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Immigration
Immigration• 1880 -1924 - 26 million “new” immigrants arrived in
America
• Push Factors: Wars, famine, religious persecution, and overpopulation were reasons people left Europe
• Pull factors-reasons why they wanted to come to US
Immigrants leaving Hamburg, Germany for New York
Passage
• Passage could cost a life’s savings– Not all came at once
(chain immigrants)
• Steerage – cheapest passage – Dirty, crowded,
diseases
"The Steerage" by Alfred Stieglitz (1907). (Image courtesy of the Library of Congress: Prints and Photographs Division. Reproduction number: C-USZ62-62880 [b&w film copy neg.].)
• What would you think of the US if this were the 1st building you saw as you arrived?
Ellis Island
• Opened in 1892 when the federal government began screening immigrants
• Burned in 1897• Reopened in 1900
– By end of 1910, 6 million immigrants arrived
• Inadequate for flood of immigrants
Ellis Island
• Medical inspections completed– 2 minutes to ask 32
questions
• Those who had diseases could be sent back
• Last names were often changed
Ellis Island
• Why are these people sitting in holding pens?
• Most immigrants settled in cities– 1900 – 2/3rds of foreign born lived in cities– 4 of 5 in NYC were immigrants or 1st generation kids
• Lived in neighborhoods by ethnic backgrounds (ghettos)
“Little Italy”
NYC
• Overcrowding– NY social worker
counted 1,231 people in 120 rooms
• Poor Sanitation– No bathtub within
3 blocks• No fresh air and
lights• Some children
asphyxiated
Living Conditions
Nickel a spot lodging
Cartoon Analysis Reflection
• What positive attitudes or views towards immigrants were depicted in these cartoons?
• What negative attitudes/views?• Based on the cartoons, what kind of a
reception do you think immigrants could expect when they arrived?
• What is the message of the cartoon regarding immigration?• How do you know?• How is irony used in the cartoon?
Anti-Foreign Attitudes
• Nativism-the idea that people born in America were superior– 2nd or 3rd generation– More common among WASPs
• Some native born Americans feared and resented immigrants
• Reasons:– Competition for jobs
– Different customs– Lower wages– Willing to accept worse conditions– Often used as strike breakers
Social Darwinism• Eugenics movement- “race scientists” who
try to prove that certain ethnic groups are biologically superior– Nordics/Anglos (if Protestant) = superior– Alpines= tolerable– Mediterranean=inferior
• To avoid “race suicide” – Americanization programs (settlement houses)– OR – Exclusion policies
Chinese Immigrants• Asians arrived to West
Coast– 1865-1882, 320,000
• Watch: Chinese Immigrants Help Build A Nation
• 1. What were the push factors behind Chinese immigration?
• 2. Pull factors? What did America offer?
• 3. What challenges did they face in America?– Treatment, law, policies,
regulations? (need 6)
Chinese Immigrants Help Build A Nation
• http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=143448
U.S. Immigration Policy• 1882-Chinese Exclusion Act –(10 yr) ban on Chinese
immigrants– Renewed in 1892– 1902-permanent ban until 1945
• Gentleman’s Agreement-U.S. won’t segregate Japanese immigrants already here, but Japan agrees not to allow anymore citizens to come
• Immigration Restriction Act of 1924– Quota system set up to keep out “undesirable” ethnic groups– Limits southern/central Europeans
What details do you see?What is the message of the image?