IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE ON INCOME & EMPLOYMENT GENERATION...

CHAPTER – V

IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE ON INCOME & EMPLOYMENT

GENERATION IN THE STUDY AREA

189

CHAPTER-VIMPACT OF MICROFINANCE ON INCOME &

EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN THE STUDY AREA

The rural development and the alleviation of poverty are the two major goals

of the developing nations, to which India is no exception. The major concern of any

government today is to bring down the increasing poverty, empowering, and enabling

the most neglected sections of the society through organized support to all poverty

alleviation programmes. Considering the paucity of funds with poor people, the need

of the hour is to provide adequate credit to the needy people to enable them to

undertake entrepreneurial activity, however small, with the help of NGOs and GOs.

Micro finance is expected to play a pivotal role in poverty eradication, income and

employment generation.

In order to examine whether the micro financing activities have helped in this

pursuit of economic empowerment or not, an endeavor has been made in this chapter

to study the impact of micro financing activities on income and employment in the

study area, Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh.

I. INCOME GENERATION THROUGH MICROFINANCE

In this section, an attempt is made to analyze the impact of micro financing

through SHGs on the generation of income of both respondents’ families on monthly

basis and the incomes of the respondents annually.

I.1. FAMILY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS:

The impact of microfinance on the monthly incomes of families is furnished

hereunder:

190

I.1.1. Monthly Family Incomes of the Respondents under Govt. SHGs:

To know whether the economic status and living standards of the respondents

has got improved, the monthly income of the families of the respondents in Govt.

SHGs is enquired. It is understood that the monthly family income of the respondents

has increased to considerably good extent. The data pertaining to the incomes of the

respondents prior to joining SHGs as well as the income after joining SHGs is

presented in the Table-V.1.

Before joining Govt. SHG, the income of the 23 respondents that is 10.6 per

cent of total 216 respondents was below Rs. 4,000/-, while the family income of the

87 majority respondents constituting 40.3 per cent was in the range of Rs. 4001/- to

Rs. 6000/-. The family income of 46 respondents (21.3%) was between Rs. 6001/-

and Rs. 8000/-, the income of 45 respondents, i.e. 20.8 per cent was between Rs.

8001/- and Rs. 10000/- and the income of 15 respondents (6.9%) was above Rs.

10000/-.

191

Table-V.1.: Monthly Family Incomes of the Respondents under Govt. SHGsMonthly income of the Family

Below 4000 4001 to 6000 6001 to 8000 8001 to 10000 Above 10000Total

Community

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

OC11(15.3)(47.8)

4(5.6)(50.0)

17(23.6)(19.5)

6(8.3)(35.3)

18(25.0)(39.1)

15(20.8)(26.8)

20(27.8)(44.4)

25(34.7)(28.4)

6(8.3)(40.0)

22(30.6)(46.8)

72(100.0)(33.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

BC & Minorities

5(6.9)(21.7)

2(2.8)(25.0)

32(44.4)(36.8)

6(8.3)(35.3)

12(16.7)(26.1)

22(30.6)(39.3)

17(23.6)(37.8)

25(34.7)(28.4)

6(8.3)(40.0)

17(23.6)(36.2)

72(100.0)(33.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

SC & ST7(9.7)(30.4)

2(2.8)(25.0)

38(52.8)(43.7)

5(6.9)(29.4)

16(22.2)(34.8)

19(26.4)(33.9)

8(11.1)(17.8)

38(52.8)(43.2)

3(4.2)(20.0)

8(11.1)(17.0)

72(100.0)(33.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Total23(10.6)(100.0)

8(3.7)(100.0)

87(40.3)(100.0)

17(7.9)(100.0)

46(21.3)(100.0)

56(25.9)(100.0)

45(20.8)(100.0)

88(40.7)(100.0)

15(6.9)(100.0)

47(21.8)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

Source: Primary Data; Note: Figures in brackets indicate percentages of the total.

192

After joining Govt. SHGs, the income levels of the respondents have

completely changed. The number of the respondent whose family monthly income

was below Rs. 4000/-, has got decreased to 8 from 23. The number of OCs under this

income category decreased to 4 from 11, and of BC & Minorities decreased to 2 from

5 and of SC & STs to 2 from 7. Similarly the number of respondents whose family

monthly income was Rs. 4001/- to Rs. 6000/- has also got decreased to 17 after

joining Govt. SHGs, from 87 before joining Govt. SHGs. The number of respondents

belonging to OC category decreased to 6 from 17, similarly the number of BC &

Minorities, decreased to 6 from 32 and the number (SC & STs) decreased to 5 from

38.

However, after joining Govt. SHGs, the respondents are afforded income

generating and income enhancing opportunities. The data shows the same. The

numbers of respondents whose family incomes are between Rs. 6001/- and above Rs.

10000/- have remarkably increased.

The number of respondents whose family income was between Rs. 6001/- and

Rs. 8000/- has increased to 56 from 46 after joining Govt. SHG. Of these respondents,

the number of BC & Minorities has increased to 22 from 12 and the SC & STs

increased to 19 from 16. But the number of OCs decreased to 15 from 18. Simiolarly,

the number of respondents whose family income was Rs. 8001/- to 10000/- has got

tremendous increase from 45 to 88 after joining Govt. SHG. Of the respondents, the

number of OCs increased to 25 from 20, of BC & Minorities to 25 from 17 and of SC

& STs the number has increased to 38 from just 8. In case of the respondents whose

family income was above Rs. 10000/- the same situation happened. Their number has

increased remarkably to 47, after joining Govt. SHGs, which was just 15 before

joining Govt. SHGs. Of these respondents, the number OCs has got increased to 22

193

from 6 and the number of BC & Minorities, increased to 17 from 6 and of those that

belong to SC & ST category, it increased to 8 from 3.

