LUXEMBOURG

COUNTRYPROFILE LUXEMBOURG

CONTENTS<<COUNTRY>> 1

IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2020

BASIC FACTSCapital

Land area (square km '000) 32019

Exchange Rate (per $) 0.8932019

Population - market size (millions) 0.612019 62

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (US$ billions) 71.12019 52

GDP (PPP) per capita (US$) 112,1092019 2

Real GDP growth (%) 2.32019 27

Consumer price inflation (%) 1.652019 29

Unemployment rate (%) 5.602019 38

Labor force (millions) 0.492019 61

Current account balance (% of GDP) 4.482019 16

Direct investment stocks inward ($bn) 164.82018 31

Direct investment flows inward (% of GDP) -7.922018 62

PEER GROUPS RANKINGSEUROPE - MIDDLE EAST - AFRICA (40 countries) POPULATIONS < 20 MILLION (34 countries)

COMPETITIVENESS TRENDS - OVERALL

LUXEMBOURGOVERALL PERFORMANCE (63 countries) Rank

Luxembourg

CHALLENGES IN 2020Implement recovery plan for Covid-19: support for economic

activity, consumption, public investment, incentives for private

Chamber of Commerce of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

COMPETITIVENESS LANDSCAPE

11 8 11 12 15

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

13

610 9

45

7

43

9 9 1115 17

13

28

2115

41

2822

16

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Economic Performance Government Efficiency Business Efficiency Infrastructure

7 5 7 9 10

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

9 7 9 11 12

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

• Implement recovery plan for Covid-19: support for economic activity, consumption, public investment, incentives for private investment and a massive Health Plan.

• Transition towards a growth model based on productivity gains and a sustainable management of environmental resources.

• Address companies rising labour costs and tax burden (compared to European and international systems).

• Improve SME support: access to funding, over-regulation, develop economic activity zones, and business succession.

• Update legislation on bankruptcy focused on granting companies a second chance.

Provided by:Chamber of Commerce of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

IMPROVEMENTSWCY 2019

WCY 2020 DECLINES

WCY 2019

1.1.18 Gross fixed capital formation - real growth -2.66 3.95 1.1.15 Real GDP growth per capita 0.67

2.3.08 Exchange rate stability 0.046 0.005 3.3.10 Stock market capitalization (%) 86.26

3.2.14 Labor force long-term growth 3.69 5.60 1.4.09 Youth unemployment 13.50

2.5.02 Homicide 0.70 0.34 3.2.01 Compensation levels 22.88

4.3.18 Number of patents in force 2,040.2 2,611.5 3.4.11 Women in management 18.81

4.4.18 Renewable energies (%) 6.0 7.3 1.1.14 Real GDP growth 2.6

1.5.01 Consumer price inflation 2.02 1.65 4.5.15 Primary and secondary education 7.28

4.5.05 Pupil-teacher ratio (primary education) 10.52 9.01 2.1.02 Government budget surplus/deficit (%) 2.41

2.5.12 Unemployment rate - gender ratio 1.14 0.98 4.3.16 Patent applications per capita 584.76

2.4.09 State ownership of enterprises 6.66 7.48 2.4.16 Labor regulations 6.94

2.4.12 New business density 15.3 17.2 4.5.16 University education 6.69

1.2.12 Exports of commercial services ($bn) 101.75 112.42 3.2.21 Brain drain 6.58

2.4.11 Parallel economy 6.93 7.65 4.2.14 Funding for technological development 7.08

1.4.10 Youth exclusion 5.9 5.3 3.5.05 Need for economic and social reforms 6.79

1.2.02 Current account balance 4.06 4.48 2.2.12 Real personal taxes 7.04

COMPETITIVENESS EVOLUTION & ATTRACTIVENESS INDICATORS

LUXEMBOURGCOMPETITIVENESS EVOLUTION

0.31

16.07

2.3

6.49

2.18

531.40

6.37

6.26

The criteria below highlight the 15 biggest Improvements and the 15 biggest Declines in the overall performance of the economy. They are

determined by the largest percentage changes in the value of each criterion from one yearbook to the next.

WCY 2020

6.54

KEY ATTRACTIVENESS INDICATORSFrom a list of 15 indicators, respondents of the Executive Opinion Survey were asked to select 5 that they perceived as the key

attractiveness factors of their economy. The chart shows the percentage of responses per indicator from the highest number of responses

to the lowest.

59.82

16.90

28.10

6.14

6.06

6.52

10.0%12.9%12.9%17.1%17.1%22.9%24.3%30.0%37.1%38.6%41.4%42.9%50.0%58.6%67.1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Cost competitivenessQuality of corporate governance

Effective labor relationsStrong R&D cultureAccess to financing

Competency of governmentHigh educational level

Effective legal environmentOpen and positive attitudes

Reliable infrastructureCompetitive tax regime

Skilled workforceBusiness-friendly environment

Dynamism of the economyPolicy stability & predictability

Sub-Factor Rankings : 2019

Domestic Economy 20 International Trade 5 International Investment 2 Employment 15 Prices 44

Sub-Factor Rankings : 2019

Public Finance 6 Tax Policy 42 Institutional Framework 10 Business Legislation 13 Societal Framework 5

Sub-Factor Rankings : 2019

Productivity & Efficiency 11 Labor Market 22 Finance 5 Management Practices 23 Attitudes and Values 19

Sub-Factor Rankings : 2019

Basic Infrastructure 13 Technological Infrastructure 37 Scientific Infrastructure 27 Health and Environment 19 Education 18

