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Pipe DeteriorationSA’s ageing infrastructure
Asset ManagementA critical municipal function
Dam ConstructionPIMPing your earth dam
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IMIESA July 2016 13
CONTENTSIMESA
The official
magazine
of the Institute
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Engineering
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LEKWA
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT • MAINTENANCE • SERVICE DELIVERY
Sustainable township development
IMESAIMESAIMESA
The official
of the Institute
of Municipal
Engineering
of Southern Africa
MAINTENANCE • SERVICE DELIVERY
of the Institute
of Southern Africa
SERVICE DELIVERY
Pipe deterioration
Ageing infrastructure
Asset management
A critical municipal function
Earth dam walls
PIMPing your earth dam
Having started, figuratively speaking, on shaky ground, the development of Nellmapius Ext 22 Township is now on firm footing, with the appointment of a second and new professional resource team headed by Lekwa Consulting Engineers. P6
VOLUME 41 NO. 7 JULY 2016
DIVISIONAL FOCUS P17
IMESA Infrastructure
Management System 43
In-line’s inside scoop 46
Technical ArticlePIMP your earth dam wall 49
EnergyLandfills – an untapped
energy resource 53
Energy-efficient LED retrofit 55
Construction
5 reasons to buy local 57
GeosyntheticsPerfecting geomembrane welding 58
Project Management Planning for procurement 61
Cement & ConcreteKeeping cool with concrete 63
Eliminating bottlenecks 65
New vibrating system aims big 67
Construction Vehicles & Equipment Polishing your concrete prep fleet 68
A lifeline for repair 69
AwardsCESA and Aon to celebrate
engineering excellence 70
RegularsEditorial Comment 3
President’s Comment 5
Africa Round-up 8
Index to Advertisers 70
Cover Story
Lekwa – A place of melodies 6
Municipal ReviewCity of Johannesburg: A city that delivers on its commitments 10
Ageing Water & Sanitation InfrastructureAnalysis of pipe deterioration 17
PANEL DISCUSSION
Saint Gobain 23
APE Pumps 25
Sizabantu Piping Systems 27
Ultra Control Valves 29
Rare Group 31
Hall Longmore 33
Robor 35
Bambanani Pipes and Fittings 37
Water, South Africa’s oxymoron 38
Industry InsightSAFCEC – Summing up the industry 39
Asset ManagementMismanagement of assets 40
CEMENT & CONCRETE Keeping cool with concrete63CONSTRUCTION
5 reasons to buy local57TECHNICAL ARTICLE PIMP your earth dam wall49
ASSET MANAGEMENTMismanagement of assets40MUNICIPAL REVIEW
A city that delivers on its commitments10
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PUBLISHER Elizabeth ShortenMANAGING EDITOR Alastair CurrieCONTRIBUTING EDITOR Tony StoneSENIOR JOURNALIST Danielle PettersonHEAD OF DESIGN Beren BauermeisterDESIGNER Ramon ChinianCHIEF SUB-EDITOR Tristan SnijdersSUB-EDITOR Morgan CarterCONTRIBUTORS D Daries, W Mfebe, J van RijnCLIENT SERVICES & PRODUCTION MANAGER Antois-Leigh BotmaPRODUCTION COORDINATOR Jacqueline ModiseFINANCIAL MANAGER Andrew LobbanMARKETING MANAGER Philip RosenbergADMINISTRATION Tonya HebentonDISTRIBUTION MANAGER Nomsa MasinaDISTRIBUTION COORDINATOR Asha PursothamSUBSCRIPTIONS [email protected] United Litho Johannesburg +27 (0)11 402 0571___________________________________________________
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SOUTHERN CAPE KAROOSecretary: Henrietta OlivierTel: +27 (0)79 390 7536Fax: +27 (0)86 629 7490Email: [email protected]
WESTERN CAPE Secretary: Michelle AckermanTel: +27 (0)21 444 7114Email: [email protected]
FREE STATE & NORTHERN CAPESecretary: Wilma Van Der WaltTel: +27 (0)83 457 4362Fax: +27 (0)86 628 0468Email: [email protected]
All material herein IMIESA is copyright protected and may not be reproduced either in whole or in part without the prior written permission of the publisher. The views of contributors do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute of Municipal Engineering of Southern Africa or the publishers.
EDITORIAL COMMENT
Water, the burning issue
IMESA
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“Smart technology is going to be the way forward in the future and Atlas
Copco would like to be the front runner in mainstream modern drilling
technology.” Hedley Bernie Business line manager, Atlas Copco
COMPACTION Road Maintenance
Essential cost savers
Urban Renewal
Securing the future
Municipal Imperative
Water loss remediation
IN THE IN THE HOT SEATHOT SEAT
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT • MAINTENANCE • SERVICE DELIVERY
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT • MAINTENANCE • SERVICE DELIVERY
Lebo Ramoreboli
Deputy Director: Integrated
Regional Economic Development,
City of Johannesburg
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
GOVERNMENT
VOICE
Vital to sustainability
IN THE IN THE
IMIESA July 2016 3
WITH EIGHT OF South Africa’s
nine provinces declared dis-
aster areas because of the
prevailing drought, water is a
key issue. Maximising the societal and eco-
nomic benefits from existing water sources
is a top priority. But, besides the lack of rain,
water loss – through ageing infrastructure –
and water pollution – through irresponsible
water management – are the main culprits
in reducing the availability of water. In this
issue of IMIESA, we look at pipe deteriora-
tion and the causes thereof in the different
pipe technologies. The useful article gives a
few good pointers.
Even so, complacency and incompetence
can no longer be tolerated because, in some
instances, such as Kroonstad, it’s a matter
of life and death, of agriculture, industry,
fauna and flora. If ever there were a time
to step up to the plate and work together,
it’s now. And, we need to be smart about
it too. Awareness of South Africa’s ageing
infrastructure is nothing new. Commentators
have been speaking about this for a long
time – SAPPMA for one. Puzzling, though,
is the SABS’s failure to reissue licences
to plastic pipe manufacturers. This flies
in the face of the Department of Water
and Sanitation’s National Water Resource
Strategy, a vision and set of strategic actions
for effective water management, which says
all the right things.
As they say in the classics, prevention is
better than cure. Given that district munici-
palities are concerned about the welfare
of farmers, a strategy to build earth dams
needs to be carefully considered, given
that global warming is here to stay, at least
for a while. However, in the design and
construction of earth dam walls, the imper-
viousness of the dam floor and wall is criti-
cal; if this is not correctly computed, it may
result in the dam failing. We delve into this
critical factor on page 49.
Generally speaking, things are tough in the
civil engineering industry at the moment.
The South African Forum of Civil Engineering
Contractors looks at key issues affecting
the current confidence levels in the indus-
try. Nonetheless, with all the electioneering
going on at the moment and the promises
being made, especially one made by the rul-
ing party – of six million houses being built
by 2019, and considering the roads and
stormwater, water and wastewater, electric-
ity and waste management that will need to
go along with houses – civil engineers should
be quite busy for the next three years… if
the promises hold up.
Last, but not least, asset management
is an issue that many in the industry
have been hammering on about for years.
IMIESA, along with IMESA, does so again.
To drive the point home, South Africa has
the 10th longest road network and 18th
longest paved road network in the world.
Nationally, our roads are generally in good
condition. But, from there on in, provin-
cially and by municipality, we fall below
par. This is such an important issue that,
through IMESA, municipalities can enjoy
free asset management software, which
leverages the wealth of experience and
the skills that IMESA has to offer, par ticu-
larly to those municipalities with few or no
technical skills.
Tony StoneContributing editor
IMESAThe official
magazine of the Institute
of Municipal Engineering
of Southern Africa
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LEKWA
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT • MAINTENANCE • SERVICE DELIVERY
Sustainable township development
IMESAIMESAIMESAThe official
of the Institute of Municipal Engineering
of Southern Africa
MAINTENANCE • SERVICE DELIVERY
of the Institute
of Southern Africa
SERVICE DELIVERY
Pipe deteriorationAgeing infrastructure
Asset managementA critical municipal function
Earth dam wallsPIMPing your earth dam
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The first real winter rains have arrived in the Western Cape and will hopefully start providing relief to the drought-stricken farming community and the water services authorities responsible for bulk water provision.
Duncan Daries, president, IMESA
Drought relief
IMESAPRESIDENT’S COMMENT
IMIESA July 2016 5
A double-edged sword
THE COMBINED storage levels of dams
serving the Cape Town metropolitan
area on 13 June 2016 stood at 29.8%,
which is the lowest level in over five
years. This percentage represents 277 776 Mℓ of a total capacity of 898 221 Mℓ .
The dam storage will probably take a couple
of winter seasons to recover and Level 2
water restrictions will still be applicable for
a long while.
Informal settlementsThe onset of the winter season, however, brings
with it the perennial issue of flooding of vulnerable
communities living in informal settlements. For
these communities, the drought relief provided by
the rain is a secondary issue in their pursuit of
shelter from the elements.
From a historical perspective, the location of
land for housing low-income families has mostly
been on the Cape Flats. This area, as the name
implies, is relatively flat and sandy, with a high
water table that manifests in a number of vleis.
Drainage of this area to make it suitable for any
development including housing can only occur
with the installation of underground pipes and
culverts, among others.
Quite a number of informal settlements
occur in marginal areas next to formal hous-
ing areas. Such marginal areas include river
floodplains, stormwater detention ponds, old
refuse dump sites, road reserves and privately
owned property.
Temporary structures are dug into the ground
for added stability but the floors are then prone
to localised flooding when it rains, as well as
being affected by a rising groundwater table in
the later winter months.
National government’s commitment to eradi-
cating informal settlements is presently a pipe
dream, if we take into consideration the fol-
lowing factors:
• existing backlogs in housing provision
• rate of housing delivery, as well as the
budget made available for new housing
• rapid urbanisation, which is a worldwide
phenomenon
• lack of suitable and affordable land for low-
cost housing.
The ultimate solution is to develop new low-cost
housing areas and relocate informal settlers
to such developments. However, this is not
going to resolve all the informal settlements in
the near future. The in situ upgrading of these
areas as well as the development of serviced
erven, be they for temporary or permanent relo-
cation, are the only viable short-term options
to enable the provision of basic services and
access, free of flooding.
ChallengesThe in situ upgrading of informal settlements
brings with it a load of challenges:
• Re-blocking (demarcation of erven and road
reserves for access and services) requires
decanting and the rearrangement of exist-
ing structures.
• Reshaping of the land to allow for
natural stormwater drainage as far as
possible requires the temporary relocation of
most structures.
Most informal settlers are fearful of being
relocated to a temporary area, as they believe
that the final housing opportunity will not be
forthcoming or will be delayed.
As with all affordable housing provision in the
local or provincial government sphere, politically,
this is a highly contested area. Negotiations
between housing authorities and beneficiaries
are sometimes undermined by factional groups
within an area, resulting in projects that are
unnecessarily delayed, put on hold or have seen
their budgets diverted to projects to be imple-
mented in a more stable political area.
As a result, I fear that the advent of winter
will remain a huge threat to our informal set-
tlements into the foreseeable future. With the
current housing typology and budgets, only
increased budgets to purchase more expensive
land and roll out more housing projects will
reduce the backlog. Alternative densification
and high-rise rental accommodation will need
to be pursued in future to ensure sustainability
within this sector.
Informal settlements in the Western Cape are especially susceptible to flooding during winter
Having started, figuratively speaking, on shaky ground, the development of Nellmapius Ext 22 Township is now on firm footing, with the appointment of a second and new Professional Resource Team (PRT) headed by Lekwa Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd.
COVER STORY
LEFT Kibiti Ntshumaelo, Pr.Eng, managing director, Lekwa Consulting Engineers
A place of melodies
6 IMIESA July 2016
WITH GAUTENG urbanising
at a rate of 3.18% per
annum, planning new town-
ships is a complex task
with far-reaching consequences. Of neces-
sity, most new developments must cater for
impoverished communities who are no less
human than the more privileged. As such,
new townships must offer a unique urban
environment that reflects the unique local
flavours of their respective landscapes and
cultural settings, while aspiring for universal
qualities of accessibility, liveability, safety
and modernity.
With a thorough understanding derived
from extensive experience in what makes
large-scale suburban developments suc-
cessful in the long term, Lekwa Consulting
Engineers has, with a consortium of diverse-
ly skilled companies, planned and designed
the sustainable, new Nellmapius Ext 22
Township that embodies the spatial qualities
of a well-organised suburban environment
designed around people and a community.
At the same time, sustainable solutions for
the spatial and infrastructural requirements
of public transport and other vehicular
traffic have been carefully integrated into
the urban fabric.
The Nellmapius Ext 22 project, east of
Pretoria and just north of Silverlakes, falls
within the greater Mamelodi (which means
the Mother of Melodies) Township and the
City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality.
It is a greenfield project that involves the
construction of 1 232 low-cost units, 98
military veteran units and 550 rental units.
Bounded by the M10 (Solomon Mahlangu
Drive) and the R104, which is adjacent to
the N4, this new township, designed by
Metroplan, has two public open areas, a
business area, ostensibly for shopping
centres, a primary school and provision for
four churches. The actual construction of
the project, which commenced at the end
of July 2014, is due for completion at the
end of December 2016.
As a truly empowered South African civil
engineering consultancy, a joining of African
and Afrikaner, Lekwa Consulting Engineers
is committed to world-class service delivery
within the rich diversity of the local South
African context and is dedicated to promot-
ing value-added services and technical skills
development in the broader Southern African
and African sphere of civil engineering disci-
pline. Why is this important? Lekwa, as the
principal appointed to head the professional
team behind the development of Nellmapius
Ext 22, which includes Vharanani Properties
as the contractor, is not the first team
on this project. This is a reflection of the
Gauteng Department of Human Settlements
and the City of Tshwane’s commitment to
building quality housing for the people.
Project backgroundThe Nellmapius Ext 22 development is a
flagship project initiated as part of the
Comprehensive Human Settlement Plan
(Breaking New Ground) in 2007. This devel-
opment is a turnkey project, involving the
construction of housing, roads and storm-
water, water and sewer reticulation, and
electrical reticulation. The project is divided
into the following contracts:
• construction of roads and stormwater
• electrification of units
• construction of low-cost houses, military
veterans' and rental units.
The project plans to address the high
demand for housing and infrastructure ser-
vices involving the low- and middle-income
housing market. A total of 1 880 units are
to be built, including 550 units contained in
IMIESA offers advertisers an ideal platform to ensure maximum exposure of their brand. Companies are afforded the opportunity of publishing a two-page cover story and a cover picture to promote their products to an appropriate audience. Please call Jenny Miller on +27 (0)11 467 6223 to secure your booking.
COVER STORY
IMIESA July 2016 7
30 three-storey blocks of flats and one two-
storey block of flats. The project will go a
long way in alleviating the shortage of decent
housing in the area.
While the project is for the construction of
the housing units, as detailed, the construc-
tion of the roads and stormwater, and the
supply of electricity are being implemented
under two other, separate contracts. Lekwa
is responsible for the following activities:
• overall project management
• monitoring of construction, and quality
assurance
• site supervision
• environmental management
• occupational health and safety compliance
• verification of work and quantities for the
issuing of payment certificates
• finalisation of the township proclamation
• beneficiary (occupant) administration.
There are four types of low-cost houses that
will be constructed in the project. The four
types are designated as types A, B, C, and G
as per the approved house plans. The general
specification for the houses includes:
Foundation slab• with 40m2 (RDP’s) and 50m2 (Military
Veterans) floor slabs
• 15 MPa and 20 MPa concrete strength (dif-
fer with different zones that range between
5 mm and 30 mm)
• steel sizes are Y6, Y8 and Y10
• 170 micron damp-proof membrane.
Wall superstructure• 290 mm x 140 mm x 90 mm 7 MPa Maxi
brick on external walls
• 290 mm x 90 mm x 90 mm 7 MPa bricks
for internal walls
• 220 mm x 110 mm x 75 mm 17 Mpa stock
bricks for the three-storey buildings
• 2.8 mm brick force laid every fourth course
• 7 MPa mortar with a ratio of 5:1 specification
• 375 micron damp-proof course under walls
• Clisco® type window frames: Type ND4,
ND2, NC1 and NE1.
Completion• cement roof tiles
• galvanised roof trusses
• insulation reinforced membrane underlay
• 40 m2 RDPs external walls plastered and
slurry applied on internal walls
• 50 m2 military veterans plastered on
external and internal walls
• RDPs and military veterans bathrooms:
water close with 11 litre cistern,
1 700 mm x 700 mm bathtub, 350 mm
diameter wash hand basin
• military veteran units will have built-in
cupboards, ceramic floor tiles and pali-
sade fencing and a carport.
“Through its dedication, integrity and con-
sistency, Lekwa delivers quality through a
value-add consulting engineering service
that is hallmarked by a high level of tech-
nical expertise and professionalism. In
applying economically sound engineering
and project management processes, in
accordance with world-class standards and
specifications, our commitment to sus-
tainable projects takes into consideration
socio-economic, community-related as well
as environmental concerns, job creation
and the transfer of skills for a brighter
future – for all,” Kibiti Ntshumaelo, manag-
ing director, Lekwa Consulting Engineers
(Pty) Ltd, concludes.
Technical facts
Detail QtyBulk earthworks (m3) 67 000Roads and stormwater (m) 11 727Stormwater pipe lenghts 6 958Total housing units 1 880Contrete (m3) 21 230
Steel (tonnage) 2 760
Bricks (quantity) 6 305 000
Roof tiles (m2) 97 938
Floor tiles (m2) 26 900
Cement (50 kg bags) 235 921
Paving (m2) 37 404
www.lekwaconsulting.co.za
COVERY STORY
INFRASTRUCTURE NEWS FROM AROUND THE CONTINENT
A $1.9 million grant will facilitate the construction of a 330 kV double-circuit, high-voltage transmission line between Nigeria and Benin
8 IMIESA July 2016
AFRICA Africa Hub to boost infrastruc-ture projectsA new Africa Hub will help realise
16 African infrastructure projects
with a combined value of over
$20 billion.
The creation of the new
hub was announced at the
World Economic Forum by
the Sustainable Development
Investment Partnership (SDIP).
The SDIP Africa Hub will coor-
dinate the African regional activ-
ities of the initiative, which has
been set up with a mandate to
support financing of the UN’s
Sustainable Development Goals
through blended finance – an
innovative approach to develop-
ment finance that combines
funding from private investors
and lenders, governments and
philanthropic funds.
“The SDIP Africa Hub is an
important first step to acceler-
ate the engagement of SDIP
members on the continent. We
envision the hub building local
capacity to advance blended
finance best practices for
infrastructure investment and
ensure a consistent pipeline
of projects for the initiative
from Africa,” said Terri Toyota,
head: Foundations Community
and Development Finance and
member: Executive Committee,
World Economic Forum.
SDIP’s membership has grown
from 20 institutions, when it
began in September 2015, to 30
today. African members of the
SDIP include the Development
Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA),
the Senegal Strategic Investment
Fund and the Industrial
Development Corporation of
South Africa. Worldwide, SDIP
has reviewed projects represent-
ing $30 billion in value, over half
of which are located in Africa.