The data clearly shows that joining Govt. SHGs has provided the respondents

with low incomes to enhance their income levels to a considerable level. The numbers

of income groups, that is, those who could earn below Rs. 4000/- and those who earn

between Rs. 4001/- and Rs. 6000/- have got decreased. But the numbers of the

respondents earning from Rs. 6000/- to Rs. 8000/-, from Rs.8001/- to Rs. 10000/- and

above Rs. 10000/- have increased remarkably.

I.1.2. Monthly Family Incomes of the Respondents under MFI SHGs:

The monthly incomes of the families of the respondents before and after

joining MFI SHGs have been presented in TableV.2.

Out of the total 216 respondents in MFI SHGs, majority, 98 (45.4%) had

family monthly income of between Rs. 4001/- and Rs. 6000/- before joining MFI.

There were 77 (35.6%) who had family income of Rs. 6001/- to Rs. 8000/-, while the

family income of 14 (6.5%) respondents was below Rs. 4000/-. The family income of

25 (11.6%) respondents was Rs. 8001/- to Rs. 10000/- and only two (0.9%) had

family income of above Rs. 10000/-.

After joining MFI, the family income levels of all the respondents have

enhanced. The number of respondents who earned below Rs. 4000/- and between Rs.

4001/- and Rs. 6000/- has decreased, while the number of respondents who earned

between Rs. 6001/- and Rs. 8000/-, between Rs. 8001/- and 10000/- and above Rs.

10000/- have remarkably increased.

194

Table-V.2.: Monthly Family Incomes of the Respondents under MFI SHGs

Monthly of Income of the Family

Below 4000 4001 to 6000 6001 to 8000 8001 to 10000 Above 10000

Total

Community

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

OC2(2.8)(14.3)

0(.0)(.0)

21(29.2)(21.4)

2(2.8)(22.2)

32(44.4)(41.6)

9(12.5)(15.5)

15(20.8)(60.0)

46(63.9)(38.3)

2(2.8)(100.0)

15(20.8)(60.0)

72(100.0)(33.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

BC & Minorities

7(9.7)(50.0)

1(1.4)(25.0)

36(50.0)(36.7)

5(6.9)(55.6)

26(36.1)(33.8)

25(34.7)(43.1)

3(4.2)(12.0)

36(50.0)(30.0)

0(.0)(.0)

5(6.9)(20.0)

72(100.0)(33.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

SC & ST5(6.9)(35.7)

3(4.2)(75.0)

41(56.9)(41.8)

2(2.8)(22.2)

19(26.4)(24.7)

24(33.3)(41.4)

7(9.7)(28.0)

38(52.8)(31.7)

0(.0)(.0)

5(6.9)(20.0)

72(100.0)(33.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Total14(6.5)(100.0)

4(1.9)(100.0)

98(45.4)(100.0)

9(4.2)(100.0)

77(35.6)(100.0)

58(26.9)(100.0)

25(11.6)(100.0)

120(55.6)(100.0)

2(.9)(100.0)

25(11.6)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

Source: Primary Data; Note: Figures in brackets indicate percentages of the total.

195

The number of respondents who had family income of below Rs. 4000/- per

month had decreased to 4 after joining MFI, which was 14 before joining MFI.

Similarly the number of the respondents, who had family income of Rs. 4001/- to Rs.

6000/- also decreased to 9 from 98. And the number of those who had family income

of Rs. 6001/- to Rs. 8000/- decreased to 58 from 77 after joining MFI SHGs. This

clearly indicates that joining MFI has afforded the respondents, the income generating

opportunities to enhance their family income. This is proved with the increase of

number of the respondents who are earning incomes of Rs. 8001/- to Rs, 10000/- and

of above Rs. 10000/-.

The number of the respondents who had family income of Rs. 8001/- to Rs.

10000/- per month before joining MFI, has got increased tremendously to 120 from

just 25, after joining MFI SHG. Out of these respondents, those belonging to BC &

Minorities category and those belonging to SC & ST category have got remarkable

benefits besides OCs. There were just 7 SC & ST respondents who had this much of

monthly income before joining MFI SHGs. Their number has increased to 38 after

joining MFI. Similarly, there were only 3 BC & Minority respondents who had this

much amount of family income before joining MFI SHG. But after joining MFI, their

number has become 36. And of those who belong to OC category has become 46,

which was just 15 before.

The number of the respondents whose family monthly income was above Rs.

10,000/- was just 2 before joining MFI. Their number has remarkably increased to 25.

There were two OC respondents before joining MFI under this income group. After

joining MFI SHG their number has increased to 15. There were no respondents

among BC & Minorities and SC & STs whose family income was above Rs. 10000/-

before joining MFI. After joining MFI SHGs 5 respondents of BC & Minority

196

category and 5 of SC & ST category have become capable to enhance their family

income up to above Rs. 10000/-.