COMPETITIVENESS TRENDS - FACTOR BREAKDOWN

LUXEMBOURG

ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE

2020

13 6

45

2020

7 43 9 9

11

2020

15

9

15 17 13 28 21

BUSINESS EFFICIENCY

GOVERNMENT EFFICIENCY

10

41 28 22 16

INFRASTRUCTURE

2020

73 4 4

8

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

12 15 1710 12

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

9 6 8 1217

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

24 22 24 25 24

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Rank1

1

2

2

2

3

5

7

9

15

Rank1

1

3

3

3

4

4

5

6

6

Rank1

2

2

2

2

4

4

6

8

10

Rank1

1

2

2

4

5

6

8

8

9

1.3.08 Direct investment stocks inward (% of GDP) 1.4.09 Youth unemployment 47

1.1.21 GDP (PPP) per capita 1.2.08 Exports of goods ($bn) 56

1.3.04 Direct investment stocks abroad (% of GDP) 1.1.15 Real GDP growth per capita 48

4.2.09 Internet bandwidth speed 4.4.18 Renewable energies (%) 45

LUXEMBOURGSTRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

Infrastructure Infrastructure Rank

1.1.20 GDP per capita 1.3.06 Direct investment flows inward (% of GDP) 62

1.2.23 Trade to GDP ratio 1.3.05 Direct investment flows inward ($bn) 59

3.3.04 Access to financial services 3.4.07 Use of big data and analytics 38

2.3.10 Adaptability of government policy

Business Efficiency Business Efficiency Rank

1.2.12 Exports of commercial services ($bn) 1.2.09 Exports of goods (%) 44

Government Efficiency Government Efficiency Rank

BALANCE SHEET - FACTOR BREAKDOWN

1.2.13 Exports of commercial services (%) 1.1.09 Gross fixed capital formation (%) 59

1.4.02 Employment (%) 1.2.17 Export concentration by partner 52

4.4.12 Energy intensity 4.4.01 Total health expenditure 47

4.3.07 Total R&D personnel per capita 4.2.16 High-tech exports (%) 49

4.3.20 Scientific research legislation 4.2.17 ICT service exports 48

4.5.20 Language skills 4.2.11 Qualified engineers 53

4.1.07 Population - growth 4.5.07 Secondary school enrollment 51

4.3.16 Patent applications per capita 4.2.03 Mobile Telephone costs 56

4.3.18 Number of patents in force 4.2.02 Mobile Broadband subscribers 55

4.5.04 Total public exp. on education per student 4.2.01 Investment in Telecommunications 60

4.5.05 Pupil-teacher ratio (primary education) 4.3.19 Medium- and high-tech value added 58

3.2.23 International experience 3.2.24 Competent senior managers 41

3.3.07 Regulatory compliance (banking laws) 3.4.13 Fear of failure rate 39

3.1.01 Overall productivity (PPP) 3.4.11 Women in management 52

3.2.22 Foreign highly-skilled personnel 3.2.16 Female labor force 52

3.2.14 Labor force long-term growth 3.2.01 Compensation levels 56

3.2.20 Attracting and retaining talents 3.2.18 Skilled labor 53

3.2.12 Labor force (%) 3.2.06 Working hours 57

3.1.03 Labor productivity (PPP) 3.2.04 Remuneration of management 57

2.1.10 Tax evasion

2.5.02 Homicide 2.3.07 Foreign currency reserves per capita 41

2.4.12 New business density 2.2.09 Consumption tax rate 26

2.1.02 Government budget surplus/deficit (%) 2.2.08 Corporate tax rate on profit 45

2.3.03 Interest rate spread 2.2.10 Employee's social security contribution rate 42

2.4.18 Immigration laws 2.5.09 Income share held by lowest 60% - growth 49

2.5.04 Risk of political instability 2.4.14 Start-up days 49

2.5.14 Disposable Income 2.2.01 Collected total tax revenues 55

2.3.04 Country credit rating 2.2.07 Effective personal income tax rate 52

1.4.10 Youth exclusion 1.5.04 Office rent 47

1.2.25 Tourism receipts 1.2.24 Terms of trade index 45

3.3.01 Banking sector assets 3.2.03 Remuneration in services professions 57

Economic Performance Economic Performance Rank

Value Average Rank Year

0.893 793.808 2019

71.1 1,292.2 52 2019

68.8 1,995.1 58 2019

0.08 1.49 53 2019

21.0 717.6 58 2019

29.5 55.9 62 2019

12.2 211.0 53 2019

17.1 17.0 35 2019

12.0 325.6 54 2019

16.9 22.6 59 2019

38.0 357.6 49 2019

53.4 27.0 4 2019

2019

0.2 3.6 2019

12.5 28.7 2019

87.3 67.7 2019

- 0.83

2.3 1.8 27 2019

0.31 1.46 48 2019

2.79 2.43 28 2019

4.78 3.30 17 2019

3.95 4.42 24 2019

6.67 5.54 16 2020

115,824 30,659 1 2019

112,109 41,305 2 2019

-4.9 -5.4 22 2020

0.7 240.4 30 2020

1.1.00 · Exchange RateNational currency per US$ (average)

1.1.02 · GDP (PPP)Estimates ; US$ billions at purchasing power parity

1.1.04 · Household consumption expenditure ($bn)US$ billions

1.1.06 · Government consumption expenditure ($bn)US$ billions

1.1.09 · Gross fixed capital formation (%)Percentage of GDP

1.1 · Domestic Economy

EXTENDED COUNTRY PROFILE

LUXEMBOURG1 · Economic Performance

US$ billions

1.1.01 · Gross Domestic Product (GDP)US$ billions

1.1.03 · World GDP contributionPercentage share of world GDP in market prices

1.1.05 · Household consumption expenditure (%)Percentage of GDP

1.1.08 · Gross fixed capital formation ($bn)

1.1.23 · Forecast: Inflation

1.1.07 · Government consumption expenditure (%)Percentage of GDP

1.1.22 · Forecast: Real GDP growthPercentage change, based on national currency in constant prices

1.1.20 · GDP per capitaUS$ per capita

1.1.21 · GDP (PPP) per capitaEstimates; US$ per capita at purchasing power parity

1.1.19 · Resilience of the economyResilience of the economy to economic cycles is strong

1.1.17 · Government consumption expenditure - real growthPercentage change, based on constant prices.

1.1.18 · Gross fixed capital formation - real growthPercentage change, based on constant prices.

1.1.16 · Household consumption expenditure - real growthPercentage change, based on constant prices.