African projects assessed by
SDIP have a combined value of
over $20 billion.
In addition to supporting blend-
ed finance for the 16 projects,
the African hub of SDIP will
also facilitate the exchange of
best practices across its net-
work of institutions.
“The DBSA believes that the
SDIP initiative, and its goal of
delivering $100 billion in infra-
structure projects within the next
five years, will make a meaning-
ful contribution and also help
build local capacity and solu-
tions by bringing together African
and global private and public
sector organisations,” said
Mohan Vivekanandan, group
executive: Strategy, DBSA.
NIGERIA/BENIN US$1.9 million grant for Interconnector Reinforcement ProjectThe West Africa Power Pool
(WAPP) and the African
Development Bank (AfDB) have
signed a grant agreement worth
over $1.9 million to support
the Nigeria-Benin Interconnector
Reinforcement Project.
The grant will help the construc-
tion of a 330 kV double-circuit,
high-voltage transmission line
from Erukan in Nigeria to Sakete
in Benin, and help meet the
needs of the Ecowas (Economic
Community of West African
States) region, supplying reliable
electricity at an affordable cost.
The project, a WAPP key prior-
ity, will ensure stable integra-
tion of the national electricity
networks in the Ecowas region
and facilitate the accessibility to
economic energy resources to
all member states of the region.
Speaking at the signing event,
Stefan Nalletamby, acting vice-
president, AfDB, said: “Energy
is one of the most essential
requirements for Africa’s
development and a key pillar
of AfDB’s High 5s vision. The
project will allow for the inclu-
sive economic growth needed
to transform the lives and
livelihoods of many in the West
African region.”
The realisation of the 330 kV
WAPP Nigeria-Benin project
will facilitate optimal power
exchanges and trading between
the member states. It seeks
to establish a robust transmis-
sion link from the Ivory Coast
to Nigeria, passing through
Prestea, Aboadze and Volta
in Ghana, Lomé in Togo, and
Sakete in Benin.
The project will involve the
construction of approximately
200 km of 330 kV high-voltage
transmission line and the
installation of Scada and
fibre-optic systems. It will also
include the extension or con-
struction of a new 330 kV high-
voltage substation in Erunkan,
and a new 330 kV high-voltage
substation in Sakete.
NIGERIANew Jalingo roads openedTwo new roads have been
constructed in Jalingo, Nigeria,
to the tune of N1.6 billion
(R127 million).
According to Darius Ishaku,
governor of Taraba, the roads
will be maintained by the con-
tractor for 12 months and an
arrangement has been conclud-
ed for the installation of street
lights on the roads. He added
that the 3.74 km of roads
would boost economic activities
in the state.
The 1.34 km road, Palace
Way, is a dual carriageway with
reinforced concrete side drains
that runs from the Ministry of
Works roundabout to Karofi
Road roundabout.
The second road, Jolly Nyame
Way, is a 2.4 km single-car-
riageway road with reinforced
block work side drains from the
SSS office roundabout to the
Specialists Hospital gate.
“The project will definitely
advance WAPP’s goal to estab-
lish more secure, reliable
transmission corridors for power
exchange and help catalyse the
development of energy resourc-
es, and the transfer of low-cost
energy supply,” the West African
Power Pool said.
“The increased volumes
of power derived from the
project will boost the region’s
economies and contribute to
pover ty reduction effor ts,” the
body added.
and always ready to support,
his government.
TANZANIA
President warns against cor-ruption in constructionPresident John Magufuli has
warned that the Tanzanian gov-
ernment will not tolerate corrup-
tion in the construction industry.
Speaking at the opening of the
Annual Contractors Registration
Board (CRB) consultative meet-
ings and exhibitions, Magufuli
said corruption in the industry
has reached unprecedented
levels and expressed his deter-
mination to step up methods
to combat it. According to the
president, many local contrac-
tors are forced to quote high
prices when bidding for govern-
ment tenders so that they can
afford to pay 10% kickbacks to
government officials.
He urged contractors to report
officials who ask for bribes so
that the government can take
action against them. “If you help
us send, say, 50 of these cor-
rupt leaders to prison, then no
one will dare to demand a bribe.
Then you will not have to have
intimate connections to win a
tender,” he said.
Magufuli has spoken out
against corruption in all sec-
tors of government, stating
that he will sack corrupt lead-
ers if necessary.
WWW.INFRASTRUCTURENE.WS
AFRICA ROUND-UP
The 25 MW first phase of the KivuWatt methane-gas-to-power complex is complete
IMIESA July 2016 9
RWANDA Rwanda inaugurates methane-gas-to-power projectThe 25 MW first phase of the
KivuWatt methane-gas-to-power
complex, located at Lake Kivu in
Western Rwanda, 130 kilometres
from the capital Kigali, was
launched recently.
Lake Kivu, at the boundary
of Rwanda and the DRC, is
one of the world's three known
“exploding lakes”, presenting a
threat as well as an opportunity
for local communities. Volcanic
and bacterial activity in the lake
generates substantial methane
deposits that, if unmanaged,
could erupt violently with dis-
astrous effects on local lives,
wildlife and the environment.
The project comprises two main
components: an innovative meth-
ane gas extraction and purifica-
tion facility located on a floating
barge 13 km off the coast of
Lake Kivu to harvest methane-
rich gas from 320 m below the
lake surface, and a 25 MW
capacity power plant on the lake
shore at Kibuye to convert the
methane gas to electrical energy.
After several years of techni-
cal challenges, it has now been
proven possible to exploit the
Lake Kivu methane gas for
large-scale energy production,
to light up and power millions of
Rwandese homes.
The project has been devel-
oped by American company
Contour Global, on a 25-year con-
cession, with financing from the
African Development Bank (AfDB)
Private Sector Window, Emerging
Africa Infrastructure Fund, the
Netherlands Development
Finance Company, and the
Belgium Investment Company.
AfDB contributed US$25 million.
In a statement on behalf of the
financiers, Negatu Makonnen,
resident representative: Rwanda,
AfDB, highlighted KivuWatt's
contribution to Rwanda's energy
sector goals, and underscored
the importance of collaboration
among the key players, namely
government, private sector and
financiers, for the success of
the project. He also emphasised
the need to ensure that lessons
learnt from the implementation of
Phase 1 are to be incorporated in
Phase 2 of the project.
President Paul Kagame of
Rwanda thanked all those
involved in the realisation of the
KivuWatt project for not giving up,
despite the many challenges the
project faced. He also welcomed
Rwanda's neighbour, the DRC,
for joint exploitation of the Lake
Kivu resources, especially for the
production of electricity.
SIERRA LEONE Mega road projects launchedPresident Ernest Bai Koroma
recently launched the 103 km
Bandajuma-Gendema highway
project in Bandajuma Sowa,
Pujehun District.
The project, which will link
Sierra Leone and Liberia, is
the largest European Union
project ever commissioned in
the country.
Koroma also launched the
32.8 km Moyamba – which
includes Moyamba township
road, and four bridges – and the
Magbele, Mabang, Gbangbama
and Moyamba bridges.
Speaking on the occasion,
Koroma said the government
takes infrastructure seriously and
thanked the EU for its partner-
ship. He went on to say that the
EU, African Development Bank,
World Bank and other develop-
ment partners are confident in,
Tanzanian president John Magufuli
10 IMIESA July 2016
MUNICIPAL FOCUS: CITY OF JOHANNESBURG
Johannesburg’s Growth and Development Strategy
2040 is working and opening up new corridors of
economic freedom, with R54.8 billion allocated
for 2016/17. BY ALASTAIR CURRIE
A city that delivers on its commitments
IMIESA July 2016 11
MUNICIPAL FOCUS: CITY OF JOHANNESBURG
TRANSPORTATION, POWER, water,
housing, information and communi-
cation technology are just some of
the burning issues being addressed
by the City of Johannesburg as it spearheads
the Gauteng Provincial Government’s macro-
and micro-economic growth strategies. The
key emphasis is on service and delivery.
South Africa’s evolving public sector blueprint
is a vital one, since National Treasury’s ability to
help fund these and other initiatives has a direct
impact on local and international confidence at
a time when the global economy is still climb-
ing out of the 2008 slump. In future, South
Africa will have to compete far more assertively
against other emerging markets for direct for-
eign investment and funding.
On an upbeat note, South Africa’s recent BBB-
and BBB ratings for long-term foreign and local
currency debt was reaffirmed by Fitch Ratings in
June 2016, following a worse than expected Q1
decline in the country’s GDP outlook to around
1.2% (annualised).
Responding to the latest rating, a National
Treasury media statement reported, “The for-
eign currency bond rating remains one notch
above sub-investment grade, whereas the
domestic currency bond rating remains two
notches about sub-investment grade.”
This still places South Africa in positive territory
to move forward. More cooperation between
private and public entities is seen as the key to
removing stumbling blocks, aligned to which is
the need to focus on sectors such as manufac-
turing and technology, which will attract investors
and create much-needed growth opportunities.
Gauteng will be the main catalyst for change
since it is the largest contributor to South
Africa’s GDP, currently estimated at around
33.9% or some R811 billion. This equates
to around 10% of Africa’s entire GDP output.
Gauteng’s two main GDP contributors are manu-
facturing (40.6%) and construction (41.9%).
Ahead of the new financial year, Gauteng
City Region’s Economic Plan was extensively
debated during a two-day indaba in June 2016.
Attending the summit were leading stakehold-
ers from government, business, labour and
academia. Skills and infrastructure development
were high on the agenda.
City budget up by R2.2 billionWithin this context, the City of Johannesburg,
as one of Gauteng’s major metropolitan zones,
has a key role to play in driving change.
Allocated for the city’s new financial year,
starting 1 July 2016, is a R54.8 billion budget,
some R2.2 billion up on the previous period.
For 2016/17, R45.3 billion has been
allocated for operating expenditure and
R9.5 billion for capital expenditure. The
operating budget runs for the 2016/17
financial year, with capital budget allocations
spread over three years up to 2018/19,
in accordance with the Municipal Finance
Management Act.
Approximately 71% of the R9.5 billion capital
spend earmarked for 2016/17 will be funded
through city loans.
During the 2016 Budget Speech on
24 May 2016, Councillor Geoffrey Makhubo,
member of the city’s Mayoral Committee for
Finance, opened by saying, “In 2011, we com-
mitted to strengthen our finances. We commit-
ted to increase our financial capacity. We com-
mitted to be responsive to communities. We
committed to invest in infrastructure. Today, I
can confidently say we have delivered.”
Certainly a positive response and one
reinforced by Johannesburg’s 2016 theme,
‘A city that delivers on its commitments’.
Johannesburg is now believed to be the larg-
est per capita infrastructure spender after
national government, which underscores its
strategic importance to the economy.
During the 2014/15 period, the city
delivered capital expenditure of around
R10.1 billion, more than triple the figure for
the 2011/12 financial year. In the process,
sustainable debt levels were maintained and
Johannesburg attained three consecutive
unqualified audits, with six entities receiving
clean audit options in 2014/15. The city’s
ability to fund a higher percentage of its
expenditure via cash has reduced the debt
burden exposure in accordance with the
Financial Development Plan.
In 2013/14, Johannesburg was the first
municipality to implement multiyear capital
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George 044 878 1035
Kimberley 053 832 3443
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Lichtenburg 018 633 6232
Middelburg 013 001 1234
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Richards Bay 035 751 1180
Rustenburg 014 592 6150
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budgets, a step that has improved forward
planning. It also takes into account the
needs of investors, alignment with credit rat-
ings agency reviews, and the cost of credit.
IDP on trackBack in 2012, Johannesburg embarked on
its 10-year Infrastructure Development Plan
to support a R100 billion capital expenditure
programme. By June 2016, an estimated
R30 billion had been spent on various infra-
structure projects during the current five-year
municipal term. Examples include major
repairs to the M1 highway, the construction
of the Naledi Bridge, the resurfacing of some
1 900 km of road and the upgrading of a
further 107 km of gravel roads in areas like
Ivory Park and Diepsloot, and in excess of
R3.5 billion spent on the Rea Vaya bus rapid
transit (BRT) system infrastructure. The city
also reports that some 94% of households
in informal settlements have access to basic
water services.
Makhubo says Johannesburg is “investing
in a more compact and efficient city through
12 IMIESA July 2016
mixed-use, high-density developments along
mass transit corridors.”
Around R3.1 billion has been set aside
for capital investments at Johannesburg
Water over the next three years for pro-
jects that include the ongoing upgrade of
bulk water treatment plants, reservoirs and
water infrastructure.
Electrification is another priority focus,
with R3.9 billion on the table to tackle the
challenges faced by the city’s estimated
181 informal settlements. For 2016/17,
R1.1 billion has been set aside for housing,
and R3.4 billion for capital projects, while
environment and infrastructure projects will
receive R195 million and a multiyear capital
allocation of R155 million.
The city repor ts fur ther that the
Economic Development Cluster will receive
R4.5 billion for its operating expenditure and
R11.6 billion for its rolling capital budget.
Project activities include the Johannesburg
Roads Agency’s construction project and
the expansion of the Rea Vaya BRT along
the Louis Botha Corridor, extending to
Sandton, Alexandra and Midrand. Inner
city renewal initiatives will be led by the
Johannesburg Development Agency, which
has a R1.2 billion capital budget alloca-
tion. Projects planned include the regen-
eration of the Randburg central business
district, which will help inject renewed
commercial interest.
Another positive initiative is the re-
establishment of the Metropolitan Trading
Company, tasked with managing the city’s
broadband business following the laying of
over 1 100 km of fibre-optic cable. Some
R292 million has been set aside for con-
tinued capital infrastructure investment as
Johannesburg transitions to a smart city.
These and other medium- and longer-
term strategies are aimed at creating a
dynamic and evolving urban environment
that will truly make Johannesburg a ‘world
class African city’. However, this is an
incremental process, said Makhubo: “In
this current economic environment, ‘busi-
ness as usual’ is not an option. Game-
changing initiatives are required.”
MUNICIPAL FOCUS: CITY OF JOHANNESBURG
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IMIESA July 2016 15
Analysis of pipe deterioration 17
Panel Discussion Saint Gobain 23APE Pumps 25Sizabantu 27Ultra Control Valves 29Rare Group 31Hall Longmore 33Robor 35Bambanani Pipes and Fittings 37
Water, South Africa’s oxymoron 38
contents
IMIESA July 2016 17
Many municipalities have serious water loss problems. This concern is not just about losing large quantities of water. It’s also about losing a substantial amount of revenue. So, how do we determine the types of pipes likely to be problematic? BY TONY STONE
Analysis of pipe deterioration
AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE
IN A REPORT, ‘Benchmarking of
Leakage from Water Reticulation
Systems in South Africa’, the Water
Supply Commission states that the
South African water supply industry is
generally lagging behind best international
practices with respect to leakage manage-
ment in potable water distribution sys-
tems. And, if water supply systems are
not maintained properly, due to a lack of
resources, sheer incompetence or a lack
of capacity, these will quickly deteriorate
and the infrastructure leakage index will
steadily increase to unacceptable levels,
which is where South Africa is right now.
According to the Department of Water and
Sanitation, the current level of non-reve-
nue water is estimated at 36.7%, of which
25.4% is considered to be losses through
physical leakages.
The CSIR, in publishing the paper
‘The State of Municipal
Infrastructure in South
Africa and its Operation
and Maintenance’,
has found that many
municipalities do
not possess knowl-
edge of the extent
and capacity of the
infrastructure assets
in their possession.
The CSIR also states
that South Africa, par ticu-
larly in the older centres, not
only has many instances of inadequate
municipal infrastructure and service deliv-
ery, but also an increasing proportion of
deteriorating infrastructure, together with
poor and often unacceptable quality of
maintenance services.
The research body concludes that the
great majority of municipalities are not
making adequate provision for the long-
term preventive maintenance, refurbish-
ment and eventual replacement of their
infrastructure.
As early as two years ago, the Southern
African Plastic Pipe Manufacturers
Association (Sappma) issued a warn-
ing that the existing steel and asbestos
cement (AC) pipe infrastructure in South
Africa has undoubtedly corroded since its
installation 50 years ago.
“The majority of old water pipes were
installed in the early 1960s, or earlier,
and have unquestionably reached the end
of their effective lifespan. Unless urgent
attention is given to the replace-
ment and maintenance of
the water infrastruc-
ture, the end result is
predictable – daily
bursts will occur,
followed by cata-
strophic compo-
nent failure and
regular and pro-
longed disruptions
in service delivery,”
says Jan Venter, chair-
man, Sappma. He also
stresses that municipalities
should follow eThekwini Municipality’s
example, where a R1.6 billion AC pipe
replacement project was completed, in
Durban, in June 2010. The municipality
replaced 1 750 km of ageing AC water
pipes with 160 mm or modified polyvinyl
chloride (mPVC) and high-density polyethyl-
ene (HDPE) pipe.
The relevance of the CSIR’s research
and eThekwini’s example is driven home
when we appreciate the reality that nothing
lasts forever! This is true of pipe systems,
which are exposed to friction, corrosion
and wear over time. Even so, if properly
installed, galvanised steel pipes have a
ABOVE A water leak at Port Elizabeth's main water pipeline at Maitlands River Mouth caused thousands of litres of water to go to waste. Dean Biddulph (left) and Retief Odendaal at the burst water pipe
LEFT A leaking pipe joint
mPVC pressure pipe
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18 IMIESA July 2016
life expectancy of 30 to 50 years, copper
lasts 40 to 75 years, and cast iron, 50 to
75 years. But these are just generalities.
It is not unusual to see pipes failing at
30 to 40 years, or even earlier. Even with
a financial forecast horizon of 30 years, it
is rare for South African municipalities and
building owners to plan for pipe replace-
ment. Of course, the best time to replace
pipes is just before they fail, avoiding
water damage to infrastructure, buildings
and personal property, and also the loss
of water and concomitant revenue. In
Emfuleni, the causalities of pipes failing
are detailed below.
Pipe deterioration, distress indicators and failure modes Pipe condition is the cumulative effect
of many factors acting on the pipe.
Al-Barqawi and Zayed (2006)
classify these factors into
three categories: physi-
cal, environmental
and operational, as
depicted in Table 1.
The factors in the
first two classes can
be fur ther divided
into static and dynam-
ic (or time-dependent).
Static factors include
pipe material, pipe geom-
etry and soil type, while dynamic
factors include pipe age, climate and
seismic activity. Operational factors are
inherently dynamic.
AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE
TABLE 1 Factors contributing to water system deterioration
Physical factors Environmental factors Operational factors
Pipe age and materialPipe wall thicknessPipe vintagePipe diameterType of jointsThrust restraintPipe lining and coatingDissimilar metalsPipe installationPipe manufacture
Pipe beddingTrench backfillSoil typeGroundwaterClimatePipe locationDisturbancesStray electrical currentsSeismic activity
Internal water/transient pressureLeakageWater qualityFlow velocityBackflow potentialOperation and maintenance practices
Rajani et al. (2006) define distress indi-
cators as the observable/measurable
physical manifestations of the ageing and
deterioration process. Distress indicators
are a result of some or all of the factors
listed above. Each distress indicator pro-
vides par tial evidence for the condition
of specific pipe components. It
is practical to refer to dis-
tress indicators by the
respective pipe mate-
rial, as detailed fur-
ther in this ar ti-
cle, for CI and DI
pipes, PCCP, AC,
and PVC pipes,
respectively.