This clearly reveals that joining MFI SHGs has afforded the respondents of all

communities to enhance their family income levels to a considerable extent.

I.2. INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS:

The impact of microfinance on the income of the respondents is furnished

Revenue Divisions-wise, Community-wise, Educational level-wise, Occupation-wise

and Ownership of Land-wise under Govt. SHGs and MFI SHGs hereunder:

I.2.1. Govt. SHGs – Revenue Division-wise:

The Table-V.3 shows the details of the income generated by the respondents

division-wise before and after their joining the Govt. SHGs.

The table explains that respondents from all the three divisions have highly been

benefited by joining the Govt., SHGs in terms of higher income. For example only

24 (33.3%) respondents in Guntur division have got income for more than

Rs.1,50,000 before joining Govt., SHGs. The number of respondents in such

category has gone up to 44 (61.1%).

Similarly in Tenali division the number of respondents who have Rs.1,50,000/-

and above income has significantly gone up from low number 13 (18.1%) to 43

(59.1%) after joining the SHGs. Such numbers are 23 (31.9%) and 47 (65.3%)

respectively in Narasaraopet division.

When the overall data has been observed, the income of respondents has

exceptionally gone up after joining Govt., SHGs. The Narasaraopet Revenue

Division has shown the best performance comparing who compared with the other

two divisions. Finally the number of respondents falling below Rs. 1,00,000/-

197

income has declined from (32+71)103 (47.7%) to (6+37) 43 (19.9%) before and

after joining Govt., SHGs respectively.

Statistically there is no significant difference among the Revenue Divisions –

Tenali, Guntur and Narasaraopet in income generation of the respondents before and

after joining SHGs under Govt. SHGs. The F-statistic value (F calculated value is

1.35 and P calculated value is 0.262) at 5% level of significance of ANOVA One

Way explains that there is no significant difference among – Revenue Divisions –

income generation of the respondents is before joining SHGs. The same is holds in

respect of income generation after joining SHGs among the Revenue Divisions,

wherein the F-statistic value (F calculated value is 0.45 and P calculated value is

0.639) of the ANOVA One Way is not significant at 5% level.

Hence, it can be concluded that there is no significant deviation in statistical

terms of income generation among the Revenue Divisions before joining and after

joining SHGs periods under Govt. SHGs.

198

Table-V.3: Income Generation of the Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Division Wise

Before Joining SHGs After Joining SHGs

DivisionBelow 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

TotalBelow 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

Total

Tenali12(16.7)(37.5)

27(37.5)(38.0)

20(27.8)(37.7)

10(13.9)(30.3)

3(4.2)(11.1)

72(100.0)(33.3)

3(4.2)(50.0)

7(9.7)(18.9)

19(26.4)(48.7)

17(23.6)(44.7)

26(36.1)(27.1)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Guntur11(15.3)(34.4)

25(34.7)(35.2)

12(16.7)(22.6)

8(11.1)(24.2)

16(22.2)(59.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

3(4.2)(50.0)

14(19.4)(37.8)

11(15.3)(28.2)

8(11.1)(21.1)

36(50.0)(37.5)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Narasaraopet9(12.5)(28.1)

19(26.4)(26.8)

21(29.2)(39.6)

15(20.8)(45.5)

8(11.1)(29.6)

72(100.0)(33.3)

0(.0)(.0)

16(22.2)(43.2)

9(12.5)(23.1)

13(18.1)(34.2)

34(47.2)(35.4)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Total32(14.8)(100.0)

71(32.9)(100.0)

53(24.5)(100.0)

33(15.3)(100.0)

27(12.5)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

6(2.8)(100.0)

37(17.1)(100.0)

39(18.1)(100.0)

38(17.6)(100.0)

96(44.4)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

Source: Primary Data, Note: Figures in brackets indicate percentages of the total.

ANOVA – One WayBEFORE AFTER

DivisionMean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-value

Tenali 108917 82057 200137 145486Guntur 129814 85423 219829 134545

Narasaropet 126740 796681.35 0.262**

204051 1145240.45 0.639**

Note: ** indicates Not Significant.

199

Figure-V.1: Income Generation of the Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Division Wise

108917

200137

129814

219829

126740

204051

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000A

vera

ge I

nco

me

per

yea

r

Tenali Guntur Narasaropet

Division

BEFORE

AFTER

200

I.2.2. MFI SHGs – Revenue Division-wise:

The Table-V.4 shows the particulars of the income generated by respondents

division-wise before and after their joining MFI SHGs.

The table discloses that respondents from all the three divisions have

exceptionally been benefited by joining the MFI SHGs in terms of higher income.

For example only (5+5) 10 (13.8%) respondents in Narasaraopet division has got

income of more than Rs. 1,50,000/- before joining MFI SHGs. The number of

respondents in such category has gone up to (14+17) 31 (43%) after joining MFI

SHGs.

Similarly in Tenali division the number of respondents with Rs. 1,50,000/- and

above income has significantly gone up from as low as (3+3) 6 (8.4%) to (18+13)

31 (43.1%) after joining MFI SHGs. Such numbers are 8 (11.2%) and 32 (44.4%)

respectively in Narasarapet division.

