Immigration and Immigration and UrbanizationUrbanization

Essential Question:

• What were the problems caused by rapid urbanization and how did the other half live?

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The New ColossusThe New Colossus By Emma Lazarus By Emma Lazarus

Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to land;With conquering limbs astride from land to land;Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall standHere at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall standA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handGlows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes commandGlows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes commandThe air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame."Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she"Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries sheWith silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

1871-1880

1881-1890

1891-1900

1901-1910

1911-1920

Old

New

1,593,0001,593,000

181,1880181,1880

2,753,002,753,00

926,000926,000

1,110,0001,110,000

1,847,0001,847,000

1,069,0001,069,000

5,780,0005,780,000

540,000540,000

2,928,0002,928,000

Chart: Rise of Immigrants

Immigrants from Europe

Old New New New

RELIGION

BIRTHPLACE

REASONS

DESTINATION

OCCUPATION

RELIGION

BIRTHPLACE

REASONS

DESTINATION

OCCUPATION

Protestant Catholic and Jewish

North/Western Southern/Eastern Europe Europe

Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution

Moved to farms Moved to cities in the in the Midwest North esp. east coast

Became farmers Unskilled workers

Protestant Catholic and Jewish

North/Western Southern/Eastern Europe Europe

Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution

Moved to farms Moved to cities in the in the Midwest North esp. east coast

Became farmers Unskilled workers

Old vs New Immigrants

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NativismNativism• Anti-Immigrant

• Anti-Catholic & Jew

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1883

Ellis IslandEllis Island was built in 1892 as the 1st

“Immigration Center”

Angel Island Angel Island built 1910 built 1910 in San Francisco for in San Francisco for Asian immigrationAsian immigration

1900190076 million population

60% lived in rural areas

1900190076 million population

60% lived in rural areas

1870187040 million population75% lived in rural areas

1870187040 million population75% lived in rural areas

•In 1860 no American city could boast a

million inhabitants.

•1890, New York, Chicago and

Philadelphia had spurted past the

million mark.

•In 1860 no American city could boast a

million inhabitants.

•1890, New York, Chicago and

Philadelphia had spurted past the

million mark.Cities

Immigrants Settle in Cities Industrialization leads to urbanizationurbanization, or growth of cities

Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs

AmericanizationAmericanization—assimilate people into main culture

Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills

English, American history, cooking, etiquette

Ethnic communities provide social support

Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

Irish NY:

St. Patrick’s

Cathedral

Irish NY:

St. Patrick’s

Cathedral

Hester Street

– Jewish Sectio

n

Hester Street

– Jewish Sectio

n

Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

Characteristics of Characteristics of UrbanizationUrbanization

During Gilded AgeDuring Gilded Age

Characteristics of Characteristics of UrbanizationUrbanization

During Gilded AgeDuring Gilded Age1.1. Megalopolis.Megalopolis.2.2. Mass Transit.Mass Transit.3.3. Magnet for economic & social Magnet for economic & social

opportunities.opportunities.4.4. Pronounced class distinctions.Pronounced class distinctions.

- Inner & outer core - Inner & outer core5.5. Squalid living conditions for Squalid living conditions for

many.many.6.6. Political machines.Political machines.7.7. Ethnic neighborhoods.Ethnic neighborhoods.

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Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900

Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900

Louis SullivanLouis SullivanThe ChicagoThe Chicago School of School of Architecture Architecture

Built 1Built 1stst skyscrapersskyscrapers

1856 – 19241856 – 1924

Form followsForm follows function! function!

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Louis Sullivan:

Bayard Bldg., NYC,

1897

Louis Sullivan:

Bayard Bldg., NYC,

1897

John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge,

1883

John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge,

1883

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Urban Problems:

• There became serious shortages in housing.

• New types of housing were created

1)Row house – apartment type homes

2)Tenement – Multifamily urban houses often overcrowded & unsanitary

• Sanitation was a problem

High Crime Rates

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“Dumbbell Tenement “

“Dumbbell Tenement “

Tenement Slum Living

Tenement Slum Living

Struggling Immigrant Families

Struggling Immigrant Families

Urban Problems: Sanitation

• Cities had hard time supplying safe drinking water.

• People threw garbage out their windows.

• Horse manure piled up on the streets

• Sewage flowed in streets.

• By 1900, many cities built sewers & created sanitation departments.

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Fire Problems:

• The city had limited supply of water.

• Most city apartments were made of wood

• People also used candles and kerosene lamps for lighting.

• Paid fire departments were first created in 1853 (Cincinnati)

• The automatic fire sprinkler was also created in 1874.

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The Great Chicago Fire: 1871

• Fire burned for 24hrs.• An estimated 300

people died• 100,000 were left

homeless• More than 3 square miles of the city center was

destroyed.• Property loss was estimated at $200 million.• 17,500 buildings were destroyed.

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•Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S.

•Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities

•Meatpacking

•Steel mills

•Cattle industry

•Multi-cultural community

•Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S.

•Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities

•Meatpacking

•Steel mills

•Cattle industry

•Multi-cultural community