}qm&

Pfai Qekrcp}o : F `mrrmp j}qr qrcx pfgdr rdmpm

Rdfq ack~mpqerfck fq dmlb fk ckm cn rdm `}flbfkg fk ]kf~mpqfrv cn Kcprd

Nlcpfbe fk Jeaiqck~fllm fk Jek}epv 0>, 0850 er 08:88 xo+ Fk rdfq `}flbfkg, rdmpm epm

oekv xmcxlm weradfkg rdfq bm`erm, fkal}bmb 2 aekbfbermq eockg Pck Xe}l, Ofrr

Pcokmv, Kmwr Gfkgpfad, ekb Pfai Qekrcp}o wdc wfll adellmkgm wfrd @epeai

C`eoe rc reim e adefp cn Xpmqfbmkr fk kmtr xmpfcb+ @mqfbm rder, rdmv }qm ncpoel

qmkrmkam rc reim errmkrfck npco rdm e}bfmkamq+ Wdmk Wcln @lfrzmp eq ocbmpercp

`mgfkq rdm qdcw, nfpqrlv @lfrzmp fk~frmq Pfai Qekrcp}o rc fkrpcb}am dfq qmln fk npckr

cn rdm x}`lfa fk rdfq `}flbfkg+ Nfpqr qmkrmkam dm qefb weq Fo Pfai Qekrcp}o, ekb

Fo rdpfllmb rc `m dmpm ck rdm aeox}q cn Kcprd Nlcpfbe+ Dm qefb lfim rder wfrd


20/45

08

dmeb }xpfgdr, `clb ekb wfrd qoflm ck dfq lfx, enrmp rder, dm ackrfk}mq dfq qmkrmkam

wfrd dfq qoflm wfrd Ekb Fo mqxmafellv rdpfllmb `mae}qm Fo dmpm wfrd e Kcprd

Nlcpfbe Pmqfbmkr wdc lf~mq pfgdr bcwk rdm `mead npco Jeaiqck~fllm, ov oco, wdc

fq 61 vmepq clb, wdc fq wfrd om dmpm rckfgdr+ Ear}ellv, enrmp dm fkrpcb}amq dfq qmln

fk npckr cn rdm xmcxlmq wdc weradfkg dfo, dm wekrq rc fkrpcb}am dfq neoflv rcc

ekb oeim dfq ocrdmp xpc}b cn dfo+ Xmpdexq dm bcmq kcr rc reim elckg dfq

fkrpcb}afkg ekb dm bcmq kcr ikcw wder qmkrmkamq dm wekrq rc qxmei fk npckr cn rdm

e}bfmkamq, qc dm qevq F `mrrmp j}qr qrcx pfgdr rdmpm+

Fk rdfq aeqm, rdm }rrmpekam fq xpcb}amb `v Pfai Qekrcp}o F `mrrmp j}qr qrcx

pfgdr rdmpm ~fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn

fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn

qrermomkr+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn qrermomkr

`mae}qm Pfai Qekrcp}o nmmlq fr wfll `macom weqrm rfom wdmk dm wekrq rc reli qc

lckg ekb dm nmmlq kmp~c}q cn rder qdcw+ Elrdc}gd Pfai Qekrcp}o qevq wfrd F

`mrrmp j}qr qrcx pfgdr rdmpm `}r Pfai Qekrcp}o ikcwq rder fr wfll reim qc lckg rdfq

ack~mpqerfck+

Ber}o 0

E}bfmkam :Dmllc+ Aek vc} rmll om wder qxmafnfa earfckq vc}ll reim rc

ebbpmqq rdm acqrlv ackqmu}mkamq cn fllmgel foofgperfck


21/45

0

wdflm xpmqmp~fkg rdm pfgdrq cn rdcqm wdc qmmi rc

foofgperm lmgellv3

@lfrzmp : Ell pfgdr+ Qmkercp Qekrcp}o, lmrq reim rder u}mqrfck+ @}r

elqc, fk rdm ac}pqm cn rder u}mqrfck, mtxpmqq vc}p cxfkfck

ck wder wm dmepb npco Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv, rder qmln/

bmxcprerfck, cp fllmgel foofgpekrq lme~fkg rdm ac}krpv

~cl}krepflv, fq e xcqqf`lm qcl}rfck+

Pfai Qekrcp}o : Wmll, rdm xcqqf`lm qcl}rfck fq

Rdfq ack~mpqerfck dexxmkq wdmk enrmp 2 aekbfbermq fkrpcb}am rdmfp qmln fk

npckr cn rdm e}bfmkamq ekb ocbmpercp fk~frmq ckm cn rdm e}bfmkamq rc eqi e`c}r rdm

xpc`lmoq rder caa}p er rdfq rfom+ Ckm cn rdm e}bfmkamq wdc bc kcr omkrfck dmp

keom eqiq rc Pfai Qekrcp}o e`c}r dfq earfck ncp fllmgel foofgperfck+ Rdm

e}bfmkam eqiq Aek vc} rmll om wder qxmafnfa earfckq vc}ll reim rc ebbpmqq rdm

acqrlv ackqmu}mkamq cn fllmgel foofgperfck wdflm xpmqmp~fkg rdm pfgdrq cn rdcqm

wdc qmmi rc foofgperm lmgellv3 enrmp ek e}bfmkam eqi rc Pfai Qekrcp}o, @lfrzmp

eq ocbmpercp reim c~mp rdm u}mqrfck ekb ebbfkg e qrermomkr `v Ofrr Pcokmv

e`c}r qmln bmxcprerfck ekb ocbmpercp cpbmpq Pfai Qekrcp}o rc mtxpmqq dfq cxfkfck

e`c}r fr+ Qc, Pfai Qekrcp}o gf~mq dfq cxfkfck rc rdm e}bfmkam wdc weradfkg dfo

wfrd Wmll, rdm xcqqf`lm qcl}rfck fq++ Rdfq qmkrmkam qrermq rder Pfai Qekrcp}o

`mlfm~mq rder dfq cxfkfck fq pfgdr+


22/45

0

Fk rdfq aeqm, rdm }rrmpekam fq xpcb}amb `v Pfai Qekrcp}o Wmll, rdm

xcqqf`lm qcl}rfck fq+ ~fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam `mlckgq rc rdm

rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm

xpcxcqfrfck cn dvxcrdmqmq+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm

xpcxcqfrfck cn dvxcrdmqmq `mae}qm enrmp rdm e}bfmkam gf~mq dfo e u}mqrfck ekb

@lfrzmp eq ocbmpercp ebbfkg e qrermomkr npco Ofrr Pcokmv, Pfai Qekrcp}o

bfpmarlv ekqwmp rdm e}bfmkamq u}mqrfck wfrd dfq cxfkfck+

Ber}o 1

@lfrzmp : Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad, vc}~m q}ggmqrmb rder qmln/ bmxcprerfck

eq eb~caermb `v Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv fq fk vc}p wcpbq, Ek

C`eoe lm~ml nekreqv+ Wdv3

Gfkgpfad : Wmll lcci, F rdfki rder nfpqr cn ell, vc} qdc}lb ackrpcl rdm

`cpbmp, wdfad F de~m xlmbgmb rc bc `v Jek}epv 5, 0852+ Vc}

qdc}lb nft lmgel foofgperfck fk rmpoq cn ~fqeq qc xmcxlm aek

acom ekb gc meqflv ocpm meqflv rdek bcfkg fr fllmgellv+

Vc} qdc}lb elqc oeim bmxcprerfck meqfmp qc wdmk vc}

bmxcpr xmcxlm wdc qdc}lbkr `m dmpm+ Rdm 51 gekg

omo`mpq, ncp mteoxlm+ Fr qdc}lb `m ~mpv u}fai ekb ~mpv

almep+

Rdfq ack~mpqerfck caa}pq wdmk enrmp Pfai Qekrcp}o nfkfqdmb dfq ekqwmp

e`c}r xcqqf`lm qcl}rfck cn qmln/bmxcprerfck cp fllmgel foofgperfck npco rdm


23/45

0

e}bfmkam ekb ebbmb npco @lfrzmp wdfad fq m~mp dmepb npco Ofrr Pcokmv ekb enrmp

rder @lfrzmp rpfmq rc eqifkg rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad e`c}r qmln bmxcprerfck wdfad fq dm

m~mp q}ggmqrmb+ Dm eqiq Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad, vc}~m q}ggmqrmb rder qmln/ bmxcprerfck

eq eb~caermb `v Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv fq fk vc}p wcpbq, Ek Cèoe lm~ml nekreqv+

Wdv3+

^fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad, vc}~m

q}ggmqrmb rder qmln/ bmxcprerfck eq eb~caermb `v Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv fq fk vc}p wcpbq,

Ek Cèoe lm~ml nekreqv+ Wdv3 `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq

aermgcpfzmb fkrc bfpmarf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cnu}mqrfck+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc

bfpmarf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn u}mqrfck `mae}qm @lfrzmp wekrq rc ikcw e`c}r

Gfkgpfad cxfkfck e`c}r qmln/bmxcprerfck cp fllmgel foofgperfck wdfad fq m~mp qefb

`v Ofrr Pcokmv ekb dm wekrq rc ikcw rdm omekfkg cn Ek Cèoe lm~ml nekreqv fr

qmln+

Ber}o 2

Ofrr Pcokmv : Lmrq nca}q c}p errmkrfck ck dcw rc oeim lmgel

foofgperfck wcpi ekb qrcx ekb qrcx fllmgel

foofgperfck+

Rdfq ack~mpqerfck caa}pq wdmk Pfai Qekrcp}o ekb Kmwr Gfkgpfad epm

nfkfqdmb reli e`c}r rdmfp cxfkfck e`c}r qmln bmxcprerfck cp fllmgel foofgperfck


24/45

02

wdfad fq rdmv q}xxcpr rdm ackamxr cn fr+ Enrmp rdmv relimb e`c}r qmln bmxcprerfck cp

fllmgel foofgperfck, @lfrzmp reimq c~mp ack~mpqerfck ekb dm eqiq rc Ofrr Pcokmv

e`c}r dcw rc oeim rdm xpcgpeo ac}lb wcpi+ Wdmk @lfrzmp nfkfqdmb eqi rc Ofrr

Pcokmv, Ofrr Pcokmv ekqwmpq wfrd dfq mtxlekerfck e`c}r fllmgel foofgperfck

ekb dcw rc c~mpacom fr, ekb rdm nfkel qmkrmkam dm qevq Lmrq nca}q c}perrmkrfck

ck dcw rc oeim lmgel foofgperfck wcpi ekb qrcx ekb qrcx fllmgel foofgperfck+

Fk rdfq aeqm, rdm }rrmpekam fq xpcb}amb `v Ofrr Pcokmv Lmrq nca}q c}p

errmkrfck ck dcw rc oeim lmgel foofgperfck wcpi ekb qrcx ekb qrcx fllmgel

foofgperfck ~fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn

fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc bfpmarf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn

fk~frerfck+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc bfpmarf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn fk~frerfck

`mae}qm enrmp Ofrr Pcokmv weq mtxlefkmb e`c}r qmln bmxcprerfck ekb dcw rc

c~mpacom fr, dm fk~frmq rdm e}bfmkamq cp wdc weradfkg dfo rc oeim lmgel

foofgperfck, ekb kcr rc oeim fllmgel foofgperfck `mae}qm fr oeimq rdm ac}krpv fq

pmellv ql}oxmb+

Ber}o =

@lfrzmp : Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad, vc} deb ek eb, `}r vc} x}llmb fr dfq

wmmi, fk wdfad vc} bmqapf`mb Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv eq rdm

ocqr ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm+ Wdv bfb vc} bc rder3