1.1.15 · Real GDP growth per capitaPercentage change, based on national currency in constant prices

1.1.14 · Real GDP growthPercentage change, based on national currency in constant prices

Economic sectors / ServicesBreakdown as a percentage of GDP

1.1.13 · Economic complexity indexMeasures knowledge intensity, by considering exports

Economic sectors / IndustryBreakdown as a percentage of GDP

1.1.12 · Economic sectorsBreakdown of the economic sectors, percentage of GDP

Economic sectors / AgricultureBreakdown as a percentage of GDP

1.1.11 · Gross domestic savings (%)Percentage of GDP

1.1.10 · Gross domestic savings ($bn)US$ billions

7.7 9.6 29 2020

4.0 0.2 12 2020

Value Average Rank Year

3.2 8.7 27 2019

4.48 1.49 16 2019

-7.5 -1.9 44 2019

-10.52 -0.23 57 2019

26.67 4.97 7 2019

37.51 2.21 1 2019

0.52 1.48 36 2019

16.51 278.87 56 2019

23.22 37.86 44 2019

26,890 12,380 8 2019

1.02 -3.86 11 2019

112.42 88.96 15 2019

158.10 16.19 1 2019

-1.84 1.96 50 2019

128.92 368.70 36 2019

2018

1.3 10.2 2018

11.2 63.6 2018

87.5 26.2 2018

62.3 54.0 52 2018

42.3 54.6 21 2018

109.7 364.9 24 2019

154.3 52.3 62 2019

-1.07 -1.72 42 2019

2018

3.0 7.9 2018

18.6 68.1 2018

1.1.25 · Forecast: Current account balancePercentage of GDP/GNP

1.2 · International Trade

1.1.24 · Forecast: UnemploymentPercentage of total labor force

Percentage change

Percentage of total imports

Percentage of total imports

Imports breakdown by economic sector / Industry

Imports breakdown by economic sector / Agriculture

1.2.22 · Imports breakdown by economic sector

Percentage of GDP

Percentage change, based on US$ values

US$ billions

1.2.21 · Imports of goods & commercial services - growth

Top 5 products, percentage of total exports

1.2.20 · Imports of goods & commercial services (%)

1.2.18 · Export concentration by productExports to top 5 countries, percentage of total exports

1.2.19 · Imports of goods & commercial services ($bn)

1.2.17 · Export concentration by partner

Percentage of total exports

Percentage of total exports

Percentage of total exports

Exports breakdown by economic sector / Services

Exports breakdown by economic sector / Industry

Exports breakdown by economic sector / Agriculture

US$ billions

Percentage of total exports

Percentage change, based on US$ values

1.2.16 · Exports breakdown by economic sector

Percentage of GDP

1.2.15 · Exports of goods & commercial services

US$ billions

1.2.14 · Exports of commercial services - growth

Percentage change, based on US$ values

1.2.13 · Exports of commercial services (%)

1.2.12 · Exports of commercial services ($bn)

US$ per capita

1.2.11 · Exports of goods - growth

US$ billions

1.2.10 · Exports of goods per capita

1.2.09 · Exports of goods (%)Percentage of GDP

1.2.08 · Exports of goods ($bn)

Percentage of GDP

Percentage share of world exports (goods and commercial services)

US$ billions (minus sign = deficit)

1.2.07 · World exports contribution

1.2.06 · Balance of commercial services (%)

1.2.05 · Balance of commercial services ($bn)

US$ billions (minus sign = deficit)

Percentage of GDP

Percentage of GDP

1.2.04 · Balance of trade (%)

1.2.03 · Balance of trade ($bn)

1.2.02 · Current account balanceUS$ billions (minus sign = deficit)

1.2.01 · Current account balance ($bn)

78.3 24.0 2018

340.93 108.96 2 2018

97.2 105.6 45 2019

7.04 3.78 9 2018

Value Average Rank Year

1.37 18.40 44 2018

1.94 2.07 24 2018

261.4 486.7 21 2018

368.63 65.80 3 2018

-5.62 21.05 59 2018

-7.92 3.83 62 2018

164.8 480.0 31 2018

232.38 80.07 5 2018

6.99 -2.62 13 2018

9.85 -1.75 1 2018

96.6 6.7 12 2018

136.25 -14.27 1 2018

5.37 5.27 30 2020

168.37 31.84 3 2019

206.37 29.91 3 2019

Value Average Rank Year

0.47 39.79 61 2019

75.75 47.95 2 2019

3.61 1.34 5 2019

5.01 3.05 18 2019

2019

0.8 8.2 2019

18.4 23.8 2019

80.9 68.0 2019

10.16 17.29 16 2018

1.3 · International Investment

1.4 · Employment

International tourism receipts as a percentage of GDP

1.3.14 · Portfolio investment assetsUS$ billions

Unit value of exports over unit value of imports

(Exports + Imports) / GDP

1.2.25 · Tourism receipts

1.3.15 · Portfolio investment liabilitiesUS$ billions

1.3.13 · Relocation threats of businessRelocation of business is not a threat to the future of your economy

1.2.23 · Trade to GDP ratioPercentage of total imports

1.2.24 · Terms of trade index

Percentage of total employment

Imports breakdown by economic sector / Services

1.3.12 · Net position in direct investment stocks (%)Percentage of GDP (stocks abroad minus stocks inward)

Percentage of total imports

US$ billions (stocks abroad minus stocks inward)

Percentage of total employment

1.3.11 · Net position in direct investment stocks ($bn)

Percentage of total employment

1.3.10 · Balance of direct investment flows (%)Percentage of GDP (flows abroad minus flows inward)

1.4.06 · Employment in the public sector

Percentage of total employment

1.3.09 · Balance of direct investment flows ($bn)US$ billions (flows abroad minus flows inward)

Employment by sector / Services

1.4.02 · Employment (%)Percentage of population

Estimates: percentage change

1.3.06 · Direct investment flows inward (% of GDP)Percentage of GDP

Estimates: % of population, percentage change in 4 years

1.3.08 · Direct investment stocks inward (% of GDP)Percentage of GDP

1.4.05 · Employment by sector

Employment by sector / Industry

1.3.07 · Direct investment stocks inward ($bn)US$ billions

1.4.04 · Employment - long-term growth

Employment by sector / Agriculture

1.3.05 · Direct investment flows inward ($bn)US$ billions

1.3.04 · Direct investment stocks abroad (% of GDP)Percentage of GDP

1.4.03 · Employment - growth

Total employment in millions

US$ billions

1.3.03 · Direct investment stocks abroad ($bn)

1.3.02 · Direct investment flows abroad (% of GDP)Percentage of GDP

1.4.01 · Employment

1.3.01 · Direct investment flows abroad ($bn)US$ billions

5.60 6.19 38 2019

1.40 2.09 32 2018

16.90 14.62 47 2019

5.3 12.3 7 2018

Value Average Rank Year

1.65 318.95 29 2019

80.30 81.10 31 2018

2,629 1,525 54 2018

765 592 47 2018

- 18.28

1.47 1.27 39 2019

Share of youth population (15-24) not in education, employment or training

1.4.07 · Unemployment ratePercentage of labor force

Percentage of labor force

1.5 · Prices

1.5.06 · Gasoline pricesPremium unleaded gasoline (95 Ron) US$ per litre

1.5.04 · Office rentTotal occupation cost in the main city (US$/Sq.M. per year)

