Imogene Jensen- Site, City and Region- Integrating Land Use and Infrastructure

8/6/2019 Imogene Jensen- Site, City and Region- Integrating Land Use and Infrastructure

1/27

THE WORLD BANK

SITE, CITY AND REGION:

Integrating Land Use and Infrastructure


2/27

Overview:The relationship between land use and infrastructure

Land use and urban design establish the 1)location, 2) concentration, 3) nature and, 4)function of the demand that infrastructureaims to satisfy

Good land use and urban design can reducethe capital and recurring costs ofinfrastructure, while

Well planned infrastructure systems(transport, energy, water, etc.) can enableand support desirable, equitable and

resilient land use and urban form In short: Land use and infrastructure are

interdependent and mutually reinforcing

2


3/27

Mid-town Manhattan3


4/27

London4


5/27

Paris5


6/27

What do these cities have in common?

Not just high densities..o Continuous, dense arterial and secondary street grids

o Pedestrian-friendly, crossable streets in all directions

o Buildings 100% walk accessible to at least one Metro station

o

Mixed use developmentWhy is this efficient?

o Compactness results in lower unit costs of infrastructure (transportation,water, sewers, electricity, public housing)

o Public transport and other green transport require certain threshold

densities (average of about 40p/ha) and urban form (e.g., concentration ofjobs in a few areas) to be viable

6


7/27

7

Correlation between UrbanDensity and Transport RelatedEnergy Consumption

At the Low Densities and

Fragmented Form of mostNorth American Cities, the onlyOption is the Automobile

Losses are Economic, Social,and Ecological

Resource Efficiency Spatial Form, Land Use and Transport


8/27

8

Transport Space Efficiency:Auto vs Bicycle vs Bus

Source: Muenster, Germany as cited in GTZ Sustainable Transport Sourcebook (2004), Land Use and Urban Transport


9/27

Too many autos and inefficient urban form

In the year 2000, in the USA,congestion in 75 metropolitanareas caused fuel and timelosses valued at US$ 67.5billion

In 2011 it is reported thatcongestion costs Jakarta$1.5 Billion each year

Traffic Congestion!

9


10/27

10Source: UITP (2001) Cities Database as cited in GTZ Sustainable Transport Sourcebook (2004), Land Use and Urban Transport

Urban Land Use,

Transport, and EnergyConsumption


11/27

11

Availability of efficient and affordable options forpassenger and goods transportDemand management, e.g., regulations and policies

that encourage transport use:o Congestion pricing for highways and for vehicles entering

the CBD.o Auto access restrictions/permitso Parking off street and at market price in and around the

CBD

Singapore is exemplifies the seamless integration ofthese various elements.

Efficient Cities:Need to Maintain a High Share of Transit


12/27

The Converse of Efficient Cities is:

Urban sprawl, widely scattered single-purpose developments, lack ofconnectivity

These may be due to:o No planning

o Well intentioned but misguided planning

o Poor investment decisions, which once made, are difficult to change (land use andinfrastructure are DURABLE)

o Lack of enforcement of land use policies, zoning, etc.

o Vested interests

Resulting in inefficient urban/regional form, as evidenced in the case

of:

12


13/27

Cairo 8 km from city center (1,600 people/ha)-lack of planning, inadequate infrastructure

13

Analysis of Cairo by Alain Bertaud


14/27

Cairo New town (40 km from city center),pedestrian unfriendly, with few people, a lot of infrastructure!

14



15/27

Cairo:Land supply and infrastructure in the wrong place

15



16/27

The problem: The urbanpopulation of Hanoi projectedto increase from 2.8 million in2010 to 6.5 million by 2030

The proposed solution:

Build 5 self-sufficient satellitetowns to absorb 1.6 millionpeople; on cheaper land onaverage 30km away from thecore city; requiring connective

transit lines with an estimatedcost of US$20 billion.

Compare Hanoi and Seoul:

16

Hanoi Master PlanProposal for New Towns and Satellite Cities



17/27

New towns often fail because:o They require large, up front public expenditures for infrastructure

o The infrastructure is costly and unsustainable because of long distancescovered

o Land speculators and a strong construction lobby may fuel the process

o Population growth projections may not materialize

o The towns are disconnected from the economic, cultural and historic fabric ofthe city and people do not want to live there.

There are some successes mostly when the new towns are located

closer to the core city, and developed incrementally in response todemand.

