IMP°Mr GRINDING or HARDWOODSSTUDIES ON SWAMP TUPELO, PAPER BIRCH, GREEN ASH,SUGARIBERRY, EASTERN COTTONWOOD, CLACK WILLOW,
AND AMERICAN ELM
Information Reviewed and ReaffirmedApril 1950
No. R1419
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREFOREST SERVICE
FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORYMadison 5, Wisconsin
In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin
THE GRINDING OF HARDWOODS
Studies on Swamp Tupelo, Paper Birch, Green Ash,Sugarberry, Eastern Cottonwood, Black Willow, and American Elm
By
E. R. SCHAFER, Senior Engineerand
J. C. PEW, Associate Engineer
Summary
Investigations of the grinding of hardwoods have been conducted at the ForestProducts Laboratory over a period of years with results that should be ofinterest to manufacturers of papers containing groundwood, who now obtainsuitable softwood species at considerable distances from their mills. Hard-woods, by their ready accessibility to many .groundwood mills, offer distinctadvantages from the standpoint of pulpwood transportation costs. Increaseduse of hardwoods would also aid in the improvement of mixed stands of hard-woods and coniferous woods, and would expand our pulpwood resources.
Swamp tupelo, if ground soon after cutting, yields a groundwood pulp that islight colored and short fibered. It lacks the strength considered essentialin the pulps produced from spruce and other softwoods but, even so, can be
used in appreciable quantities as filler stock in the manufacture of book,magazine, and newsprint paper. Groundwood pulp made from paper birch hassimilar properties. The absorbent quality of this pulp was demonstrated inthe production of a highly absorbent toweling paper. The pulps made fromgreen ash and sugarberry were stronger than those made from tupelo and birch,but not so strong as standard pulp made from spruce. Satisfactory newsprintpapers were made, however, in which both species constituted a considerablepart of the furnish. The groundwood pulps obtained from southern cottonwoodand black willow were comparable in strength with commercial groundwood.Although the color of the latter is too dark to permit its use in newsprintor other light colored papers, it should be suitable for papers and boardsin which the dark color is not objectionable. Groundwood pulp made fromAmerican elm was both short fibered and dark colored, qualities which limitits use to such products as filler stock for boards and papers of low color.
The energy consumed in the making of groundwood pulps from hardwoods neednot be so high as is generally believed necessary. For many purposes asatisfactory groundwood can be made from these woods with less energy thanis ordinarily'consumed in the grinding of softwoods. Some hardwoods,moreover, yield more pulp per cord than can be obtained from the softwoods.
-1- Agriculture-MadisonRept. R1419
FORE'' NNUCTS LABORATORY
LE A Ry
Introduction
Although spruce still is fairly plentiful in some sections of the United Statesand Canada, groundwood mills in some regions of this country have been com-pelled to transport wood from distant points. Thus, the increased cost ofthe wood offsets to a great extent the cheapness of the process. The sprucesare the most desirable species from which to make groundwood pulp, with thetrue firs, western hemlock, and southern pine following in order. The ideaof employing hardwoods in this process is not new, and certain of the hard-wood species have been used to a limited extent for a number of years. Infact, aspen was one of the first species used in the groundwood process. Anincreased use of hardwood species is important not only because they are acheap and abundant material resource, but also because their use is in theinterest of good forestry practice resulting in lasting future benefits. In-creased utilization of hardwoods in the Southern and Eastern States would beconducive to improved forest stands throughout those areas.
IThe grinding of hardwoods has been attempted many times, but the amount ofpublished technical information on the subject is relatively small. Thickensand McNaughton (8) studied the grinding of aspen, paper birch, and blacktupelo and noted that relatively dull stone surfaces and higher energy con-sumption were required to produce pulp comparable with spruce groundwood.Running (6) reported that strength approximating only one-half to two-thirdsthat of spruce is obtained from aspen ground under the same conditions.Cottonwood and poplar require more power and the pulps have lower freenessfor given bursting strengths than some of the coniferous species, accordingto experiments conducted by Wynn-Roberts (2). Munro (i .) suggests that theuse of a 9- or 10-cut, high-lead burr, or even a thread burr, is better forthe grinding of aspen than a 12 or 14 straight or diamond burr. A moderatepressure and low temperature are also desirable. Benninger (1) found thatbeech was more easily ground than spruce. The foaming of the beech ground-wood was, however, quite troublesome. He also reported that a 50-50 mixtureof beech and spruce groundwood pulps was satisfactorily used. Other foreigninvestigators (2, 3) have published results similar to those of the Americanobservers. Boiling or steaming the hardwood before grinding aids in im-proving strength, increasing fiber length, and lowering energy consumptionper ton, but produces a brown pulp (4, 8).