1.5.05 · Food costsPercentage of household final consumption expenditures

Percentage of youth labor force (under the age of 25)

1.4.10 · Youth exclusion

Average annual rate

1.5.02 · Cost-of-living indexIndex of a basket of goods & services in the main city, including housing (New York City = 100)

1.5.03 · Apartment rent3-room apartment monthly rent in major cities, US$

1.4.09 · Youth unemployment

1.5.01 · Consumer price inflation

1.4.08 · Long-term unemployment

Percentage of total employment

Value Average Rank Year

1.55 -44.46 12 2019

2.18 -1.14 3 2019

14.70 1,109.75 6 2019

20.68 59.31 7 2019

2.43 4.07 37 2019

10.62 37.53 11 2019

10.00 18.04 30 2019

0.70 5.69 4 2018

7.17 5.01 8 2020

7.37 4.86 6 2020

5.71 4.47 16 2020

42.6 35.4 47 2019

Value Average Rank Year

39.26 27.54 55 2018

9.32 5.93 47 2018

5.82 3.13 60 2018

9.44 9.83 23 2018

3.84 1.38 58 2018

10.75 7.18 42 2018

24.50 16.65 52 2018

26.01 23.01 45 2019

17.00 16.47 26 2019

11.85 9.27 42 2018

13.15 16.56 26 2018

6.54 5.23 12 2020

Value Average Rank Year

US$ billions

2.1.05 · Total general government debt-real growthPercentage change, based on national currency in constant prices

2.1.07 · Central government foreign debtPercentage of GDP

EXTENDED COUNTRY PROFILE

2 · Government Efficiency

2.1.02 · Government budget surplus/deficit (%)Percentage of GDP

2.1.04 · Total general government debt (%)Percentage of GDP

2.1.06 · Central government domestic debtPercentage of GDP

2.1 · Public Finance

2.2 · Tax Policy

2.3 · Institutional Framework

2.1.01 · Government budget surplus/deficit ($bn)US$ billions

2.1.03 · Total general government debt ($bn)

2.1.11 · Pension fundingPension funding is adequately addressed for the future

2.1.12 · General government expenditurePercentage of GDP

2.2.11 · Employer's social security contribution rateCompulsory contribution as a percentage of an income equal to GDP per capita

2.2.12 · Real personal taxesReal personal taxes do not discourage people from working or seeking advancement

LUXEMBOURG

2.1.10 · Tax evasionTax evasion is not a threat to your economy

2.2.10 · Employee's social security contribution rateCompulsory contribution as a percentage of an income equal to GDP per capita

2.2.07 · Effective personal income tax ratePercentage of an income equal to GDP per capita

2.1.08 · Interest payment (%)Percentage of current revenue

2.1.09 · Public financesPublic finances are being efficiently managed

2.2.08 · Corporate tax rate on profitMaximum tax rate, calculated on profit before tax

2.2.09 · Consumption tax rateStandard rate of VAT/GST

2.2.06 · Collected social security contributionCompulsory contribution of employees and employers as a percentage of GDP

2.2.05 · Collected capital and property taxesPercentage of GDP

2.2.02 · Collected personal income tax

2.2.03 · Collected corporate taxesOn profits, income and capital gains, as a percentage of GDP

2.2.04 · Collected indirect tax revenuesTaxes on goods and services as a percentage of GDP

On profits, income and capital gains, as a percentage of GDP

2.2.01 · Collected total tax revenuesPercentage of GDP

-1.82 0.16 10 2017

7.03 5.66 10 2020

0.78 3.86 4 2019

60.0 43.2 1 2019

6.47 6.37 34 2020

1.05 194.10 61 2019

1,718 7,262 41 2019

0.005 0.073 10 2019

6.66 5.24 16 2020

7.20 4.77 6 2020

6.49 4.89 16 2020

5.26 3.70 11 2020

7.62 4.80 11 2020

- 0.65

74.8 74.1 31 2019

8.81 7.04 12 2019

Value Average Rank Year

1.69 2.47 12 2018

7.65 5.89 10 2020

6.97 6.06 21 2020

8.11 6.89 15 2020

7.86 6.55 15 2020

7.65 5.97 6 2020

1.14 1.16 33 2019

7.10 5.48 6 2020

7.48 6.05 11 2020

6.75 5.85 20 2020

7.65 5.04 7 2020

17.2 5.8 5 2018

7.77 6.62 18 2020

2.4 · Business Legislation

2.3.16 · Democracy IndexEIU Overall Democracy Index, © The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2020

2.3.15 · Sustainable Development GoalsCountry performance on the 17 SDGs

2.3.14 · Rule of lawRule of Law Index

2.3.11 · Transparency

2.3.13 · Bribery and corruptionBribery and corruption do not exist

Transparency of government policy is satisfactory

2.3.12 · BureaucracyBureaucracy does not hinder business activity

2.3.10 · Adaptability of government policyAdaptability of government policy to changes in the economy is high

2.3.09 · Legal and regulatory frameworkThe legal and regulatory framework encourages the competitiveness of enterprises

2.3.02 · Cost of capitalCost of capital encourages business development

2.3.06 · Foreign currency reservesUS$ billions

2.3.08 · Exchange rate stabilityParity change from national currency to SDR, 2019 / 2017

Index (0-60) of three country credit ratings: Fitch, Moody's and S&P

2.3.07 · Foreign currency reserves per capitaUS$ per capita

2.4.13 · Creation of firmsCreation of firms is supported by legislation

2.3.05 · Central bank policyCentral bank policy has a positive impact on the economy

2.3.01 · Real short-term interest rateReal discount / bank rate

2.4.10 · Competition legislationCompetition legislation is efficient in preventing unfair competition

2.4.11 · Parallel economyParallel (black-market, unrecorded) economy does not impair economic development

2.3.03 · Interest rate spreadLending rate minus deposit rate

2.3.04 · Country credit rating

2.4.09 · State ownership of enterprisesState ownership of enterprises is not a threat to business activities

2.4.12 · New business densityRegistered new businesses per 1'000 people aged 15-64

2.4.08 · SubsidiesSubsidies do not distort fair competition and economic development

2.4.05 · Capital marketsCapital markets (foreign and domestic) are easily accessible

2.4.06 · Investment incentivesInvestment incentives are attractive to foreign investors