25/45

0

Gfkgpfad : Wdv bfb wm bmqapf`m dfo rder wev3 @mae}qm, fk rdm

cpfgfkel ack~mpqerfckq e`c}r bmxcprerfck, rdm xcqfrfck F

rcci, wdfad dm erreaimb xpmrrv nmpcafc}qlv, weq rder

gpekbocrdmpq ekb gpekbnerdmpq epmkr gcfkg rc `m

q}aamqqn}llv bmxcprmb+

Rdfq ack~mpqerfck fq reifkg xleam wdmk Pck Xe}l nfkfqdmb mtxlefkfkg dfq

mtxlekerfck e`c}r cxfkfck npco Ofrr Pcokmv e`c}r qmln/bmxcprerfck ekb enrmp rder

@lfrzmp reimq c~mp rdm ack~mpqerfck ekb dm eqiq rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad q}ad eq

Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad, vc} deb ek eb, `}r vc} x}llmb fr dfq wmmi, fk wdfad vc}

bmqapf`mb Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv eq rdm ocqr ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm+ Wdv bfb vc}

bc rder3+ Enrmp dm eqimb dfo lfim rder, ekb Kmwr Gfkgpfad pmxlfmb @lfrzmp

u}mqrfck ekb dm qevq Wdv bfb wm bmqapf`m dfo rder wev3, wdmk dm nfkfqdmb

pmxlfmb wder @lfrzmp eqimb rc dfo, bfpmarlv Kmwr Gfkgpfad rpfmq rc ekqwmp dfq

u}mqrfck wfrd @mae}qm, fk rdm cpfgfkel ack~mpqerfckq e`c}r bmxcprerfck, rdm

xcqfrfck F rcci, wdfad dm erreaimb xpmrrv nmpcafc}qlv, weq rder gpekbocrdmpq ekb

gpekbnerdmpq epmkr gcfkg rc `m q}aamqqn}llv bmxcprmb+

^fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam @mae}qm, fk rdm cpfgfkel

ack~mpqerfckq e`c}r bmxcprerfck, rdm xcqfrfck F rcci, wdfad dm erreaimb xpmrrv

nmpcafc}qlv, weq rder gpekbocrdmpq ekb gpekbnerdmpq epmkr gcfkg rc `m

q}aamqqn}llv bmxcprmb+ `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq

aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn dvxcrdmqmq+ Fr fq

aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn dvxcrdmqmq `mae}qm Kmwr


26/45

0

Gfkgpfad rpfmq rc gf~m ek cxfkfck e`c}r wder @lfrzmp eqimb `mncpm e`c}r wdv dm

bmqapf`mb Ofrr Pcokmv eq rdm ocqr ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm+

Ber}o >

@lfrzmp :F j}qr wekr rc oeim q}pm F }kbmpqrekb+ Fq dm qrfll rdm ocqr

ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm3

Gfkgpfad : F rdfki, cn rdm nc}p cn }q, vmq+

@lfrzmp : Gc edmeb, Gc~mpkcp+

Pcokmv : Rderq qfoxlv fkmta}qe`lm+ Rderq fkmta}qe`lm+ Ekb,

ear}ellv, Qmkercp Oepac P}`fc aeom rc ov bmnmkqm ekb

qefb rder eb weq fkmta}qe`lm ekb fknleooercpv ekb

fkexxpcxpferm+

Op+ Qxmeimp,Fo kcr ekrf/foofgpekr+

Rdfq ack~mpqerfck reifkg xleam wdmk enrmp Kmwr Gfkgpfad weq mtxlefkmb

rder Ofrr Pcokmv fq eq rdm ocqr ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm rdmpm, ekb @lfrzmp wekrq

rc oeim dfo `mlfm~m fr ocpm, qc, dm eqiq dfo egefk wfrd qev F j}qr wekr rc oeim

q}pm F }kbmpqrekb+ Fq dm qrfll rdm ocqr ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm3+ Gfkgpfad

bfpmarlv ekqwmp wder @lfrzmp u}mqrfckmb wfrd F rdfki, cn rdm nc}p cn }q, vmq+ Enrmp


27/45

0

rder, Ofrr Pcokmv bmkfmb e`c}r wder Kmwr Gfkgpfad qefb ekb dm qevq rc Kmwr

Gfkgpfad wfrd Rderq qfoxlv fkmta}qe`lm+ Rderq fkmta}qe`lm+ Ekb, ear}ellv,

Qmkercp Oepac P}`fc aeom rc ov bmnmkqm ekb qefb rder eb weq fkmta}qe`lm ekb

fknleooercpv ekb fkexxpcxpferm+ Op+ Qxmeimp,Fo kcr ekrf/foofgpekr+

Fk rdfq aeqm, rdm }rrmpekam fq xpcb}amb `v Ofrr Pcokmv Fo kcr ekrf/

foofgpekr ~fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr9 rdfq }rrmpekam `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn

fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn

eqqmprfckq+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc pmxpmqmkrerf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn eqqmprfckq

`mae}qm dm bfqegpmm wfrd wder Kmwr Gfkgpfad qefb ekb dm rpfmq rc bmnmkb ckmqmln

wfrd rpv rc mtxlefk wdv dm pmjmarmb rc qefb dm fq ekrf foofgpekr+

Ber}o 7

Gfkgpfad :Fll rmll vc} wder$Exxle}qm&

Fll gf~m vc} ek cxxcpr}kfrv rc qmln/bmqapf`m+ Vc} rmll om

wder lekg}egm vc} wc}lb }qm rc bmqapf`m qcom`cbv wdc

rdfkiq rder bmxcprfkg e gpekbocrdmp cp e gpekbnerdmp

npco rdmfp neoflv j}qr rmll om rdm lekg}egm+ Foxmpnmarlv dexxv ncp vc} rc mtxlefk wder lekg}egm vc}b