It is noted that
leakage could also
be considered a uni-
versal distress indica-
tor, regardless of pipe type
(although the presence of a leak
often indicates that failure has already
occurred). Leakage out of pressurised
water mains is not an acceptable public
health risk and short-term pressure surges
may pull contaminants into the pipe.
The Department of Water and Sanitation,
as par t of its effor t to implement water
conservation and demand management,
introduced No Drop criteria in the cur-
rent Blue Drop audit cycle. After an initial
assessment in 2013/14, it was found that
30 (2.8%) systems were 100% No Drop
compliant while 191 (18%) were rated as
delivering “good per formance”, which left
940 as operating at a substandard level.
Cast and ductile iron pipe distress indicators (Rajani et al., 2006)
External coating (poly wrap/tar/zinc)
• State of external coating (crack/tear/holi-
day) will dictate how external corrosion is
likely to encourage damage to the pipe.
External pipe barrel/bell
• Remaining pipe wall thickness is usually
obtained from NDE tests or from spot
exhumations and sand blasting samples.
IMIESA July 2016 19
concrete exterior indicate that corrosion
is taking place. Often, stains are precur-
sors to spalling, i.e. corrosion products
have built up.
Prestressed wire
• Wire breaks. As the number of wire
breaks increase, the factor of safe-
ty decreases and eventually leads to
pipe failure.
Concrete core
• Delamination. Delamination occurs when
there is poor bonding between concrete/
wire or steel/steel cylinder. This can also
occur when prestressing is lost due to
wire breaks.
• Crack type. Circumferential cracks indi-
cate some type of longitudinal move-
ment has taken place. Longitudinal cracks
occur when prestressing is lost due to
wire breaks.
• Crack width. Crack width is another indica-
tor of severity of delamination. Large width
means that delamination is imminent.
• Crack density (frequency). Closer crack
spacing usually means the pipe is under
higher stress.
• Hammer tapping sound. Hammer tapping
sounds can indicate delamination. It can
be as simple as tapping a hammer or
using the pulse echo method.
• Hollow area. Areal extent of hollow sound
can give an idea of the seriousness of
the delamination (in comparison to pipe
surface area).
Pipe geometry
• Out-of-roundness. Out-of-roundness is
AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE
Casting defects (voids or inclusions) can
be of significant size in CI pipes.
• Graphitisation (pit) areal extent where the
areal extent is expressed as a percent-
age of pipe diameter multiplied by the
unit length. Severe graphitisation may
not always mean the pipe should have
failed. In practice, graphitised area can
still provide some resistance – it acts as
a form of sticky plaster. In CI, graphitisa-
tion is typically in the form of graphite
flakes, while in DI, it is in the form
of nodules.
• Crack (pit) type where a pit is a manifes-
tation of an electro-chemical process,
while a crack is a mechanical response
to stress. Circumferential cracks indicate
some type of longitudinal movement,
loss of bedding support, or increase
in ver tical load (frost) has taken place.
Longitudinal cracks occur due to low
hoop resistance, typically coupled with
high internal pressure.
• Crack (pit) width is another indicator of
corrosion. A wide crack, together with a
deep pit, will be more detrimental to the
pipe than a narrow, but shallow crack.
Inner lining/surface
• Cement lining (epoxy) spalling (blister-
ing). Inner lining deterioration is often
due to incompatible water chemistry or
abrasion due to the presence of high
water velocities and sediments.
• Remaining wall thickness. Occasionally,
closed circuit television (CCTV) scans
can give estimates of internal corrosion
pits when NDE tests are not done to get
an overall picture of the pipe wall status.
• Tuberculation. Heavy tuberculation
(blockage) can significantly reduce water
delivery and produce red water condition.
Joint
• Change in alignment. Changes in joint
alignment (rotation) indicate pipe sus-
ceptibility to ground movement. Large
changes can lead to leakage and eventu-
ally joint failure.
• Joint displacement. Joints can displace
without undergoing joint misalignment
and, hence, is also an indicator of other
forces at play.
PCCP water mains distress indicators (Kleiner et al., 2006a)
Mortar coating
• Spalling. Spalling is often a first indica-
tor of corrosion. Large spalling area may
indicate that corrosion is taking place
over a significant sur face area of the
pipe exterior.
• Crack type. Circumferential cracks indi-
cate some type of longitudinal movement
has taken place. Longitudinal cracks
occur due to low hoop resistance.
• Crack width. Crack width is another indi-
cator of severity of spalling. Large widths
mean that spalling is imminent.
• Crack density (frequency). Closer crack
spacing usually means the pipe is under
higher stress.
• Coloration. Signs of color/stains on
A leaking pipe metering connection
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IMESA
IMIESA July 2016 21
AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE
another indicator of wire loss that may
not be evident from concrete spalling or
the presence of corrosion products, etc.
Joint
• Change in alignment. Changes in joint
alignment (rotation) indicate pipe
susceptibility to ground movement.
Eventually, it can lead to weld failures and
joint failure.
• Joint (internal) displacement. Joints
can displace without undergoing joint
misalignment and, hence, this is also an
indicator of other forces at play.
• Joint diaper crack size. Crack of external
diaper can give an idea of joint quality.
• Joint ring degradation. Joint failure due
to microbial degradation of the natural
rubber joint rings.
AC pipes distress indicatorsExternal coating (tar or bitumen)
• Holiday. State of external coating will
indicate how external soil proper ties
encourage damage to the pipe.
External pipe barrel
• Remaining wall thickness. Remaining
pipe wall thickness (includes both exter-
nal and internal walls) is usually obtained
from spot test samples and per form-
ing phenolphthalein test (to measure
cement softening) or on-site measure-
ments using the georadar technique.
• Corrosion areal extent. Areal extent, as
a percentage of pipe diameter multiplied
by pipe segment length, indicates the
size of affected area. Severe corrosion
may not always mean the pipe should
have failed.
• Crack type. Circumferential cracks indi-
cate bending or significant longitudinal
movement has taken place. Longitudinal
cracks occur due to exceedance of hoop
resistance, due to occurrence of very
high operational loads or due to low
remaining wall thickness as a result of
sulfate attack.
• Crack width. Crack width is another
indicator of corrosion. A wide crack
together with a deep softening of asbes-
tos cement matrix will be more detri-
mental to the pipe than a narrow but
shallow crack.
Internal pipe surface
• Remaining wall thickness. See above for
external pipe barrel category.
• Corrosion areal extent. See above for
external pipe barrel category.
Joint
• Change in alignment. Changes in joint
alignment (rotation) indicate pipe sus-
ceptibility to ground movement. Large
changes can lead to leakage and eventu-
ally joint failure.
• Joint displacement. Joints can displace
without undergoing joint misalignment
(axial movement) and, hence, this is also
an indicator of other forces at play.
• Joint ring degradation. Joints can dis-
place without undergoing joint misalign-
ment (axial movement) and hence are
also an indicator of other forces at play.
• Joint ring degradation. Joint failure due
to microbial degradation of the natural
rubber joint rings.
PVC pipe distress IndicatorsExternal pipe barrel surface
• Remaining wall thickness. Cavities or
unfilled air bubbles introduced during
manufacturing (and not detected upon
installation) can be of significant size in
PVC pipes.
• Scratch type. Longitudinal scratches
are formed due to improper or rough
handling. Circumferential scratches can
form if lifted or handled using rough
slings (e.g. chains). Also, sharp scratch-
es have more detrimental effects than
blunt scratches. Longitudinal scratch-
es can eventually lead to longitudinal
split failures.
• Scratch depth. Fatigue failure becomes
an important consideration for deeper
scratches, especially when they exceed
10% of pipe wall thickness.
Service connection
• Split at tap. Inadequate tapping procedure
or a thin pipe wall can lead to a split in the
PVC mains, usually on the pipe inside. This
type of failure is commonly referred to as
a fitting failure.
Joint
• Change in alignment. Changes in joint align-
ment (rotation) indicate pipe susceptibility to
ground movement. Large changes can lead
to leakage.
• Joint displacement. Joints can displace
without undergoing joint misalignment
and, hence, this is also an indicator of
other forces at play.
ConclusionThe Department of Water and Sanitation, in
its specifications for the entire Blue Drop
standard, states, “In terms of Section 82
of the Water Services Act (No. 108 of
1997), participation in Blue and Green Drop
Audits/Assessments is mandatory, which
includes No Drop as part of the Blue Drop
Assessments. Falsification of data is an
offence under the Act.”
This means that every water treatment plant,
water reticulation system and wastewater
treatment plant must be effectively managed
and, in the case of No Drop, prevent water
loss. This, in turn, means that every munici-
pality needs to know in detail and assess
the water assets under their control – which
means doing an audit of pipeline networks.
Such an audit should include the establish-
ment of a geographical information system
(GIS) and an asset register. The audit would
specifically answer the following questions:
1 What pipe materials have been used in
the past?
2 From what point to what point (by
GIS reference)?
3 What is the overall condition of the pipe,
with pipe thickness measurements?
4 From 3 above, what is the estimated
remaining lifespan of the pipe?
5 What leaks are there, and where (by
GIS reference)?
6 Are the flange joints of differing pipe mate-
rials still intact, and where are they (by
GIS reference)?
This would empower every municipality, if
not done already, to repair, rehabilitate or
replace leaking pipes, joints, flanges and
valves. And, in so doing, save water,
which, in water-scarce South Africa, is a
strategic imperative.
An in-pipe robot in action. Pipe audits like this are now crucial
SAINT-GOBAIN PAM SOUTHERN AFRICA
Bruno Langlais | General Manager
AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE | PANEL DISCUSSION
For water projects, the water companies and municipalities have the possibility to choose from many pipe materials. According to you, how is this choice made?BL The selection of a material
is not necessarily rational. In
many occasions, the choice of
a material for water pipelines is
based on tradition. Designers
usually look for the hydraulic
characteristics needed for the
water transmission line or the
distribution network and select
the material they would normal-
ly use in similar circumstances.
This decision process leaves
little chance to other materials
to promote their benefits and,
in the case where several op-
tions are considered, the main
criteria used is the price of
1 m of one material compared
to another.
If material unit price has been proven to be the driver of choice on past projects, to what extent do you believe this approach is no longer valid?Price is of course one of the
main criteria to consider. But,
when it comes to such a large
investment supposed to last for
decades, the mere comparison
of material costs is not enough.
Many other parameters should
be taken into consideration
when selecting the material,
such as cost of installation,
cost of operation, cost of
maintenance and recycling
cost. Unfortunately, this analy-
sis – called TCO (total cost of
ownership) – is not frequently
used in the water sector. This
method tends to demonstrate
that the cost of installation
(procurement and installa-
tion of material) is generally
minor compared to the cost of
operation over a long period of
time. Investments in the water
sector are expected to last at
least 50 years. It is, therefore,
important to measure all costs
(capex and opex) over that pe-
riod of time. The choice of pipe
material has a direct impact on
operation costs.
Most of the projects are urgent and many water companies do not have the time or the resources to conduct such an in-depth study. What do you suggest to help water companies to decide?New tools (software) have
been developed to support
this approach: LCA (life-
cycle assessment) calculator
software analyses life cycles
from manufacturing, transport,
installation and operation to
recycling, and calculates the
environmental footprint of a
project. The second tool, a
TCO calculator, highlights the
immediate costs borne by
the investor and the deferred
costs spent by the operator.
The calculation method takes
into account the acquisition
costs (pipes, laying, financ-
ing costs, etc.), the operating
costs (maintenance, water
losses, pumping energy, etc.)
and the end of life cycle (re-
moval, recycling). Par ticularly,
the cost of pumping and water
losses during the lifetime
of a network is considerably
higher than the cost of initial
purchase. The per formance of
ductile iron pipe systems (me-
chanical resistance, joint reli-
ability, internal hydraulic diam-
eter, per formance of linings)
helps to reduce them. Those
tools will work with local data
set by the investor/operator so
that the calculation made fits
a given situation per fectly well.
Once those tools’ parameters
have been properly set, the
calculation can be made easily
and the result gives a precise
cost comparison between dif-
ferent piping materials.
Are those new tools available?Those tools and methodolo-
gies are in compliance with
the EN 14044 standard.
Saint-Gobain PAM has com-
missioned the firm Quantis,
CH (specialised in supporting
companies to manage the
environmental impacts of
their products and service)
to develop such a calculator.
The software has been duly
reviewed by EY Cleantech &
Sustainability FR (for the TCO
tool) and by the University of
California – Berkeley (for TCO
and LCA tools). We, of course,
encourage investors and
operators to make great use of
those tools. Saint-Gobain PAM
teams are available to explain
the calculation structure of the
tools and to input parameters
provided by investors/opera-
tors into the system.
IMIESA July 2016 23
26 Nagington Road, WadevilleGermiston 1400, South AfricaTel +27 11 824 4810 | Fax +27 11 824 2770PO Box 14733, Wadeville 1422, South AfricaEmail: [email protected]: www.apepumps.co.za
Power Generation
Petrochemicals
Waste Water processing
Manufacturers of:
Vertical industrial turbine pumpsMulti-stage high pressure pumpsSplit casing pumpsEnd suction pumpsVertical sump pumpsAPI 610 pumps
Mining
APE pumpsPumps at the heart of africa
APE A4 ad.indd 1 2015/10/13 10:52 AM
APE PUMPS
Dave Johnson | Marketing & Business Development Manager
The duplex stainless steel pumps supplied to the Gansbaai abalone farm
26 Nagington Road, WadevilleGermiston 1400, South AfricaTel +27 11 824 4810 | Fax +27 11 824 2770PO Box 14733, Wadeville 1422, South AfricaEmail: [email protected]: www.apepumps.co.za
Power Generation
Petrochemicals
Waste Water processing
Manufacturers of:
Vertical industrial turbine pumpsMulti-stage high pressure pumpsSplit casing pumpsEnd suction pumpsVertical sump pumpsAPI 610 pumps
Mining
APE pumpsPumps at the heart of africa
APE A4 ad.indd 1 2015/10/13 10:52 AM
APE Pumps provides full turnkey projects. Give us an idea of what you offer. DJ We do the complete
project, from manufacturing
the pumps to installing and
commissioning. We also
install the pipelines and
valves along, with all the elec-
trical control equipment.
For example, we have just
completed a project in Malawi
for Blantyre Water Board,
which consisted of six pump
units, each extracting water
from the Shire River at a rate
of 1 350 m3/h at a head of
35 m. After transfer to the purifi-
cation plant, two further pump
stations, each housing three
pumps in parallel and one on
standby, then transfer the water
to the Chileka pump station.
The eight pumps installed at
Chileka are multistage units
manufactured by APE’s sister
subsidiary, Mather+Platt,
and each has a capacity of
750 m3/h at a head of 550 m.
All the pipelines and electrical
control panels were installed by
APE Pumps, with a total project
value of R300 million.
What range of pumps do you supply? We offer a wide range of pumps
from small end-suction through
to split case, and from multi-
stage to large vertical turbine
pumps. The majority of these
pumps are manufactured in our
Wadeville factory.
What are the challenges in South Africa surrounding bulk water transfer and reticulation? The main challenge is the size
of the pumps required to move
large amounts of water.
APE Pumps, along with
Mather+Platt, has been manu-
facturing and supplying these
large pumps in South Africa
for a long time. They are now
coated internally to give better
efficiencies, which reduce the
cost of electricity. When you
consider that some of these
pumps have up to 3 000 kW
motors running them, a minor
improvement in efficiency can
save a lot of money.
Given the state of South Africa’s water networks, how can APE Pumps assist municipalities in ensuring water supply and combatting losses?
APE Pumps gives training on
the maintenance of pumps,
which reduces breakdowns.
This, in turn, reduces losses
in water supply.
You have a relatively new duplex pump.
What makes this pump unique? The duplex, stainless-steel,
horizontal centrifugal pump is
manufactured from grades 4A
and 4B stainless steel. This
type of steel is called duplex
because it has a two-phase
microstructure consisting of
ferritic and austenitic stainless
steel grains.
Duplex stainless steels have
many advantages over regular
austenitic or ferritic stainless
steels. These include being
twice as strong, having sig-
nificantly better toughness and
ductility and, most importantly,
they have exceptionally good
pitting resistance and stress-
corrosion cracking resistance.
They also function effectively
between -80°C and 300°C.
Lastly, duplex stainless steels
have a better ability to absorb
energy of any dynamic or static
state. All of this makes for a
near perfect pump.
Is there a project where these pumps were used that you are particularly proud of? Duplex pumps were recently
installed at a large Gansbaai
abalone farm. With its cold
temperatures and high-alka-
linity seawater, the abalone
farm had struggled with pump
corrosion in the past.
APE Pumps installed five
LN-type, split-case, super
duplex stainless-steel
horizontal centrifugal pumps,
each with a capacity of
1 250 m3/hour to draw sea-
water under negative suction
head from the seawater intake
gully. Not only do they have
greater efficiency but reduced
running costs as a bonus.
AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE | PANEL DISCUSSION
IMIESA July 2016 25
Is this your current situation?
Come over to the winning side,
www.sizabantupiping.co.za
insist on the new Molecor 500 O-PVC!
Up to 800mm Pn20
Now Available
IMIESA July 2016 27
Sean Harmse | Director
SIZABANTU PIPING SYSTEMSIs this your current situation?
Come over to the winning side,
www.sizabantupiping.co.za
insist on the new Molecor 500 O-PVC!
Up to 800mm Pn20
Now Available
What are the advantages of Molecor TOM 500 PVC-O pipes over pipes made from conventional materials?SH If we especially think of bulk
water pipelines in South Africa,
where PVC was very seldom
used due to size and pressure
handling limitations, the current
uses of Molecor TOM 500 PVC-O
pipe is obvious. Some very clear
advantages are seen in the con-
ventional metallic pipes used for
bulk water pipelines, like:
• the speed of installation due
to the familiar push-fit socket
system as on all PVC systems,
compared to welding, internal
and external coating repair
and an x-ray of each joint
• no corrosion (around 100-year
design life)
• zero maintenance.
How does Molecor TOM 500 PVC-O differ from other types of PVC like uPVC and mPVC?First, let’s look at what the ab-
breviations above stand for:
• uPVC – unmodified polyvinyl
chloride
• mPVC – modified polyvinyl
chloride
• oPVC (or PVC-O) – orientated
polyvinyl chloride
uPVC is a well-known and re-
spected PVC pipe product with
the standard advantages and
characteristics of a PVC pipe.
mPVC, on the other hand, is
a chemically changed PVC pipe
that is more ductile than uPVC
and has thinner walls.
PVC-O basically star ts as a
pure uPVC pipe, after which
the molecular structure of
the PVC is biaxially orientated
without altering the advan-
tages and chemical properties
of the original polymer. This
orientation then results in the
Molecor TOM 500 PVC-O pipe
– with unbeatable qualities,
resistance to traction and
fatigue, flexibility and fantastic
impact resistance.