2.4.07 · Government subsidiesTo private and public companies as a percentage of GDP

Foreign investors are free to acquire control in domestic companies

2.4.03 · Public sector contractsPublic sector contracts are sufficiently open to foreign bidders

2.4.04 · Foreign investors

2.4.01 · Tariff barriers

2.4.02 · ProtectionismProtectionism of your government does not impair the conduct of your business

Tariffs on imports: Applied weighted mean tariff rate for all products

16.5 14.4 49 2019

5.0 5.9 25 2019

6.37 5.41 16 2020

6.14 5.15 16 2020

7.71 5.94 3 2020

4.3 9.4 20 2019

Value Average Rank Year

7.71 5.70 17 2020

0.34 4.66 4 2017

14.2 14.6 25 2019

9.19 5.73 3 2020

7.03 5.66 19 2020

34.90 35.62 34 2017

2.90 2.73 2017

23.60 27.25 2017

-3.02 0.29 49 2017

7.19 6.21 17 2020

25.00 27.40 32 2019

0.98 1.38 25 2019

0.078 0.185 18 2018

97.6 71.3 1 2018

15.66 28.66 15 20192.5.15 · Freedom of the PressReporters Without Borders: World Press Freedom Score

2.5 · Societal Framework

2.5.13 · Gender inequalityGender Inequality Index (UNDP)

2.5.14 · Disposable IncomeFemale / male ratio

2.5.12 · Unemployment rate - gender ratioRatio of the female and male unemployement rates

2.5.11 · Females in parliamentPercentage of total seats in Parliament

2.5.10 · Equal opportunityEqual opportunity legislation in your economy encourages economic development

2.4.19 · Redundancy costsNumber of weeks of salary

2.5.09 · Income share held by lowest 60% - growthPercentage change of household incomes going to lowest 60% of households

2.4.18 · Immigration lawsImmigration laws do not prevent your company from employing foreign labor

2.5.08 · Income distribution - highest 10%Percentage of household incomes going to highest 10% of households

2.5.07 · Income distribution - lowest 10%Percentage of household incomes going to lowest 10% of households

2.5.05 · Social cohesionSocial cohesion is high

2.4.17 · Unemployment legislationUnemployment legislation provides an incentive to look for work

2.5.06 · Gini coefficientEqual distribution of income scale: 0 (absolute equality) to 100 (absolute inequality)

2.4.15 · Start-up proceduresNumber of procedures to start a business

2.4.16 · Labor regulationsLabor regulations (hiring/firing practices, minimum wages, etc.) do not hinder business activities

2.4.14 · Start-up daysNumber of days to start a business

2.5.04 · Risk of political instabilityThe risk of political instability is very low

2.5.03 · Ageing of populationPopulation over 65, percentage of total population

2.5.02 · HomicideIntentional homicide, rate per 100'000 population

2.5.01 · JusticeJustice is fairly administered

Value Average Rank Year

141,060 80,062 4 2019

0.11 1.48 53 2019

93.68 45.40 2 2019

47,753 50,407 24 2019

100,556 101,804 28 2019

159,746 81,069 2 2019

7.04 6.23 20 2020

6.96 6.77 28 2020

7.16 6.10 16 2020

6.38 6.16 24 2020

Value Average Rank Year

28.10 13.56 56 2019

4.25 2.15 41 2018

64,767 28,095 57 2018

37,622 18,887 2018

34,612 18,828 2018

109,276 30,314 2018

58,941 48,419 2018

103,003 29,545 2018

45,146 22,575 2018

274,618 168,521 57 2018

450,208 304,305 2018

279,363 148,714 2018

150,256 79,581 2018

218,644 141,483 2018

9.97 17.62 17 2018

LUXEMBOURG3 · Business Efficiency3.1 · Productivity & Efficiency

3.2 · Labor Market

3.1.01 · Overall productivity (PPP)Estimates: GDP (PPP) per person employed, US$

3.1.02 · Overall productivity (PPP) - real growthEstimates: Percentage change of GDP (PPP) per person employed

3.1.03 · Labor productivity (PPP)Estimates: GDP (PPP) per person employed per hour, US$

3.1.04 · Agricultural productivity (PPP)

EXTENDED COUNTRY PROFILE

3.1.09 · Small and medium-size enterprisesSmall and medium-size enterprises are efficient by international standards

3.1.10 · Use of digital tools and technologiesCompanies are very good at using digital tools and technologies to improve performance

Estimates: Related GDP (PPP) per person employed in agriculture, US$

3.1.05 · Productivity in industry (PPP)Estimates: Related GDP (PPP) per person employed in industry, US$

3.1.06 · Productivity in services (PPP)Estimates: Related GDP (PPP) per person employed in services, US$

3.1.07 · Workforce productivityWorkforce productivity is competitive by international standards

3.1.08 · Large corporationsLarge corporations are efficient by international standards

3.2.05 · Remuneration spreadRatio of CEO to personal assistant remuneration

Remuneration of management / Human resources directorTotal base salary plus bonuses and long-term incentives, US$

Remuneration of management / EngineerTotal base salary plus bonuses and long-term incentives, US$

Total base salary plus bonuses and long-term incentives, US$

3.2.04 · Remuneration of management

Remuneration of management / CEOTotal base salary plus bonuses and long-term incentives, US$

Remuneration of management / Director manufacturingTotal base salary plus bonuses and long-term incentives, US$

Remuneration in services professions / Sales AssistantGross annual income including supplements such as bonuses, in US$

Remuneration in services professions / Secretary / Personal Gross annual income including supplements such as bonuses, in US$

Remuneration in services professions / Product ManagerGross annual income including supplements such as bonuses, in US$

Remuneration in services professions / Primary school Gross annual income including supplements such as bonuses, in US$

Remuneration in services professions / NurseGross annual income including supplements such as bonuses, in US$

3.2.03 · Remuneration in services professionsGross annual income including supplements such as bonuses, US$

Remuneration in services professions / Call center agentGross annual income including supplements such as bonuses, in US$

3.2.01 · Compensation levelsTotal hourly compensation in manufacturing (wages + supplementary benefits), US$