Since the early work of Thickens and McNaughton, the Forest Products Labora-tory has conducted various experiments in the grinding of several hardwoods.This report summarizes the results of these researches.
Swamp Tupelo
Table 1 contains data for the grinding of swamp tupelo (Nyssat eylvatica var.biflora) (formerly swamp black gum, N. biflora), an abundant species in thesouthern United States. It ranges from Maryland to Florida and westward toeastern Texas. The samples tested were obtained from North Carolina. Thewood was ground as received and again after treatment with sodium sulfite
Rept. R1419 -2-
solutions. In all experiments on untreated wood, the pulps obtained werelow in strength and average fiber length as compared to standard sprucegroundwood. The pulps obtained by grinding on a dull-surfaced stone andwith high pressure were more completely fibrillated and slightly strongerthan those obtained with the use of sharper stone surfaces.
These swamp tupelo groundwood pulps had an excellent color. The color ofgroundwood pulps obtained in other experiments was found, however, to be in-fluenced greatly by the conditions of storage prevailing prior to pulping ofthe wood. It has been pointed out in a previous publication (2• that thelight-colored sapwood in the freshly cut wood became discolored in less than2 months if stored in a warm, moist condition, such as might prevail insouthern climates during the summer. The fresh wood did not discolor ifdried rapidly, indicating that moisture was an essential factor in the dis-coloration. Pulping the wood soon after cutting, before discoloration canoccur, would appear to be a desirable practice.
The wood was chemically treated before grinding to improve the strength andincrease thdtaverage fiber length of the pulp. Most pretreating processes,however, discolor the wood, and this discoloration, of course, prevents theuse of the groundwood pulp in light-colored papers. Since the neutral sul-fite solutions used in the semichemical process of treating chips do notdiscolor the wood if properly applied, the liquor used in these experimentswas of that type, i.e., a mixture of sodium sulfite and sodium bicarbonate.Log sections about 28 inches long were weighted down in a treating cylinderand covered with the chemical solution. The conditions of the varioustreatments are summarized in table 2.
When the temperature of treatment was in the range of 150° to 170° C., thewood Was discolored and the brownish groundwood pulps were obtained., Whenalternating vacuum -and pressure were used, with the temperature during thepressure period not exceeding 130° C., the pulps obtained from the treatedwood were not disdolored. When wood treated by the latter method was groundOn'a dull stone with moderate pressure, the pulps had fair strength andwere longer fibered than the untreated wood pulps.
Papermaking experiments indicated that the tupelo groundwood pulps made fromuntreated wood were more useful as filler stock than to provide strength.Data for newsprint and book papers are given in table 3. In most of thenewsprint experiments in which 70 to 75 percent of groundwood and 30 to 25
percent of sulfite pulp were used, the strengths were below standard forthis grade of paper. One, however, (machine run 447) in which 70 percentof tupelo groundwood was combined with 30 percent of commercial spruce sul-fite pulp, was of slightly higher weight, but otherwise equal to standardnewsprint. Another experiment in which 50 percent of the furnish consistedof tupelo groundwood, 20 percent of slash pine groundwood, and the remainderspruce sulfite pulp, (machine run 350) had normal strength. A run in whichthe tupelo groundwood content was reduced to 50 percent and the slash pinesulfite component was increased to 50 percent (machine ran 443) had higherthan standard newsprint strength. Although no trials were made in whichhardwood and coniferous groundwood pulps were combined with either hardwood
Rept., R1419
neutral sulfite semichemical or pine setibleached sulfate pulps, the appli--cability of swamp tupelo groundwood,in : such. furnishes is suggested by theresults of experiments, to be discussed later, in which a paper birch ground-wood of similar type!was so used.
