image at: www.telescopes.net/doc/30200

image at: www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/public/eff_e.html

image at: www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/public/eff_e.html

 Technical Data of the Effelsberg Radio Telescope Reflector Diameter 100 mAperture 7,850 m²Number of Surface Elements (Panels) 2,352Accuracy of Surface <0.5 mmFocal Length in Prime Focus 30 mSecondary Mirror Diameter 6.5 mResolution (Beam Width)

21cm (1.4 GHz) 9.4' (arc min) 3cm wavelength (10 GHz) 1.15'(arc min)3.5mm wavelength (86 GHz) 10" (arc sec)

Setting Accuracy of Track +/- 0.25 mmMaximum Rotation Speed 32°/min.Maximum Tilt Speed 16°/min.Total Weight 3,200 tConstruction Period 1968-1971

Computer-generated image of an Airy disk. The outer rings of the Airy pattern have been enhanced in intensity.

From Wikipedia

Full width at half maximum

FWHM FWHM

=1.03 /R

Computer-generated image of an Airy disk. The outer rings of the Airy pattern have been enhanced in intensity.

From Wikipedia

/R

image at: www.telescope-optics.net/telescope_resolution.htm

1.22/R /R

1.22/R /R

Resolution

Angular Resolution

Resolving Power

Harry Kroto 2004

*

*

All stars are so far away that all rays from the same star are effectively parallel

*

Focus*

Harry Kroto 2004

**

**

The angular resolution is determined by the angle between two just-resolved

objects and is interference limited i.e. = (/R)

Harry Kroto 2004

**

d>

R

**

Essentially the opposite side of the triangle d > or ideally 1.22

Harry Kroto 2004

**

R= (/R)

**

The angular resolution is determined by the angle between two just resolved objects and is

interference limited i.e. = (/R)

Harry Kroto 2004

*

d

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5

0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

or R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5

0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

or R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5

0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

or R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5

0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

or R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0. 12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5

0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

or R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5

0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

at: www.nasaimages.org/luna/servlet/detail/nasaNA...

image at: www.telescope-optics.net/telescope_resolution.htm

1.22/R /R

image at: www.telescope-optics.net/telescope_resolution.htm

Computer-generated image of an Airy disk. The gray scale intensities have been adjusted to enhance the brightness of

the outer rings of the Airy pattern.

The total project costs of about 34 million DM were essentially covered by a foundation (Volkswagen-Stiftung). Additional financing was provided by the state of Nordrhine-Westfalia and the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. The federal ministery for science and technology ( Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung paid for some special parts of the equipment.  Technical Data of the Effelsberg Radio Telescope Reflector Diameter100 mAperture7,850 m²Number of Surface Elements (Panels)2,352Shape Accuracy of Surface< 0.5 mmFocal Length in Prime Focus30 mSecondary Mirror Diameter (Gregory-Reflector)6.5 mAperture Stop - in Prime Focusf/0.3- in Secondary Focusf/3.85Angular Resolution (Beam Width) - at 21cm wavelength (1.4 GHz)9.4' (arc minutes)- at 3cm wavelength (10 GHz)1.15' (arc minutes)- at 3.5mm wavelength (86 GHz)10" (arc seconds)Azimuth Track Diameter64 mSetting Accuracy of Track+/- 0.25 mmAzimuth Range480°Maximum Rotation Speed32°/min.Power Output of the 16 Azimuth-Drives17.5 kW eachRadius of Elevation Gear Track28 mElevation Movementfrom 7° to 94°Maximum Tilt Speed16°/min.Power Output of the 4 Elevation-Drives17.5 kW eachTotal Weight3,200 tConstruction Period1968-1971Height of Track above Sea Level 319mCommencement of OperationAugust 1st, 1972Constructed byArbeitsgemeinschaft KRUPP/MAN

The total project costs of about 34 million DM were essentially covered by a foundation (Volkswagen-Stiftung). Additional financing was provided by the state of Nordrhine-Westfalia and the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. The federal ministery for science and technology ( Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung paid for some special parts of the equipment.  Technical Data of the Effelsberg Radio Telescope Reflector Diameter100 mAperture7,850 m²Number of Surface Elements (Panels)2,352Shape Accuracy of Surface< 0.5 mmFocal Length in Prime Focus30 mSecondary Mirror Diameter (Gregory-Reflector)6.5 mResolution (Beam Width) - at 21cm wavelength (1.4 GHz)9.4' (arc minutes)- at 3cm wavelength (10 GHz)1.15' (arc minutes)- at 3.5mm wavelength (86 GHz)10" (arc seconds)Setting Accuracy of Track+/- 0.25 mmMaximum Rotation Speed32°/min.Maximum Tilt Speed16°/min.Total Weight3,200 tConstruction Period1968-1971

image at: www.telescope-optics.net/telescope_resolution.htm

image at: www.telescope-optics.net/telescope_resolution.htm

Computer-generated image of an Airy disk. The outer rings of the Airy pattern have been enhanced in intensity.

From Wikipedia

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

or R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5

0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

or R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5

0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

or R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5

0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

or R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5

0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

or R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5

0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  (Redirected from Airy pattern)Longitudinal sections through a focused beam with (top) negative, (center) zero, and (bottom) positive spherical aberration. The lens is to the left.In optics, the Airy disk (or Airy disc) and Airy pattern are descriptions of the best focused spot of light that a perfect lens with a circular aperture can make, limited by the diffraction of light.The diffraction pattern resulting from a uniformly-illuminated circular aperture has a bright region in the center, known as the Airy disk which together with the series of concentric bright rings around is called the Airy pattern. Both are named after George Biddell Airy, who first described the phenomenon. The diameter of this pattern is related to the wavelength of the illuminating light and the size of the circular aperture.The most important application of this concept is in cameras and telescopes. Due to diffraction, the smallest point to which one can focus a beam of light using a lens is the size of the Airy disk. Even if one were able to make a perfect lens, there is still a limit to the resolution of an image created by this lens. An optical system in which the resolution is no longer limited by imperfections in the lenses but only by diffraction is said to be diffraction limited.The Airy disk is of importance in physics, optics, and astronomy.

Harry Kroto 2004

HOMEWORK Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

or R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5

0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

HOMEWORK Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

or R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

or R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5

0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5

0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120 GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120 x 109 cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5 0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120x109cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5 0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120x109cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5 0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120x109cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5 0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120x109cm = 0.25 cm

Harry Kroto 2004

Harry Kroto 2004

Consider the resolution = (/R) of:

a) The Bonn 100m Radio Telescope operating at the 21cm H spin flip line

b) Kitt Peak 12m Radio Telescope operating at the J=1 - 0 rotational line of CO at 120 GHz

c) Galileo's 2cm optical telescope observing Saturn in the visible at 500nm.

R (cm) R(cm) /R (rad) (o)

21cm 100m 21 10000 21/104 2.1x10-3

0.12

120GHz 12m 0.25 1200 0.25/12x102 2.1x10-4

0.012

500nm 2cm 500x10-7 2 5x10-5/2 2.5x10-5 0.0014

NB = c = 3x1010 cm

thus 120GHz ≡ = 3x1010/120x109cm = 0.25 cm