3.2.02 · Unit labor costs for total economyPercentage change

1,506 1,843 57 2019

6.24 6.00 25 2020

0.00 11.83 1 2017

5.59 5.21 22 2020

6.91 6.05 13 2020

0.49 41.84 61 2019

79.43 50.50 2 2019

3.72 0.86 1 2019

5.60 0.93 2 2019

12.83 13.81 28 2018

41.03 43.69 52 2019

70.55 17.00 3 2018

4.32 5.67 53 2020

7.13 6.37 18 2020

8.20 6.82 2 2020

6.06 5.07 18 2020

8.17 5.46 4 2020

7.54 5.74 6 2020

5.29 5.63 41 2020

Value Average Rank Year

758.64 147.23 1 2019

4.71 3.43 11 2018

21,212 10,405 6 2018

98.77 82.69 10 2017

0.99 0.96 31 2017

6.49 6.11 29 2020

8.14 6.92 8 2020

5.82 5.61 29 2020

42.5 1,185.3 46 2019

59.82 91.16 27 2019

3.3 · Finance

3.2.23 · International experienceInternational experience of senior managers is generally significant

3.2.24 · Competent senior managersCompetent senior managers are readily available

3.2.17 · Foreign labor forcePercentage of total labor force

3.2.18 · Skilled laborSkilled labor is readily available

Attracting and retaining talents is a priority in companies

3.2.20 · Attracting and retaining talents

3.2.21 · Brain drainBrain drain (well-educated and skilled people) does not hinder competitiveness in your economy

3.2.22 · Foreign highly-skilled personnelForeign highly-skilled personnel are attracted to your country's business environment

3.2.19 · Finance skillsFinance skills are readily available

Percentage of GDP

US$ billions

3.2.15 · Part-time employmentPercentage of total employment

3.2.16 · Female labor forcePercentage of total labor force

3.3.10 · Stock market capitalization (%)

3.2.13 · Labor force growthPercentage change

3.2.14 · Labor force long-term growthEstimates: % of population, percentage change in 4 years

3.3.08 · Stock markets

3.3.09 · Stock market capitalization ($bn)Stock markets provide adequate financing to companies

3.3.01 · Banking sector assets

3.3.03 · Financial card transactionsUS$ per capita

3.3.04 · Access to financial servicesProportion of adults with a bank account or mobile-money-service provider

3.2.12 · Labor force (%)Percentage of population

3.3.06 · Banking and financial servicesBanking and financial services do support business activities efficiently

3.3.07 · Regulatory compliance (banking laws)Regulatory compliance is sufficiently developed

3.2.06 · Working hoursAverage number of working hours per year

Ratio of the female and male access to a bank account or mobile-money-service provider

Apprenticeships are sufficiently implemented

3.2.09 · Apprenticeships

3.2.10 · Employee trainingEmployee training is a high priority in companies

3.2.11 · Labor forceEmployed and registered unemployed (millions)

3.3.05 · Access to financial services - gender ratio

Percentage of GDP

3.3.02 · Financial cards in circulationNumber of cards per capita

3.2.07 · Worker motivationWorker motivation in companies is high

3.2.08 · Industrial disputesWorking days lost per 1,000 inhabitants per year (average 2016-2018)

132 17,857 48 2018

27 711 56 2018

-21.90 1.66 60 2019

7.65 6.81 17 2020

1,292.7 3,308.6 23 2019

6.43 5.94 27 2020

5.59 5.17 26 2020

7.960 1.215 1 2018

7.06 5.94 14 2020

Value Average Rank Year

6.49 6.06 21 2020

7.11 6.68 22 2020

6.64 6.20 19 2020

6.84 6.06 13 2020

6.64 6.06 17 2020

7.89 7.21 18 2020

4.90 5.23 38 2020

7.00 6.94 29 2020

6.29 6.00 23 2020

6.29 5.99 25 2020

16.07 30.34 52 2017

21.50 21.43 28 2019

45.65 40.52 39 2019

10.20 12.09 32 2019

Value Average Rank Year

6.51 6.44 34 2020

7.77 6.35 17 2020

7.71 6.86 12 2020

6.80 6.70 33 2020

6.26 5.90 29 2020

3.5 · Attitudes and Values

3.4 · Management Practices

3.3.18 · M&A ActivityDeals per listed company (average 2016-2018)

3.3.19 · Corporate debtCorporate debt does not restrain the ability of enterprises to compete

3.3.17 · Venture capitalVenture capital is easily available for business

3.3.15 · Initial Public OfferingsBy acquiror nation (average 2017-2019) US$ millions

Credit is easily available for business

3.4.13 · Fear of failure rate% indicating that fear of failure would prevent them from setting up a business

3.4.14 · Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity% who are either a nascent entrepreneur or owner-manager of a new business

3.3.16 · Credit

3.3.11 · Value traded on stock marketsUS$ per capita

3.4.10 · Social responsibilitySocial responsibility of business leaders is high

3.4.11 · Women in management

3.4.12 · Women on boardsBoardmembers of all companies analyzed by MSCI

3.3.13 · Stock market indexPercentage change on index in national currency

3.3.14 · Shareholders' rightsShareholders' rights are sufficiently implemented

3.3.12 · Listed domestic companiesNumber of listed domestic companies

Female share of senior and middle management (% of management)

3.4.08 · Customer satisfactionCustomer satisfaction is emphasized in companies

3.4.09 · EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship of managers is widespread in business

3.4.06 · Auditing and accounting practicesAuditing and accounting practices are adequately implemented in business

3.4.07 · Use of big data and analyticsCompanies are very good at using big data and analytics to support decision-making

3.4.05 · Corporate boardsCorporate boards do supervise the management of companies effectively

3.4.02 · Changing market conditionsCompanies are generally extremely aware of changing market conditions

3.4.03 · Opportunities and threatsCompanies are very good at responding quickly to opportunities and threats

3.4.04 · Credibility of managersCredibility of managers in society is strong

3.4.01 · Agility of companiesCompanies are agile

3.5.05 · Need for economic and social reformsThe need for economic and social reforms is generally well understood

3.5.03 · National cultureThe national culture is open to foreign ideas

3.5.04 · Flexibility and adaptabilityFlexibility and adaptability of people are high when faced with new challenges

3.5.01 · Attitudes toward globalizationAttitudes toward globalization are generally positive in your society

3.5.02 · Image abroad or brandingThe image abroad of your country encourages business development

6.00 5.81 25 2020

7.06 6.24 18 20203.5.07 · Value systemThe value system in your society supports competitiveness

3.5.06 · Digital transformation in companiesDigital transformation in companies is generally well implemented

