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7/23/2019 Imagining New Ways to Live.ppt
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Imagining New Ways to Live:
The Art of Thinking Critically
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The quality of your lifeis determined
by the qualityof your thinking
Discuss: To what extent do you think this is
true? Explain.
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The quality of my personal and professional
life is determined by the thinking I do in
my ersonal and rofessional life!
The quality of """""""" is determined by the
thinking I do about """""""""""!
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To significantly imrove the way we live#
both ersonally and rofessionally requires
that we take our thinking seriously!
The greater command we have of our thinking
the greater command we have of our lives!
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What do you know about thinking$
What do you know about the connection
between thinking and living a rationallife$
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What have you learned about how youthink$
%id you ever study your thinking$
What information do you have# for
e&amle# about the intellectual
rocesses that occur as your mind
thinks$
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What do you know about how to analy'e#evaluate# or reconstruct your thinking$
Where does your thinking come from$
(ow much of it is of )good* quality$
(ow much of it is of )oor* quality$
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To what e&tent are you in control of your
thinking$
(ow do you control your thinking$%o you know how to test it$
%o you have any conscious standards for
determining when you are thinking welland when you are thinking oorly$
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(ave you ever discovered a significant roblem in your thinking and then changed
it by a conscious act of will$
If anyone asked you to teach them what you
have learned thus far in your life# aboutthinking# how e&licit would your answer be$
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To truly take command of the
thinking that controls the qualityof our lives requires that we
understand thinking at a dee
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This can be done only through
many years of committed ractice!
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We should lace the develoment
of our thinking at the verycenter of our lives.
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When you understand criticalthinking#
you can take any art of the theory ofcritical thinking and# following out the
imlications of that theory# aly it to
your ersonal or rofessional life inorder to live more roductively or
effectively!
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In this session# we will focus onsome arts of the theory of
critical thinking# and test thisidea!
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Webster’s Dictionary of synonyms !"#!The term +critical,
)when alied to ersons who -udge and to their
-udgments# not only may# but in very reciseuse does# imly an effort to see a thing
clearly and truly so that not only the good in
it may be distinguished from the bad and the erfect from the imerfect# but also that it as
a whole may be fairly -udged and valued!*
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In airs . using $# Days /ook
0ilently read ! &viii!
Then discuss as many of these roblems in
thinking that you can 1 in the time allotted
for this activity!
%iscuss e&amles of roblems in life that
result from these roblems in thinking!
%iscuss e&amles of roblems in your own
life that result from these roblems in
thinking!
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critical thinking: disciplined,
self-guided thinking
aimed at living a rational life.
Thinking that
analy'es thinking
Thinking that
assesses thinking
Thinking that
develos within itself
intellectual habits
thinking that
combats
its native
egocentricity
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standardselementstraits
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2ocus on intellectual standards as theoryalicable to ersonal and rofessional life
Working in pairs. Read together pp. 22-23 in the
Questions Guide.
After reading each section, discusshow you can begin actively bringing
these standards into your personal and
professional life.
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%eely robing thinking using the
intellectual standards Working in airs
3erson A and 3erson /
3erson / is the questioner
(ow and where do you tend to use the most critical
thinking in your life$
2ocus rimarily on clarifying thinking and robing for deth!
0witch roles
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4sing the 5lements of 6easoning Working in airs
%nalytic Thinking 7uide
Work through ! 8918# two ages at a time!
6ead silently each age and then discuss how you
can actively bring the questions on each age# or
questions like these questions# into your ersonaland rofessional life!
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%eveloing Intellectual Traits# %isositions or
;irtues
Work in airs
4sing the &ow to 'tudy and (earn 7uide 0ilently read each section# then briefly
discuss
8! your understanding of that trait# and! your answers to the questions in that section!
< minutes er trait
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4nderstanding Innate (uman 3athologies that
Imede Intellectual %eveloment
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(umans often engage in irrational behavior! We
fight! We start wars! We kill! We are self1
destructive! We are etty and vindictive! We act
out when we don,t get our way! We abuse our
souses! We neglect our children! We
rationali'e# ro-ect# and stereotye!
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We act inconsistently# ignore relevant
evidence# -um to conclusions# and
say and believe things that don,t make
good sense! We deceive ourselves in
many ways!We are our own worst enemy!
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And yet we are caable of
develoing as rational ersons#of living an ethical life#
of contributing to the creation of a
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There are two overlaing and interrelated
motivating imulses behind
human irrationality!
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(uman egocentrism:the natural human tendency )to view
everything within the world in
relationshi to oneself# to be self1
centered* =Webster’s )ew World
Dictionary>
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Human sociocentrism:
most simly concetuali'ed as group
egocentricity! To define sociocentricity# wemight take Webster,s definition of
egocentricity# substituting group for self !
