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UK Landscape Review for Immunology Careers
1 IntroductionandAimsoftheReviewThemissionoftheBritishSocietyforImmunology(BSI)istopromoteexcellenceinimmunologicalresearch,scholarshipandclinicalpracticeinordertoimprovehumanandanimalhealth.AkeyobjectiveoftheBSIistosupportcurrentandfuturegenerationsofimmunologists.
Providingsupportforastrongworkforceinimmunologyresearchrequiresathoroughunderstandingofthelandscapeforcareersinimmunology.Theoverallaimsofthislandscapereviewwereto:
- trackthecareerdevelopmentanddestinationsofpeoplewhohavecompletedaPhDinanimmunology-relatedtopicintheUK
- analysetheUK’simmunologyworkforceinacademia
Theanalysisconductedthroughthisreviewprovidessubstantialinformationaboutthecareertrajectoriesofimmunologistsandtheacademicworkforceinthisfield.ThisinsightwillinformtheBSI’soverallstrategy,policyandinfluencingactivitiesforsupportingastrongworkforceinimmunology.
ThisanalysiswaspreparedfortheBritishSocietyforImmunologybyFreshneyConsulting.
FinalReport(May2017)
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2 TableofContents
3 ExecutiveSummary..........................................................................................3
4 Methodology....................................................................................................44.1 TrackingthecareerdevelopmentanddestinationsofpeoplewhohavecompletedaPhDinanimmunology-relatedtopic........................................................................................4
4.1.1 Obtainingandcleaningthedata..............................................................................44.1.2 Tracingthesisauthors...............................................................................................5
4.2 AnalysisoftheimmunologyworkforceinUKacademia.................................................6
5 Results-DestinationsofpeoplewhohavecompletedaPhDinanimmunology-relatedtopic...........................................................................................................65.1 Extracteddataset-characteristics..................................................................................6
5.1.1 PhD-awardinginstitution..........................................................................................65.1.2 PhDsawardedineachyear......................................................................................75.1.3 Gender......................................................................................................................85.1.4 PhDthesistopic........................................................................................................8
5.2 AnalysisofPhDauthors–currentdestinations...............................................................95.2.1 Researchactivity.......................................................................................................95.2.2 Currentlocation......................................................................................................105.2.3 Currentdestinationbysector..................................................................................115.2.4 Typesofcurrentrole...............................................................................................125.2.5 Currentdestinations-organisations.......................................................................135.2.6 Currentresearchsubject.........................................................................................13
6 Results-Analysisoftheworkforceinacademiain2015/16usingHESAdata..146.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................146.2 Extracteddataset–characteristics................................................................................14
6.2.1 Classificationofacademicstaffbyuniversities.......................................................146.2.2 Academicstaff-subjectareas................................................................................15
6.3 AnalysisoftheAcademicWorkforceinImmunology....................................................166.3.1 ContractLevel.........................................................................................................166.3.2 ResearchandTeaching...........................................................................................176.3.3 Universitieswiththehighestvolumeofimmunologystaff.....................................176.3.4 Gender....................................................................................................................186.3.5 Nationality..............................................................................................................196.3.6 Sourceofbasicsalary.............................................................................................20
7 Acknowledgements........................................................................................21
Appendix1–Datainputandoutputparametersfortheacademicworkforcesearch............................................................................................................................22
Appendix2–CurrentdestinationsofPhDgraduates............................................24
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3 ExecutiveSummary• Thisanalysistrackedthecurrentrolesof651individualswhohadcompleteda
PhDinthefieldofimmunologyintheUKbetween1975and2015.
• 58%ofindividualstrackedwerecurrentlyworkinginimmunologyresearch,withafurther16%involvedinresearchrolesinothersubjects.
• 66%ofthesisauthorswerecurrentlyworkingintheUKand9%inanotherEUcountry.TheUSAwasthemostpopulardestinationforPhDgraduateswholefttheUK,with10%workingthere.
• 51%ofPhDgraduateswerecurrentlyworkinginacademia,6%inhealthcareand12%hadjointpositionsasclinicalacademicswithinbothacademiaandhealthcare.