In summary, based on the
ISO procedure, the minimum
required strength (MRS) at 50
years for Molecor TOM 500
PVC-O is 50 MPa. On uPVC and
mPVC the MRS is at 25 MPa.
Thus, the long-term (50+
years ) strength of Molecor TOM
500 PVC-O is 100% greater
than that of uPVC or mPVC.
For what applications are PVC-O pipes best suited? Molecor TOM 500 PVC-O is cur-
rently being used very success-
fully in township reticulation,
pumping mains and bulk
water distribution.
How long have you been supplying PVC-O pipes and how have they been received by industry?Sizabantu Piping Systems,
through its national network,
introduced Molecor TOM 500
PVC-O to the market in 2012.
Due to our extensive market
knowledge and relationships,
the word spread quite quickly
and, to date, the uptake and
acceptance of the product have
been unbelievable. Consulting
engineering firms have realised
the technical advantages of
Molecor TOM 500 PVC-O and
metros, municipalities and
water boards have seen the
economic advantages that the
product offers.
Given the state of South Africa’s water networks, how can PVC-O pipes assist municipalities in ensuring water supply and combatting losses?Being a cost-effective pipeline
product, Molecor TOM 500
PVC-O is already combatting
losses. This is based on the
speed and ease of installation,
the extreme toughness and
durability of the pipe and the
fact that zero maintenance is
required on Molecor TOM 500
PVC-O once installed.
Sizabantu recently opened a new manufac-turing facility in Richards Bay. Tell us about this new development.Sizabantu Piping Systems,
together with our Spanish
partner Molecor – the developer
of the Molecor TOM 500 PVC-O
technology – decided right from
the start of our venture that we
would eventually manufacture
in South Africa. The
manufacturing decision
was fast-tracked due to
uptake and expansion
of the now established
South African market.
The dedicated PVC
pipe factory is situated
within the Richards Bay
Industrial Development
Zone, which was
decided on due to
government incentives
and after consultation
with the DTI and various
other stakeholders.
Sizabantu will soon be manufacturing its own PVC-O pipes rather than importing them. How will this benefit your customers?Local manufacturing will put
Sizabantu Piping Systems in
a position to offer excellent
service in a highly demanding,
service-oriented market. Stock
availability, manufacturing on
demand and local content will be
the key benefits to our current
and new customer base. It has
always been a main objective of
Sizabantu Piping Systems to be
100% proudly South African.
AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE | PANEL DISCUSSION
Peter Telle | Managing Member
ULTRA CONTROL VALVES
AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE | PANEL DISCUSSION
IMIESA July 2016 29
How important is pres-sure management and how has it been imple-mented in South Africa?PT With water scarcity facing
users all over the world, water
utility companies should be
proactive to ensure that pipe
leaks are reduced and kept
to an absolute minimum. One
of the quickest “fast return”
innovations, which has been
implemented by some munici-
palities and water boards over
the past few years, is pres-
sure management.
This involves reducing
pressures in networks during
low-demand periods (to reduce
losses from leaks), which
involves electronic equipment
connected to pilot-operated
pressure reducing valves
(POPRVs) that resets pres-
sures to different levels for
different flow rates.
The problem with this strate-
gy in the South African context
is that POPRVs are compli-
cated and little understood (or
maintained) by operators. The
addition of electronic control-
lers makes these valves even
more complicated and less
user-friendly.
Ultra Control Valves has
entered the market with some
very new and simple innova-
tions, which are star ting to
capture the imagination of
users as tremendous water
saving devices.
What are the advan-tages of RRPRVs over POPRVs?Ratio reducing pressure
reducing valves (RRPRVs)
reduce pressures in a ratio
(2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1) and have
no adjustments that are eas-
ily tampered with. They also
are much easier to apply in
the field as they do not have
delayed reaction times, low
flow instability or vulnerability
to dir t. Just a simple piston,
which is activated by line pres-
sure, will always keep the ratio
between inlet and outlet pres-
sure at a constant value.
With POPRVs, one has to
be very careful that the valve
is sized correctly to handle
low flows, or install valves in
series to overcome cavitation
damage, all increasing the
complexity of the installation
and with increased chances
of malfunction.
In a lot of POPRV
installations, valves become
unstable at low flows (at
night), causing pipe breaks
and leading to huge water
losses – exactly the opposite
result to what the valve is
intended for.
The installation of RRPRVs
is a lot simpler and does not
require much engineering
or maintenance. It is truly
an African solution to keep
pressures low without the
accompanying complexities.
Tell us about Maric flow control valves and their applications in Africa.This innovative Australian
product has been used to
control flow in a lot of ap-
plications over the last 40
years since its development.
These valves are completely
tamperproof and absolutely
ideal for African conditions
– where simplicity and
robustness are key,
and maintenance is
seldom done.
In the right ap-
plications – such
as consumer end
points like taps,
showers, stand
pipes in rural water
supplies – this
valve will ensure
tremendous savings
of water consumption.
It will have the same effect
in water supply networks. By
placing Maric flow controllers
in strategic positions, flows
are limited to what is the norm
for such a network. If pressure
drops to the extent where us-
ers complain, it indicates that
consumption is too high due to
pipe leaks, which then need to
be repaired.
These products provide pres-
sure and flow control with ab-
solute simplicity, which plays
an important role in ensuring
correct operation. The end
result is huge savings in
water losses.
30 IMIESA July 2016
Ridge bridge: the left abutment of this bridge will be removed and reinstated, and the deck slab extended to accommodate the additional carriageway
IMIESA July 2016 31
RARE GROUP
Carl von Graszouw | Pipeline Services Manager
AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE | PANEL DISCUSSION
South Africa’s water infrastructure has come under the spotlight recently. How important are pipeline maintenance and rehabilitation, and what is being done in South Africa?CvG One of the main problems
with South Africa’s water infra-
structure is that the old infra-
structure has been put under
pressure through urbanisation
and can no longer cope with
the demand.
Maintenance is one fo-
cus point that should al-
ways be done as a routine.
Unfortunately, due to the lack
of funding and other related
issues, this has been neglected.
This not only causes a loss
in revenue, but also a loss of
our most precious resource,
the water itself. The rehabilita-
tion of existing infrastructure,
however, should always have 25
to 50 years of life in mind when
done. Demand and pressure on
water infrastructure will always
increase. Another focus point
should be the proper manage-
ment of the rehabilitated assets.
How can trenchless rehabilitation technol-ogy be utilised for the rehabilitation of existing pipe infrastructure where leaking pipes or old infra-structure is a problem?The basis of the technology
is the fact that pipe systems
that deliver services can
be rehabilitated without the
need to open up ground and
excavate trenches to replace
existing pipe. New pipe crack-
ing technology (with different
processes) now allows pipes
to be replaced efficiently,
and with minimum disruption
to existing infrastructure – a
definite advantage when
considering cost and time.
Given the correct parameters,
cer tain pipe systems can even
be upgraded to bigger capacity.
The Rare Plastics Division has a product aimed specifically at the pipe cracking market. Tell us a about it. We are proud to introduce RPC
(Rare Plastics Co-extruded)
pipe. RPC is a three-layer,
co-extruded pipe with outer
and inner layers of advanced
PE100-RC polymer and a
PE100 core. PE100-RC is
a specifically developed,
advanced polymer that resists
the effects of notches,
scores, scratches, grooves
and point loads. These types
of damage are common
when using standard PE100
material for pipe cracking
or bursting applications.
An additional advantage to
RPC pipe is that the pipe can
be designed to suit a specific
application; the wall thick-
ness of the RC material can
be altered and changed to
suit different applications and
ground conditions. Rapid crack
propagation and slow crack
growth are prevented when
using RPC pipe for trenchless
rehabilitation applications like
pipe cracking and bursting.
The Rare Group offers a wide range of pipes. What products do you offer and what are the advantages and best applications of these products?Rare Trading sells a compre-
hensive range of products,
combining steel and plastic
pipes, fittings, couplings and
valves in a complete package
to the contractor or end user.
All products represented by
Rare conform to international
and/or national quality stand-
ards. To enhance quality and
traceability of products, Rare
also offers a cut-to-length,
hard stamping and colour-
coding service to the market.
Rare’s services also include
in-house fabrication of spools,
closures and fittings.
Rare Trading customers
include the petrochemical,
mining, water and engineering
industries. Major contracts
are based on solid relation-
ships with Sasol and large
mining groups.
ABOVE RIGHT Rare currently holds the contract with Sasol to supply all carbon pipes, fittings and flanges for its plants in Sasolburg and Secunda
RIGHT Rare Plastics’ co-extruded pipe
IMIESA July 2016 33
What are the challenges surrounding South Africa’s water infrastructure? KvR It is the right of every South
African to have access to water,
according to the Constitution. It
is, therefore, a priority that South
Africa has an adequate source
of potable water and an efficient
manner to divert the water to
where it is required. It goes
without saying that it must be of
a world-class standard.
The funding of such activities is
part of a complex implementation
matrix. Starting from the planning
and design desk through to the
laying of new pipes and mainte-
nance of existing water pipelines
– challenges exist for each facet
of the value chain.
Given the state of South Africa’s ageing water networks, how can Hall Longmore assist municipalities in ensuring water supply and combatting losses?The products offered by Hall
Longmore are of an international
quality standard, underpinned
by a pedigree of more than 90
years. The experience gained over
this period in the manufacture
of pipes for the water, petro-
chemicals, gas, construction and
mining industries positions Hall
Longmore as an ideal partner in
water supply solutions.
For example, we offer protective
coatings and linings for steel
pipes that could increase pipeline
longevity to beyond the expected
50 years. When it comes to
jointing systems, the rubber ring
joint provides a working pressure
rating of 42 bar – an adequate
pressure for most water pipeline
systems. However, a 1.5 built-in
factor of safety provides a
test pressure rating of about
63 bar. In-house test pressures
in excess of 70 bar have been
recorded and this jointing system
will undoubtedly minimise leaks
and resultant water loss.
Hall Longmore has an easy-to-use pipe jointing system. How does it work and what are the advantages?This product falls nicely within
government’s Expanded Public
Works Programme. The jointing
system empowers up-and-coming
contractors to be able to lay steel
pipelines with minimal investment
in plant and training.
Known as a rubber ring joint, this
patented system (Sintajoint) con-
sists of a specially formed spigot
and socket, which, when pulled
together, compress a natural rub-
ber O-ring between them, providing
a highly effective seal. The jointing
system is suitable for both buried
and aboveground installations car-
rying pressurised potable water.
Unlike other systems, there is no
need to make good the joint after-
wards and no risk of contamina-
tion of the internal lining.
Kenny van Rooyen | Managing Director
HALL LONGMORE
IMIESA July 2016 33
AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE | PANEL DISCUSSION
Provide an overview of the products you supply.Hall Longmore is recognised
internationally as one of the
leading manufacturers of quality
large-bore welded steel pipe and
attendant coatings and linings
for the conveyance of water,
petrochemicals and gas. The
company manufactures line pipe
to API specification 5L (PSL 1 &
PSL 2) and 5CT.
The electric resistance welding
and submerged arc welding
technologies are used in the
manufacture of pipe that comply
with the American Petroleum
Institute specifications (API
5L) and quality assurance
requirements. A range of
specialised protective coatings
and linings are available to
suit specific specifications and
site conditions. Fusion-bonded,
medium-density polyethylene
(Sintakote) is a popular choice
among specifiers for water
pipelines, while three-layer
polyethylene coatings feature in
petrochemical and gas projects.
The company’s commitment to
service excellence is accredited
through ISO 9001:2008.
What are the benefits of using steel pipes for water infrastructure?The design flexibility of steel and
its predictable mechanical proper-
ties allow the engineer to design a
pipeline that will withstand surge
pressures, vacuum conditions,
water hammer, heavy traffic loads
and whatever conditions might oc-
cur during the life of the pipeline.
Being metallic, steel pipes are
easy to locate should alterations
to the pipeline be necessary dur-
ing its lifespan. Such alterations
are inexpensive and fast – no
pipes need to be removed as con-
nections are simply welded to the
existing line.
As with other pipe materials,
corrosion protection is required
and steel pipes and fittings
are generally supplied with a
corrosion-resistant lining (cement
mortar or liquid epoxy) and an
external coating for impact and
corrosion resistance.
Cathodic protection (CP) of
steel pipelines has the unique
advantage of preventing
corrosion even if the external
coating is accidentally
damaged. CP is inexpensive
and ensures that the pipeline
will far exceed its design life
and that maintenance and
repair costs are minimised.
BELOW RIGHT 3 km Northern Nsikazi water pipeline – 914 mm OD Hall Longmore spiral-welded pipe, X42 steel grade; external coating: Sintakote (medium-density polyethylene); internal lining: cement mortar lining; jointing system: rubber ring joint
ABOVE 3.2 km City of Cape Town water pipeline – 1 500 mm NB (internal diameter) Hall Longmore spiral-welded pipe; external coating: cement mortar; internal lining: cement mortar lining
[ Water Solutions ] [ In Africa, water is a scarce and valuable resource. With over 30 years of experience, Robor delivers exible, ef cient and customised steel pipe solutions and products to the water industry. ]
Value added services for complete water solutions include:
• Lining and coating• Jointing systems• Fire protection solutions• Robotic and submerged arc welding facilities• On-site services and training• Technical supportOur innovative technology ensures superior water pipeline
performance even in the harshest of environments. In addition, Robor offers a variety of value added steel pipe and complete piping systems perfectly suited to the conveyance of water and sewerage. Our range includes but is not restricted to, lined, coated and uncoated steel pipe, ductile iron pipe, as well as ttings and jointing systems.
For more information: Tel: +27 (0)11 971 1600 • E-mail: [email protected] • www.robor.co.za
Visit us at Stand 30IMESA CONFERENCE 26-28 October 2016
East London
2416 Robor Water Ad'16 IMESA 297X210.indd 1 2016/06/21 6:08 PM
ROBOR
Francois Human | Commercial Manager: Water & Mining
ABOVE Bloemwater ductile iron pipeline for the Rustfontein Water Treatment Plant to Lesaka Reservoirs
RIGHT Pipe rehabilitation project with HDPE liner
AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE | PANEL DISCUSSION
IMIESA July 2016 35
What are the challenges surrounding South Africa’s water infrastructure? FH There are various challenges
facing our water infrastructure,
one major issue being the funding
of water projects at municipal and
water authority levels. With a lack
of urban development and the
already ageing pipeline infrastruc-
ture, the annual budget allocated
to finance water projects is well
below the actual funding required.
Once funding is allocated to a
water project, the next challenge
is to ensure that the project is
executed on time and within the
approved funding. We note that
more and more projects that have
been allocated to contractors are
delayed for various reasons, with
the result being that the projects’
actual costs far exceed the
budgeted cost.
What steps should government be taking to develop a sustainable approach to rehabilitating pipeline infrastructure and combatting water leaks?At municipal level, the lack of
planning to maintain the ageing
water infrastructure is largely due
to the shortage of funding and
the lack of resources. A large por-
tion of the current pipeline infra-
structure is older than 40 years,
meaning more maintenance is
required and more frequently.
A key focus to improve the
sustainable approach should be
placed on skills development at a
municipal level and the promotion
of partnerships with the private
sector with the required skills to
facilitate a skills transfer.
Given the state of South Africa’s ageing water networks, how can Robor’s products assist
municipalities and utilities in ensuring water supply and combatting losses?Robor has supplied steel pipes
and fittings and ductile iron
pipes to various water projects
in Southern Africa. In consulta-
tion with project engineers in the
design phase of water projects,
we are able to ensure that the
correct pipe is used, by taking
into account factors such as soil
resistivity conditions, temperature
exposure/levels and the working
pressure of the pipeline. Robor
also has the capability to supply
steel pipes with different coat-
ings and linings, to ensure that
corrosion factors are fully taken
into account.
What are the benefits of using steel and ductile iron pipes for water infrastructure?Generally, steel pipes and ductile
iron pipes are used when the
operating water pressure of the
pipeline is high. Steel pipes are
more resistant to high tempera-
tures and both steel pipes and
ductile iron pipes are easy to
install, as installa-
tion can be done by
semi-skilled labour.
Robor supplies a range of products that add a longer lifespan and functionality to pipelines. Tell us about these products and their benefits.Robor manufactures and supplies
a range of customised steel and
ductile iron pipe solutions and
products to the water reticula-
tion market, including innovative
joining systems and all pipeline
accessories. These include
fittings, flanges and couplings
for the successful installation of
water pipelines.
As part of our complete piping
solutions for water, Robor offers
coatings and linings, corro-
sion protection, abrasion and
pipe rehabilitation, as well as
additional products that add a
longer lifespan and functional-
ity to pipelines. Robor has
the capability to manufacture
specialised items suited to the
unique requirements of many
markets, such as:
• complete pipe systems,
including fittings for
water conveyance
• corrosive and abrasive slurries
and sewerage pipelines
• pipe rehabilitation
• water irrigation
• borehole casings.
Are there any big proj-ects that you have been involved in that you would like to highlight?Robor was recently involved in
a pipe rehabilitation project in
Johannesburg where an existing
400 mm diameter steel pipeline
was successfully lined with a
HDPE liner.
The total length of the rehabili-
tated pipeline was 5.6 km and it
consisted of straight sections and
sweep bends. The team was able
to line straight sections of 720 m
with a single pull and the project
was completed in six weeks.
By lining the existing steel
pipe with an HDPE liner, our
clients are now able to use
the pipeline again for convey-
ance purposes.
+27 11 769 2221 +27 11 769 2244 [email protected]
www.bampipe.co.za
• Detail & Design
• Pipe Manufacturing (DSAW)
• Fittings & Specials
Manufacturing
• ERW Pipe Supply
• Ducting, Piling & Vessels
• General Fabrication
• Corrosion Protection
Coatings & Linings
• Quality Testing
• Assurance & Control
RESPECTED MANUFACTUREROF STEEL PIPES AND FITTINGS
c/n Nick Toomey Blv & Penny Road | Roodepoort
P O Box 4029 | Luipaardsvlei | 1743 | South Africa
www.bampipe.co.zac/n Nick Toomey Blv & Penny Road | Roodepoort
P O Box 4029 | Luipaardsvlei | 1743 | South [email protected]/n Nick Toomey Blv & Penny Road | Roodepoort
P O Box 4029 | Luipaardsvlei | 1743 | South Africa
IMIESA July 2016 37
BAMBANANI PIPES AND FITTINGS
Derek Cloete | Senior Project Manager
AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE | PANEL DISCUSSION
IMIESA July 2016 37
What are the challenges surrounding South Africa’s water infrastructure and how can Bambanani Pipes and Fittings assist in addressing these challenges? DC From a fabricator’s perspective,
one of the challenges in water-relat-
ed projects is the inability to deliver
the duly quality-assured product
at the right time, which results in
project delays. At Bambanani, each
order that is received is project-
managed by a project specialist.
We can deliver to our client’s
requirements and specifications in
the shortest possible lead times,
due to our experience, trained per-
sonnel and newly built, state-of-the-
art facility covering 13 000 m2.
