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Immigration
Most immigrants came from northern Europe
Americans began to resent immigrants taking jobs
Immigrants faced discrimination
Nativism
Nativists opposed immigration in order to protect the interests of native born American citizens
Know-Nothing Party
Called the American Party and started by Protestants
Opposed the immigration of Catholics Felt that too many Catholics would allow
the Pope to have influence over the government
Manifest Destiny
The 19th century belief that the U.S. would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean
Adams-Onis Treaty
Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. Spain also gave up claims in Oregon
Territory
Missouri Compromise
Southerners wanted Missouri admitted as a slave state in order to maintain balance of power
Regional hostilities grew over the expansion of slavery
Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay proposed Missouri be a slave state and Maine admitted as a free state
Dividing line set at 36-30 North latitude
North of line, free territories South of line, slave territories
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Jackson believed that Native Americans could not be absorbed into white culture
Native American lands were valuable and protecting them with troops would be too costly
Jackson decided to force Native Americans to leave their land and move west
Worchester v. Georgia
John Marshall rules that Cherokee could not be forcibly removed from their land
Sequoya
Developed the Cherokee alphabet in order to preserve their culture
The Trail of Tears
Cherokee were rounded up and forced to march 800 miles to Oklahoma
Over one-quarter of the Cherokee died along the way
Stephen Austin
Established the first American colony in Texas and fought for Texas independence
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Mexican general who fought against Texan’s quest for independence
The Alamo
A mission fort in San Antonio, Texas where Mexican forces massacred rebellious Texans in 1836
Sam Houston
Defeated Santa to gain Texas Independence and became the first President of the Republic of Texas
Problems with Texas Annexation Annexation of Texas was not
easy Many feared adding another
slave state to the union
“54-40 or Fight”
James K. Polk’s campaign slogan in the 1844 election
Called for the U.S. to annex all of the Oregon Territory
Mexican War
President Polk wanted territories held by Mexico (New Mexico and California)
Polk and general Zachary Taylor provoked a war with Mexico
U.S. defeated Mexico and gained lands in the Southwestern U.S.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
1848 treaty that ended the war with Mexico and ceded California and New Mexico to the U.S.
49er’s
Gold is discovered in California in 1848
1849 saw an increase in California’s population
People were moving to mine for gold
Wilmot Proviso
Proposed that none of the territories gained by the U.S. war with Mexico be open to slavery