If the overall data has been observed, the income of respondents has exceptionally

increased after joining MFI SHGs. The Guntur revenue division has shown the

best performance when compared with other two divisions. Finally the number of

respondents getting below Rs. 1,00,000/- income has fallen from (33+92)132

(61.1%) to (1+58) 59 (27.4%) before and after joining MFI SHGs.


Tenali, Guntur and Narasaraopet in income generation of the respondents before and

after joining SHGs under MFIs. The F-statistic value (F calculated value is 0.68 and P

calculated value is 0.506) at 5% level of significance of ANOVA One Way explains

that there is no significant difference among – Revenue Divisions – income

generation of the respondents before joining SHGs. The same is holds in respect of

income generation after joining SHGs among the Revenue Divisions, wherein the F-

201

statistic value (F calculated value is 0.32 and P calculated value is 0.728) of the

ANOVA One Way is not significant at 5% level.

Hence, it can be concluded that there no significant deviation in statistical

terms of income generation among the Revenue Divisions before joining and after

joining SHGs periods under MFIs.

202

Table-V.4: Income Generation of the Respondents under MFI SHGs – Division Wise


Division Below 50000

50000 to 100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

TotalBelow 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

Total

Tenali12(16.7)(36.4)

35(48.6)(35.4)

19(26.4)(31.7)

3(4.2)(25.0)

3(4.2)(25.0)

72(100.0)(33.3)

0(.0)(.0)

21(29.2)(36.2)

20(27.8)(31.7)

18(25.0)(38.3)

13(18.1)(27.7)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Guntur9(12.5)(27.3)

33(45.8)(33.3)

22(30.6)(36.7)

4(5.6)(33.3)

4(5.6)(33.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

1(1.4)(100.0)

20(27.8)(34.5)

19(26.4)(30.2)

15(20.8)(31.9)

17(23.6)(36.2)

72(100.0)(33.3)


31(43.1)(31.3)

19(26.4)(31.7)

5(6.9)(41.7)

5(6.9)(41.7)

72(100.0)(33.3)

0(.0)(.0)

17(23.6)(29.3)

24(33.3)(38.1)

14(19.4)(29.8)

17(23.6)(36.2)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Total33(15.3)(100.0)

99(45.8)(100.0)

60(27.8)(100.0)

12(5.6)(100.0)

12(5.6)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

1(.5)(100.0)

58(26.9)(100.0)

63(29.2)(100.0)

47(21.8)(100.0)

47(21.8)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)




Tenali 91459 47773 147551 67820Guntur 98907 56653 153489 77602

Narasaropet 102096 627610.68 0.506**

158030 901410.32 0.728**


203

Figure-V.2: Income Generation of the Respondents under MFI SHGs – Division Wise

91459

147551

98907

153489

102096

158030

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

Ave

rage

In

com

e per

yea

r


Division

BEFORE

AFTER

204

I.2.3. Govt. SHGs – Community-wise:

The Table-V.5 shows the particulars of the income generated by the

respondents, community-wise, before and after their joining Govt., SHGs. The

following conclusions have been drawn from the table.

The community-wise break up shows that after joining SHGs all the categories

have been highly benefited in income.

In respect of OC community, the number of respondents getting income beyond

Rs. 1,50,000/-, has gone up from just 29 (40.2%) to 54 (75%) after joining

Govt., SHGs. Even in respect of SC & ST communities, the number of

respondents getting income beyond Rs. 1,50,000/- has gone up from just 11

(15.2%) to as high as 32 (44.4%).

Most of the OCs, BCs & Minorities communities have got income above Rs.

2,00,000/- compared to SCs & STs candidates.

If the overall data is observed, the total number of respondents getting income

below Rs. 1,00,000/- has fallen down from (32+71) 103 (47.7%) before joining

Govt., SHGs to as low as (6+37) 43 (19.9%) after joining Govt., SHGs.

There is a significant difference among the Communities like OC, BC &

Minorities and SC & ST in income generation of the respondents before and after

joining SHGs under Govt., SHGs. The F-statistic value (F calculated value is 10.63

and P calculated value is 0.000) at 5% level of significance of ANOVA One Way

explains that there is a significant difference among the communities in terms of

income generation of the respondents before joining SHGs, the same conclusion is

drawn among the communities in respect of the income generation after the SHG

membership. Here also, the F-statistic value (F calculated value is 5.87 and P

calculated value is 0.003) of the ANOVA One Way is significant at 5% level.

205

Hence, it can be concluded that there is significant deviation in statistical data

of income generation among the communities before joining and after joining SHGs

periods under Govt. SHGs.

206

Table-V.5: Income Generation of the Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Community Wise


Community Below 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

TotalBelow 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

Total

OC4(5.6)(12.5)

21(29.2)(29.6)

18(25.0)(34.0)

15(20.8)(45.5)

14(19.4)(51.9)

72(100.0)(33.3)

2(2.8)(33.3)

6(8.3)(16.2)

10(13.9)(25.6)

15(20.8)(39.5)

39(54.2)(40.6)

72(100.0)(33.3)

BC & Minorities

11(15.3)(34.4)

18(25.0)(25.4)

23(31.9)(43.4)

13(18.1)(39.4)

7(9.7)(25.9)

72(100.0)(33.3)

3(4.2)(50.0)

9(12.5)(24.3)

12(16.7)(30.8)

14(19.4)(36.8)

34(47.2)(35.4)