}qm+


28/45

04

Rdfq ack~mpqerfck `mgfkq npco Ofrr Pcokmv ack~fkamq rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad

rder dm fq kcr ekrf/foofgpekr ekb dm mtxlefkq fk bmrefl wdv dm fq kcr ekrf

foofgpekr+ @}r dmpm, Kmwr Gfkgpfad `eai rc erreaifkg Ofrr Pcokmv enrmp dm

ack~fkamb rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad ekb rdm e}bfmkamq wdc qew rder bm`erm wfrd dfq

cxfkfck+ Nfpqr qmkrmkam dm qevq Fll rmll vc} wder ekb dm ackrfk}mq erreai dfo

wfrd rdm qmkrmkamq Fll gf~m vc} ek cxxcpr}kfrv rc qmln/bmqapf`m+ Vc} rmll om wder

lekg}egm vc} wc}lb }qm rc bmqapf`m qcom`cbv wdc rdfkiq rder bmxcprfkg e

gpekbocrdmp cp e gpekbnerdmp npco rdmfp neoflvj}qr rmll om rdm lekg}egm+ Fo

xmpnmarlv dexxv ncp vc} rc mtxlefk wder lekg}egm vc}b }qm+

^fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam Fll gf~m vc} ek cxxcpr}kfrv rc

qmln/bmqapf`m+ Vc} rmll om wder lekg}egm vc} wc}lb }qm rc bmqapf`m qcom`cbv

wdc rdfkiq rder bmxcprfkg e gpekbocrdmp cp e gpekbnerdmp npco rdmfp neoflv

j}qr rmll om rdm lekg}egm+ Fo xmpnmarlv dexxv ncp vc} rc mtxlefk wder lekg}egm

vc}b }qm+ `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc

acoofqf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cncnnmpq+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc acoofqf~m wfrd

rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn cnnmpq `mae}qm Kmwr Gfkgpfad wekrq rc ikcw ocpm e`c}r Ofrr

Pcokmvq lekg}egm wdfad dm bfb }qm rc bmqapf`m qcom`cbv rdfkiq rder bmxcprfkg

e gpekbocrdmp ekb gpekbnerdmp npco rdmfp neoflv+


29/45

06

Ber}o 4

Pcokmv : Vc} ikcw, c}p xpc`lmo fq kcr 55 ofllfck gpekbocrdmpq+

C}p xpc`lmo fqell pfgdr+

$Exxle}qm&

Pcokmv : +++ Frq xmcxlm gmrrfkg npmm dmelrd aepm `mae}qm wm epm

pmu}fpmb }kbmp rdm lew rc xpc~fbm rder dmelrd aepm+ Ekb

rdm pmel ackampk fq rdm xmcxlm wdc wekr rc acom dmpm

lmgellv+Lmrq lmr lmgel foofgpekrq acom dmpm+ Lmrq qrcx

fllmgel foofgperfck+

Rdfq ack~mpqerfck caa}pq wdmk Ofrr Pcokmv deq `mmk ack~fkamb dfq qmln

rder dm fq kcr rdm xmcxlm wdc ekrf foofgpekr qfbm+ Enrmp rder, Gfkgpfad qevq dfq

cxfkfck rder dm fq bfqegpmm wfrd wder Ofrr Pcokmv qefb `mncpm+ Dfq bfqegpmm

bmqapf`mb lfim Rdm fbme rder vc} epm gcfkg rc x}qd rdmo c}r fk qcom ncpo `v

qfoxlv qevfkg rdmv aekr gc gmr e jc` F rdfki rdm gpekbocrdmp fq qrfll gcfkg rc

`m dmpm+ Fk rdfq qmkrmkamq qrerm rder Kmwr Gfkgpfad xpc foofgpekr+ Wdmk Kmwr

Gfkgpfad nfkfqdmb dfq cxfkfck, Ofrr Pcokmv bmnmkbq dfq qmln wfrd wder Kmwr

Gfkgpfad qefb fq wpckg+ Qc, Ofrr Pcokmv qevq Vc} ikcw, c}p xpc`lmo fq kcr 55

ofllfck gpekbocrdmpq ekb dm gf~mq dfq cxfkfck rc ell cn rdm xmcxlmq wdc

weradfkg dfo lfim Frq xmcxlm gmrrfkg npmm dmelrd aepm `mae}qm wm epm pmu}fpmb

}kbmp rdm lew rc xpc~fbm rder dmelrd aepm+ Ekb rdm pmel ackampk fq rdm xmcxlm wdc

wekr rc acom dmpm lmgellv+ Wdmk dm elpmebv qefb lfim rder, dm fk~frmq ell cn rdmo


30/45

18

rc oeim lmgel foofgpekrq lfim dm qevq Lmrq lmr lmgel foofgpekrq acom dmpm+

Lmrq qrcx fllmgel foofgperfck+

Fk rdfq aeqm, rdm }rrmpekam fq xpcb}amb `v Ofrr Pcokmv Lmrq lmr lmgel

foofgpekrq acom dmpm+ Lmrq qrcx fllmgel foofgperfck+ ~fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr9

rdfq }rrmpekam `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc

bfpmarf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn fk~frerfck+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc bfpmarf~m wfrd

rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn fk~frerfck `mae}qm Ofrr Pcokmv rpfmq rc xmpq}ebm e}bfmkamq rc

reim lmgel foofgperfck, kcr fllmgel foofgperfck+ Dm bcmq fr `mae}qm dm wekrq rc

`pfkgfkg rdm xmcxlmq acom dmpm ekb dm wekr rc pefqm rdmfp ~fqe+

Ber}o 6

$Exxle}qm&

@lfrzmp : Rdm pdmrcpfa ck foofgperfck, Gc~mpkcp, deq `mmk fkrmkqm,

eq vc} wmll ikcw, eq ell nc}p cn vc} ikcw, ekb ekvckm

wdc weradmq rmlm~fqfck ikcwq+ Vc} deb ek eb p}kkfkg

qevfkg rder Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad aellmb Qxekfqd rdm