• ResearchtraininginimmunologyisimportantforUKbasedindustry,with17%ofPhDgraduatescurrentlyworkinginrolesinbiotechnologyorpharmaceuticalcompanies.Notably,GSKattractedasignificantnumberofPhDgraduates–moresothanmajoruniversitiessuchasCambridge,King'sCollegeLondon,BartsandTheLondonorBirmingham.
• Ofthosecurrentlyworkinginindustry,44%wereinbiotechnologyand26%inpharmaceuticalcompanies.
• PhDgraduatesinacademiaoracademia/healthcareworkedinawiderangeoffields,themostcommonbeingunderstandingtheimmuneresponse,ortacklinginfectious,inflammatoryorautoimmunediseases.
• In2015/16,68%ofUKacademicstaffinimmunologycarriedoutresearchonlyand30%conductedteachingalongsideresearch.
• Whilsttherearestrongnumbersofwomenworkinginimmunology,theyarelesslikelythanmentoattainseniorpositionsinimmunology.
• Womenworkinginimmunologyarealsolesslikelytoattainseniorpositionsthanwomenworkinginmanyotherdisciplineswithintherangeofmedicalsciencesubjectsselectedforthisanalysis.
• Over40%ofacademicstaffworkinginimmunologyatHigherEducationInstitutionsarefromoutsidetheUK,ahigherproportionthaninmanyclinicalresearchdisciplines.ThishighlightstheUK’sabilitytoattractinternationalexpertiseinthisfieldandtheimportanceofallowingthemovementofsuchpeople.ThisfigureshouldbemonitoredinfutureyearstoassesstheeffectsoftheUK’sdeparturefromtheEuropeanUnion.
• In2015/16,almosthalf(47%)ofimmunologistsinacademiareceivedtheirsalaryfundingfromamedicalresearchcharity,ResearchCouncilorEU,amuchhigherproportionwhencomparedtoacademicsfromacrossawiderangeofmedicalandlifesciencedisciplines(32%).
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4 MethodologyTherearetwomaincomponentstothisreviewandtheapproachesforeacharedescribedbelow.
4.1 TrackingthecareerdevelopmentanddestinationsofpeoplewhohavecompletedaPhDinanimmunology-relatedtopic
TheaimofthisobjectivewastodescribethecareerdestinationsofindividualswhohadcompletedaPhDinanimmunology-relatedtopicintheUK.ThesearchmethodusedwasbasedonthatdescribedpreviouslybyRANDEurope,whoconductedananalysisofthedementiaresearchlandscape1fortheAlzheimer’sSociety.Fortheimmunologyanalysis,asampleofresearcherswasselected,whohadcompletedadoctoraldegreebetween1975and2015.Afterdatacleaning,thecurrentdestinationsofthethesisauthorswastracked.
4.1.1 ObtainingandcleaningthedataThedetailsofdoctoralthesescompletedontopicsrelatedtoimmunologywereobtainedfromtheBritishLibrary’sE-thesisonlineservice(EThOS2)database.EThOScontainsrecordsforover450,000theses,coveringmostofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUKby131participatinginstitutions.Thedatabaseincludesaround95%ofthesesawardedbetween2000and2013,howevercoverageislowerforoldertheses,particularlythoseawardedbefore1980.
2,660thesisentrieswereretrievedfromtheEThOSdatabase,selectedthroughtheappearanceofthesearchterms‘immune’or‘immunology’intheabstractofthesesawardedbetween1975and2015.Arandomsampleof1,000theseswasselectedfortheanalysis.Weightingswereappliedasdescribedintable1toboostthenumberofthesesawardedbefore2000inthesample,sincecoverageoftheseyearswaslowerintheEThOSdatabase.