72(100.0)(33.3)

SC & ST17(23.6)(53.1)

32(44.4)(45.1)

12(16.7)(22.6)

5(6.9)(15.2)

6(8.3)(22.2)

72(100.0)(33.3)

1(1.4)(16.7)

22(30.6)(59.5)

17(23.6)(43.6)

9(12.5)(23.7)

23(31.9)(24.0)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Total32(14.8)(100.0)

71(32.9)(100.0)

53(24.5)(100.0)

33(15.3)(100.0)

27(12.5)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

6(2.8)(100.0)

37(17.1)(100.0)

39(18.1)(100.0)

38(17.6)(100.0)

96(44.4)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)


ANOVA – One Way

BEFORE AFTERCommunity

Mean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-valueOC 151805 99580 244814 163198

BC & Minorities 122618 70828 207985 109080SC & ST 91048 61889

10.63 0.000*171217 106425

5.87 0.003*

Note: * indicate Significant.

207

Figure-V.3: Income Generation of the Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Community Wise

151805

244814

122618

207985

91048

171217

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

Ave

rage

In

com

e per

yea

r

OC BC & Minorities SC & ST

Community

BEFORE

AFTER

208

I.2.4. MFI SHGs – Community-wise:

The Table-V.6 Shows the particulars of the income generated by the

respondents community-wise, before and after their joining MFI SHGs. The following

observations have been made from the Table.

The Community-wise break up shows that all the categories have been highly

benefited in income generating after joining MFI SHGs.

In respect of OC community, the number of respondents who were getting

income beyond Rs. 1,50,000 has increased from just 15 (20.8%) to 40 (55.6%)

after joining MFI SHGs. Even in respect of SC & ST community the number of

respondents generating income beyond Rs. 1,50,000/- has gone up from just 2

(2.8%) to 25 (34.7%) after joining the MFI SHGs.

Most of the OC, BC & Minorities communities have got income above Rs.

2,00,000/- when compared to the income of SCs & STs candidates.

When the overall data was studied, the total number of respondents getting

income below Rs. 1,00,000/- has fallen down from 132 (61.1%) before joining

MFI SHGs to as low as 59 (27.4%) after joining MFI SHGs.

Statistically there is a significant difference in income generation of the

respondents among the communities like OC, BC & Minorities and SC & ST before

and after joining SHGs under MFIs. The F-statistic value (F calculated value is 10.76


explains that there is a significant difference in the communities’ income generation

before joining SHGs. The same is observed in respect of income generation among

the communities after joining SHGs. Here also the F-statistic value (F calculated

value is 4.43 and P calculated value is 0.013) of the ANOVA One Way is significant

at 5% level.

209

Hence, it can be concluded that there is significant deviation in statistical

terms in income generation of respondents of the different communities before and

after joining SHGs under MFIs.

210

Table-V.6: Income Generation of the Respondents under MFI SHGs – Community Wise


Community Below 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

TotalBelow 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

Total

OC2(2.8)(6.1)

29(40.3)(29.3)

26(36.1)(43.3)

6(8.3)(50.0)

9(12.5)(75.0)

72(100.0)(33.3)

0(.0)(.0)

10(13.9)(17.2)

22(30.6)(34.9)

21(29.2)(44.7)

19(26.4)(40.4)

72(100.0)(33.3)

BC & Minorities

15(20.8)(45.5)

35(48.6)(35.4)

15(20.8)(25.0)

5(6.9)(41.7)

2(2.8)(16.7)

72(100.0)(33.3)

1(1.4)(100.0)

24(33.3)(41.4)

18(25.0)(28.6)

12(16.7)(25.5)

17(23.6)(36.2)

72(100.0)(33.3)

SC & ST16(22.2)(48.5)

35(48.6)(35.4)

19(26.4)(31.7)

1(1.4)(8.3)

1(1.4)(8.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

0(.0)(.0)

24(33.3)(41.4)

23(31.9)(36.5)

14(19.4)(29.8)

11(15.3)(23.4)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Total33(15.3)(100.0)

99(45.8)(100.0)

60(27.8)(100.0)

12(5.6)(100.0)

12(5.6)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

1(.5)(100.0)

58(26.9)(100.0)

63(29.2)(100.0)

47(21.8)(100.0)

47(21.8)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)


ANOVA – One Way


Mean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-valueOC 121315 64425 175183 87878

BC & Minorities 87497 50773 143354 75737SC & ST 83649 43491

10.76 0.000*140532 67774

4.43 0.013*

Note: * indicates Significant.

211

Figure-V.4: Income Generation of the Respondents under MFI SHGs – Community Wise

121315

175183

87497

143354

83649

140532

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000A

vera

ge I

nco

me

per

yea

r


Community

BEFORE

AFTER

212

I.2.5. Govt. SHGs – Educational Level-wise:

The Table-V.7 discloses the particulars of income generated by respondents of

different educational levels-wise, before and after their joining Govt. SHGs. The

following observations have been made from the table.

In respect of the number of ‘Illiterate’, respondents getting income Rs.

1,50,000/- and above has increased from just 10 (23.8%) before joining Govt.,

SHGs to 19 (45.2%) after joining Govt., SHGs. In Other words only 14

respondents (33.3%) were getting less than Rs. 1,00,000/- income after joining

Govt., SHGs.