lekg}egm cn rdm gdmrrc+

Wder bc vc} omek `v rder3

Pcokmv : F de~mkr qmmk rdm eb, qc Fo qcppv+F bckr gmr rc qmm ell

rdm R^ ebq+ Bfb dm qev rder3

@lfrzmp : Bfb vc} qev rder3


31/45

1

Gfkgpfad : Kc+ Wder F qefb weq, wm wekr m~mpv`cbv rc rmead Mkglfqd

`mae}qm wm bckr/ ekb F bfbkr }qm rdm wcpb Qxekfqd+

Rdfq ack~mpqerfck dexxmkq wdmk @lfrzmp reliq e`c}r eb wdfad fq acom

npco Ofrr Pcokmv+ Ofrr Pcokmv oeimq ek eb wdc rmll e`c}r Kmwr Gfkgpfad fq

Qxekfqd rdm lekg}egm cn rdm gdmrrc+ @lfrzmp qefb lfim Vc} deb ek eb p}kkfkg

qevfkg rder Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad aellmb Qxekfqd rdm lekg}egm cn rdm gdmrrc+ `}r

dmpm, Ofrr Pcokmv bcbgmq u}mqrfckfkg cn wder @lfrzmp qefb rc dfo, ekb dm rpfmq rc

eqi `eai wfrd u}mqrfck Bfb dm qev rder3+ Enrmp Ofrr Pcokmv eqifkg dfo `eai,

@lfrzmp rpfmq rc eqi Kmwr Gfkgpfad wfrd u}mqrfck Bfb vc} qev rder3+ Qc, Kmwr

Gfkgpfad rpvfkg rc qrpefgdrmk c}r wder ear}ellv dexxmkmb+ Dm qevq Kc+ Wder F

qefb weq, wm wekr m~mpv`cbv rc rmead Mkglfqd `mae}qm wm bckr/ ekbF bfbkr }qm

rdm wcpb Qxekfqd+

^fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam F de~mkr qmmk rdm eb, qc Fo

qcppv+ `mlckgq rc rdm rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc

mtxpmqqf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn exclcgfmq+ Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc mtxpmqqf~m

wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn exclcgfmq `mae}qm Ofrr Pcokmv dmpm nmmlq dm bfb kcr qmm

rdm eb wdfad @lfrzmp eaa}qmb rc dfo+ Qc, Ofrr Pcokmv pm~melq dfq mtxpmqqfck wfrd

qmkrmkam F de~mkr qmmk rdm eb, qc Fo qcppv+


32/45

1

Ber}o 58

@lfrzmp : F wekr rc `pfkg Ackgpmqqoek Xe}l ekb Qmkercp Qekrcp}o fkrc

rdfq+ @}r lmrq reim rdfq u}mqrfck npco Ofeof+

AKK mkMqxekclq J}ek Aeplcq Lcxmz deq e g}mqr rdmpm+

Lcxmz : Dcle, wcln

Wmpm er rdm ~fmwfkg xeprv ncp rdm Dfqxekfa Lmebmpqdfx Kmrwcpi,

ekb fr pmellv fq e xeprv+ Rdmv epm dclbfkg rdmfp vmeplv acknmpmkam,

e ommrfkg cn Dfqxekfa Pmx}`lfaek lmebmpq+ Ekb Fo jcfkmb `vPeu}ml Pcbpfg}mz+ Qdmq ek errcpkmv fk Ofeof+ Qdm xpearfamq

`}qfkmqq ekb fkrmpkerfckel lew, ekb qdm deq e u}mqrfck ncp rdm

aekbfbermq+

Pcbpfg}mz : Vmq, gccb m~mkfkg+

Rdfq ack~mpqerfck caa}pq wdmk @lfrzmp eq ocbmpercp a}rrfkg rdm

ack~mpqerfck ekb bfpmarlv reimq e u}mqrfck npco ek e}bfmkam, `}r dmpm, kcr @lfrzmp

fq reifkg e u}mqrfck `}r Lcxmz eq AKKq pmxcprmp fq reifkg e u}mqrfck npco ek

e}bfmkam npco Ofeof+ @mncpm rder, Lcxmq fq fkrpcb}afkg rdm xmcxlmq wdc wmpm

rdmpm ekb ek e}bfmkam wdcll wekr rc eqi rdmo, dm qevq Wmpm er rdm ~fmwfkg

xeprv ncp rdm Dfqxekfa Lmebmpqdfx Kmrwcpi, ekb fr pmellv fq e xeprv+ Rdmv epm

dclbfkg rdmfp vmeplv acknmpmkam, e ommrfkg cn Dfqxekfa Pmx}`lfaek lmebmpq+ Ekb

Fo jcfkmb `v Peu}ml Pcbpfg}mz+ Qdmq ek errcpkmv fk Ofeof+ Qdm xpearfamq

`}qfkmqq ekb fkrmpkerfckel lew, ekb qdm deq e u}mqrfck ncp rdm aekbfbermq+ Enrmp

Lcxmz fkrpcb}amb rdm xmcxlmq rdmpm, ek e}bfmkam wfll eqi 2 aekbfbermq, `}r `mncpm

qdm eqiq rdmo, qdm gpmmrfkgq rdmo wfrd Vmq, gccb m~mkfkg+


33/45

1

^fmwmb npco rdm ackrmtr, rdfq }rrmpekam Vmq, gccb m~mkfkg+ `mlckgq rc

rdm rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc mtxpmqqf~m wfrd rdm

xpcxcqfrfck cngpmmrfkgq Fr fq aermgcpfzmb fkrc mtxpmqqf~m wfrd rdm xpcxcqfrfck cn