Year RetrievedfromEThOS Weightingapplied Numberinsample1975to1979 20 100% 201980to1989 43 100% 431990to1999 220 100% 2202000to2009 664 54% 3582010to2015 1713 21% 359Total 2660 1000Table1–Weightingsappliedwhenselecting1,000thesisentriesfromEThOSforanalysis
Searchingfortheappearanceof‘immune’or‘immunology’inthesistitlesrevealedmoreentries(4,005from1975to2016).However,manyoftheseentriesdidnotincludeanabstract,whichwouldhinderclassificationofthefieldofresearchandverificationwithintheimmunologyfield.
1http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1186.html2http://ethos.bl.uk/
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Theextracteddatawascheckedtoremoveanythesesthatwerenotrelevant.Intotal,158thesisentrieswereremoved,wherethesubjectareawasconsideredtobenotrelevanttoimmunology.
Theremaining,cleaneddatasetcontainedthedetailsof842authors.Whentrackingthethesisauthors,191(23%)individualscouldnotbetracedandwereremovedfromthedataset.Therefore,651authorscouldbetraced(77%),whichcompareswellwiththedementiaresearchanalysisconductedbyRANDEurope,inwhich55%ofthesisauthorsweretraceable.
23%ofauthorsinthedatasetcouldnotbetracedandthemainreasonsarelikelytobe:
- Individual’sdetailsnotpresentontheinternet- individualwithacommonnamee.g.‘JohnSmith’- individualhadchangedtheirnamee.g.followingmarriage
ThecleaneddatasetfromEThOSincludedthefollowingparameters:- Thesistitle- Author- AwardingBody- DateofAward- Abstract
Thedatasetwasanalysedtoattributetoeachauthor:- Gender- ThesisTopic,selectedfromthefollowingcategories
o Infectiousdiseaseo Immuneresponseo Vaccineso Inflammation&
AutoimmuneDisease
o AnimalHealtho Oncologyo Transplantationo Microbiologyo Plantimmunology
4.1.2 TracingthesisauthorsThefollowingonlinetoolsandresourceswereusedtotracethecurrentrolesandlocationsofthesisauthors:
- PubMed https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/- LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com- ResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/home- Google https://www.google.co.uk/- WorldCat http://www.worldcat.org/
Thefollowingonlinetoolswerealsoused,albeittoamuchlesserextent,totracethesisauthors:
- ORCiD https://orcid.org/- Pubfacts http://www.pubfacts.com/- GoogleScholar https://scholar.google.co.uk- Xing https://www.xing.com
Duringthesearching,datawascollectedtodescribethefollowingparameters:
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- currentjobtitle;employer;country;andsectorofactivity(e.g.academia,industry,Healthcare,other).
Individualswereidentifiedasbeing:- ‘activeinimmunologyresearch’;‘activeinresearch’;or‘notactivein
research’
WhereIndividualswereidentifiedasbeingactiveinimmunologyresearch,theircurrentsubjectareawasdescribed.Upto20minuteswasallocatedtotrackandidentifyeachauthor.
4.2 AnalysisoftheimmunologyworkforceinUKacademia
Academiarepresentsamajordestinationforresearchersinimmunology.TheaimofthisobjectivewastodescribetherolesandlocationsofindividualsworkinginHigherEducationInstitutionsintheUKduring2015/16.DatadescribingacademicworkforcenumbersinimmunologyandrelatedsubjectswasobtainedfromtheHigherEducationStatisticsAgency(HESA).Appendix1describestheparametersusedforthissearch.
5 Results-DestinationsofpeoplewhohavecompletedaPhDinanimmunology-relatedtopic
5.1 Extracteddataset-characteristics
5.1.1 PhD-awardinginstitutionTheauthorsinthedatasethadconductedtheirPhDresearchat68differentHigherEducationInstitutes(HEIs)intheUK.TheHEIswiththehighestnumberofthesisauthorsinthedatasetareshowninFigure1.