What steps should government be taking to develop a sustainable approach to rehabilitating pipeline infrastructure and combatting water leaks?The first step should be the compi-
lation of a pipeline infrastructure
register or asset register. This
should also include the age of the
pipeline infrastructure as well as
the expected useful life. Once this
is complete, regular checks using
the latest technology to check for
leaks and deterioration should be
done. Appropriately trained person-
nel play an equally important role
in this regard.
Provide an overview of the products and services you supply.We supply the following:
• double submerged arc
(DSAW) pipe fabrication, from
650 NB to 3 500 NB, in mild
and stainless steel
• electric resistance welded
(ERW) pipe supply
• fittings and specials
manufacturing
• detail and design
• corrosion protection – coating
and linings
• quality testing/assurance
and control.
All of the above is undertaken in
our bespoke 13 000 m2 facility.
None of our work is outsourced to
third parties.
Bambanani offers a range of corrosion-protection products. Tell us more about these and the benefits they offer.We offer coatings and
linings on pipes, fittings
and special applications.
All our products are certified for
potable water and we adhere to
SANS 1217. Linings (internals)
comprise a solvent-free, hot-applied
epoxy at a dry film thickness that
varies from 400 microns to
600 microns. This product is
generally used where the outside
diameter of a pipe or fitting is
greater than 600 mm. For pipes
and fittings smaller than 600 mm,
we use a cold-applied, solvent-
free epoxy. Where specified
by our clientele, we also apply
solvent-borne epoxies.
Our preferred coating (external)
is a rigid, solvent-free polyure-
thane. This involves a twin-feed,
hot-application method, resulting
in a dry film thickness of between
1 200 microns to 1 800 microns –
specification dependent.
Bambanani also offers cement
mortar lining done to C602-83:
AWWA standard as well as pickle
and passivating of stainless steel.
Hot-dip galvanising is undertaken
on our behalf by an ISO 9001-
accredited company.
You offer a series of quality-testing options on all of your products. What tests do you conduct and why is it important to offer these tests?Our quality testing is done in
terms of the requirement of our
clientele, but the following are
undertaken, in general:
• Radiography examination pro-
vides substantive proof of the
integrity of the weld.
• Liquid penetrant examination is
used to detect welding surface
cracks and/or surface porosity.
• Magnetic particle inspection is a
process used to detect surface
and slightly subsurface deficien-
cies in ferrous metals.
• Ultrasonic examination is a
technique using ultrasonic waves
to detect internal flaws or to
characterise materials.
• Hydrostatic (hydrotesting) is a
process used to test for leaks
and strength. It involves filling a
pipe with water that usually con-
tains a dye, and pressurisation of
the pipe to the required pressure.
Our quality control plan, which
is agreed upon upfront with
our customer, outlines the
various quality assurance
testing required of our pipe and
fittings. All testing is undertaken
by appropriately qualified
personnel. Each pipe and fitting
delivered to our customer is
accompanied by a data book,
which documents the origin and
make-up of this item.
This ensures traceability of
materials used as well as the
integrity of the item in terms
of the agreed-upon tests
carried out on it.
Are there any big projects Bambanani has been involved in that you would like to highlight?• Olifants River Water Resources
Development Scheme
• TCTA VRESAP project
• Nwamitwa Phase 1
• Northern Sewerage Works
• Lebalelo Amplats Water Supply
• Braamhoek Eskom pump
storage scheme.
RIGHT Large spool piece being spark tested
BELOW RIGHT Stainless steel spool pieces ready for delivery
As wizened old men and women will tell you, you go nowhere fast when
everyone pulls in different directions. When this happens, it’s either a
failure of leadership or an alternate agenda playing out behind the scenes.
BY TONY STONE
Water, South Africa’s oxymoron
THE DEPARTMENT OF Water and Sanitation (DWS)
is on public record in stating that water has a
critical function in the South African economy.
That is absolutely correct. With our Q1 2016 GDP
coming in at -1.2%, we need everything and everyone work-
ing together to turn this negative around. In looking at the
DWS’s National Water Resource Strategy, a vision and set of
strategic actions for effective water management, it speaks
the right language. This strategy includes the security of
water supply, the prevention of environmental degradation
and resource pollution prevention. It goes on to say that
a further component of the strategy is the Strategic Water
Partners Network of South Africa, which is one of South
Africa’s most innovative public-private-civil-society sector
partnerships. This all makes for good reading, but we need
a dose of reality to bring things back into perspective.
The World Resources Institute ranks South Africa among
the world’s 30 driest countries. Currently facing serious
water challenges – with ageing water infrastructure, a short
supply of technical skills, shifting demand patterns, chang-
ing rainfall patterns and the worst drought in 30 years –
South Africa is in a pickle. Add to this vandalism and the
theft of public infrastructure, non-payment of bills, water
loss through a lack of maintenance, poor water services
planning and prioritisation at many municipalities, as well
as increasing pollution, and the pickle gets a little sharper.
It’s not a good situation at all.
In crisisOne of the key players in the water
equation, the plastic pipe industry – a
key infrastructure product/service pro-
vider and a critical asset to South Africa
– is in a crisis. This crisis is not only
threatening the industry, but South Africa’s
precarious water situation, which will impact other
key industries such as mining and industry.
The cause of the crisis, according to the Southern African
Plastic Pipe Manufacturers’ Association (Sappma), is
solely a result of the SABS failing to perform in terms of
its mandate, as well as its obligations prescribed in the
Standards Act (No. 8 of 2008). The obvious question is
why? Being such a prestigious organisation, this is totally
out of character. The SABS has failed to:
38 IMIESA July 2016
• renew licenses that have expired, and provide any indica-
tion to pipe manufacturers as to when the licences would
be renewed
• unilaterally, and without any consultation, decided in July
2015 to disallow partial testing of products manufactured by
industry participants
• failed to ensure that the testing facilities, laboratories
and personnel needed to conduct testing on products are
adequate and that those persons responsible for testing
are competent.
Sappma is a voluntary, non-profit organisation that repre-
sents almost 90% of all certified manufacturers of HDPE and
PVC plastic pipes being made in Southern Africa. One of its
primary objectives is to improve product quality in the whole
value chain of the plastic pipe industry in order to ensure the
long-term viability of piping systems used in infrastructure
through its representatives.
As Jan Venter, CEO, Sappma, says, “Directly, and as a result
of the SABS’s failure to perform in terms of its mandate, local
manufacturers of plastic pipes are no longer able to use the
SABS Certification Mark.
“The consequences this has, and will continue to have, are
dire for local manufacturers, the industry and the country as a
whole. The industry’s reputation has been negatively affected
and client confidence in its products has diminished.”
Locally manufactured products will be disqualified when
submitting tenders without the SABS mark of approval.
Several years ago, and as early as May 2006, Sappma
warned the SABS about the potential of this happening and
had attempted to address the matter, on numerous occa-
sions, with the statutory body, particularly in regards to its
testing facilities. Despite the numerous warnings, the SABS
has failed to take heed of these warnings, or implement any
programme to avoid the present crisis.
An urgent meeting, through Sappma’s legal representa-
tives, to resolve the matter has been requested, and
granted by the SABS, but a date and time for the meeting
remains elusive. One can only speculate as to what is going
on. All the while, South Africa’s water crisis deepens. A clear
schism in the purpose and objectives of the DWS, and the
needs of the people.
AGEING WATER & SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE
Jan Venter, CEO, Sappma
INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE
IMIESA July 2016 39
The South African Forum of Civil Engineering Contractors (Safcec) looks at key issues affecting the current confidence levels in the industry. BY WEBSTER MFEBE
Summing up
THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC turmoil,
affecting par ticularly emerging
and developing economies, con-
tinues to depress South Africa’s
economy. Domestic economic woes have
intensified. This, along with the coming
municipal elections, has elevated political
instability and triggered violent and dis-
ruptive protest action. This could lead to
delays in project implementation.
While credit ratings agencies have
stopped short of a further downgrade, the
looming recession, propelled by the mining
sector, will have a more profound impact
on an already ailing construction sector.
Currency volatility and depreciation of the
rand mean that any gains from the lower oil
price are eroded.
The slow roll-out of public sector infra-
structure projects, including the delays to
implement the targets as set out in the
National Development Plan, aggravated by
cuts in projected infrastructure expenditure
allocations, which were announced in the
2015/16 Budget, has resulted in negative
industry growth projected over the medium-
term expenditure framework period (2016/17
to 2018/19).
Knock-on effectsSkills shortages in procurement, which also
include government’s ability to implement
proper project planning and implementation
procedures, lengthen the adjudication pro-
cess, with the awarding of tenders taking as
long as one year.
Engineering skills are also becoming an
increasingly serious constraint, largely
aggravated by continued client inter ference,
where agents are being disempowered. This
leads to project implementation delays and
is a contributing factor to the increase in
payment delays, through delays in certifica-
tion. Award delays are also becoming more
significant. Contractors have a quarter of
the time to prepare and submit tender docu-
ments, compared to the time taken by cli-
ents to adjudicate.
The inability of certain local and district
municipalities to spend budgetary allocations
also suggests inadequate skills in planning
and budgetary management.
Low confidence in the mining sector and
policy uncertainty are delaying private capital
expenditure in this area.
The tendency by government to break
what should be larger Grade 9 projects into
smaller, lower-grade projects, referred to as
project fragmentation, is affecting some of
the bigger companies.
Pricing, by contractors, remains a concern.
Some contractors tender on projects that fall
outside the scope of the prescribed CIDB
grade, leading to unnecessary delays in the
procurement process. Prices can also vary to
the extent that they can almost be deemed
irresponsible, or below cost with little or no
regard to operational efficiency or the impact
of (negative) escalation on contracts.
As the industry continues to shed jobs,
these and other challenges will impact on the
industry’s future capacity to respond effec-
tively to increased demand when the industry
starts to recover.
Webster Mfebe, CEO, Safcec
the industry
Building RDP houses for the disadvantaged
40 IMIESA July 2016
ASSET MANAGEMENT
Mismanagement of assets
South Africa has the 10th longest road network and 18th longest paved road network in the world. Nationally, our roads are mostly in a good condition. From there on in, provincially and by municipality, we fall below par. BY TONY STONE
THE PROBLEM WITH road infra-
structure is that it is often not
seen as a financial asset for soci-
ety and the economy, largely due
to the lack of awareness of its value, and
appreciation of its importance as a driver
of economic prosperity. The consequence
of not fully valuing these assets is similar
to increasing one’s debt, and everyone
becomes poorer. So says Stefan Gerwens,
chairman: Road Asset Management Working
Group, European Road Forum. In South
Africa, this is quite apparent at provincial
and municipal levels.
Culture and leadership should be recog-
nised as the root cause preventing asset
owners, the people of South Africa, from
making the best decisions for themselves.
However, and to be fair, societal priorities
and regulatory pressures are a distraction
from long-term thinking and management.
As a result, the recognition and application
of good asset management by regulators is
generally absent.
TABLE 1 Transport estimates of national expenditure as at 24 February 2016, as per the MTEF (Medium Term Expenditure Framework) (million ZAR)
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 MTEF total
564 1 955 2 889 5 408
Moloto Road upgrade 200 800 1 300 2 300
Strengthening national non-toll road network – 960 1 300 2 260
Provincial roads maintenance grant: funding of key performing provinces 65 798 1 002 1 864
South African National Roads Agency Limited: Gauteng Freeway Improvement Project 425 463 505 1 394
Compensation of employees: 2015 public sector wage agreement 27 38 52 117
Upgrading of the satellite tracking system for ships 100 – – 100
National Ports Regulator: independent evaluation of the regulatory asset base 10 – – 10
Maritime Safety Authority: development of maritime policy and new funding model 2 2 2 6
Interim rail economic regulator: capacity 2 2 2 5
Road safety awareness – 2 2 3
Compensation of employees: reduction – -34 -54 -88
Goods and services: cost containment measures -65 -71 -80 -216
South African National Roads Agency Limited: reduction -200 -153 -240 -593
Provincial Roads Maintenance Grant: funds for coal haulage not required – -852 -901 -1 753
South Africa’s road networks are managed
by three different authorities. Most, but a
few, are the responsibility of Sanral – at
national level – provincial governments, and
municipalities at local government level.
They are in charge of planning, construc-
tion, supervision, operation and mainte-
nance, and road safety. Sanral does an
excellent job maintaining South Africa’s
national roads. Potholes are repaired, prop-
erly, within 48 hours of being reported.
Provincial and municipal roads, on the other
hand, have been sadly neglected, in the
Free State in particular.
Legal guidelinesIn terms of the Municipal Finance
Management Act (No. 56 of 2003) and
the ‘Local Government Capital Asset
Sunny Hill in Despatch, Eastern Cape
IMIESA July 2016 41
ASSET MANAGEMENT
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Cat Pothole Repair kit-IMIESA 210x148.pdf 1 2016/06/02 14:45
Management Guideline’, which is a key com-
ponent of the broader legislative framework
governing municipalities, and which aims to
strengthen financial management, as well
as support municipalities in moving towards
an even more sustainable future, municipali-
ties are required to develop and maintain a
comprehensive asset management register
– of all road, water treatment, electrical/
electronic equipment, waste management
and property assets.
In accordance with this responsibility,
National Treasury says, “The division of rev-
enue between the national, provincial and
local governments takes into account the
powers and functions assigned to each, as
well as their ability to raise revenue. As far
as roads are concerned, provincial govern-
ments are responsible for implementing
nationally determined policies. Local govern-
ments are responsible for providing basic
services, including roads. Municipalities
fund a significant portion of the costs of pro-
viding roads from user charges and property
rates within their own tax base.”
Using the latest data provided by
L Kannemeyer of the CSIR, and based on
the length of roads classified as being in
“Poor” to “Very Poor” condition, the last
estimated backlog of R197.45 billion is
needed to bring these roads up to spec.
This excludes backlogs related to periodic
resur facing of the network, the upgrading
of gravel roads to sur faced standard, and
additional lanes to alleviate congestion
and the construction of new roads, and
assuming that each road in such a condi-
tion will be economically viable to strength-
en/regravel. As is apparent from Table 1,
only a fraction of what is actually needed
will be spent on maintenance.
“Poor road conditions are a significant
contributor to the costs of moving people
and goods within South Africa and across
the Southern African region, increasing
travel time and vehicle operating costs,”
Lungisa Fuzile, director-general: National
Treasury, acknowledges.
In this regard, and to improve the nation-
al non-toll road network, which makes up
85% of the national network, Sanral will
receive an additional R1.7 billion over the
medium term. The agency will also receive
R3.7 billion for upgrading the R573 Moloto
Road. And, to improve the efficiency of
spending on road maintenance in prov-
inces, the allocations in the Provincial
Roads Maintenance Grant (PRMG) for the
coal haulage network will be reprioritised
in 2017/18 to create a new per formance
component in the grant. This component is
expected to be R1.9 billion over the MTEF
period, and will include a new per formance
measure to ensure that investments are
made in a manner that reduces the costs
of transport in the economy. The reha-
bilitation of 5 390 lane km of provincially
managed roads and the resealing of
11 976 lane km are projected to cost
R32.5 billion via the PRMG.
Without question, it is a lot of money,
but way below what is needed. Added to
this, and perhaps even more worrying, is
what Kannemeyer quite rightly asks: “If the
extent and condition of your network is not
42 IMIESA July 2016
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known, how
do you make
sound road invest-
ment decisions?”
The rate of deterioration in
the condition of the provincial and
municipal road network is determined largely by
the level of maintenance provided. The level of
maintenance required depends on the age and
condition of the roads. As noted by the South
African Institution of Civil Engineers’ Report
Card, provincial road networks are deteriorating,
with 30% in poor or very poor condition. The
municipal road network is somewhat worse off.
Of our national roads, the condition of 100%
is known and 98% of the maintenance need is
to be spent on maintaining these roads. Of the
provincial roads, the condition of 83% is known
but, of this, only 34% of the maintenance need
is to be spent. The situation is far worse when
we get to municipalities. Only 16.9% of the
maintenance need is known, and only 67% of
the maintenance need for this small percentage
is to be spent.
Clearly, we are not managing our road assets
very well. It’s much like buying a brand-new car
and ignoring the service plan. South Africa has
an estimated 750 000 km of roads, of which
618 081 km are proclaimed roads. These
roads are valued at more than R2 trillion.
It’s time we followed Sanral’s lead – and the
service plan.
ASSET MANAGEMENT
TABLE 2 Road transport: selected performance indicators
Performance indicator Past Current Projections
2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
Lane kilometres of surfaced roads rehabilitated per year
365 392 1 650 2 248 2 360 1 478 1 552
Lane kilometres of roads resealed per year – – 3 000 3 618 3 799 3 989 4 188
Square kilometres of blacktop patching on roads (including pothole repairs) per year road (km2)
1 367 293 1 050 988 810 000 1 163 779 1 221 968 1 283 066 1 347 219
The road to Newcastle in KZN
IMIESA July 2016 43
ASSET MANAGEMENT
Municipalities can enjoy free asset management software, hosted by IMESA, that leverages the wealth of experience and the skills IMESA has to offer, particularly to those municipalities with few or no technical skills.
PROBABLY THE GREATEST
challenge facing municipalities
in South Africa is that of asset
management. The effective and
methodical recording of all accumulated
assets with a view to managing and
maintaining these assets today, and for the
future, in the most cost-effective manner is
now possible as the IMESA Infrastructure
Management System (IIMS) enables
municipalities to:
• standardise asset repor ting and
componentisation
• determine and quantify asset conditions
and impairment of infrastructure assets
• develop asset maintenance budgets for a
five-year cycle
• carry out long-term planning relating to the
cost of replacement of civil infrastructure
• prioritise the maintenance of infrastructure
• generate their own asset manage-
ment plans.
With this in mind, IMESA has developed
an innovative and comprehensive asset
management methodology that will not
only help municipalities to ensure GRAP17
compliance by capturing the data required
to generate GRAP17 registers, but to
apply this information to improving long-
term municipal asset management and
maintenance planning. The ultimate
goal, of course, is to enable munici-
palities to use this new-found knowledge
to provide improved service delivery to
their communities.
IMESA believes that the system is very
accessible to the user and uncompli-
cated in terms of its general implementa-
tion. It is ideal for use across all sizes
of municipalities.
Asset management specifics By standardising data collection, the system
will provide municipalities with a means to
monitor the following in terms of infrastruc-
ture assets (immovable) and movable assets,
and to generate a GRAP17 asset register:
• location
• componentisation
• asset impairment (based on the condition
of each asset)
• remaining useful life
• maintenance backlogs and maintenance
costs and cash flow for the next five years
• future asset replacement cash flow and
replacement requirements
• asset life-cycle replacement costs.
Municipalities will have standardised records
of the condition of their infrastructure at
their fingertips, enabling them to determine,
on an ongoing basis, the impairment and
IMESA Infrastructure Management System
th
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@ the East London International Convention centre
Tel: 031 266 3263 ore-mail: [email protected] www.imesa.org.za
Register today @
IMIESA July 2016 45
ASSET MANAGEMENT
maintenance needs of the infrastructure, thus
providing opportunities for informed planning.