gpmmrfkgq `mae}qm Pcbpfu}mz eq ek e}bfmkam rpfmq rc `m xclfrm rc rdmo+


34/45

12

1+1 Rdm re`lm cn bere aleqqfnfaerfck

Bere

Pmxpmqmkrerf~m Acoofqf~m Bfpmarf~m Mtxpmqqf~m

qrerm dvxc Eqqmpr cnnmpq fk~frm u}mqrf exclc gpmmr

5 0 1

2 = > 7 4 6 58

Kcrm qrerm : qrermomkr

dvxc : dvxcrdmqmq

eqqmpr : eqqmprfck

cnnmpq : cnnmpq

fk~frm : fk~frerfck

u}mqrf : u}mqrfck

exclc : exclcgfmq

gpmmr : gpmmrfkg


35/45

1

Rdm pmq}lr cn pmqmepad u}mqrfck k}o`mp 5 epm nc}kb, rdm wpfrmp deq `mmk

nfkbfkg c}r rdm rvxmq cn fllca}rfckepv ear ekb ocqrlv caa}p fq pmxpmqmkrerf~m, ekb fr

ncllcwmb `v bfpmarf~mq, mtxpmqqf~mq ekb rdm leqr fq acoofqf~mq+ Rdm rvxm cn

fllca}rfckepv ear wdfad aermgcpfzmb rc pmxpmqmkrerf~m bcofkekrlv caa}pq fk ell cn

rdm bere+ Fr `mae}qm rdm omo`mp xpmqfbmkrfel bm`erm o}ad }qfkg qrermomkr,

cxfkfck, ekb eqqmprfck rc errpear rdm errmkrfck cn rdm e}bfmkam+


36/45

1

ADEXRMP 2

RDM NEARCP AE]QMQ RPFGGMPQ RDM ]QM CN RDM

FLLCA]RFCKEPV EAR

2+5 Fkrpcb}arfck

Rdfq adexrmp rmllq e`c}r rdm nearcpq rder ae}qm caa}p fk fllca}rfckepv ear

wdfad rdm bere ackrefkmb fk rdm "Xpmqfbmkrfel Bm`erm"+ Ekelvzmb }qfkg rdmcpv

xpm~fc}qlv xpcxcqmb `v Qmeplm+ Rder rdmcpv }qmb rc ikcw rdm rvxmq cn rdm

fllca}rfckepv ear+ Kcw rc nfg}pm c}r wder nearcpq epm }qmb `v rdm qxmeimp rc rdm

e}bfmkam, rdmv }qm rdm rdmcpv bm~mlcxmb `v Dvomq, rdm rdmcpv keomq fq

QXMEIFKG+ Fr keomq deq e omekfkg q}ad eq Q fq qmrrfkg, wdmpm fr omekq fr

pmnmpq rc rdm rfom ekb xleam cn e qxmmad ear ekb, fk gmkmpel, rc rdm xdvqfael

afpa}oqrekamq+ X fq xeprfafxekr, wdmpm fr omekq qxmeimp ekb e}bfmkam+ M fq

mkbq, wdmpm fr omekq x}pxcqm, gcel, ekb c}racomq+ E fq ear qmu}mkam, wdmpm fr

omekq ncpo ekb cpbmp cn rdm m~mkr+ I fq imv, wdmpm fr omekq al}mq rder mqre`lfqd

rdm "rckm, oekkmp, cp qxfpfr" cn rdm qxmmad ear + F fq fkqrp}omkrelfrfmq, wdmpm fr

omekq ncpoq ekb qrvlmq cn qxmmad+ K fq kcpoq, wdmpm fr omekq qcafel p}lmq

gc~mpkfkg rdm m~mkr ekb rdm xeprfafxekrq' earfckq ekb pmearfck+ G fq gmkpm, wdmpm

fr omekq rdm ifkb cn qxmmad ear cp m~mkr9 ncp rdm mteoxlm }qmb dmpm, rdm ifkb cn

qrcpv+


37/45

1

2+0 Ekelvqfq Bere

Ber}o 5

Qmrrfkg

Pfai Qekrcp}o : Fo Pfai Qekrcp}o, ekb Fo rdpfllmb rc `m dmpm ck rdm

aeox}q cn Kcprd Nlcpfbe

$Le}gdrmp&$Exxle}qm&

Pfai Qekrcp}o : Ekb Fo mqxmafellv rdpfllmb `mae}qm Fo dmpm wfrd e Kcprd

Nlcpfbe Pmqfbmkr wdc lf~mq pfgdr bcwk rdm `mead npco

Jeaiqck~fllm, ov oco, wdc fq 61 vmepq clb, wdc fq wfrd

om dmpm rckfgdr+

$Exxle}qm&

Pfai Qekrcp}o : F `mrrmp j}qr qrcx pfgdr rdmpm

Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm Q cp Qmrrfkg+

Eq wpfrmp ikcwk rder qmrrfkg fq pmnmpq rc rdm rfom ekb xleam cn e qxmmad ear, ekb fk

gmkmpel, rc rdm xdvqfael afpa}oqrekam+ Qc, Fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm qmrrfkg fq

ae}qmb rder bm`erm xpmqfbmkrq qdcw dmlb fk ckm cn rdm `}flbfkg fk ]kf~mpqfrv cn

Kcprd Nlcpfbe fk Jeaiqck~fllm, wdmpm fk rder `}flbfkg nfllmb wfrd oekv e}bfmkam

ekb qcom cn rdmo epm xepmkrq npco aekbfberm cn xpmqfbmkr+ Er rder rfom rcc, 2

aekbfberm cn xpmqfbmkr npco Nlcpfbe fkrpcb}afkg rdmoqml~mq ekb ckm cn rdmo fq

Pfai Qekrcp}o+


38/45

14

Ber}o =

Xeprfafxekrq

@lfrzmp : Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad, vc} deb ek eb, `}r vc} x}llmb fr dfq

wmmi, fk wdfad vc} bmqapf`mb Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv eq rdm

ocqr ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm+ Wdv bfb vc} bc rder3