17

New Towns and Satellite Cities Risky Business


18/27

Managing Urban Expansion

Well thought out spatial plans in new areas may be difficult toimplement because:o Much of the land is already owned and/or intensively used

o Land in closer proximity to the city may be difficult/costly to acquire

o

A citys influence over the peripheral land may be limitedo There are many stakeholders, each with different interests:

Land Owners

Public Sector Agencies

Infrastructure and Service Providers

Private Sector Developers (Formal and Informal) Financial Institutions

Communities and Community Organizations

So, what to do?

18


19/27

Land Acquisition Method

In this method, public planning authorities and development agencies acquire largeland areaso Government uses its powers of eminent domain to force owners/occupants off of their land

o Compensation is typically paid based on prevailing land prices, e.g., for agricultural land

o Infrastructure is built using public or private funds

o Serviced plots are sold for urban uses at market prices.

Whats wrong with this?o The original owners do not share in the gains, and often lose their livelihood

o Powerful interests and/or corruption may prevail

o The process is slow

19


20/27

Landowners are asked to pool their land and to give up a percentage(typically 30%-40%) for infrastructure, public facilities, etc.

o The remaining land is reconstituted into final plots and allocated tothe original owners in proportion to their original holdings

o A betterment charge is levied on the land-owners to pay for theinfrastructure provided.

Advantages:

o original owners retain ownership and are free to sell their remainingland in the open market

o

in theory, the higher value of the remaining 60%-70% compensates forthe reduced amount of land owned

Disadvantages:

o The procedure is time consuming and cumbersome

o Betterment charges often do not fully cover the cost of infrastructure

20

Land Pooling and Readjustment Method


21/27

21

Shantigram Township: Before and After LandPooling and Readjustment in Gujarat


22/27

This method has been successfully used in many countrieso In Japan, by 2006, 11,808 projects involving a total land area of 394,484

hectares (ha) had been undertaken (Takashi 1995). This accounts for about33% of the urbanized land area of Japan (Sorensen, 2000).

o In South Korea, the Seoul City Government has, since the 1950s, carried out

41 large scale land pooling and readjustment projects, producing: 132.6 ha of urban land in the 1950s, 5,912.3 ha in the 1960s,

3,990.8 ha in the 1970s, and

1,442.1 ha in the 1980s

o

Taiwan, Malaysia, and Bali have also used these schemes.

22

Land Pooling and Readjustment


23/27

By and large such schemes haveo prevented sprawled, patch-work urbanization on the urban fringe

o unlocked land and finance for infrastructure and public services

o created a basis for urban connectivity and the sensible extension of

transport networks, ando ensured that the original rural landholders are able to participate in

the gains of urbanization as they retain their claim to the land throughthe scheme.

But clearly the difficulties of retrofitting urban land showshow important it is to get it right the first time

23

Land Pooling and Readjustment


24/27

24

Land use and urban formlocks in physical andeconomic parameters fortransport, water, waste, energy,telecommunication

Infrastructure network costsincrease with distance andtypography

The case of water:o 70% of the capital cost of a

water system is the linearpiping

o Sometimes 30% of municipalenergy bill is for pumpingwater and waste water

Comparison of Urban Form for Similar Population Size:Atlanta and Barcelona

Map by Alain Bertaud


25/27

25

Curitiba started integrating land use and infrastructure at apopulation of 300,000 it is now 1.7 million. Its approachwas incremental and affordable.

The development of the Curitiba BRT & transport network

in annual increments is shown below:

The Case of Curitiba


26/27

Curitibas Benefits from Land Use Planning

Property market was stimulated & taxrevenues increased

Slum dwellers were resettled and savedfrom risk

Parks and lakes manage flooding at 1/5ththe cost of constructed canals

Parks are linked into the transportationsystem (bicycle and pedestrian corridors)

Green space promotes energy efficiency(the cooling impact of greenery reducespower use in summer)

Public health has benefitted and Tourism has increased.

26


27/27

Final Thoughts

Spatial Development takes place in the larger socio-economic, institutional, legal and political context

It must be approached in an integrated and

systematic mannerAnd must be rooted in the ground level realities of

each urban environment.

THANK YOU!

27

Date post:	07-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	urbanknowledge
View:	219 times
Download:	0 times

Imogene Jensen- Site, City and Region- Integrating Land Use and Infrastructure

Documents