Consider: 'ociocentric thinking is the naturalhuman tendency to *iew e*erything within the
world in relationship to one’s group to be
group+centered.
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Human sociocentrism:
most simly concetuali'ed as group
egocentricity! To define sociocentricity# wemight take Webster,s definition of
egocentricity# substituting group for self !
Consider: 'ociocentric thinking is the naturalhuman tendency to *iew e*erything within the
world in relationship to one’s group to be
group+centered.
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Irrational?6ational selves within each of us
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%iscuss with a artner
Can you think of any instances ofegocentricity in human life$
%iscuss e&amles of selfishness and
narrow1mindedness!
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(uman egocentricity is best understood ashaving two basic tendencies!
ne is to see the world in self-serving terms#to constantly seek that which makes one
feel good# that which one selfishly wants#
at the e&ense of the rights and needs ofothers!
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The second rimary tendency of egocentricity is
the desire to maintain its beliefs# to see its views
as the correct views!
It is manifest in rigidity of thought !
And it views its irrational beliefs as rational!
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Think for yourself:
Beginning to understand egocentrism
Think of the most self1centered erson you know! This
may be someone who is fundamentally selfish orarrogant! %escribe the erson,s behavior in detail!/ased on the erson,s behavior# how would youdescribe her?his thinking$ What tyes of feelings doess?he dislay$ What is the erson motivated to do$ Towhat e&tent does the erson use other eole to getwhat s?he wants$ To what e&tent does the ersone&hibit sincere concern for the thoughts and feelings ofothers$
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Discovering Prejudices in Your Beliefs
As egocentric thinkers we see ourselves as in ossession of the
truth! At the same time# we form many beliefs without the
evidence to -ustify them! In other words# we form many
re-udices =-udgments before the evidence>! If this is true#
using our rational caacities we should be able to begin to
unearth some of our re-udices! In an attemt to begin this
rocess# comlete the following statements:
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8! ne of the re-udices I have is B=think of generali'ations
you tend to make even though you don,t have the evidenceto -ustify them! It can be about anything you lease: abouta religion# about atheists# about men# women# homose&uals#heterose&uals# etcB3ut your re-udice in this form: All &are y# as in all women are $$# or all men are $$!>
! A more rational belief with which I should relace thisfaulty belief isB
! If I use this new belief in my thinking# my behavior wouldchange in the following waysB
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6ecogni'ing When ther,s 5gocentrism
Calls ut Dour 5gocentrismThink of a situation you were recently in where you felt
yourself becoming irrational in reaction to someone,s
else,s irrationality! Comlete these statements:
The situation was B
I reacted in the situation by B In thinking through the situation# I reali'e that a more
rational way to resond to the other erson would
have been B
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Cartoon . agree with me or be wrong
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The Truth
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(eadache
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A 7uide for Imroving 5very Asectof Dour Life
6eview the Table of Contents:
$# Days ,ook
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Working in airs
Take turns reading and arahrasing the
quotes on ! &i . < %ays /ook! =0tate>To me this meansB
=5laborate> In other wordsB
=7ive e&amle from real life>
To e&emlifyB
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A (ow1To List for %ysfunctional Living
$# Days /ook
Working in airs# take turns reading the list on
! &&ii! After reading each one:
8! %iscuss the e&tent to which this is a roblem for you#and
! Articulate the oosite of each dysfunctional
behavior!! Then# for each )oosite* behavior# discuss how a
erson would live differently when engaged in this
oosite behavior versus the behavior on the list!
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2ocus on two intellectual standards:
Clarity
6elevance
$# Days /ook
! 8E18F /e Clear
! 8G18 /e 6elevant
6ead and teach to one another in airs
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/e 2air $# Days /ook ! 8H18
/egin to think about the e&tent to which you
are fair!
0ilently read and then discuss these two
ages! (ow can you use this )idea* in
your life and your work$
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Taking Initial wnershi of theIdeas Working in airs#
3erson A takes ! 9919E . Don’t ,e a Top Dog
3erson / takes ! 91<H . Don’t ,e an
-nderdog 0tudy for five minutes# taking notes!
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Add a 3owerful Idea Working alone# design your own owerful
idea# using the format in the $# Days /ook!
Include all of the main arts in the formula:
)/e on the lookout for*B
0ummary of the concet?roblem
0trategies for internali'ing and using thisstrategy!
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In airs discuss: (ow can you use this book in develoing
as a thinker . how do you lan to use it$
(ow might you use it with students to
foster transformation of their thinking$
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Coming 4 With Dour wn 3lanWrite out a lan for develoing yourself as a
thinker! Include:
A one1year rocess for develoment
Jonthly 0trategies
%aily 0trategies
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Work through the logic of aquestion
Take an imortant question you would liketo address# or have been trying to address
in your ersonal or rofessional life!
Write out the logic of the question usingthe temlate on ! in the analytic
thinking guide!
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