Gfkgpfad : Wdv bfb wm bmqapf`m dfo rder wev3 @mae}qm, fk rdm

cpfgfkel ack~mpqerfckq e`c}r bmxcprerfck, rdm xcqfrfck F

rcci, wdfad dm erreaimb xpmrrv nmpcafc}qlv, weq rder

gpekbocrdmpq ekb gpekbnerdmpq epmkr gcfkg rc `m

q}aamqqn}llv bmxcprmb+

Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm X cp

xeprfafxekrq+ Eq wpfrmp ikcwk rder xeprfafxekrq fq qxmeimp ekb e}bfmkam+ Qc, fr

fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm xeprfafxekrq fq ae}qmb `v cxfkfck wdfad qefb `v Kmwr

Gfkgpfad rc e}bfmkamq `}r kcr cklv e}bfmkamq wdc `mmk fk rder xleam, `}r elqc

e}bfmkamq wdc `mmk c}rqfbm ck rmlm~fqfck `pcebaeqr+ @mae}qm cn rder, rder cxfkfck

aek lfqrmk `v ekvckm wdc qmmq rdmo rcc+


39/45

16

Ber}o 2

Mkbq

Ofrr Pcokmv : Lmrq nca}q c}p errmkrfck ck dcw rc oeim lmgel

foofgperfck wcpi ekb qrcx fllmgel foofgperfck+

Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm M cp mkbq+ Eq

wpfrmp ikcwk rder mkbq fq x}pxcqm, gcelq, ekb c}racomq+ Qc, Fr fkal}bmq fk

aermgcpfzm mkbq ae}qmb `v Ofrr Pcokmv wekrq rc gf~m e bfpmarfck rc e}bfmkamq

wdc `mmk rdmpm ekb e}bfmkamq wdc `mmk fk dcom rc xmpncpo wder Ofrr Pcokmv

qefb, ekb Ofrr Pcokmv wekrq rc jcfk wfrd ]+Q qcafmrv rc bc kcr fllmgel

foofgperfck, `}r rc bc lmgel foofgperfck+

Ber}o 0

Ear Qmu}mkamq

E}bfmkam :Dmllc+ Aek vc} rmll om wder qxmafnfa earfckq vc}ll reim rc

ebbpmqq rdm acqrlv ackqmu}mkamq cn fllmgel foofgperfck

wdflm xpmqmp~fkg rdm pfgdrq cn rdcqm wdc qmmi rc

foofgperm lmgellv3


40/45

28

@lfrzmp : Ell pfgdr+ Qmkercp Qekrcp}o, lmrq reim rder u}mqrfck+ @}r

elqc, fk rdm ac}pqm cn rder u}mqrfck, mtxpmqq vc}p cxfkfck

ck wder wm dmepb npco Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv, rder qmln/

bmxcprerfck, cp fllmgel foofgpekrq lme~fkg rdm ac}krpv

~cl}krepflv, fq e xcqqf`lm qcl}rfck+

Pfai Qekrcp}o : Wmll, rdm xcqqf`lm qcl}rfck fq

Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm E cp ear

qmu}mkamq+ Eq wpfrmp ikcwk rder ear qmu}mkamq fq ncpo ekb cpbmp cn rdm m~mkr+ Fr

fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm ear qmu}mkamq fq ae}qmb wdmk Pfai Qekrcp}o ge~m rdm

ekqwmp cp dfq cxfkfck rc x}`lfa wdc weradmb rdm bm`erm `mrwmmk 2 aekbfbermq cn

xpmqfbmkr, ekb enrmp Pfai Qekrcp}o nfkfqdmb rder ekqwmp, @lfrzmp bfpmarfkg rdm

u}mqrfck rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad+

Ber}o >

Imv

@lfrzmp :F j}qr wekr rc oeim q}pm F }kbmpqrekb+ Fq dm qrfll rdm ocqr

ekrf/foofgpekr aekbfberm3

Gfkgpfad : F rdfki, cn rdm nc}p cn }q, vmq+

@lfrzmp :Gc edmeb, Gc~mpkcp+


41/45

2

Pcokmv : Rderq qfoxlv fkmta}qe`lm+ Rderq fkmta}qe`lm+ Ekb,

ear}ellv, Qmkercp Oepac P}`fc aeom rc ov bmnmkqm ekb

qefb rder eb weq fkmta}qe`lm ekb fknleooercpv ekb

fkexxpcxpferm+

Op+ Qxmeimp,Fo kcr ekrf/foofgpekr+

Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm I cp imv+ Eq

wpfrmp ikcwk rder imv fq al}mq rder mqre`lfqd rdm rckm, oekkmp, ekb qxfpfr cn rdm

qxmmad ear+ Fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm imv fq ae}qmb `v ekgpv mtxpmqqfck wdfad fq

bcfkg `v Ofrr Pcokmv rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad, er rder rfom Ofrr Pcokmv qefb rder dm fq

kcr ekrf foofgpekr9 dm }qmq dfgd rckm ekb qdcwfkg neam mtxpmqqfck wdfad u}frm

bfqexxcfkrmb rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad+

Ber}o 7

Fkqrp}omkrelfrfmq

Gfkgpfad :Fll rmll vc} wder$Exxle}qm&

Fll gf~m vc} ek cxxcpr}kfrv rc qmln/bmqapf`m+ Vc} rmll om

wder lekg}egm vc} wc}lb }qm rc bmqapf`m qcom`cbv wdc

rdfkiq rder bmxcprfkg e gpekbocrdmp cp e gpekbnerdmp npco


42/45

2

rdmfp neoflv j}qr rmll om rdm lekg}egm+ Fo xmpnmarlv

dexxv ncp vc} rc mtxlefk wder lekg}egm vc}b }qm+

Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm F cp

fkqrp}omkrelfrfmq+ Eq wpfrmp ikcwk rder fkqrp}omkrelfrfmq fq ncpo ekb qrvlm cn

qxmmad+ Fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm fkqrp}omkrelfrfmq fq ae}qmb `v Kmwr Gfkgpfad

