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© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter ElevenLiving with Cancer
and Chronic Conditions
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Status of Cancer TodayStatus of Cancer Today
Annually, over 1.2 million people Annually, over 1.2 million people developed cancer [U.S. 2002]developed cancer [U.S. 2002]
Contributing factors could be:Contributing factors could be:• agingaging• tobacco usetobacco use• high fat foodshigh fat foods• pollutionpollution• no health insuranceno health insurance• lack of educationlack of education
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
The 2005 Estimates of New Cases The 2005 Estimates of New Cases of Cancer and Deathsof Cancer and Deaths
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Cell RegulationCell Regulation Cells perform important daily Cells perform important daily
functionsfunctions Regulatory genesRegulatory genes – responsible for – responsible for
monitoring cell replication, monitoring cell replication, specialization, DNA repair, and specialization, DNA repair, and suppressionsuppression
OncogenesOncogenes – faulty regulatory genes – faulty regulatory genes that fail to function properlythat fail to function properly
Proto-oncogenesProto-oncogenes –normal regulatory –normal regulatory genes that may become oncogenesgenes that may become oncogenes
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Oncogene FormationOncogene Formation
All cells have proto-oncogenesAll cells have proto-oncogenes 3 mechanisms that contribute to 3 mechanisms that contribute to
oncogene formation:oncogene formation:1.1. genetic mutationsgenetic mutations
2.2. viral infectionsviral infections
3.3. presence of carcinogens, presence of carcinogens, environmental agents environmental agents
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Characteristics of a Cancerous Characteristics of a Cancerous CellCell
Infinite life expectancy (telomerase Infinite life expectancy (telomerase enzyme)enzyme)
Absence of contact inhibitionAbsence of contact inhibition Absence of cellular cohesiveness Absence of cellular cohesiveness
(metastasis)(metastasis) Ability to control extra blood supply Ability to control extra blood supply
(angiogenesis potential)(angiogenesis potential)
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Types of CancersTypes of Cancers
• CarcinomaCarcinoma• SarcomaSarcoma• LymphomaLymphoma• LeukemiaLeukemia
• MelanomaMelanoma• NeuroblastomaNeuroblastoma• AdenocarcinomaAdenocarcinoma• HepatomaHepatoma
Benign vs. malignant growths Benign vs. malignant growths are not always safeare not always safe
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
How Cancer SpreadsHow Cancer Spreads
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Common Cancer SitesCommon Cancer Sitesof the Bodyof the Body
LungLung BreastBreast UterusUterus VaginaVagina OvaryOvary LymphLymph
CervixCervix ProstateProstate TesticleTesticle Colon/rectumColon/rectum PancreasPancreas SkinSkin
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Self-Check (Breast)Self-Check (Breast)
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Self-Check (Testicles)Self-Check (Testicles)
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
ABCDE’s of Skin CancerABCDE’s of Skin Cancer
AAsymmetry
BBorder
CColor
DDiameter
EElevation
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
7 Warning Signs of Cancer7 Warning Signs of CancerCChange in bowel/bladder habits
AA sore that won’t heal
UUnusual bleeding
TThickening or lump
IIndigestion
OObvious change in wart/mole
NNagging cough
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Treatment for CancerTreatment for Cancer
SurgerySurgery RadiationRadiation ChemotherapyChemotherapy ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy Alternative cancer therapiesAlternative cancer therapies
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Risk ReductionRisk Reduction
Know family historyKnow family history Avoid tobaccoAvoid tobacco Eat properlyEat properly Monitor environmental and Monitor environmental and
occupational exposure to occupational exposure to carcinogenscarcinogens
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Risk Reduction (cont’d)Risk Reduction (cont’d)
Control body weightControl body weight Exercise regularlyExercise regularly Limit UV raysLimit UV rays Consume alcohol moderatelyConsume alcohol moderately
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Other ChronicOther ChronicHealth ConditionsHealth Conditions
Systemic lupus Systemic lupus erythematosuserythematosus
Crohn’s DiseaseCrohn’s Disease Multiple Multiple
SclerosisSclerosis
Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 mellitus (Type 1 and 2)and 2)
Alzheimer’s Alzheimer’s DiseaseDisease
Sickle Cell Sickle Cell DiseaseDisease
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter ElevenChapter ElevenLiving with Cancer and Chronic Living with Cancer and Chronic
ConditionsConditions