Document management The system further provides for the storage
and access of useful and important documen-
tation relating to:
• the calculation of asset valuations
• policies that support asset management
processes.
Budgetary issues resolved Through the implementation of the IIMS,
IMESA will prepare a simple and standard
method for determining the current
replacement cost of infrastructure assets,
which will assist the municipalities with
the allocation of budgets and prioritisation
of maintenance and, furthermore, enable
them to determine immediate and long-term
financial requirements. Methodical planning
will also undoubtedly improve productivity and
enhance cooperation between technical and
financial staff, which, in turn should improve
service delivery.
MORE INFO & UPLOAD In order to obtain more information regarding the implementation of the above IIMS, and to upload asset and infrastructure information to the asset databases for each municipality, please contact IMESA on +27 (0)31 266 3263.
Advantages of IIMS The infrastructure data is loaded on to
the database and hosted on a dedicated
secure server with daily data backup.
Municipalities will have access to their
data 24/7. IMESA believes that a cen-
tralised approach to software provision
and data hosting will prove more cost-
effective to municipalities than similar
products, because IMESA would pro-
vide the specialised server and IT staff
required. Fur thermore, municipalities
would have access to IMESA leverage
and be able to utilise the wealth of experi-
ence within IMESA (which is of par ticular
value to municipalities with few or no
technical skills).
What information would municipalities have to provide? In order to implement the IIMS, municipali-
ties would be required to provide the fol-
lowing information:
• existing infrastructure (immovable) and/
or movable asset register
• asset number in the financial system
• type of asset
• acquisition date of asset
• asset location (preferably in GIS shape
file format)
• asset dimension/size (not essential if
shape file is provided)
• asset condition (if available, but not
essential for the initial data upload).
Cost to the municipality The software is offered free of charge,
with no limit to the number of individual
user licences within each municipality.
In order to recover the costs of support,
as well as hosting of the asset data,
IMESA will charge a nominal monthly main-
tenance fee.
inside scoopIn-line’s
ASSET MANAGEMENT
The collection and analysis of relevant data is an important first step to detect, prevent or mitigate pipe failures. In-line pipe surveying technologies offer a non-destructive and simplistic method of conducting a condition
assessment. BY DANIELLE PETTERSON
MANAGEMENT OF AGEING
assets has become a high pri-
ority in countries across the
world. Effective management of
these assets requires condition assessment.
This involves the collection of information
about the pipes’ condition, analysis of this
information and, ultimately, action.
In-pipe inspections have become an integral
part of risk management and maintenance in
the world’s oil and gas sector. In fact, many of
these pipes have been designed with internal
inspection in mind. Although there are funda-
mental differences between the systems of oil
and gas operators and water system opera-
tors, the concept of a risk-based approach to
asset management is still applicable.
South Africa, in particular, is faced with
the challenge of ageing water infrastructure.
Coupled with the current water shortages,
there is increasing pressure on utilities to have
a clear understanding of how their assets are
performing in order to prioritise rehabilitation
or replacement programmes.
Data on the current and predicted future
condition of pipelines is crucial and can give
utilities vital time to address problems where
failure is imminent. This data can be collected
using a variety of in-line pipe surveying tools,
which are built to travel inside a pipeline and
collect information.
Remote field eddy currentRemote field eddy current (RFEC) technology
allows for the inspection of metallic water dis-
tribution pipes. This non-destructive method
uses low-frequency alternating current (AC)
and through-wall transmission to inspect pipes
and tubes from the inside. It is able to pro-
vide the location and magnitude of corrosion
defects in inspected pipes.
The RFEC tool consists of an exciter coil
that is pumped with an AC current and emits
a magnetic field. The field travels outwards
from the exciter coil, through the pipe wall, and
along the pipe to a detector.
A detector is placed near the inside of the
pipe wall, two to three pipe diameters away
from the exciter. This detects the magnetic
field that has travelled back in from the outside
of the pipe wall. Anomalies, such as metal
loss, cause changes in the magnitude and
phase of the received signal, and can be used
to detect defects.
CCTV The use of closed-circuit television camera
systems is fairly standard in the water and
wastewater industries,
and allows for a visual
inspection of the pipe’s
inner surface.
A CCTV system com-
prises a CCTV camera
and lighting apparatus
mounted on a carrier,
which is moved through
the pipe by a winch
and pulley system. The
camera captures and
transmits video to a ground station where a
survey can be done.
According to Liu and Kleiner, in ‘State of the
art review of inspection technologies for condi-
tion assessment of water pipes’, the tradition-
al CCTV technique has limitations. The device
carrier needs to pan and tilt to see sides and
laterals. To ensure acceptable video quality,
the carrier speed is limited to 15 cm/s and
has to stop at each location to identify defects.
To overcome these limitations, side-scanning
evaluation technology (SSET) was developed
to provide both frontal and 360-degree images
of the interior surface of the pipe wall through
the use of two cameras. The SSET system can
travel through a pipeline at a constant speed
without stopping to observe defects and a pan
or tilt camera is not needed.
SmartBallsSmartBalls are made up of a range of acoustic
sensors, as well as an accelerometer, mag-
netometer, ultrasonic transmitter and tempera-
ture sensors, which all work to identify leaks.
The SmartBall is deployed into the water flow
of a pipeline and travels with the water flow to
detect, locate and estimate the magnitude of
leaks. As it rolls, it records acoustic data and
emits an acoustic pulse every three seconds
for tracking purposes.
According to Liu and Kleiner, all the
SmartBall’s sensors are encased in an alu-
minium alloy core with a power source and
other electronic components. The core is
encapsulated inside a protective outer foam
shell or sphere that provides additional sur-
face area to propel the device.
Magnetic flux leakageThe magnetic flux leakage (MFL) method is
used in ferrous pipes. Large magnets are
46 IMIESA July 2016
FIGURE 1 Remote field eddy current diagram (Source: www.physics.queensu.ca)
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ASSET MANAGEMENT
used to induce a saturated magnetic field around the wall of a
pipe. If the pipe is in good condition, there is a homogeneous
distribution of magnetic flux.
Similar to RFEC, any anomalies, such as metal loss, will alter
the distribution of the magnetic flux because the damaged
areas cannot support as much magnetic flux as undamaged
areas. However, the use of MFL in the water industry is limited
to cleaned, unlined pipes and also requires accessibility to the
pipes’ exterior, report Liu and Kleiner.
Other methods In their paper, Liu and Kleiner cite several more direct methods
of pipe condition assessment. These include:
• Visual inspection
- laser scan
• Electromagnetic methods
- broadband electromagnetic (BEM)
- pulsed eddy current (PEC) testing
- ground-penetrating radar (GPR)
- ultra-wideband (UWB) pulsed radar system: P-Scan
• Acoustic methods
- sonar profiling system
- impact echo
• Ultrasound methods
- guided wave ultrasound
- discrete ultrasound
- phased array technology
- combined UT inspection.
While there are numerous methods available for pipe inspec-
tion, not all methods are suitable for all pipe materials. Table
1 shows the potential to apply an inspection technology to
various pipe materials.
TABLE 1 Summary of condition assessment technologies applicable to different pipe materials a, b, c (Source: Liu and Kleiner)
Technology Metallic pipes CI, DI, WS
Concrete pipesCPP/PCCP, AC
Poly pipesGRP, PVC/uPVC, PE
Pit depth measurement
R T T
Visual inspection R ?
Electromagnetic inspection
R R T
Acoustic inspection R R
Ultrasonic testing R T ?
Radiographic testing T T
Thermographic testing R T T
Pipe condition assessment from soil properties
? ?
Other sensor technologies
R R ?
a R: available; ?: may/may not work; T: does not work.b CI: cast iron, DI: ductile iron, WS: welded steel, CPP/PCCP: concrete pressure/
pre-stressed concrete cylinder, AC: asbestos cement, GRP: glass-fibre-reinforced polyester, PVC/uPVC: polyvinyl chloride/unplasticised PVC, PE: polyethylene.
c More detailed information about the applicability of each type of sensor for different pipes is not available.
OPPOSITE PAGE Visual inspection can be done using CCTV technology (Source: Tonkin Plumbing)
ABOVE SmartBalls use acoustic sensors to detect leaks (Source: Enbridge)
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IMIESA July 2016 49
TECHNICAL ARTICLE
PIMP your earth dam wallIn the design
and construction of earth dam walls, the
imperviousness of the dam floor and wall, often referred to as PIMP
in calculations, is critical. If not correctly computed, it may result
in the dam failing. BY TONY STONE
WITH SOUTH AFRICA’S drought
being the worst in 30 years,
and TV showing footage of
failed crops, dead cows and
thirsty towns, many a district municipal-
ity, and farmer, without a doubt, is wishing
they’d been proactive and built dams while
rain was still plentiful.
In concept, earth dams are relatively easy
to build. But, there’s more to it than meets
the eye. The ideal site is where gently sloping
ground on two sides converges to take on a
V-like form. The dam is best located at the nar-
rowest point of convergence, where the depth
of the proposed dam will be maximised and
the width of its earthen dam wall minimised. Of
critical importance, the floor of the dam and the
dam wall foundation should consist of impervi-
ous material such as unfissured rock or clay
subsoil. So, before any earthwork begins, an
analysis of the soil to assess its constituents,
mineral content, compaction characteristics and
to check for other factors – such as mica, fine
silt, sodicity, etc. – that make apparently good
soil unsuitable, should be carried out. A com-
parison of the samples taken against recom-
mended standards will show what earth fill is
available, what overburden needs to be removed
and which unsuitable areas need to be avoided.
Seepage and evaporationThe percentage imperviousness, often referred
to as PIMP in calculations, is an important
factor when considering the construction of a
dam. It is calculated by expressing the sum
total of the area of the proposed dam, which is
made up of impervious materials, as a percent-
age of the total area of the dam. Seepage, gen-
erally speaking, is determined by percentage of
pervious materials and the rate of flow through
the material. However, more accurate
data can be obtained from the soil
test results coming back from
the laboratory.
Regardless of how well con-
structed, materially sound and
how well compacted, some
water will seep through the dam.
Seepage, unfortunately, reduces
the strength of the dam and
needs to be minimised. Nelson
recommends the crest width and
slopes shown in Figure 1 to provide
a stable, 3 m high embankment, mak-
ing extra seepage protection unnecessary.
A safer, but technically difficult, solution is to
include a rock-toe drain (as shown), to collect
seepage water. This should extend up to a third
of the height of the dam, and a graded sand
and gravel filter must be placed between the
dam fill material and the drain to prevent fine
clay particles being washed out. The filter must
be designed according to the particle size of the
dam material and the drain.
However, a less complicated solution is the
inclusion and use of sodium bentonite – a clay
formed from the weathering of volcanic ash,
which expands when wet, absorbing as much
as several times its dry mass in water – in the
construction of the wall. The process of swelling
on contact with water makes sodium bentonite
useful as a sealant, since it provides a self-
sealing, low-permeability barrier. A geosynthetic
clay liner (GCL), using sodium bentonite, is a
woven, fabric-like material, primarily used for
the lining of, inter alia, earth dam walls. It is a
kind of geomembrane and geosynthetic, which
incorporates a bentonite or other clay such as
tonstein, which has a very low hydraulic conduc-
tivity. The resulting lower permeability slows the
rate of seepage out of the landfill.
The rate of evaporation depends on the
surface area of the dam, solar radiation, air
temperature, wind and the temperature of the
TABLE 1 Geosynthetic clay liners (GCL)
Material Bentonite clay for geotextiles and/or geomembranesConstruction Factory manufactured and then installed in the fieldThickness ~6 mmHydraulic conductivity of clay 10−10 m/s to 10−12 m/sSpeed and ease of construction Rapid, simple installationInstalled cost POA (between R0.80/m2 and R1.60/m2 in the USA (April 2015))Experience Construction quality assurance and quality control are critical
water surface. The smaller the surface area is,
and the deeper the dam, the less evaporation.
Determining the capacity of the damThe height and span of the dam wall, slope
gradient and shape of the dam are determin-
ing factors in calculating the storage capacity
of the dam. However, critical to the entire
equation is the flow rate into the dam. Once
the dam is full, and if there is no take-off, the
outflow rate, theoretically, should be equal to
the inflow rate. However, seepage and evapo-
ration will need to be taken into account and
will be reduction factors in determining the
outflow rate. The outflow rate is vitally impor-
tant in determining the size of the spillway.
Building the earth wallA cut-off trench, down into the impervious
layer (bedrock if possible) to reduce seepage
and improve stability, should be excavated.
The wall of the earth dam must be built by
properly compacting (critically important) suc-
cessive layers, of a maximum 150 mm per
layer, of impervious earth materials (clay or
a soil/clay mixture) in the form of an inverted
V mound and then placing layers of more
permeable materials, first of crushed stone
and then rocks, on the upstream and down-
stream sides of the dam wall. This will prevent
erosion by water motion, rain or wind, and a
suitable ungated spillway, usually of concrete,
to protect against the catastrophic overflow
of the dam.
In designing the dam, a 3 m wall height
would allow a 2 m depth of water when full.
But, to achieve a design height of 3 m, set-
tlement of the dam wall must be taken into
account. Depending on the soil test results,
an additional height allowance of between
0.15 m (5%) and 0.3 m (10%) must be made
when constructing the wall. Even with compac-
tion, as the earth dam wall settles, the sheer
weight of the materials used in its construction
will force air and water from voids. Under flood
conditions, which will invariably happen, the
water depth will increase to 2.5 m, with a
0.5 m depth of flow over the spillway. As a
safety margin, the top 0.5 m (minimum) is
required to allow water, rising on the dam due
to wind and waves, to flow over the crest.
SpillwaysA spillway is required to protect the dam
from over-topping, for example, during high
flows. It passes surplus water downstream
safely, preventing both the failure of the dam
and damage downstream.
Surplus water flows over a spillway crest
at the top water level and into an open chan-
nel around the side of the dam, discharging
safely into the stream below the dam. It may
be made from reinforced concrete, but a
cheaper solution is a grassed spillway with a
vegetated earth channel, protected crest at
reservoir top-water level, giving a maximum
velocity of 2.5 m/s.
A grassed spillway requires regular inspec-
tion and maintenance, so that erosion can
be repaired and a good grass cover is
maintained. It is often used together with a
trickle-pipe spillway so that small inflows into
a full reservoir flow through the trickle pipe,
and do not erode the grass spillway. Figure 2
FIGURE 1 Section through a small earth dam (Source: Nelson et al., 1985)
can be used to find the minimum inlet width
for a given flood flow. These widths apply to
well-grassed spillways. Poorly grassed spill-
ways should be wider.
Other considerationsIn constructing a dam, the first and constant
consideration is to pay attention to people's
safety, and avoid hazardous practices by
using dangerous earthmoving equipment
responsibly. Earth dams should be con-
structed during the dry season. If there
is a stream, this will need to be diverted
(through a culvert, which could become part
of the outlet works or spillway later). Top soil
should always be stripped because it con-
tains organic matter (such as roots), which
prevents proper compaction and may provide
seepage routes (piping) once the organic
matter has decayed.
When placing impervious (clay, etc.) mate-
rial in a dam, this should be at the correct
moisture content, without clogging the roller,
and in layers of no more than 150 mm deep,
in order to obtain the best compaction
results. Once the dam wall is completed,
cover the entire top and downstream side
of the wall with topsoil, plant strong grass
(such as kikuyu, star or Bermuda grass) to
protect against erosion. Maintain the grass
and water in the dry season, if necessary.
Prevent trees taking root and keep animals
and insects such as rats and termites off
the wall, as these pests will compromise the
integrity of the wall if allowed free rein. And, as
already mentioned, protect the upstream slope
with a layer of impervious crushed stone,
followed by a layer of rock. Secure a floating
timber beam 2 m from the dam wall to catch
any floating debris. These will need replacing
every 10 years or so.
By all accounts, and by doing a lot more read-
ing, and brushing up on your mathematics, you
will have a productive and very safe dam.
FIGURE 2 Plan of the spillway (Source: Nelson et al., 1985)
This image of the rather large Kingsley Dam illustrates the wall coverings perfectly
TECHNICAL ARTICLE
50 IMIESA July 2016
9
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The GRIDWhat is it?
9
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IMIESA July 2016 53
Landfills
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AN UNTAPPED ENERGY RESOURCEAn estimated 95% of South Africa’s solid waste ends up at landfill. With only a handful of landfill gas-to-energy projects currently running in the country, the electricity generating potential of these landfills is largely untapped. BY DANIELLE PETTERSON
THE MOST RECENT National Waste
Information Baseline Repor t
(2012) shows that South Africa
generated 108 million tonnes of
waste in 2011. Some 97 million tonnes
of this was disposed of at landfill. A rule
of thumb calculation is that landfills that
receive roughly 25 000 tonnes of solid
waste a month should be able to produce
about 1 MW by converting landfill gas (LFG)
to energy. This means that South Africa
could potentially produce up to 3 880 MW
of electricity from landfills alone.
Despite this great potential, there have
only been a handful of LFG-to-energy projects
in South Africa, and only a fraction of these
are run by municipalities, despite the fact
that eThekwini Municipality established South
Africa’s first LFG-to-energy project, which now
produces 45 000 MWh/year.
In her foreword to the 2015 National
Biogas Conference Report, Minister of
Energy Tina Joemat-Pettersson stated that
biogas was identified and prioritised in the
2003 White Paper on Renewable Energy
Policy to contribute to the 2013 target of
10 000 GWh alongside solar, wind,
small-scale hydro and other biomass tech-
nologies (including waste energy).
“Today, we are proud to say that, through
our efforts, the wind and solar energy sector
is being firmly mainstreamed into the national
electricity supply. However, small-scale tech-
nologies such as biogas and small-scale
hydro have not yet taken off on a significant
scale,” she said.
“It is of concern that the adoption of biogas
projects, even for commercial purposes, in
South Africa has been very slow, even though
the Renewable Energy Independent Power
Producer Procurement programme allocat-
ed 12.5 MW to small-scale biogas and 5
MW to small-scale hydro technology,” the
minister continued.
Speaking at the National Biogas Conference,
David Cornish from SABIA noted that biogas
generation is not a core municipal function and
that legislation and limits to funding constrain
municipalities from developing projects.
Cornish believes that, in order to drive more
biogas projects, senior municipal managers
need a clear vision of what they want to achieve
in their municipalities. This commitment will, in
turn, flow into the rest of the organisation and
the community that it serves.
Tackling emissions South Africa has committed to attaining sub-
stantial reductions in CO2 emissions by 2025,
and several municipalities have committed to
a target of 10% renewable energy supply
by 2020. LFG-to-energy projects
offer municipalities an opportu-
nity to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions while taking steps
towards meeting their targets.