Acceptable sheets of book paper were made, in which the normal component ofsoda pulp was substituted in whole or in part with tupelo groundwood (machineruns 339, 441, and 442). These papers possessed good color, finish, andstrength. One of the papers in this group (run 340) was, except for its lowbursting strength, typical of rotogravure paper in its properties.
The papers having treated tupelo groundwood as part of their furnish wererough of surface and weak. Further study of pulps of this type is necessaryto learn more about their papermaking characteristics.
Paper Birch
Paper birch (Betula papyrifera) is an important northern hardwood. It rangesfrom Labrador to Hudson Bay, southward to Long Island and northern Pennsyl-vania, and westward through . Ontario, Michigan, and northern Wisconsin towestern Minnesota and eastern Manitoba. The wood used in the experimentsreported here was obtained from northern Wisconsin and Michigan. The grind-ing data are given in table 4.
The pulps produced were, in general, like those from the swamp tupelo: shortfibered and low in strength, but, in spite of their short-fibered character-istics, quite free. Increasing the pressure of the wood on the stone surfacefrom 20 pounds per square inch to 30 pounds and then to 40 pounds, successive-ly, reduced both the strength and the unit energy consumption. Freenesswas increased, but there was little change in fiber length. Contrary toexperience with softwoods, raising the pit temperature (without change inconsistency) produced a negligible effect. -
Although the birch wood, especially when green, is quite white, the pulpswere inclined to have a more or less pronounced orange tint. The coloringmatter appeared to be water-soluble, but showed a tendency to become ad-sorbed on the pulp to some extent when standing in suspension, A sample ofthe pulp washed immediately after discharge from the grinder was decidedlyimproved in color.
The properties of the birch groundwood described above did not bar its usein several types of paper. Table 5 shows data for newsprint paper, Whencombined with birch neutral sulfite semichemical pulp and a coniferous ground-wood pulp, birch groundwood may be used in proportions up to 30 percent ofthe total furnish with satisfactory results, The 50 percent of birch semi-chemical pulp used with this amount of birch groundwood brought the totalhardwood content of the sheet to 80 percent. Comparing the properties ofthe experimental papers with the averages for commercial newsprint papers,it is noted that nearly all of the experimental papers are equal to orbetter than the commercial standard in most properties.
Rept. R1419 -4-
Certain grades of toweling paper contain from 40 to 50 percent of groundwoodpulp, usually made from spruce acid balsam, the remainder' of the furnishbeing spruce sulfite pulp. The short fiber, softness, and apparent ab'sor'bentqualities of birch groundwood suggested its possible use in this grade ofpaper. The principal data obtained in several experiments in the making oftoweling paper are given in table The birch groundwood was substitutedfor part or all of the spruce groundwood in amounts varying from 15 to 45percent of the total furnish. The birch groundwood lowered the strengthslightly, but this was overcome to some extent by a little beating or jordan-ing. The drainage from the wire was slower and the wet strength of the webbefore passing the creping doctor was lowered. Considerable picking occurredon the dryers. 'In commercial operation, these machine-operating character-istics will need to be controlled by appropriate countermeasures. The water-absorption rate of the toweling paper was greatly increased by the additionof the birch pulp. One of the best papers, meeting most of the strength re-quirements of the standard toweling paper, contained 25 percent of birchgroundwood (machine run 1707). This paper had more than 3 times the absorb-ency of the standard.
Green Ash, SugarberrY, and-Eastern Cottonwood
Green ash, sugarberry, and cottonwood were received and tested at the sametime. For this reason, it is convenient to compare them here with eachother. Green ash (Fraxinus, pennsylvania lanceolata) is widely spread-throughout southern Canada and the United States as far west as the easternranges of the Rocky Mountains. .Sugarberry (.Celtic laevigata), also commonlyknown as hackberry, is a bottomland hardwood arowing in the southern UnitedStates, being, quite plentiful in, the Mississippi valley. Eastern cottonwood(Populus deltoides Ba•tr.) (formerly P. deltoides virginiana) occurs inriver valleys throughout the eastern, southern, and central United States.The woods used in this study were received from the delta region of Arkansas.