wekrq rc qdcw rder wder lekg}egm Ofrr Pcokmv }qmb+ @mqfbm rder, Kmwr Gfkgpfad

wekrq rc rpv xmpq}ebfkg dfo rc qxmeifkg Qxefk fk npckr cn rdm e}bfmkamq+

Ber}o 1

Kcpoq

@lfrzmp : Qxmeimp Gfkgpfad, vc}~m q}ggmqrmb rder qmln/

bmxcprerfck eq eb~caermb `v Gc~mpkcp Pcokmv fq fk

vc}p wcpbq, Ek C`eoe lm~ml nekreqv+ Wdv3

Gfkgpfad : Wmll lcci, F rdfki rder nfpqr cn ell, vc} qdc}lb ackrpcl rdm

`cpbmp, wdfad F de~m xlmbgmb rc bc `v Jek}epv 5, 0852+

Vc} qdc}lb nft lmgel foofgperfck fk rmpoq cn ~fqeq qc

xmcxlm aek acom ekb gc meqflv ocpm meqflv rdek bcfkg

fr fllmgellv+ Vc} qdc}lb elqc oeim bmxcprerfck meqfmp qc


43/45

2

wdmk vc} bmxcpr xmcxlm wdc qdc}lbkr `m dmpm+ Rdm 51

gekg omo`mpq, ncp mteoxlm+ Fr qdc}lb `m ~mpv u}fai ekb

~mpv almep+

Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm K cp kcpoq+

Eq wpfrmp ikcwk rder Kcpoq fq Qcafel p}lmq gc~mpkfkg rdm m~mkr ekb rdm

xeprfafxekrq' earfckq ekb pmearfck+ Qc dmpm, wdv rdfq bere aek fkal}bm rc Kcpoq,

`mae}qm wdmk @lfrzmp eqiq rc Kmwr Gfkgpfad e`c}r qmln bmxcprerfck, dm wfll rdfkiq

rder u}mqrfck wfll rpfggmp rdm e}bfmkamq rc oeim pmearfck e`c}r rdm u}mqrfck ekb fr

wfll pefqm e earfck npco rdm e}bfmkamq+

Ber}o 4

Gmkpm

Pcokmv : Vc} ikcw, c}p xpc`lmo fq kcr 55 ofllfck gpekbocrdmpq+

C}p xpc`lmo fqell pfgdr+

$Exxle}qm&

Pcokmv : +++ Frq xmcxlm gmrrfkg npmm dmelrd aepm `mae}qm wm epm

pmu}fpmb }kbmp rdm lew rc xpc~fbm rder dmelrd aepm+ Ekb

rdm pmel ackampk fq rdm xmcxlm wdc wekr rc acom dmpm


44/45

22

lmgellv+Lmrq lmr lmgelfoofgpekrq acom dmpm+ Lmrq qrcx

fllmgel foofgperfck+

Rdmqm bere aek `m ackal}bmb rder fr fkal}bmq fk aermgcpfzm G cp gmkpm+

Eq wpfrmp ikcwk rder Gmkpm fq rdm ifkb cn qxmmad ear cp m~mkr+ Qc dmpm, wdv rdfq

bere aek fkal}bm rc Gmkpm, fr ae}qmb `v rdm nc}p cn rdmo eq xpmqfbmkr aekbfbermq

wc}lb lfim rc bc rdmfp cwk wevq rc `m e`lm rc reim aepm cn rdm e}bfmkam wdc epm

weradfkg rdmfp aleqdfkg epg}omkrq e`c}r foofgperfck rder deq mkg}lnmb rdmfp

ac}krpv+


45/45

ADEXRMP =

ACKAL]QFCK

Enrmp ekelvzmb rdm bere wdfad fq ackrefkmb fk Xpmqfbmkrfel Aekbfberm

Bmèrm, rdm wpfrmp aek ackal}bm rder fk ekelvzfkg rdm bere, rdmpm epm 2 rvxm cn

fllca}rfckepv earq wdfad exxmep rc rdm rfrlm Xpmqfbmkrfel Aekbfberm Bmèrm+ Rdm

ocqr bcofkekr rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv earq fk adexrmp 1 ekelvqfq fq Pmxpmqmkrerf~m,

qmackb fq bfpmarf~m, rdfpb fq mtxpmqqf~m, ekb rdm leqr fq acoofqf~mq+ @}r dmpm, fk

m~mpv ekelvzfkg rdm bere, fr q}xxcprmb `v ackrmtr rcc rc acoxlmrfkg ek ekelvqfq cn

rdm bere+ @eqmb ck ekelvzfkg rdm bere npco 58 }rrmpekamq cn bere, rdm wpfrmp aek

ackal}bm npco bmqapfxrfck `mlcw+

58 npco oekv bere cn xpmqfbmkrfel aekbfberm bmèrm wdfad deq `mmk

qxcimk `v 2 xmcxlmq aekbfberm cn xpmqfbmkr, fr deq qcom aermgcpfmq, q}ad eq

qrermomkr, dvxcrdmqmq, u}mqrfckfkg, fk~frerfck, eqqmprfck, cnnmpq, exclcgfmq, ekb

gpmmrfkgq+ M~mpv aermgcpv aek ackal}bm rder rvxm cn fllca}rfckepv earq wdfad rdm

ocqr bcofkekrlv fq pmxpmqmkrerf~m, fr ae}qmb pmxpmqmkrerf~m gmrq 2 xcfkrq, fr aek

qmmq npco rdm bere k}o`mp 5, 0, =, ekb >+ Kmtr epm bfpmarf~mq wdfad cklv gmr 1

xcfkrq, fr aek qmmq npco rdm bere k}o`mp 1, 2, ekb 4+ Mtxpmqqf~m cklv gmr 0 xcfkrq,

fr aek qmmq npco rdm bere k}o`mp 6 ekb 58+ Leqr fq acoofqf~m, wdfad cklv gmr 5

xcfkr, fr aek qmmq npco rdm bere k}o`mp 7+

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Illocutionary Acts in Republican Presidential Candidates Debates

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