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Figure1–LocationswherethesisauthorsconductedtheirPhDresearch.Thetop20HigherEducationInstitutes(HEIs)areshownhere,outof68HEIsintotal;n=651
AnalysisofthedatasetindicatesthatuniversitiessuchasEdinburghappeartobequitehighlyrepresentedincomparisontoe.g.Cambridge,whichwasmuchlower.VariationexistsintheEThOSdatasetforanumberofreasons.TheUniversityofEdinburghisparticularlywellrepresentedinthedatabasebecausetheyhaveconductedamajorretrospectivedigitisationproject,endeavouringtomakealltheirthesesavailable.EThOSdoesnotholdalargeproportionofabstractdetailsfromPhDscompletedatthemajoruniversitiesofCambridge,OxfordandImperialCollegeLondon.
Whilsttheinstitutionalvariationdescribedabovelimitstheabilitytoconductinstitutionalcomparisons,itwillhavelittleeffectonusingthiscohorttoanalysethecareerdestinationsofPhDgraduatesintheUK.
5.1.2 PhDsawardedineachyearFigure2showsthenumberofPhDsawardedeachyearinthedataset.Ofthe651authorsidentified,40%(n=259)receivedtheirPhDsbetween2010-2015.ThehighcoverageinlateryearsisduetomoreabstractsbeingavailableinEThOSandalsoanincreaseinthenumberofpeopledoingPhDssince2000.Indeed,theBritishLibrary
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reports3that54%ofallPhDthesescompletedintheUKsincethe19thCenturywerecompletedbetween2000-2016.
Figure2–NumbersofPhDsawardedeachyear(1975-2015)containedinthedataset(n=651).Thelownumbersseenin2000and2001wereduetoaninabilitytotrackahighproportionofthesisauthorsfromtheseyears.
5.1.3 Gender55%oftheauthorsinthedatasetweremaleand45%female
5.1.4 PhDthesistopicThethesistitleandabstractforeachentryinthedatasetwasreviewedandthethesisassignedtoaparticulartopicasshowninfigure3.ThemostcommontopicswereImmuneResponse(29%),InfectiousDisease(26%)andInflammation&AutoimmuneDisease(17%).
3personalcommunication
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Figure3–Thesissubjectfieldforeachentryinthedataset(n=651)
5.2 AnalysisofPhDauthors–currentdestinations
ThecurrentdestinationofallPhDauthorsidentifiedinthedatasetwastrackedasdescribedin4.1.2.Theresultsofthisanalysisaredescribedbelow.
5.2.1 ResearchactivityThecurrentresearchactivityofeachauthorwasclassifiedasbeing:
- activeinimmunologyresearch- activeinresearch(notimmunology)- notactiveinresearch
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Figure4–Currentresearchactivityofeachthesisauthor(n=651)
58%ofthesisauthorswerecurrentlyworkinginimmunologyresearch,withafurther16%involvedinresearchrolesinotherdisciplines.Intheanalysisinvestigatingcareersindementia,between21%and38%ofdementiaPhDgraduatesremainedincareersinthisfield.
5.2.2 Currentlocation66%ofthesisauthorswerecurrentlyworkingintheUK(figure5).9%wereworkinginanotherEUcountry.TheUSAwasthemostpopulardestinationforPhDgraduateswholefttheUK,with10%workingthere.15%ofgraduatesworkedinawiderrangeofothernon-EUcountries(excludingUSA).
Figure5–CurrentdestinationsofPhDgraduates(n=651)
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Thesisauthorswereworkingin59differentcountries.Thetop20mostpopularcurrentdestinationsareshownintable2.Afulllistofallcountriesisshowninappendix2.Country No. % Country No. %UK 428 66% Malaysia 5 0.8%USA 67 10% SaudiArabia 5 0.8%Australia 10 1.5% Spain 5 0.8%Canada 10 1.5% Denmark 4 0.6%Germany 10 1.5% Greece 4 0.6%Singapore 7 1.1% Pakistan 4 0.6%Ireland 6 0.9% Sweden 4 0.6%Italy 6 0.9% China 3 0.5%Taiwan 6 0.9% France 3 0.5%India 5 0.8% Ghana 3 0.5%
Table2–Top20mostpopularcurrentdestinationsofPhDgraduates(n=651)
5.2.3 Currentdestinationbysector51%ofPhDgraduateswereworkinginacademiaand17%inindustry(figure6).6%ofgraduatesworkedinhealthcareandafurther12%hadjointpositionsasclinicalacademicswithinbothacademiaandhealthcare.
