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19601969 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 1970s. First report of environmental chemical effects on immune responses (dioxin, PCBs, lead, and cadmium). 2010. ImToxSS celebrates its 25 th Anniversary. Pictured are past ImToxSS Presidents 2010. WHO/IPCS Harmonization Project drafted the guidance "Immunotoxicity Risk Assessment for Chemicals" and released it for public comment. The completed document is intended for use by regulatory authorities and other risk assessment bodies, industry, research institutions and others involved in chemical risk assessment. 20072010. Increased focus on clinical immunotoxicity and biomarkers for risk assessment of immunomodulators and biotherapeutics. 2005. First “speaker’s exchange” between the SOT IMTOX SS and the Japanese Society of Immunotoxicology(JSIT) was held at the University of Tokyo. 2006.“S8 Immunotoxicity Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals” from the International Conference on Harmonization Guidance for Industry was released. 2000s. Knock out and transgenic mice began providing novel insights into mechanism. 1977. Seminal Manuscript by J.G. Vos, “Immune suppression as related to toxicology”, CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 5:67101, and was republished Immunotoxicology 4(3):175200. 1980s. Studies on perinatal exposure took center stage, with interest also for effects on adult immunity. 1984. The first International Seminar on the Immunological System as a Target for Toxic Damage (1984 Commission of the European Communities), proceedings were published. 1980s. The AIDS epidemic hit and the immune system was recognized as the target— this era increased public awareness for the importance of the immune system for human health and contributed to increased funding for immunotoxicology research. 19851990. Multiple symposia were held on immunotoxic effects of environmental, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology agents and methods with which to study them. 1979. Williamsburg Conference, “Biological Relevance of Immune Suppression As Induced by Genetic, Therapeutic and Environmental Factors” – 1 st conference dedicated solely to Immunotoxicology. Proceedings published under same title. 1985. The Immunotoxicology Specialty Section was organized at the Society of Toxicology with over 50 founding members. 1980s. Cytokines captured the attention of the scientific and clinical communities and ushered in the beginnings of Molecular Immunology. 1989. Evaluation of Cytokine Toxicity in Animals and Man, Mechanisms of Immunotoxicity, Foundation of Immunotoxicology, Hampton, VA. 1989. “Issues for Clinically Relevant Preclinical Toxicological Testing of Cytokines”, Spring Conference of the Immunotoxicology Discussion Group, Bethesda, MD. 1990. Workshop: “Initiatives in Immunotoxicology” held at the Fall meeting of the Immunotoxicology Discussion Group, Washington, DC. 1990. “Immunotoxicology and Drug Development: FDA Perspective,” was held as the Fall Symposium on Immunotoxicology under the leadership of the MidAtlantic Chapter SOT, Princeton, NJ. 1992. Immunotoxicity Technical Committee (ITC) was founded as part of the ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute. 1994. Immunotoxicity Testing and Risk Assessment, ILSI, Washington, DC. 1993. Use of Immunotoxicology Test Results for Human Health Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment, ILSI Immunotoxicology Technical Committee, Washington, DC. 1990s. Flow cytometry found widespread use and immune phenotyping expanded. 1990s. TCR/BCR signaling pathways were elucidated. 1990s. Molecular immunotoxicology grew with the development of tools such as RTPCR gene expression. 1992. Proceeding from the 1 st Summer School in Immunotoxicology held in Les Arcs, France, and later published in J Toxicol Clin Exp. 1992. 1992. SOT CE Course: “Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Biotechnology Products”, 31 st Annual SOT Meeting. 1993. The Immune System as a Target for Therapeutics and Chemicals, AAI/CIS Guest Society Scientific Session, Immunotoxicology Discussion Group, Denver, CO. 1994. The Japanese Society of Immunotoxicology (JSIT) was founded as a small researchers’ society and Dr. Hiroshi Nagura was named founding President. 