.The grinding data are given in table 7, which includes for comparison purposesdata on paper birch and southern pine and average values for commercial news-print groundwood pulps.
By lowering the grinding pressure on the sugarberry from 30 to 20 pounds persquare inch of wood on the stone surface the pulp strength was raised alittle but a large increase in energy 'consumption per ton was attained, Whenthe pressure was raised to 40 pounds, on the other hand, very little loweringof strength was produced and both a marked inc ,rease in production and a low-ering of energy consumption were achieved. The response with ash was similarto that with sugarberry, except that the increase in pressure reduced theunit energy consumption only slightly.
Comparing the groundwood pulps produced at 30 pounds per square inch, it isapparent that the unit energy consumptions for these three hardwoods are inthe range of commercial practice for newsprint groundwood, with that fromsugarberry being somewhat high. The fibers of the sugarberry and ash weremuch shorter (as indicated by the screen analysis) than average fibers of
Rept. R1419 _5_
the commercial groundwoods and slightly shorter than those of birch pulp.The cottonwood was low in the coarsest mesh fraction (24-mesh), but other-wise approached commercial pulps in screen analysis. The sugarberry and ashhad only fair bursting and tensile strengths and poor tearing strength. Thecottonwood equaled the commercial average in bursting and tensile strength,but was somewhat lower in tearing strength. The sugarberry, ash, and cotton-wood were all superior in strength to the birch groundwood although none wasas strong as the southern pine groundwood. All of them were comparable withspruce groundwood in color.
These hardwood groundwood pulps were used in newsprint papermaklng experi-ments with southern pine groundwood pulp and semibleached southern pine sul-fate pulp. The dataere given in table 8. On the basis of machine runs 1770,and 1771, it was found that a furnish containing 20 percent of cottonwoodgroundwood, 60 percent of pine groundwood, and 20 percent of pine sulfate,lightly jordaned, gave a paper about equal to the average commercial news-print. The whiteness, at 65 percent, was very good. When the cottonwoodgroundwood content was increased to 40 percent (machine run 1772) and the
tsame total groundwood content was maintained, the tensile strength waslowered about one-fifth, but there was practically no change in burstingstrength. The tearing strength was higher than the standard average.
The relative effect of the three hardwood species may be noted by comparingmachine runs 1772, 1773, and 1775. The paper of run 1772, containing cotton-wood groundwood, was about equal in quality to that of run 1773, which con-
tained an equal amount of ash groundwood, while the paper from run 1775,
containing sugarberry groundwood, was poorer. Machine run 1777 was made witha furnish consisting of equal amounts of the three hardwood groundwoods, 39percent in all. The rest of the furnish was pine groundwood and semibleachedsulfate in about the proportions used in the three runs just discussed. Withthe exception of tearing resistance, the test values for all strength proper-ties are less than the average for commercial newsprint. In these newsprintexperiments it appeared that at least 20 percent of semibleached sulfate pulpwas required to bring the bursting and tensile strengths up to values com-parable with commercial newsprint. This amount of sulfate pulp produced atearing strength higher than the standard. Although none of the hardwood-containing papers were quite as strong as the average for pine groundwoodand sulfate alone, they are considered satisfactory for use as newsprint paper.
Summarizing these experiments, it is indicated that groundwood pulp ofacceptable quality can be made from cottonwood, green ash, and sugarberry.In the making of newsprint paper, these pulps can be combined, in quantitiesas high as 40 percent, with southern pine groundwood and semibleached sulfatepulps to produce a satisfactory furnish.
Black Willow and American Elm
Black willow (Salix nigra) occurs in bottomlands throughout the northeastern,eastern, central, and southern United States except in Florida and the south-eastern parts of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. American elm (Ulmusamericana) ranges from southern Canada south to central Florida and west
Rep t. R1419 -6-
through the Central States. to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Thesamples tested at the Laboratory were received from the Arkansas delta region,as were. the three hardwoods discussed in the foregoing section. The'data aregiven in table 7.