Figure6–Currentdestinations,bysector,ofPhDgraduates(n=651)
Whenlookingattheindustrysectorinmoredetail(figure7),themostcommontypesofindustryforPhDgraduatestobeworkingnowwereinbiotechnology(44%)andpharmaceuticals(26%).
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Figure7–Currentdestinations,withinindustryonly,ofPhDgraduates(n=113)
5.2.4 TypesofcurrentroleInassessingthewholedataset,PhDgraduatesfillawiderangeofcurrentroles.Ingroupingtheseintorolesofsimilarsenioritybyyear,PostdoctoralResearcherroleswerethemostcommonforthosecompletingPhDssince2006(figure8).
Figure8–Top15mostcommoncurrentrolesforPhDgraduatesbyyearofPhDaward.(n=599inthetop15roles)
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5.2.5 Currentdestinations-organisationsThemostcommoncurrentdestinationsforPhDgraduatesinthedatasetwereUKuniversities,withtheUniversityofOxfordmostpopular(figure9).However,itisalsonotablethatasignificantnumberofPhDgraduateshadjoinedGSK.Thishighlightstheimportanceofimmunologyresearchskillstoindustry–seealsosection5.2.3describing17%ofPhDgraduateswhohadmovedtorolesinthepharmaceuticalorbiotechnologyindustries.Suchrolesfeednationalprosperityandthisdatahighlightstherangeandvolumeofnon-academicalternatives.
Figure9–Top10mostcommondestinations-organisations(n=117inthetop10)
5.2.6 CurrentresearchsubjectOfthe651authorsinthecohort,394(63%)pursuedacareerinacademia(includingthosewithjointappointmentsinhealthcare).Individualscurrentlyconductedresearchintoawiderangeofcurrentsubjects,asshowninfigure10.
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Figure10–CurrentresearchsubjectforPhDgraduatesworkinginacademiaoracademia/healthcare(n=394)
6 Results-Analysisoftheworkforceinacademiain2015/16usingHESAdata
6.1 Introduction
TheaimofthisobjectivewastodescribetherolesandlocationsofindividualsworkinginHigherEducationInstitutionsintheUKduring2015/16.DatadescribingacademicworkforcenumbersinimmunologyandrelatedsubjectswasobtainedfromtheHigherEducationStatisticsAgency(HESA).13,135staffwerecontainedinthedatasetusingthesubjectselectioncriteria.Appendix1describestheparametersusedforthissearch.
6.2 Extracteddataset–characteristics
6.2.1 ClassificationofacademicstaffbyuniversitiesAnalysisofthedatafromHESAindicatedconsiderablevariationinhowUniversitiesclassifiedacademicstaff.Forexample,someuniversitiessuchasUCLandImperialCollegeLondonclassifiedahighproportionofstaffinClinicalMedicineandlownumbersinothermedicalorlifesciencesubjectssuchasimmunology,cellbiology
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andpathology(figure11).Incontrast,otheruniversitiese.g.Cambridge,Glasgow,ManchesterandOxfordregisteredagoodproportionofstaffinthesesubjects.
Thisvariationlimitstheanalysisthatcanbedonetocompareinstitutionsanditislikelythatnumbersofstaffworkinginimmunologyareunderrepresentedinthisanalysis.
Figure11–NumbersofacademicstaffworkinginselectedCurrentAcademicDisciplines(CADs)at7universities(n=4195)
6.2.2 Academicstaff-subjectareasThemajority(53%)ofstaffinthedatasetwereclassifiedinthefieldofclinicalmedicine(figure12a).5%ofallstaffinthedatasethadimmunologyastheirprimaryacademicdiscipline.Figure12bshowsamoredetaileddescriptionofthesubjectclassificationofallstaff,excludingthoseinclinicalmedicine.