Value Average Rank Year

3 1,478 61 2019

1,077 3,100 45 2017

1,714 18,937 44 2017

9.23 8.04 17 2020

7.54 6.69 21 2020

0.61 84.31 62 2019

1.98 0.66 5 2019

29.9 33.3 2019

14.2 14.6 2019

15.6 18.7 2019

42.6 50.6 10 2019

1.13 1.25 24 2017

0.106 0.047 5 2018

2,099 65,815 55 2018

7.91 7.27 29 2020

8.37 7.29 20 2020

8.69 7.31 12 2020

0.19 182.58 61 2017

5.1 106.9 60 2017

3.66 127.73 5 2017

6.19 2.47 61 2017

0.077 0.103 14 2017

Value Average Rank Year

0.14 0.40 60 2019

52.0 79.5 55 2018

29.9 16.4 56 2018

4.1.07 · Population - growthPercentage change

Square kilometers ('000)

4.1.03 · Water resourcesTotal internal renewable per capita in cubic meters

4.1.05 · Management of citiesManagement of cities supports business development

EXTENDED COUNTRY PROFILE

LUXEMBOURG4 · Infrastructure

4.1.02 · Arable areaSquare meters per capita

4.1.04 · Access to waterAccess to water is adequately ensured and managed

4.1.06 · Population - market sizeEstimates in millions

4.1 · Basic Infrastructure

4.2 · Technological Infrastructure

4.1.01 · Land area

4.1.20 · Electricity costs for industrial clientsUS$ per kwh

4.1.17 · Total indigenous energy production (%)Percentage of total requirements in tons of oil equivalent

Millions MTOE

4.1.15 · Energy infrastructureEnergy infrastructure is adequate and efficient

4.1.16 · Total indigenous energy production

4.1.18 · Total final energy consumptionMillions MTOE

4.1.19 · Total final energy consumption per capitaMTOE per capita

4.1.14 · Distribution infrastructureThe distribution infrastructure of goods and services is generally efficient

4.1.12 · Air transportationNumber of passengers carried by main companies, thousands

4.1.13 · Quality of air transportationQuality of air transportation encourages business development

4.1.11 · RailroadsDensity of the network, km per square km

4.1.09 · Dependency ratioPopulation under 15 and over 64 years old, divided by active population (15 to 64 years)

4.1.10 · RoadsDensity of the network, km roads/square km land area

4.1.08 · Dependent PopulationPercentage of total population

Population over 65 yearsPercentage of total population

4.2.03 · Mobile Telephone costsMonthly Blended Average Revenue per User

Population under 15 yearsPercentage of total population

4.2.02 · Mobile Broadband subscribers3G & 4G market, % of mobile market

4.2.01 · Investment in TelecommunicationsPercentage of GDP

8.49 7.81 19 2020

0.02 1.35 61 2017

897 713 30 2017

880 735 9 2017

454 379 20 2018

56.7 35.5 9 2019

6.86 7.03 37 2020

5.65 6.68 53 2020

6.61 6.03 21 2020

7.23 6.51 19 2020

6.52 5.92 22 2020

858 46,922 50 2018

6.97 16.57 49 2018

3.8 9.5 48 2017

7.03 5.93 11 2020

Value Average Rank Year

859 28,135 47 2018

1.21 1.50 34 2018

1,427.0 612.0 11 2018

479 20,750 46 2018

0.68 1.00 34 2018

5.6 215.6 52 2018

9.34 4.84 6 2018

3.3 161.6 52 2018

5.50 3.00 9 2018

5.0 3.3 17 2018

35.73 36.69 33 2016

814 37,259 61 2017

0 9 29 2019

0.00 0.19 29 2019

4.3 · Scientific Infrastructure

4.2.18 · Cyber securityCyber security is being adequately addressed by corporations

4.2.13 · Development and application of technologyDevelopment and application of technology are supported by the legal environment

4.2.14 · Funding for technological developmentFunding for technological development is readily available

4.2.15 · High-tech exports ($)US$ millions

4.2.16 · High-tech exports (%)Percentage of manufactured exports

4.2.17 · ICT service exportsPercentage of service exports

4.2.12 · Public-private partnershipsPublic and private sector ventures are supporting technological development

4.2.10 · Digital/Technological skillsDigital/Technological skills are readily available

4.2.11 · Qualified engineersQualified engineers are available in your labor market

4.3.14 · Nobel prizes per capitaAwarded in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine and economics since 1950 per million people

4.2.09 · Internet bandwidth speedAverage speed

4.3.13 · Nobel prizesAwarded in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine and economics since 1950

4.3.10 · Researchers in R&D per capitaFull-time work equivalent (FTE) per 1000 people

4.3.12 · Scientific articlesScientific articles published by origin of author

4.2.07 · Internet usersNumber of internet users per 1000 people/ Source: Computer Industry Almanac

4.2.08 · Broadband subscribersNumber of subscriptions per 1000 inhabitants

4.3.11 · Science degreesPercentage of total first university degrees in science and engineering

Number of computers per 1000 people/ Source: Computer Industry Almanac

4.2.04 · Communications technologyCommunications technology (voice and data) meets business requirements

4.2.05 · Computers in useWorldwide share/ Source: Computer Industry Almanac

4.3.08 · Total R&D personnel in business enterpriseFull-time work equivalent (FTE thousands)

4.3.09 · Total R&D personnel in business per capitaFull-time work equivalent (FTE) per 1000 people

4.3.07 · Total R&D personnel per capitaFull-time work equivalent (FTE) per 1000 people

4.2.06 · Computers per capita

4.3.06 · Total R&D personnelFull-time work equivalent (FTE thousands)

Percentage of GDP

4.3.04 · Business expenditure on R&D ($)US$ millions

4.3.05 · Business expenditure on R&D (%)

4.3.03 · Total expenditure on R&D per capita ($)US$ per capita

4.3.02 · Total expenditure on R&D (%)Percentage of GDP

4.3.01 · Total expenditure on R&D ($)US$ millions

3,199 54,510 30 2018

531.40 83.39 2 2018

2,043 23,517 29 2018

2,611.5 395.5 2 2018

20.02 38.25 58 2017

7.57 5.91 8 2020

7.94 6.59 15 2020

5.97 5.47 23 2020

Value Average Rank Year

5.5 7.4 47 2017

5,956 2,468 5 2017

84.86 64.26 2 2017

8.03 5.97 14 2020

83 77 13 2017

82.1 78.5 15 2018

72.4 69.6 20 2019

2.4 7.8 5 2018

19 2019

86.27 278.38 2019

336.94 479.32 2019

91 76 2019

0.909 0.854 21 2018

57 119 8 2017

100.0 77.2 1 2017

0.73 38.66 2 2016

8.6 454.9 4 2017

134.5 408.5 9 2017

10.18 20.18 13 2017

7.3 15.9 45 2017

0.0 1.3 39 2016

4.4 · Health and Environment

4.3.22 · Knowledge transferKnowledge transfer is highly developed between companies and universities