Ekurhuleni Municipality is
using its LFG recovery project
as a step towards attain-
ing its 10% renew-
able energy
DID YOU KNOW?• Methane is the second most
concerning greenhouse gas after CO2• Methane is a potent greenhouse
gas considered to be 21 times more harmful than CO2
• Biogas was identified and prioritised in the 2003 White Paper on Renewable Energy Policy to contribute to the 2013 target of 10 000 GWh alongside solar, wind, small-scale hydro and other biomass technologies
ENERGY
54 IMIESA July 2016
Specialist Waste Management Consultants
Tel: +27 21 982 6570 / www.jpce.co.za
Jan Palm Consulting Engineers cc converted to JPCE (Pty) Ltd
JPCE
supply target. In addition to this, landfill gas
recovery has an on-line reliability of more than
90%. Unlike other renewable energy genera-
tors, it is not dependent on environmental fac-
tors such as the amount of sunlight or wind.
Moreover, LFG-to-energy projects can be
registered with the CDM and, if approved,
can earn carbon credits by reducing the
amount of methane entering the atmosphere.
A carbon credit is a financial instrument that
represents a tonne of CO2 or carbon-dioxide-
equivalent gases (CO2e) removed or reduced
from the atmosphere from an emission reduc-
tion project. These credits can be sold on the
mandatory or voluntary carbon markets.
Selling carbon credits from LFG-to-energy
projects has, over the past few years, become
an increasingly popular financing option that
can boost a landfill’s overall revenue stream.
eThekwini Municipality’s project has been
very successful in this regard.
South African success storiesThe Durban Landfill Gas to Electricity project
is the first of its kind to be registered in Africa
under the Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM). In addition to contributing to the
metro’s electricity supply, the project gener-
ates revenue from methane destruction in
the form of Certified Emission Reductions
as well as electricity sales.
The gas-to-electricity projects located at
two landfill sites – Mariannhill and Bisasar
– were commissioned in 2006 and 2008,
respectively. Bisasar stopped receiving
waste from 2015 but it is estimated to con-
tinue producing gas and generating electric-
ity for another 15 years. Mariannhill landfill
will close in 2022.
The sites have resulted in reduced
emissions of 7.2 million tonnes of CO2
and the project is successfully producing
45 000 MWh/year. As of April 2015,
the project has issued roughly 181 000
carbon credits.
Mounting landfillsDisposal of waste by landfill is the most
cost-effective and widely used method of
waste disposal in the country. Recycling
rates are low in South Africa and it is esti-
mated that over 95% of the country’s waste
is deposited in landfills. With volumes of
waste mounting, it makes sense to utilise
this waste to address South Africa’s electric-
ity challenges.
LEFT The Bisasar LFG-to-energy site in eThekwini
BELOW LEFT The Mariannhill LFG-to-energy site in eThekwini
IMIESA July 2016 55
National Tel: +27 87 742 2710International Tel: +27 31 705 0500Branches: Durban (HO), Johannesburg,Cape Town, East London, Tongaat (Factory)www.maccaferri.com/za
Dam Spillway Rehabilitation with Gabions & Mattresses
Energy-efficient LED retrofit
A HIGH MAST floodlight retrofit
project has been undertaken in
Mdantsane, Dimbaza and Duncan
Village – all suburbs in the Buffalo
City area of the Eastern Cape. With this project,
the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality is
leading the way in municipal energy efficiency.
A total of 150 high masts with 1 000 W
HPS (high-pressure sodium) floodlights were
retrofitted with 470 W OMNIstar LED flood-
lights, resulting in a significant energy saving in
excess of 50% per high mast. Because of this,
the project qualified for 100% Energy Efficiency
Funding by the Department of Energy. The
Mdantsane, Dimbaza and Duncan Village sub-
urbs are located within the Buffalo City metro
boundary. Mdantsane suburb is historically the
second largest township in South Africa run
by a single metro. Through this project, local
residents not only benefit from their munici-
pality’s energy and, therefore, fiscal savings,
but also through job creation.
The contractor who did the installation
is an empowered local company carrying
out the municipality’s street-lighting main-
tenance and employs a wide spectrum of
local employees, from electrical artisans
to artisan’s assistants, machine operators,
general workers, storemen and administra-
tion staff.
OMNIstarBEKA Schréder’s OMNIstar, a high-power
LED floodlight, was used for the project. This
floodlight has been designed to provide an
unrivalled combination of performance and
flexibility for lighting areas where high lumen
packages are needed, while offering maxi-
mum savings in energy and maintenance
costs with a short payback time.
With on-site photometric adjustment, the
OMNIstar guarantees the perfect lighting to
ensure safety and comfort. It offers a real
alternative to luminaires equipped with high-
power traditional sources, with the added
advantages of an LED solution: low energy
consumption, improved visibility with white
light, limited maintenance and longer life.
The OMNIstar can be fitted with the Owlet
range of control solutions to enable further
maximised energy savings by adapting the
light levels according to the real needs of
the installation.
The residents’ response to the new lighting
installation was overwhelmingly positive. BEKA
Schréder is proud to be associated with the
Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality in pro-
viding a successful and highly energy-efficient
lighting solution for this significant project.
ENERGY
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CONSTRUCTION | PROFILE
IMIESA July 2016 57
reasons to buy local5
THERE ARE certain products where
mega production in foreign coun-
tries carries high risks. These
include products that:
• relate to safety and security
• are bulky, fragile or difficult to transport
• are expected to have a long life
• need to be produced sustainably with
consideration for human rights and the
global environment
• must suit South African conditions
and culture.
Clay brick is one product that ticks all these
boxes. We want our homes and schools to
protect our families for at least our lifetime,
and preferably longer. We want our social infra-
structure to be energy efficient and low main-
tenance in a country that experiences extreme
heat in summer, corrosive coastal storms and
frosty winters across the interior.
“Buy local” usually means “buy South
African”, but when it comes to clay brick,
local is a lot closer to home – often less
than 100 km.
PriceClay bricks are dense construction materi-
als, which is what makes them so energy
efficient and safe. But that also makes them
expensive to transport. You will usually get the
best price close to the point of manufacture.
Competitively priced, accredited brick sup-
pliers can be found in every region, providing
consistent-quality stock in hand and short
transport distances.
The website www.claybrick.org has an
interactive map that allows you to select
your construction site and identify contact
and product information for suppliers in
your area.
ConvenienceUnlike many other construction
materials, bricks are modular and
easy to transport. Bricks can be moved
in a small bakkie and relocated on-site by
hand, so they can cope with rural roads
and restricted space on-site. Buy as fast
as you can build.
Modular clay brick walling allows construc-
tion teams to quickly adapt to the client’s
change requests, respond to unexpected
site conditions and implement complex
architectural designs.
Many manufacturers supply bricks in non-
standard, large sizes to lower material cost,
use less mortar and have fewer joins per
square metre. With bricks that are 140 mm
wide, one can build a single-leaf wall that
meets SABS 10400-XA.
Low riskBricks are manufactured to SABS
specifications and their use is
controlled by strict national building regula-
tions to protect homeowners and property
investors. There is a well-established knowl-
edge base of technical information for use
with different foundations, soils and climate
zones, ensuring consistent strength, timing
and costs.
SustainabilityClay Brick Association of South
Africa members are expected to
conform to legislation regarding air pollution
and environmental protection, as well as a
strict code of conduct with regard to how
bricks are manufactured.
Economic growth in rural areasCreating and suppor ting local
industries that add value to our natural
resources is a critical turnaround strategy
for South Africa. Brick production plants are
found outside urban centres and provide
stimulus for economic transformation, local
job creation and skills development.
No matter where the construction site is
located, there will be trained, local bricklay-
ers to complete the project. It is estimated
that over 200 000 workers are directly
employed across the building industry as
brickmakers, bricklayers and plasterers.
South Africans often underestimate our local level of skills, technology and innovation. In
many fields – especially engineering – South Africa leads the world.
1
2
3
4
5
Brick manufacturing provides stimulus for economic transformation and job creation in rural areas
58 IMIESA July 201658 IMIESA July 2016
CONSTRUCTION
Barrier protection is a complex field best left to the specialists. BY ALASTAIR CURRIE
IT IS ESTIMATED that some 71% of
all geomembrane installation defects
are caused by stones left within the
protection layer and a fur ther 16%
by heavy equipment during capping instal-
lation. In the hands of an inexperienced
installer, the end result is geomembrane
failure and ensuing contamination, with
potentially severe downstream environ-
mental implications.
However, expert installation is only one
factor to consider, comments Piet Meyer,
managing director, Aquatan, “Of equal
importance is the adoption of the right
membrane welding techniques: seem-
ingly a simple process (overlapping the
geomembranes and running the weld-
ing machine between the sheets), but
one that requires an expert design and
application approach when sealing a
dam or toxic waste facility. Modern-
day geosynthetic materials are now
well advanced and so are the
welding methods.”
Industry leaderBased in Gauteng, Aquatan is the indus-
try leader when it comes to geomem-
brane installation and is a member of the
International Association of Geosynthetics
Installers (IAGI). “We are the only IAGI
Approved Installation Contractor (AIC) on the
African continent and invest extensively in
training to keep up to date with international
best practice,” he explains.
A portion of the AIC requirement is that
member companies must employ certified
welding technicians. AIC contractors must
also meet requirements in the following
areas: corporate history and business prac-
tices, insurance verification, safety training,
ISO accreditation and professional compe-
tence and experience.
The IAGI Certified Welding Technician
(CWT) programmes for installers of HDPE
and reinforced geomembranes are rigor-
ous. They test technicians on their skill
in welding geomembranes by wedge and
extrusion. Candidates must take a written
exam and conduct physical welds of various
geomembranes with different thicknesses.
These welds are tested at a third-party lab
to determine whether they pass or not.
Since 2012, the majority of Aquatan’s
supervisors and technicians have qualified
as IAGI CWTs – a first for the company,
South Africa and Africa.
Variable factors to considerApart from Aquatan’s comprehensive, cloud-
based electronic QC system and AIMS man-
agement system, the two basic welding
systems pioneered and employed by the
company are electric double-wedge welding
and extrusion welding. Both use welding
Perfecting geomembrane welding
ABOVE Wedge welding in progress
BELOW By their nature, geomembranes are designed to contain the most harmful chemicals and aggressive effluents, and are highly effective when it comes to containment of landfills and toxic disposal facilities
IMIESA July 2016 59
Approved Installation Contractor (AIC) AQUATAN is a member of the International Association of Geosynthetics Installers (IAGI) and the only Approved Installation Contractor (AIC) on the African continent.
By being an Approved Installation Contractor we guarantee competent, top quality and professional installations to all our clients from a variety of sectors.
Professional Geomembrane Installations
Electric Leak Detection It has been shown that 71% of defects in geomembranes are as a result of stones within the protection layer and 16% due to heavy equipment when placing a capping layer on the geomembrane.
AQUATAN is the only Geomembrane installer in South Africa equipped to find discontinuities in a geomembrane lined facility below a capping layer.
Tel: +27(0)11 974 5271 Fax: +27(0)11 974 4111 E-Mail: [email protected] www.aquatan.com
Quality Control Electric Leak Detection in Progress
machines that produce truly homogeneous
seams under the most challenging condi-
tions. As a further plus, Aquatan’s extrusion
welding machines are unique: they have a
dynamic mixer and controlled nozzle heating
mechanism at the point of polymer fusion
and, therefore, exclude the very unreliable,
aggressive, difficult-to-control hot air preheat-
ing that can be influenced by environmental
variations regularly experienced on a site.
As Meyer points out, there is much more
to installing a containment system than just
welding the liner. Many containment systems
consist of multiple layers, including multiple
composite liners, and the installers need
to understand how to be site-specific when
installing components such as geomem-
branes, geotextiles, geogrids, geosynthetic
drains and geosynthetic clay liners in conjunc-
tion with other components.
The installation of geomembranes can be
adversely influenced by changing weather, soil
conditions, diurnal temperature variations and,
most importantly, subsequent activities over
the installed membrane. “That’s why having
the controls in place is vital to ensuring that
not only the welding machines, but also the
welding operators and management team are
able to produce reliable seams, applying instal-
lation processes that are designed to meet the
geomembrane’s limitations within the engi-
neer’s specification over the long term and
that do not leak despite the many challenges
they may encounter on-site.” Destructive and
non-destructive testing of welds is one way to
ensure this.
Brownfield remediation specialistsMistakes are costly and sometimes
irreversible, which is when remediation
becomes necessary aside from the legal
non-compliance issues. In addition to new
projects, Aquatan has a division that
specialises in brownfield remediation con-
tracts where membranes have failed for
various reasons, using dipole electric leak
detection (ELD) techniques to pinpoint the
source of the leaks.
In a recent liner example completed by a
non-IAGI member, ELD scanning identified a
1.5 m long cut in the
membrane, 23 penetrations
and several deep scratches – main-
ly as a result of inexperienced appli-
cation procedures and workmanship.
The liner system comprised a 20 000 m2
2.0 mm HDPE geomembrane covered by a
stone drainage layer over a 1 000 g/m2 pro-
tection geotextile. Excluding the scratches,
this equated to one hole per 833 m2.
“Protecting people and the environment in
the long term is the first prize,” adds Meyer.
"Then there’s the obligation to meet statutory
regulations, and the need to manage cost
and reputation for contractors involved in
the construction of barrier systems installa-
tions in the water, waste and mining sectors.
Perhaps a good place to start is for own-
ers and engineers to demand professional
and experienced geomembrane contractors,
and conduct the due diligence necessary to
verify that experience. This will avoid situa-
tions where intensely engineered, carefully
selected and costly geosynthetics are ren-
dered dysfunctional.”
CONSTRUCTION
Perfecting geomembrane
Distribution and Product Support by:ELB EQUIPMENT - HEAD OFFICE: 14 Atlas Road, Anderbolt, Boksburg • Tel: (011) 306-0700 • Fax: (011) 918-7208 e-mail: [email protected] • Website: www.elbequipment.com
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Plan to procure resources
IMIESA July 2016 61
Part of planning your project is determining what resources are required and then allocating these resources. The trick, so to speak, is coordinating people and resources so that the plan is executed as intended. BY JOHN VAN RIJN,
INDEVELOPMENT
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT terminol-
ogy, resources are required to carry
out the project (work) tasks. These
can be people, equipment, facilities,
funding, or anything else required for the
completion of a project activity or activities.
So, after all activities and tasks have
been determined, the project manager may
start allocating resources to those activi-
ties and specific tasks.
Historical data He or she may obtain the historical data
from a manual, but an update from other
historical resources is always highly recom-
mended to adjust the duration information
to the specific circumstances. Professional
organisations collect historical informa-
tion from old project files, databases and
from people who have worked on similar
projects on regular intervals. Smaller, more
pioneering organisations may try to review
any available post-mortem information from
previous projects. Project managers should,
in particular, search for information on the
types and numbers of resources used.
Refine duration estimates It goes without saying that the duration
estimates should be upgraded, when more
accurate information comes forward or when
the allocation of resources is changed.
Resource graphs Resource graphs show what resources
are needed and when. They also show
when certain resources are over-allocated.
Typical resource graphs are labour, plant,
transport and materials schedules. A typi-
cal resource graph is presented in Graph 1.
Labour schedules The construction of infrastructure requires –
besides flexible, unskilled labourers – many
specialised labourers. Those labourers with
the same qualifications are positioned in
the same labour pool. To avoid reduction
in productivity, due to reduced motivation
and start and finish periods, it is advisable
to aim for an even workload for each of the
labour pools. This is of even more interest
for those organisations that have employed
their labour force on a permanent basis.
This is achieved by a continuing exchange
between the labour schedule and the Gantt
chart or network plan. The labour sched-
ules are drawn up using the charts already
62 IMIESA July 2016
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prepared. For each activity, the number of workers from each
labour pool is recorded.
Plant and transport schedules Expensive plant and transport vehicles are generally planned to be
100% utilised. Cheaper plant and transport vehicles are generally
planned to fit in with the prepared plan.
Other than aiming at constant utilisation of the different resource
pools, the project manager (during the implementation phase, in
particular) wants to avoid a succeeding activity overtaking a preceding
activity. The project manager prefers, therefore, for all activities to run
at the same speed.
Material schedule Material schedules act as a guide for ordering materials, but also
serve as a checklist of materials needed. It is usually minor items that
are forgotten and cause temporarily delays.
Meeting deadlines Changing the duration is one method to help meet deadlines, and
resolve resource over-allocations and budget cuts. Another option
to meet the deadlines is the creation of subprojects. If a big project
contains a number of outputs, or an output that can be segmented,
it may be advisable to use this technique. Segmenting of road works
will result in many production gangs undertaking the same activity at
the same time.
Specify resource availability Availability of resources refers to the availability of resources to work
on the project; that is, whether the resource is working half time or
full time on the project, whether there are two or three of the same
resource, and whether the resource's availability changes at any point.
Infrastructure projects may compete with the agricultural sector to
attract workers during the harvest seasons. The more familiar project
managers are with resource capabilities, the more efficiently and
effectively these resources can be assigned to the different tasks.
Project managers should also be familiar with equipment preventive
maintenance schedules, especially when equipment is not rented. A
special plan should be developed to present the rate of consumption
for materials, their costs and, specifically, when they need to be pur-
chased. If the project does not purchase from regular suppliers, time
should be allocated for the selection of these suppliers.
In the next issue, we will take a look at risk management plans.
GRAPH 1 A typical resource graph
CEMENT & CONCRETE
Keeping cool with concrete
Concrete's relatively light colour has several important environmental benefits, particularly in urban areas.
IMIESA July 2016 63
THE TWO PRIMARY benefits of
concrete's light colour are
reduced lighting energy consump-
tion, and a decrease in the 'heat
island' effect in cities and built-up areas,
both of which help to combat global warm-
ing,” says Bryan Perrie, managing director,
The Concrete Institute.
In the first instance, the light colour of
concrete provides a safer environment and
enables lighting requirements in a town
or city to be reduced, both internally and
externally. “For concrete roads or parking
areas, research in the US has shown that
sur face reflection readings on concrete
pavements and other sur faces are four to
five times higher than other road sur face
materials. This means increased visibil-
ity for drivers and increased security in
urban areas. Similar research has shown
that the increased reflectance of concrete
roads calls for fewer lighting masts and up
to 24% lower energy requirements. This
principle also applies to urban areas and
car parks,” says Perrie.
Explaining the benefits of the light colour
of concrete in reducing the heat island
effect, Perrie says that on hot summer
days, ambient conditions in urban areas
can be up to 2°C to 6°C warmer than the
adjacent countryside, thus making the
built-up areas “heat islands”.
Albedo effectThese urban heat islands can influence
rainfall patterns, with higher rainfall down-
wind of cities compared to the upwind
areas. The reflectance ratio – called the
albedo effect – of reflected solar radiation
to the amount that falls on the sur face,
rates from 0, when no incoming radiation is
reflected, to 1, when all incoming radiation
is reflected. The lighter the sur face colour,
the more solar radiation it will reflect and
the less heat it will absorb. The solar
reflectance of concrete varies between
0.2 and 0.4, compared with asphalt's
much lower reflectance that ranges
between 0.05 and 0.2.
“Exposed building materials with a high
albedo reflect more heat, and lead to
cooler cities. The average albedo of normal
concrete is about 0.35, with reflectance
values as high as 0.7 to 0.8 for white con-
crete made with white cement. In contrast,
dark materials, such as new asphalt, can
have an albedo or reflectance capacity as
low as 0.05.