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Figure12a–NumbersofacademicstaffworkinginselectedCurrentAcademicDisciplines(CAD1;n=13135)
Figure12b–NumbersofacademicstaffworkinginselectedCurrentAcademicDisciplines,excludingclinicalmedicine(CAD1;n=6180)
6.3 AnalysisoftheAcademicWorkforceinImmunology
6.3.1 ContractLevelThedatasetcontained650staffwithimmunologyastheirprimaryacademicdiscipline(CAD1)andafurther140withimmunologyastheirsecondaryacademicdiscipline(CAD2)–seefigure13.Theyweredistributedacrossarangeofcontractlevels(figure13),includinge.g.9%atthelevelofProfessorand32%atthelevelofSeniorProfessional(Technical),Lecturer,ResearchFellow,Researcher(seniorresearchassistant)orTeachingFellow.
Figure13–NumbersofacademicstaffworkinginImmunologyonlybyContractLevel(CAD1,2&3;n=790)
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6.3.2 ResearchandTeaching68%ofstaffinimmunologycarriedoutresearchonly(figure14)and30%conductedteachingalongsideresearch.
Figure14–Numbersofacademicstaffinvolvedinresearch,teachingorboth(CAD1&2;n=790)
6.3.3 Universitieswiththehighestvolumeofimmunologystaff31%oftheimmunologystaffcontainedinthedatasetwerefromtheUniversityofOxford(figure15).Thisdiagramshowstheuniversitieswiththehighestnumbersofstaffclassifiedasworkinginimmunology.NotableabsencesareUCLandImperialCollegeLondon,forthereasonsasdescribedabove(6.2.1).
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Figure15–Numbersofacademicstaffworkinginimmunology(CAD1&2;n=625)attenuniversitieswiththehighestnumbersofstaffclassifiedinimmunology.
6.3.4 Gender55%ofstaffwithimmunologyastheirprimarysubjectwerefemale(figure16),comparedwith51%forallselectedsubjects.
Immunology
Allselectedsubjects
Figure16–Genderofacademicstaffworkinginimmunology(CAD1;n=650)andallselectedsubjects(CAD1;n=13135).
Whenlookingatgenderbycontractlevel(figure17)itisapparentthatlessthan4%offemalesinimmunologyareatProfessoriallevelcomparedto15%formaleimmunologists.Incontrast,ahigherproportionoffemaleimmunologistshavelessseniorrolesatthelevelsofe.g.ResearchorTeachingAssistants,LecturersorResearchfellows.
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Furthermore,therearealsolowerproportionsoffemaleimmunologistsinseniorpositionswhencomparedtofemalesworkingwithinotherdisciplinescontainedwithinthisdataset.
Together,thisdatashowsthatwhilsttherearestrongnumbersofwomenworkinginimmunology,theyarelesslikelytoattainseniorpositionsthaninmanyotherdisciplineswithintheselectedfieldsofmedicalsciences.
Figure17–Proportionofacademicstaffwithineachcontractlevelbygender,workinginimmunology(CAD1)andallselectedsubjects(CAD1).
Furtheranalysisofthedatainfigure17revealsthatonly23%ofimmunologists(maleandfemale)areinseniorpositions(seniorlecturerorhigher)comparedwith30%ofstafffromallotherdisciplinesselected.
6.3.5 NationalityThenationalitiesofindividualsworkinginimmunologywasexploredandcomparedwithothersubjects(figure18).58%ofimmunologystaffwerefromtheUKand26%werefromanotherEUcountry.SubjectssuchasClinicalMedicine,Pre-ClinicalMedicine,Anatomy,Physiology&Pathology,DentistryandMicrobiologyallhadhigherproportionsofstafffromtheUKthanforimmunology.ImmunologyattractsahigherproportionofstafffromoutsidetheUKthanmanyotherdisciplines.ThisfigureshouldbemonitoredinfutureyearstoassesstheeffectsoftheUK’sdeparturefromtheEuropeanUnion.
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Figure18–Thenationalitiesofacademicstaffworkingwithinarangeofacademicdisciplines(CAD1;n=12030).