4.3.21 · Intellectual property rightsIntellectual property rights are adequately enforced

4.3.19 · Medium- and high-tech value addedProportion of total manufacturing value added, expressed as a percentage

4.3.17 · Patent grantsNumber of patents granted by applicant's origin (average 2016-2018)

4.3.18 · Number of patents in forceby applicant's origin, per 100,000 inhabitants

4.3.20 · Scientific research legislationLaws relating to scientific research do encourage innovation

4.3.16 · Patent applications per capitaNumber of applications filed by applicant's origin, per 100,000 inhabitants

4.3.15 · Patent applicationsNumber of applications filed by applicant's origin

4.4.10 · Urban populationPercentage of total population

4.4.11 · Human development indexCombines economic - social - educational indicators/ Source: Human Development Report

4.4.07 · Healthy life expectancyAverage estimate

4.4.08 · Infant mortality

Medical assistance / Per nurseNumber of inhabitants per physician and per nurse

Under five mortality rate per 1000 live births

4.4.18 · Renewable energies (%)Share of renewables in total energy requirements, %

4.4.19 · Forest area growthFive year percentage change of hectares

4.4.16 · CO2 emissions intensityCO2 emissions from fuel combustion in metric tons per one million US$ of GDP

4.4.17 · Exposure to particle pollutionMean population exposure to PM2.5, Micrograms per cubic metre

Percentage of total health expenditure

4.4.15 · CO2 emissionsMetric tons of carbon dioxide from fuel combustion

4.4.14 · Water consumption intensityWater withdrawal for each 1000 US$ of GDP in cubic meters

4.4.13 · Waste water treatment plantsPercentage of population served

4.4.01 · Total health expenditure

Medical assistance / Per physicianNumber of inhabitants per physician and per nurse

4.4.02 · Total health expenditure per capitaUS$ per capita

4.4.03 · Public expenditure on health (%)

4.4.05 · Universal health care coverage indexIndex (0-100) measuring coverage of essential health services

4.4.06 · Life expectancy at birth

4.4.12 · Energy intensityTotal energy consumed for each 1000 US$ of GDP in MTOE

4.4.09 · Medical assistanceNumber of inhabitants per physician and per nurse

Average estimate

4.4.04 · Health infrastructureHealth infrastructure meets the needs of society

Percentage of GDP

1.24 3.50 40 2016

12.9 4.9 59 2016

-11.67 -1.39 59 2016

0.04 1.60 43 2016

79.17 83.39 44 2015

6.66 6.26 24 2020

7.09 5.79 12 2020

6.71 6.24 18 2020

8.69 6.83 13 2020

Value Average Rank Year

4.6 4.6 30 2018

5,416 1,518 2 2018

19.4 21.5 39 2015

26,425 6,363 1 2017

9.01 16.20 1 2017

9.69 13.57 13 2016

83.6 89.8 51 2017

54.8 42.8 13 2018

44.6 39.7 23 2018

5.58 3.32 12 2017

18.65 2.47 2 2017

477 471 34 2018

483 472 2018

470 468 2018

477 472 2018

61.4 58.6 34 2018

97 89 9 2018

6.49 6.17 30 2020

6.14 6.40 36 2020

6.65 6.45 30 2020

4.5 · Education

4.5.17 · Management educationManagement education meets the needs of the business community

4.5.16 · University educationUniversity education meets the needs of a competitive economy

4.5.15 · Primary and secondary educationPrimary and secondary education meets the needs of a competitive economy

4.5.14 · English proficiency - TOEFLTOEFL scores

4.5.13 · Students who are not low achievers - PISA% of students who are not low achievers in maths, sciences and reading

Educational assessment - PISA / SciencesPISA survey of 15-year olds

Educational assessment - PISA / MathematicsPISA survey of 15-year olds

Educational assessment - PISA / ReadingPISA survey of 15-year olds

4.5.12 · Educational assessment - PISAPISA survey of 15-year olds

4.5.11 · Student mobility outboundNational tertiary-level students studying abroad per 1000 inhabitants

4.5.03 · Gov. expenditure on education per student

4.5.10 · Student mobility inboundForeign tertiary-level students per 1000 inhabitants

Percentage of GDP per capita (secondary education)

4.5.05 · Pupil-teacher ratio (primary education)

4.5.09 · Women with degreesShare of women who have a degree in the population 25-65

Ratio of students to teaching staff

4.4.28 · Quality of lifeQuality of life is high

4.5.08 · Higher education achievementPercentage of population that has attained at least tertiary education for persons 25-34

4.4.27 · Environmental lawsEnvironmental laws and compliance do not hinder the competitiveness of businesses

4.5.07 · Secondary school enrollmentPercentage of relevant age group receiving full-time education

4.4.25 · Sustainable developmentSustainable development is a priority in companies

4.4.26 · Pollution problemsPollution problems do not seriously affect your economy

4.5.06 · Pupil-teacher ratio (secondary education)Ratio of students to teaching staff

4.4.24 · Environmental agreementsMultilateral agreements on hazardous waste, proportion fulfilled

4.5.04 · Total public exp. on education per studentSpending per enrolled pupil/student, all levels

4.4.22 · Ecological balance (reserve/deficit)Total biocapacity minus total footprint in global hectares per capita

4.4.23 · Environment-related technologiesDevelopment of environment-related technologies, % inventions worldwide

4.5.02 · Total public expenditure on education per capitaUS$ per capita

4.4.20 · Total biocapacityGlobal hectares per capita of biologically productive space

4.4.21 · Ecological footprintGlobal hectares per person

4.5.01 · Total public expenditure on educationPercentage of GDP

16.81 15.22 22 2019

1.0 2.6 1 2016

8.77 6.39 4 20204.5.20 · Language skillsLanguage skills are meeting the needs of enterprises

4.5.18 · University education indexCountry score calculated from Times Higher Education univesity ranking

4.5.19 · IlliteracyAdult (over 15 years) illiteracy rate as a percentage of population

2020

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