“The incorporation of high albedo concrete
products in exposed sur faces, such as
roads and parking areas, can significantly
reduce the heat island effect and lead
to cooler urban areas. In Arizona, for
example, the summer temperatures of
adjacent concrete and asphalt roads were
measured: concrete was a staggering 11°C
cooler,” Perrie adds.
He says using concrete, with its high heat
reflectance ability, can lower average sum-
mer afternoon temperatures in surrounding
buildings by as much as 3°C, cutting air-
conditioning usage by as much as 18%.
“The potential increase in cost during the
design and construction phases in provid-
ing a green structure will generally be more
than offset by the savings from reduced
energy usage when concrete structures are
used. Life-cycle cost analyses have shown
that, because of concrete's durability, the
whole-life cost of many projects is lower
when concrete is used as the major con-
struction material,” Perrie concludes.
Concrete's relatively light colour has several environmental benefits, says Bryan Perrie of The Concrete Institute
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IMIESA July 2016 65
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Eliminating bottlenecks
WHILE ACHIEVING A dense, cohesive concrete mix
with sufficient paste volume will enable the correct
level of workability of the concrete, contractors must
also pay attention to avoiding practices that will result
in risky segregation during concrete pumping on construction sites.
"Where material segregates and the water separates out of the mix
– in other words, where water washes out of the paste – there is a
strong possibility of blockages occurring in the pipeline,” says Eddie
Correia, executive vice-president, Chryso Southern Africa – a leading
producer of superplasticisers.
These water-reducing agents enable good aggregate coating by
dispersing the cement grains, thereby minimising agglomeration of
the mix and increasing the plasticity and, therefore, the workability
of the concrete.
Getting the ratio rightSuperplasticisers from the Chryso Fluid range will assist in creating a
favourable water-cement ratio by reducing the amount of water, which
also prevents shrinking, cracking and porous concrete.
Significantly, the company has developed Fill Free technology, which
assists contractors to produce concrete that is cohesive yet still has
a moderate viscosity. This modified PCE-technology was developed
to have non-thixotropic properties and makes use of the brand’s
superplasticisers.
“When being pumped, concrete moves in the form of a cylinder
and is separated from the pipeline wall by a lubricating layer made
up of water, cement and fine aggregate or sand. It is essential that
this lubricating film is achieved on all sides of the pipe and that the
requisite workability is attained so the concrete can be pushed or
transported through this channel,” he says.
Invaluable products and expertise Fill Free technology facilitates a cohesive concrete paste that is less
sticky. This is important as stickiness can hinder cleaning efforts in
the pipeline and also increase the resistance of the flow of concrete
in the pipeline. A paste that is too sticky will also make it difficult to
maintain a constant rate of pumping.
Again, this is where the company’s superplasticisers are invaluable
in achieving the plasticity and workability needed for the concrete
paste to pass easily through reducers and move through bends in the
pump and pipeline without causing blockages.
Buildings are getting taller, a global trend in response to growing
urbanisation. The correct solutions and advice on how to use admix-
tures from a reputable producer, such as Chryso Southern Africa,
have become requisite for successfully tackling these projects.
DELEGATE ONLINE REGISTRATION HAS OPENED
THEME: “Siyaphambili – Engineering the Future’’The 2016 IMESA Conference will be hosted at the East London International Convention Centre (ELICC)
26 - 28 OCTOBER 2016
Visit www.imesa.org.za
Register and pay BEFORE31 July 2016
• Early Bird Registration for IMESA Members – R4900.00
• Early Bird Registration for Non IMESA Members – R5400.00
Register and pay BEFORE31 August 2016
Register and pay AFTER31 August 2016
• Late Registration for IMESA Members – R5100.00
• Late Registration for Non IMESA Members – R5700.00
• Last Minute Registration for IMESA Members – R5650.00
• Last Minute Registration for Non IMESA Members – R6250.00
IMESA
ORGANISERTHE INSTITUTE OF MUNICIPAL
ENGINEERING OF SOUTHERN AFRICA (IMESA)
t +27 (031) 266 3263 email [email protected]
Special rates have been negotiated with the Hotels listed below for IMESA Delegates. Book NOW and quote the unique booking code found on the IMESA Conference website.
IMESA will provide an airport shuttle, transport to and from social functions, as well as a daily conference shuttle to and from the Hotels listed above.
Special rates have been negotiated with the Hotels listed below for ACCOMMODATION
TRANSPORT
Premier Hotel EL ICC
Premier Hotel King David Garden Court
Premier Hotel Regent Kennaway Hotel
Southern Sun Hemingways
Hotel Osner
Blue Lagoon Hotel
FROM R1100
FROM R925 FROM R1450
FROM R1100 FROM R925
FROM R1377
FROM R1000
FROM R990
New vibrating system
IMIESA July 2016 67
aims big
TOP LEFT PMSA unveiled its Ultravibe vibrator at Totally Concrete 2016
TOP RIGHT The control panel of the Ultravibe vibration system
ABOVE Ultravibe can produce up to 170 kN of vibration force
THE NEW TECHNOLOGY from
PMSA, a manufacturer of brick,
block and paving machines, was
unveiled at Totally Concrete 2016,
held at Gallagher Convention Centre in May
this year.
The Ultravibe vibrators can be retrofit-
ted to the company’s range of existing
machines, but will also form the basis of
a brand-new machine under development.
“This will be a large-pallet, 1 400 mm by
1 100 mm, production-board machine incor-
porating all of our latest advances in its
design,” Walter Ebeling, managing director,
PMSA, reveals.
“We undertook these latest develop-
ments in order to allow our customers
to be more productive. The best means
of achieving this is if your equipment is
more reliable.”
Easy careThe new vibrators have been designed spe-
cifically to run maintenance-free for up to
three years. The aim is that customers will
not have to service, replace bearings or oil
and grease daily – all tasks that impact on
productivity and cost-efficiency.
In addition, the new vibrators will have the
capacity to produce 170 kN of vibration force
on PMSA’s flagship RE1400 machine. This
will allow for the production of extra-large
concrete elements, from 300 mm to 500 mm
in height. The new vibrators have also been
designed to function as a two- or four-vibrator
system, with the latter providing control over
both the frequency and force of the vibra-
tion produced. “This gives our customers
enormous flexibility in their product range, as
they can apply a frequency and force setting
particular to the raw materials they use in
their concrete,” Ebeling points out.
Achieving such flexibility meant that PMSA
also had to redesign its vibrating table, in
addition to the development of the new vibra-
tors. Ultravibe can be retrofitted to PMSA’s
range of VB1X, VB4X and RE1400 machines.
“There are other improvements in our machine
designs that have been incorporated already,
and which continue to be incorporated,”
Ebeling concludes.
A new range of Ultravibe vibrators aims to help customers increase productivity and efficiency.
68 IMIESA July 2016
CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES & EQUIPMENT
ARCHITECTURE • HOUSING • CEMENT • CONSTRUCTION • PROPERT Y DEVELOPMENT
4 – 5 October 2016 | Safar i Park Hotel , Nairobi , Kenya
COMMERCIAL PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT
E A S T A F R I C A B R I E F I N G EAST
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Exhibitors Host media partnersPartnersSponsor
Book your space now to get ins ide Eas t Af r i ca ’s p roper ty and const ruct ion boom!Reduce your cons t ruct ion cos t s in Eas t A f r i ca by up to 30% at Eas t A f r i ca ’s ONLY a l te rnat ive
bu i ld ing and const ruct ion techno log ies show.
Endorsed by
Polishing your concrete prep fleet
LAMBSON’S HIRE operates a fleet
of fit-for-purpose concrete prepara-
tion equipment that caters to the
needs of this specific sector of
the market. The new grinding and polishing
machine will join this fleet and offers sev-
eral important features to hirers.
The lightweight machine combines high
diamond speed with balanced weight, placing
it in a class of its own when compared to
other machines with a 650 mm width. This,
coupled with the variable-speed controller,
which facilitates grinding and polishing at the
optimal speed, ensures high productivity. It is
capable of efficiently flattening or levelling a
floor and can also be used to grind a surface
with a shallow indentation or dish effect.
Quick and easy workPowered by a reliable 7.5 kW three-phase
motor, the Satellite 650 MkII incorporates
patented SP drive technol-
ogy, which drives the dia-
mond discs in the same
rotation direction as the
main head – directing
more power to the disc
head and ensuring easier and quicker grind-
ing and polishing.
Taking operator comfort into account, the
Satellite 650 MkII offers easy axle-height
adjustment, thereby reducing operator
fatigue. This is accomplished easily, with
just one hand.
In addition, the machine is equipped with
a robust handle-locking mechanism and it
can be placed in three different positions
for different purposes. The controls on
the machine include an overload function,
which protects both operator and machine.
Disc changeover is quick and simple
with the machine’s magnetic plug system
and can be accom-
plished within a few
seconds. The machine
can be used with three
discs (250 mm) or six
discs (175 mm).
Easy to transport and environmentally friendly The machine is fitted with a 50 mm dust
collection port facilitating dust-free opera-
tion, an important consideration given the
increased focus on environmental conditions
on sites. It is also equipped with a floating
dust shroud for effective dust control.
A foldable handle makes it easy to trans-
port and store the machine, while the single
lifting point makes lifting a breeze.
The Satellite 650 MkII is available directly
from Lambson’s Hire’s specialist Concrete
Surface Preparation Division.
IMIESA July 2016 69
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A WELL-MAINTAINED COOLING tower is essential for opti-
mal system performance. Leading rope access special-
ist Skyriders is demonstrating the most efficient way of
achieving this result in a project to repair a 140 m high
cooling tower at a petrochemical plant in Secunda, Mpumalanga.
The petrochemical plant engaged the services of Aveng Grinaker-
LTA, a specialist in concrete repairs, to execute the project. Aveng
Grinaker LTA, in turn, saw the need to utilise rope access in order
to reduce the downtime incurred and increase the overall safety of
the project.
“We have been assisting Aveng Grinaker-LTA with rope-access-
related services for a few years,” Mike Zinn, marketing manager,
Skyriders, comments. Rope access allowed the team to move freely,
while affording a great deal of flexibility on the massive cooling tow-
ers, thereby accelerating the project’s progress.
Scope of worksSkyriders’ scope of work on the project comprised installing lifelines,
assisting with the installation of access systems, removing loose
concrete that posed a risk to maintenance, acting as a standby rescue
team, as well as assisting with the maintenance and inspection of
the temporary access systems supplied by the other subcontractor,
Riggers Steeplejacks.
According to Zinn, one of the company’s main focus areas is that of
standby rescue in the event of any emergency situation. A 9 m high
structural scaffold was installed for such rescue purposes, and also
used to familiarise the project team with the site conditions.
“Working at height poses many challenges. For this project, we were
faced with a total height of 140 m, in addition to the dangers posed by
loose concrete, the wet and slippery conditions, plus the shape of the
cooling tower, along with ensuring that we adhered to the project time
frame,” Zinn elaborates.
Training and on-site technicians The Skyriders team on-site consisted of rope access technicians with
temporary suspended platform supervisor's training, who boast solid
rope access and concrete skills. The company adheres to strict ISO
rope-access standards, in addition to complying with Aveng Grinaker-
LTA’s own safety requirements, as well as providing additional training
for the project teams.
The company is not only accredited by the Institute of Work at
Heights, but all of its technicians are trained in accordance with its
regulations. “Delivering a quality service while adhering to a strict
deadline, all against the background of 100% compliance with all safety
requirements and standards, is our motto,” Zinn concludes.
A lifeline for repair
70 IMIESA July 2016
AWARDS
CESA and Aon to celebrate engineering excellenceT
HE CESA AON Engineering Awards
has been dubbed “a feast of engineer-
ing talent” and rewards an explosion
of engineering plans and projects
that provide the economic growth that leads
to better lives.
Sponsored by one of the leading global risk
advisors and insurance brokers, Aon South
Africa, the awards are a platform to show-
case the important role that infrastructure
plays in the sustainable development of our
country. The awards focus on engineers and
the excellence in service they offer their
clients in providing buildings, structures and
infrastructure that lasts.
According to Aon, “CESA members play
a pivotal role in South African society and
in the greater South African economy. The
progress of this country and its sustainability
are touched, on a daily basis, by some facet
of engineering. Without this application of the
sciences, the vast majority of development and
upliftment we need would not happen. The role
that engineers play in terms of the well-being
of our citizens is immense.”
An adjudicator once commented that it was
a privilege to be on the judging panel of the
awards and be exposed to the creativity, tenac-
ity, skill and sometimes sheer determination
of this industry. Engineers solved the cholera
problem related to contaminated water in the
19th century, designed and built intricate high-
way interchanges in the tightest of spaces, sus-
pended bridges from cables, converted sunlight
into electrical power and sometimes indulged
in a round or two of snakes and ladders. No
challenge seems too big or too complex for this
talented group of people who, like magicians,
make the impossible possible.
This year’s CESA Aon Awards Gala Dinner
will be held at Vodacom World in Midrand on
17 August 2016.
Contac t Sher i Morgan | sher i [email protected] .za | 086 000 9590
H O W I M P O RTA N T I S G E N D E R E M P O W E R M E N T I N Y O U R O R G A N I S AT I O N ?
T E L L S O U T H A F R I C A Y O U R S U C C E S S S T O R Y. E N T E R N O W !
ENTER BEFORE 20 APRIL 2016 AND STAND A CHANCE TO WIN 2X SEATS TO THE AWARDS – QUOTE “3SM01”
w w w . t o p w o m e n a w a r d s . c o . z a
1 8 A U G U S T 2 0 1 6 J O h A N N E S b U R G
MEDIA PARTNER: SPONSORS: STRATEGIC PARTNER:
IME
SA
AF
FIL
IAT
E M
EM
BE
RS
IMESA
AECOM [email protected] Group (Pty) Ltd [email protected] Broom Road Products [email protected] SA [email protected] [email protected] Manufacturing Infraset [email protected] Africa Group Holdings [email protected] Consulting [email protected] Bosch Munitech [email protected] Stemele [email protected] Brubin Pumps [email protected] Consulting Engineers [email protected] Consulting Engineers [email protected] Corrosion Institute of Southern Africa [email protected] Built Environment [email protected] Bank of SA [email protected] Plastics [email protected] Engineers [email protected] Kent Metering [email protected] Engineers [email protected] South Africa (Pty) Ltd [email protected] [email protected] Consulting [email protected] Investments & Consulting [email protected] Goba (Pty) Ltd [email protected] & Nxumalo Consulting Engineers cc [email protected] [email protected] Technology [email protected] Enterprises [email protected]@Consulting [email protected] Consulting [email protected] [email protected] Environment [email protected] and Green [email protected] Water [email protected] Consulting Engineers [email protected] Consulting Engineers [email protected] & Templer (K&T) Consulting Engineers [email protected] Botlhale Consulting Engineers [email protected] Base [email protected] Water [email protected] Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd [email protected] Makhaotse Narasimulu & Associates [email protected] Padayachee & Associates (Pty) Ltd [email protected] Consulting Engineers [email protected]
Marley Pipe Systems [email protected] & East [email protected] Consulting & Project Management [email protected] [email protected] Wa Batho Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd [email protected] Macdonald Africa (Pty) Ltd [email protected] Asphalt [email protected] Consulting [email protected] Engineering Systems [email protected] Consulting [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] HaskoningDHV [email protected] SABITA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Water Systems [email protected] Siza Water [email protected] (Pty) Ltd [email protected] Lines [email protected] SA [email protected] Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Sobek Engineering [email protected] African Society for Trenchless Technology [email protected] Consulting [email protected] [email protected] Engineers East London [email protected] Consulting [email protected] Consulting [email protected] [email protected] VIP Consulting Engineers [email protected] VOMM [email protected] VUKA Africa Consulting Engineers [email protected] Institute of Southern Africa [email protected] Water Solutions Southern Africa [email protected] South Africa [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Group Africa [email protected]
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATES
72 IMIESA July 2016
In partnership with & O� cial media partner:
The Associa onof South AfricanQuan ty Surveyors
9149 - IBS2016 IMIESA 210 x 148,5 Jul PATHS.indd 1 2016/06/30 11:23 AM
Standard Bank Top Women Awards 70
APE Pumps 24
Aquatan 58
Aveng Infraset IBC
Bambanani Pipes and Fittings 36
Babcock 12
Barloworld Equipment 41
Clay Brick Association 56
DPI Plastics 18
ELB MST 2
ELB Hidromek 48
ELB Sumitomo 60
Erwat 14
Hall Longmore 32
IMESA 80th Celebration 44
IMESA Bursary Scheme 20
IMESA Registration 66
Interbuild 72
Jan Palm Consulting Engineers 54
Krohne 62
KSB 52
Lekwa Consulting Engineers OFC
Maccaferri Southern Africa 55
Mercedes-Benz 4
National Asphalt IFC
PMSA 67
Rare Group 30
Robor 34
Rocla 65
Saint-Gobain Construction Products 22
SBS Water Systems 16
Sizabantu Piping Systems 26
SMEC 61
Structa Group 47
Technicrete 42
The Concrete Institute 64
Tosas 45
Ultra Control Valves 28
Water & Sanitation Services SA OBC
WorleyParsons 69
Zest WEG Group 51
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
Advertising opportunity In each issue, IMIESA offers companies a number of opportunities to advertise or promote their brand, projects, services or products. Contact us now to discuss how we can help you to maximise your brand exposure in the municipal engineering and affiliated industries.
IMESA
The official
magazine
of the Institute
of Municipal
Engineering
of Southern Africa
www.infrastructurene.ws
of the Institute
of Southern Africa
I S S N 0 2 5 7 1 9 7 8 Vo l u m e 4 1 N o . 0 6 • J u n e 2 0 1 6 • R 5 0 . 0 0 ( i n c l . VAT )
“Smart technology is going to be the way forward in the future and Atlas
Copco would like to be the front runner in mainstream modern drilling
technology.” Hedley Bernie Business line manager, Atlas Copco
COMPACTION Road Maintenance
Essential cost savers
Urban Renewal
Securing the future
Municipal Imperative
Water loss remediation
IN THE IN THE HOT SEATHOT SEAT
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT • MAINTENANCE • SERVICE DELIVERY
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT • MAINTENANCE • SERVICE DELIVERY
Lebo Ramoreboli
Deputy Director: Integrated
Regional Economic Development,
City of Johannesburg
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
GOVERNMENT
VOICE
Vital to sustainability
IN THE IN THE
IMESAThe official
magazine of the Institute
of Municipal Engineering
of Southern Africa
www. infrastructurene.ws
I S S N 0 2 5 7 1 9 7 8 V o l u m e 4 1 N o . 0 7 • J u l y 2 0 1 6 • R 5 0 . 0 0 ( i n c l . VAT )
LEKWA
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT • MAINTENANCE • SERVICE DELIVERY
Sustainable township development
IMESAIMESAIMESAThe official
of the Institute of Municipal Engineering
of Southern Africa
MAINTENANCE • SERVICE DELIVERY
of the Institute
of Southern Africa
SERVICE DELIVERY
Pipe deteriorationAgeing infrastructure
Asset managementA critical municipal function
Earth dam wallsPIMPing your earth dam
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