All the beneficiaries having ‘Intermediate and Technical’ qualification were

getting income beyond Rs. 1,50,000/- after joining Govt., SHGs.

Significant difference was found among the respondents belonging to various

educational levels like Primary, SSC, Intermediate or Technical, Graduate and

illiterate in income generation before and after joining SHGs under Govt., SHGs. The

F-statistic value (F calculated value is 7.93 and P calculated value is 0.000) at 5%

level of significance of ANOVA One Way explains that there is significant difference

among the respondents of all the categories (educational levels) in the income

generation of before joining SHGs. It is also concluded that the same from the

category of after SHGs income generation. The F-statistic value (F calculated value is

9.07 and P calculated value is 0.000) of the ANOVA One Way is significant at 5%

level.


terms before and after joining SHGs in income generation among the respondent of

different educational levels under Govt. SHGs.

213

Table-V.7: Income Generation of the Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Educational Levels WiseBefore Joining SHGs After Joining SHGs

Educational Levels Below

50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

TotalBelow 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

Total

Primary15(14.7)(46.9)

36(35.3)(50.7)

27(26.5)(50.9)

10(9.8)(30.3)

14(13.7)(51.9)

102(100.0)(47.2)

1(1.0)(16.7)

21(20.6)(56.8)

19(18.6)(48.7)

22(21.6)(57.9)

39(38.2)(40.6)

102(100.0)(47.2)

SSC7(13.0)(21.9)

18(33.3)(25.4)

14(25.9)(26.4)

11(20.4)(33.3)

4(7.4)(14.8)

54(100.0)(25.0)

1(1.9)(16.7)

5(9.3)(13.5)

9(16.7)(23.1)

11(20.4)(28.9)

28(51.9)(29.2)

54(100.0)(25.0)

Inter or Technical

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

2(20.0)(3.8)

2(20.0)(6.1)

6(60.0)(22.2)

10(100.0)(4.6)

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

1(10.0)(2.6)

9(90.0)(9.4)

10(100.0)(4.6)

Graduate0(.0)(.0)

3(37.5)(4.2)

2(25.0)(3.8)

3(37.5)(9.1)

0(.0)(.0)

8(100.0)(3.7)

0(.0)(.0)

1(12.5)(2.7)

2(25.0)(5.1)

0(.0)(.0)

5(62.5)(5.2)

8(100.0)(3.7)

Illiterate10(23.8)(31.3)

14(33.3)(19.7)

8(19.0)(15.1)

7(16.7)(21.2)

3(7.1)(11.1)

42(100.0)(19.4)

4(9.5)(66.7)

10(23.8)(27.0)

9(21.4)(23.1)

4(9.5)(10.5)

15(35.7)(15.6)

42(100.0)(19.4)

Total32(14.8)(100.0)

71(32.9)(100.0)

53(24.5)(100.0)

33(15.3)(100.0)

27(12.5)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

6(2.8)(100.0)

37(17.1)(100.0)

39(18.1)(100.0)

38(17.6)(100.0)

96(44.4)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

Source: Primary Data, Note: Figures in brackets indicate percentages of the total.ANOVA – One Way

BEFORE AFTEREducation levels

Mean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-valuePrimary 123036 85202 202161 126371

SSC 115739 59028 205140 85212Inter or Technical 248325 141035 417660 262790

Graduate 127350 47608 265719 153610Illiterate 95531 62652

7.93 0.000*

164971 99087

9.07 0.000*


214

Figure-V.5: Income Generation of the Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Educational Levels Wise

202161 205140

417660

265719

164971

123036 115739

248325

127350

95531

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

Primary SSC Inter orTechnical

Graduate Illiterate

Education

Ave

rage

In

com

e per

yea

r

BEFORE

AFTER

215

I.2.6. MFI SHGs – Educational Level-wise:

The Table-V.8 shows the particulars of income generated by the respondents,

educational levels-wise, before and after their joining MFI SHGs. The following

conclusions have been drawn from the table.

The number of respondents of ‘Primary’ educational level, getting income Rs.

1,50,000/- and above has increased from just (3+4) 7 (7.9%) before joining MFI

SHGs to (16+17) 33 (37.5%) after joining MFI SHGs. In other words (0+22) 22

(25%) of respondents were getting income less than Rs. 1,00,000/- after joining

MFI SHGs.

The largest per cent (i.e. 72%) of respondents of Intermediate or Technical

category were getting income beyond Rs. 1,50,000/- after joining MFI SHGs.

Statistically there is a significant difference in income generation of the

respondents before joining SHGs among the Educational levels like ‘Primary’, ‘SSC’,

‘Intermediate or Technical’, ‘Graduate’ and ‘Illiterate’ under MFIs, where as there is

no significant difference in terms of income generation of the respondents after

joining SHGs among the educational levels under MFIs. The F-statistic value (F

calculated value is 3 and P calculated value is 0.02) at 5% level of significance of

ANOVA One Way explains that there is a significant difference in income generation

of the respondents before joining SHGs among the educational levels. The same result

is not holds in respect of income generation after joining SHGs among the educational

levels, wherein the F-statistic value (F calculated value is 2.19 and P calculated value

is 0.072) of the ANOVA One Way is no significant at 5% level.