1994. Conference: “Updates on Immunopharmacology & Immunotoxicology”, NCACSOT and AGT, Bethesda, MD. 1995. FDA Intramural Immunology Workshop, Gaithersburg, MD. 1995. NIH/NIEHS issues RFP 95 22: “ Potential for Environmental and Therapeutic Agents to Induce Immunotoxicity”. 1995. FDAversion of International Standard ISO10993, "Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices Part 1: Evaluation and Testing“. It provides an overview of the types of toxicity testing that should be considered for a medical device or constituent materials. 1995. US Congressional mandated report for “Review of Chemicals in Commerce Immunotoxiciy Assessment”. 1996. Immunotoxicology and Chemical Allergy Specialty Section (ITCASS) was founded as a branch of The Association of European Toxicologists and European Societies of Toxicology (EUROTOX). 1997. EPA published Immunotoxicology testing guidelines. 1999. FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health of FDA published guidance. 1999. Clinical Immunology Society Symposium: “Effects of the Environment on Immune Function”, Experimental Biology 99, Washington, DC. 1999. FDA published Immunotoxicology Testing Guidance to provide FDA reviewers and manufacturers with a systematic approach for evaluating potential adverse immunological effects of medical devices and constituent materials. 2001. First Consensus Workshop on Methods in Developmental Immunotoxicology. 2002. Note for Guidance on Repeated Dose Toxicity (CPMP/SWP/1042/99) was published with an Appendix mandating specific immunotoxic screening for pharmaceuticals. 2002. CDER/FDA released “Guidance for Industry: Immunotoxicology Evaluation of Investigational New Drugs” describing potential adverse immune effects that may result from exposure to chemicals and should be considered for safetytesting. 2003. Conference was held to reach consensus regarding the appropriate methods to assess developmental immunotoxicology (DIT) for hazard identification, including under what conditions such testing might be required, Washington DC . 2000s. Methods were optimized for the evaluation of immunotoxicological testing in nonhuman primates. 2000s. Microarray global gene expression studies were the next big thing and the beginning of a role for epigenetics in chemical effects on immune responses and the potential use of toxicogenomics in immunotoxicology. 2004. Journal of Immunotoxicology publishes its first issue. 1978. Drug Safety Gordon Research Conference—Invited session on Immunotoxicology. Lasting two days, this was a signal of genuine recognition by the toxicology community of our newly developing area of science. President Jack Dean CIIT Vice President Loren Koller Univ. of Idaho Vice PresidentElect Donald Gardner Northrop Services, Inc. SecretaryTreasurer Nancy Kerkvliet Oregon State Univ. Councilor Albert Munson Medical College of VA Councilor Peter Bick Medical College of VA Councilor Edwin Buehler Hill Top Research, Inc Immunotoxicology Specialty Section (ImToxSS) 2010–2011 Executive Committee Leigh Ann Burns Naas President Rodney Dietert Vice President Gregory Ladics Vice PresidentElect Jacintha Shenton Secretary/ Treasurer Jean Regal Past President Kazuichi Nakamura Junior Councilor Wendy Komocsar Senior Councilor Jennifer Franko PostDoc. Rep. Xiaochu Zhang Student Rep. Late ‘90s. During this era, there was recognition of the importance of developmental and pediatric immunotoxicology. Dori Germolec 16 th President Scott Burchiel 13th President Peter Thomas 12 th President Daniel Wierda 11 th President Kathleen Rodgers 14th President Judith Zelikoff 15 th President MaryJane Selgrade 17 th President Robert House 18 th President Thomas Kawabata 19 th President Ken Hastings 21 st President Mitchell Cohen 22 nd President Bob Luebke 20 th President Leigh Ann Burns Naas 26 th President Jean Regal 25 th President Stephen Pruett 23 rd President Jeanine Bussiere 24 th President 1960s. Effects of chemotherapeutics on the immune system (bone marrow depletion, immune suppression) showed that the immune system can be a target of ‘chemicals’. 