The black willow groundwood, like the cottonwood, was low in the 24-meshscreen fraction, but was about equal , to the commercial groundwoods instrength, The elm groundwood was more like the sugarberry in fiber lengthand strength. Under comparable grinding conditions, the energy consumptionfor the elm was higher than that for the willow, which was normal for ground-wood of newsprint grade. The dark color of these pulps was their principaldefeat, and it was for this reason that papermaking tests were not made withthem. It is entirely possible that willow and elm groundwood pulps can beused in papers and boards in which color is not so important, as, for in-stance, in insulating board or container board filler, but no experimentswere made to ascertain this.
General Considerations
It is generally believed that the production of groundwood pulp from hardwoodsrequires a high expenditure of energy. This is often true when it is soughtto produce pulp comparable to spruce groundwood in strength and fiber length.In fact, it is doubtful whether these properties can be obtained with suchdense, short-fibered hardwoods as tupelo, birch, beech, maple, sugarberry,and ash. There are uses for groundwood pulp, however, in which the strengthand fiber length normally obtained from spruce are not necessarily required.The data in tables 1, 4, and 7, give evidence that pulps satisfactorily forcertain purposes can be made from this class of hardwoods with average orbelow average energy consumption. Hardwoods of lower density such as cotton-wood, aspen, willow,.etc., yield relatively free groundwoods with averagestrength and normal energy consumption. The fiber length of these ground-woods is, as a rule, somewhat less than that of spruce, and the color of someof them limits their field of usefulness.
Because of the short fiber of some hardwood groundwood pulps, considerabledifficulty is experienced in attempting to form laps on the wet machine inthe customary manner. It might be better, in such instances, to take thepulp off the machine in loose, crumbled form and store it in bales insteadof laps. Better still, perhaps, would be the use of a slush system entirelywhen grinding hardwoods. Close attention must also be paid to the preventionof white water fiber losses when operating with hardwood groundwood pulps,by providing a properly closed system and adequate save-ails. In some millsthe grinding of hardwoods has been abandoned because low yields were ob,tained. A modification of the wet machine operation and white water systemmight have been a solution to these difficulties.
Some of the hardwoods have fairly high densities in contrast to the softwoodsusually used for groundwood manufacture, The resulting higher weight of woodper cord, and the consequent higher weight yield of pulp are factors to beconsidered in their favor. For instance, the hardwoods studied, with the
Rept. R1419 -7-
exception of cottonwood and willow, ranged from about 2,400 to 2,700 poundsof moisture-free wood per standard cord. The cottonwood and willow werecomparable with spruce in weight per cord, namely around 2,000 pounds.
Literature Cited
(1) Benninger, FritzGroundwood from beech. Wochbl. Papier fabr. 22:118-120 (1941).
(2) Brecht, W.; Schrotter, H.; Suttinger, R.A comparison of various woods in mechanical pulp manufacture. Papierfabr. (Tech. Wiss Teil) 26 413-420 (1938)
(3) Briefkasten.Groundwood from aspen. Wochbl. Papier fabr. 68 (33):622; (35):655;
V (36):681; (Aug. 14, 28, Sept. 4, 1937).
(4) Kin, Myron; Libby, C. E.The manufacture of brown mechanical pulps from hardwoods. I yellowbirch. Paper Ind. and Paper World 22 (7):675 (Octo. 1940); (9):918-
923 (Dec. 1940); (10):1043-1048 (Jan. 1941).
(5) Munro, W. A,Poplar wood as a substitute in the manufacture of groundwood. PaperTrade Jour. 22 (20):60 (Nov. 15, 1923).
(6) Running, K. D.Hardwood utilization by the paper industry. Pulp and Paper Mag. Can.42 (2) 104-106 (Convention issue 1941).
(7) Schafer, E. R.; Pew, J. C.; Pillow, M . Y.Discoloration of swamp black gum pulpwood in storage. Tech. Assoc.Papers 22:405-8 (1939).
(8) Thickens, J. H. and McNaughton, G. C.Groundwood pulp. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 343 (April 26, 1916).
(9) Wynn-Roberts, R. I.Grinding characteristics of various woods. Paper Trade Jour, 104
(6) 46-48 (Feb. 11, 1937).
Rept. R1419 -8-
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