Hence, it can be concluded that there is a significant deviation in statistical

terms in the income generation of the respondents before joining SHGs among the

216

educational levels. But in after joining SHGs, income generation of the respondents

among the educational levels, there is no significant difference.

217

Table-V.8: Income Generation of the Respondents under MFI SHGs – Educational Levels WiseBefore Joining SHGs After Joining SHGs

Educational Levels Below

50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

TotalBelow 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

Total

Primary15(17.0)(45.5)

46(52.3)(46.5)

20(22.7)(33.3)

3(3.4)(25.0)

4(4.5)(33.3)

88(100.0)(40.7)

0(.0)(.0)

22(25.0)(37.9)

33(37.5)(52.4)

16(18.2)(34.0)

17(19.3)(36.2)

88(100.0)(40.7)

SSC10(14.9)(30.3)

31(46.3)(31.3)

21(31.3)(35.0)

4(6.0)(33.3)

1(1.5)(8.3)

67(100.0)(31.0)

0(.0)(.0)

19(28.4)(32.8)

20(29.9)(31.7)

18(26.9)(38.3)

10(14.9)(21.3)

67(100.0)(31.0)

Inter or Technical

3(14.3)(9.1)

6(28.6)(6.1)

4(19.0)(6.7)

3(14.3)(25.0)

5(23.8)(41.7)

21(100.0)(9.7)

1(4.8)(100.0)

4(19.0)(6.9)

1(4.8)(1.6)

3(14.3)(6.4)

12(57.1)(25.5)

21(100.0)(9.7)

Graduate0(.0)(.0)

4(33.3)(4.0)

7(58.3)(11.7)

1(8.3)(8.3)

0(.0)(.0)

12(100.0)(5.6)

0(.0)(.0)

1(8.3)(1.7)

3(25.0)(4.8)

6(50.0)(12.8)

2(16.7)(4.3)

12(100.0)(5.6)

Post Graduate

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

1(100.0)(8.3)

1(100.0)(.5)

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

1(100.0)(2.1)

1(100.0)(.5)


12(44.4)(12.1)

8(29.6)(13.3)

1(3.7)(8.3)

1(3.7)(8.3)

27(100.0)(12.5)

0(.0)(.0)

12(44.4)(20.7)

6(22.2)(9.5)

4(14.8)(8.5)

5(18.5)(10.6)

27(100.0)(12.5)

Total33(15.3)(100.0)

99(45.8)(100.0)

60(27.8)(100.0)

12(5.6)(100.0)

12(5.6)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

1(.5)(100.0)

58(26.9)(100.0)

63(29.2)(100.0)

47(21.8)(100.0)

47(21.8)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)



Mean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-valuePrimary 91285 52082 151321 76644

SSC 89768 41951 145761 78327Inter or Technical 132614 84369 199863 92343

Graduate 109887 25456 148393 41245Illiterate 103792 73519

3 0.02*

142604 80880

2.19 0.072**

Note: * indicates Significant, ** indicates Not Singificant.

218

Figure-V.6: Income Generation of the Respondents under MFI SHGs – Educational Levels Wise

151321145761

199863

148393142604

91285 89768

132614

109887103792

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000


Graduate Illiterate

Education

Ave

rage

In

com

e per

yea

r

BEFORE

AFTER

219

I.2.7. Govt. SHGs – Occupation-wise:

The Table-V.9 discloses the details of income of respondents, occupation-

wise, before and after their joining Govt. SHGs. The following conclusions have been

drawn from the table.

The overall total number of respondents belonging to various occupations

getting income of Rs. 1,50,000/- and above has increased from only (33+27) 60

(27.8%) before joining SHGs to as high as (38+96) 134 (62%) after joining

Govt. SHGs.

Mostly 95 respondents from cultivation have been benefited, constituting 84 per

cent of the total respondents. Similarly only 13 respondents belonging to

‘business’ were also getting income of Rs. 1,50,000/- and above after joining

Govt. SHGs.

When the total data has been observed, only the respondents belonging to

‘others’ and ‘labor’ occupation were getting income below Rs. 1,50,000/- even

after joining the Govt. SHGs. In other words 54.6% of others and 65.4% of the

labors were getting income below Rs. 1,50,000/- even after joining the Govt.

SHGs.

There is a significant difference in income generation of respondents of

different occupations like ‘Cultivation’, ‘Labour’, ‘Business’ and ‘Others’ before and

after joining Govt., SHGs. The F-statistic value (F calculated value is 25.46and P

calculated value is 0.000) at 5% level of significance of ANOVA One Way explains

that there is a significant difference among the occupations in terms of income before

joining SHGs and the same conclusion is drawn in respect of the income generation of

different occupations after the SHG membership. Here also, the F-statistic value

220

(F calculated value is 25.75 and P calculated value is 0.000) of the ANOVA One Way

is significant at 5% level.


terms in the income generation of respondents of different occupations before and

after joining Govt., SHGs.