6.3.6 SourceofbasicsalaryWhencomparingwithacrosssubjectareasinthedataset,ahigherproportionofimmunologystaffreceivedfundingfromtheMRC,WellcomeTrust,othercharitablefoundationsandEUgovernment(figure19).Incontrast,fewerimmunologistswerelikelytoreceivetheirbasicsalarydirectlyfromtheHigherEducationprovider.
Figure19–Thesourceofbasicsalaryforacademicstaffworkingwithinimmunologycomparedwithallacademicdisciplines(includingimmunology)inthedataset(CAD1)–seeAppendix1forsubjectsincluded.
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Whenaddingupthesefigures,almosthalf(47%)ofimmunologistsinacademiareceivedfundingfromamedicalresearchcharity,ResearchCouncilorEU,amuchhigherproportionwhencomparedtoacademicsfromacrossalldisciplinesinthedataset(32%).
Togetherwiththeresultslookingatcontractlevel(figure17),theseresultsdemonstratethatahigherproportionofstaffworkinginimmunologyareinlessseniorpositionsandthereforemorelikelytoreceivetheirbasicsalaryfromgrantfundingthanfromtheUniversity.
7 AcknowledgementsWearegratefultotheBritishLibraryforprovidingthedatadescribingdoctoralthesescompletedontopicsrelatedtoimmunologyfromtheirE-thesisonlineservice(EThOS)database.
WearealsogratefultoBethMcKendrick,aninternworkingattheBritishSocietyforImmunology(BSI)andtoGlynJones,EducationandCareersOfficerattheBSIforconductingpartofthethesisauthortracking.
ThedataforconductingtheanalysisoftheacademicworkforcewasprovidedunderagreementfromtheHigherEducationStatisticsAgency(HESA).NeithertheHigherEducationStatisticsAgencyLimitednorHESAServicesLimitedcanacceptresponsibilityforanyinferencesorconclusionsderivedbythirdpartiesfromdataorotherinformationsuppliedbyHESAServices.
DrNormanFreshneyMay2017
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Appendix1–Datainputandoutputparametersfortheacademicworkforcesearch
SearchParameters(input): Descriptionandnotes
Currentacademicdiscipline(subjectinwhichthestaffmemberiscurrentlyworking):
A100–Pre-clinicalmedicine Vocationalscienceofpreventing,diagnosing,alleviatingorcuringdiseaseinhomosapiens.IncludessuchareasasAnatomy,Physiology,PharmacyandNutrition,whichcanbespecialismsintheirownright.
A300–ClinicalMedicine Theobservation,diagnosisandtreatmentofanillnessordiseasethroughdirectinteractionwithhumanpatients.
A400–ClinicalDentistry Theobservation,diagnosisandtreatmentofdiseaseordamagetoteethandgumsthroughdirectinteractionwithhumanpatients.
B100–Anatomy,physiology&pathology
Thestudyofthehumanbodyandhowitisaffectedbydisease.Includesstudyatcellularandmolecularlevels.
B130–Pathology Thestudyofthenature,causesanddevelopmentofhumandiseases,andthemechanismsofdiseaseinfestationandtransfer.
B131–CellularPathology Thestudyoftheeffectsandnatureofdiseasesincellularstructures.
B132–Pathobiology Thestudyofthebiologicalnatureofdiseases.
C130–CellBiology Concernedwiththeorganisationofthecell,cellmembraneandcellcommunication.
C500–Microbiology Thescientificstudyofmicro-organismsencompassingmajorcomponentsofgeneticsandmolecularbiology.Includesbacteriology,virology,cellstructureandfunction,andmayincludesomeimmunology.
C520–Medical&veterinarymicrobiology
Thestudyoftheinteractionsbetweenmicro-organismsandtheirhosts.
C521–Medicalmicrobiology Thestudyoftheinteractionsbetweenmicro-organismandtheirhumanhosts.
C522–Veterinarymicrobiology
Thestudyoftheinteractionsbetweenmicro-organismsandtheiranimalhosts.
C540–Virology Thestudyofvirusesandviraldiseases.
C550–Immunology Thestudyoftheimmunesystemasadefencemechanismagainstinfection.