1991. First Immunotoxicology chapter published in Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons by Dean J.H., & Murray M. 2000s. Increased focus of chemicals, drugs and devices on autoimmunity. Many labs worked to develop models to screen hazards in this area. 1992. Potential of Human Biomonitoring for Assessing Immunotoxicity was the subject of an Immunotoxicology Discussion Group (IDG), St. Louis, MO. 1991. “Animal Models In Immunotoxicology,” Immunotoxicology Discussion Group , RTP, NC. 1995. Modulators of Immune Responses: The Evolutionary Trail, Breckenridge, CO, July, 1995 (Judy Zelikoff was one of the organizers). Loren Koller 2 nd President Edwin Buehler 4 th President Jerry Exon 5 th President Albert Munson 7 th President Nancy Kerkvliet 8 th President Lawrence Schook 9 th President Michael Luster 10 th President Peter Bick 6 th President Jack Dean Founding President Donald Gardner 3 rd President 2001. A few of the founders of the field of immunotoxicology at an SOT ImToxSS reception (left to right: Drs. M. Luster, A. Munson, J. Dean, and J. Vos). 1980s. Evolution and validation of a battery of assays for immunotoxicity testing; beginning of mechanism studies (role of Ah receptor; selectivity for T cells vs B cells vs macrophages). 1970s. Discovery and characterization of cyclosporinethe first immunosuppressive chemical to selectively target the immune system. Recognition followed that the chemical industry should test for effects of products on the immune system beyond allergic potential. Science. 1976 Apr 16;192(4236):2403 19751985. NIEHS studied the immunobiological and toxicological effects of polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) contamination in the food chain of Michigan livestock following a mix up at the Michigan Chemical Co. that manufactured both FireMaster (PBB containing fire retardant) and NutriMaster (cattle feed supplement). As a result, over 500 contaminated Michigan farms were quarantined, and approximately 30,000 cattle, 4,500 swine, 1,500 sheep, and 1.5 million chickens were destroyed, along with over 800 tons of animal feed, 18,000 pounds of cheese, 2,500 pounds of butter, 5 million eggs, and 34,000 pounds of dried milk products. Human peripheral lymphocyte numbers and function were studied. 1981. The first NIH/NIEHS contracts were awarded for the development & validation of methods in immunotoxicology, going to A. Munson, et al., Medical College of Virginia, and P. Thomas, et al., Illinois Institute of Technology (J. Dean, Project Officer). There was a major focus during the next 10 years on methods of validation and qualification. MaryJane Selgrade 6 th recipient Jacques Descotes 10 th recipient Michael Holsapple 9 th recipient Henk Van Loveren 8 th recipient Michael Luster 2 nd recipient Jeff Vos 4 th recipient Jack Dean 1 st recipient Ian Kimber 5 th recipient Nancy Kerkvliet 7 th recipient Al Munson 3 rd recipient Vos Career Achievement in Immunotoxicology Award Winners IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY: 26 YEARS OF GLOBAL SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS 1991. CE Course: “Advanced Immunology”, 30 th Annual SOT Meeting. 20102011 Ad Hoc Committee Immunotoxicology Poster to Celebrate the 50 th Anniversary of the SOT Goal : Construct and present a poster to highlight/celebrate the achievements of our discipline over the past 26 years. Susan McKarns, chairman Nancy Kerkvliet, cochair & Pastpresident, 199293 Jack Dean, Pastpresident, 1985–86 Kathleen Rodgers, Pastpresident, 1998–99 Mitchell Cohen, Pastpresident, 2006–07 Jean Regal, Pastpresident 200910 Leigh Ann Burns Nass, President, 201011 Jean Phau, memberatlarge Paige Lawrence, memberatlarge Jennifer Franko, 201011 PostDoc Rep Xiaochu Zhang, 201011 Student Rep Rachel Palmer, studentatlarge, Gross Lab Priya Raman, studentatlarge, Kaminski Lab Jacob Dey, studentatlarge, McKarns Lab Michael Bonn, studentatlarge, McKarns Lab Rio Schondelmeyer, studentatlarge, McKarns Lab We sincerely thank Dr. Michael Luster for the contribution of photographs. International Conference on Immunotoxicology Testing Protocols World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (1978). Conference on Developing Strategies for Immunotoxicology Testing in Humans. World Health Organization, Bilthoven at RIVM (1998). 1991. Symposium: “Indirect Mechanisms of Immune Modulation”, 30th Annual SOT Mtg.
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