C570–Serology Thestudyofseraandblood-relatedproducts.
C760–Biomolecularscience Thestudyofthemolecularprocessesinthelifesciences.
D100–Pre-clinicalveterinarymedicine
Vocationalscienceconcernedwiththediagnosisandtreatmentofdiseaseinanimals.
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D210–Clinicalveterinarymedicine
Theobservation,diagnosisandtreatmentofillness,diseaseordamagethroughdirectinteractionwithnon-humanpatients.
D320–AnimalHealth Thestudyofanimaldiseaseswiththeobjectofpreventionordiagnosisandcure.
D323–Animalpathology
Thestudyoftheeffectofdiseaseand/ordamagetotheanimalframe.Studiesincludedissectionanduseofmicroscopeslides.
D330–Veterinarypublichealth
Thestudyofthepreventionofthespreadofdiseasefromanimalstoman.
Table1.1–InputsearchparametersfordataextractionfromtheHESAdatabase(2015/16only)
Theparametersfortheoutputdataaredescribedintable3.
Dataextractioncategories(output):
Descriptionandnotes
Contractlevel:
DandE HeadofSchools/SeniorFunctionhead
F1 Professor
F2 Functionhead
I0 Non-Academicsectionmanager,Senior/principallecturer,Reader,PrincipalResearchfellow
J0 TeamLeader(Professional,Technical,Administrative),Lecturer,SeniorLecturer,SeniorResearchFellow
K0 SeniorProfessional(Technical),Lecturer,Researchfellow,Researcher(seniorresearchassistant),Teachingfellow
L0 SeniorAdministrativestaff(Professional/technical),Researchassistant,Teachingassistant
Academicemploymentfunction Researchonly;Teachingonly;ResearchandTeaching
HigherEducationprovider Nameofuniversity
Sourceofbasicsalary Funder(e.g.HEFCE,NHS,charity)
Highestqualificationheld Thehighestqualificationheldbythememberofstaff
Sex Male/Female
Nationality UK/OtherEU/Non-EU/Unknown
NHSContract
Table1.2–OutputdataparametersfordataextractionfromtheHESAdatabase(2015/16only)
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Appendix2–CurrentdestinationsofPhDgraduates
Country No. % Country No. %UK 428 66% Portugal 2 0.3%USA 67 10% SouthAfrica 2 0.3%Australia 10 1.5% Argentina 1 0.2%Canada 10 1.5% Bangladesh 1 0.2%Germany 10 1.5% Belgium 1 0.2%Singapore 7 1.1% Botswana 1 0.2%Ireland 6 0.9% Cambodia 1 0.2%Italy 6 0.9% Colombia 1 0.2%Taiwan 6 0.9% CostaRica 1 0.2%India 5 0.8% Cyprus 1 0.2%Malaysia 5 0.8% Egypt 1 0.2%SaudiArabia 5 0.8% Eritrea 1 0.2%Spain 5 0.8% Estonia 1 0.2%Denmark 4 0.6% Indonesia 1 0.2%Greece 4 0.6% IraqiKurdistan
(northernIraq)1 0.2%
Pakistan 4 0.6% Israel 1 0.2%Sweden 4 0.6% Jordan 1 0.2%China 3 0.5% Libya 1 0.2%France 3 0.5% Mexico 1 0.2%Ghana 3 0.5% N.Ireland 1 0.2%Kenya 3 0.5% NewZealand 1 0.2%Netherlands 3 0.5% Oman 1 0.2%Nigeria 3 0.5% Romania 1 0.2%Switzerland 3 0.5% SouthKorea 1 0.2%Thailand 3 0.5% Turkey 1 0.2%Austria 2 0.3% USA/Uganda 1 0.2%Brazil 2 0.3% Yemen 1 0.2%Iran 2 0.3% Zambia 1 0.2%Japan 2 0.3% Zimbabwe 1 0.2%Kuwait 2 0.3%
Table2.1–CurrentdestinationsofPhDgraduatesinthedataset(n=651);seesection5.2.2