221

Table-V.9: Income Generation of the Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Occupation Wise


Occupation Below 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

TotalBelow 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

Total

Cultivation7(6.2)(21.9)

24(21.2)(33.8)

39(34.5)(73.6)

22(19.5)(66.7)

21(18.6)(77.8)

113(100.0)(52.3)

0(.0)(.0)

7(6.2)(18.9)

11(9.7)(28.2)

28(24.8)(73.7)

67(59.3)(69.8)

113(100.0)(52.3)

Labour24(30.8)(75.0)

40(51.3)(56.3)

7(9.0)(13.2)

5(6.4)(15.2)

2(2.6)(7.4)

78(100.0)(36.1)

6(7.7)(100.0)

27(34.6)(73.0)

24(30.8)(61.5)

6(7.7)(15.8)

15(19.2)(15.6)

78(100.0)(36.1)

Business0(.0)(.0)

1(7.1)(1.4)

4(28.6)(7.5)

5(35.7)(15.2)

4(28.6)(14.8)

14(100.0)(6.5)

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

1(7.1)(2.6)

2(14.3)(5.3)

11(78.6)(11.5)

14(100.0)(6.5)

Others1(9.1)(3.1)

6(54.5)(8.5)

3(27.3)(5.7)

1(9.1)(3.0)

0(.0)(.0)

11(100.0)(5.1)

0(.0)(.0)

3(27.3)(8.1)

3(27.3)(7.7)

2(18.2)(5.3)

3(27.3)(3.1)

11(100.0)(5.1)

Total32(14.8)(100.0)

71(32.9)(100.0)

53(24.5)(100.0)

33(15.3)(100.0)

27(12.5)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

6(2.8)(100.0)

37(17.1)(100.0)

39(18.1)(100.0)

38(17.6)(100.0)

96(44.4)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)



OccupationMean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-value

Cultivation 148628 75485 240291 109862Labour 72699 50770 136985 92151Business 207968 129504 387500 228116Others 85178 47302

25.46 0.000*

151498 74424

25.75 0.000*


222

Figure-V.7: Income Generation of the Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Occupation Wise

240291

136985

387500

151498148628

72699

207968

85178

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

Cultivation Labour Business Others

Occupations

Ave

rag

e In

com

e P

er Y

ear

BeforeAfter

223

I.2.8. MFI SHGs – Occupation-wise:

The Table-V.10 shows the details of incomes of the respondents, occupation-

wise, before and after their joining MFI SHGs. The following findings have been

noticed from the table.

The overall total number of respondents belonging to various occupations getting

income of Rs. 1,50,000/- and above has increased from only 24 (11.2%) before

joining MFI SHGs to as high as 94 (43.6%) after joining MFI SHGs.

A total of 24 respondents from ‘business’ category have been benefited mostly

85.7 per cent. Similarly 56 (63%) respondents from ‘cultivation’ category were

also getting income of Rs. 1,50,000/- and above after joining MFI SHGs.

Only the ‘labour’ category were getting income of Rs. 1,50,000 even after joining

the MFI SHGs. In other words 48 per cent of the labours were getting income

below Rs. 1,50,000 even after joining the MFI SHGs.

Thus a significant difference was found in income generation among the

respondents belonging to the occupations like ‘Cultivation’, ‘Labour’, ‘Business’ and

‘Others’ before and after joining SHGs under MFI. The F-statistic value (F calculated

value is 23.91 and P calculated value is 0.000) at 5% level of significance of ANOVA

One Way explains that there is significant difference among the different occupations

in terms of income generation of before joining SHGs. Even in the after joining

SHGs, the F-statistic value (F calculated value is 26.27 and P calculated value is

0.000) of the ANOVA One Way is significant at 5% level.


terms in income generation among the respondents of different occupations before

and after joining SHGs under MFIs.

224

Table-V.10: Income Generation of the Respondents under MFI SHGs – Community Wise


Occupation Below 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

TotalBelow 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

Total


36(40.4)(36.4)

36(40.4)(60.0)

6(6.7)(50.0)

6(6.7)(50.0)

89(100.0)(41.2)

0(.0)(.0)

10(11.2)(17.2)

23(25.8)(36.5)

32(36.0)(68.1)

24(27.0)(51.1)

89(100.0)(41.2)

Labour25(26.0)(75.8)

59(61.5)(59.6)

10(10.4)(16.7)

2(2.1)(16.7)

0(.0)(.0)

96(100.0)(44.4)

1(1.0)(100.0)

46(47.9)(79.3)

37(38.5)(58.7)

6(6.3)(12.8)

6(6.3)(12.8)

96(100.0)(44.4)

Business3(10.7)(9.1)

2(7.1)(2.0)

13(46.4)(21.7)

4(14.3)(33.3)

6(21.4)(50.0)

28(100.0)(13.0)

0(.0)(.0)

2(7.1)(3.4)

2(7.1)(3.2)

8(28.6)(17.0)

16(57.1)(34.0)

28(100.0)(13.0)

Others0(.0)(.0)

2(66.7)(2.0)

1(33.3)(1.7)

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

3(100.0)(1.4)

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

1(33.3)(1.6)

1(33.3)(2.1)

1(33.3)(2.1)

3(100.0)(1.4)

Total33(15.3)(100.0)

99(45.8)(100.0)

60(27.8)(100.0)

12(5.6)(100.0)

12(5.6)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

1(.5)(100.0)

58(26.9)(100.0)

63(29.2)(100.0)

47(21.8)(100.0)

47(21.8)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)




Cultivation 112996 112996 177208 72515Labour 68749 68749 109972 46431Business 147336 147336 221201 105351Others 91767 91767

23.91 0.000*

176833 54650

26.27 0.000*


225

Figure-V.8: Income Generation of the Respondents under MFI SHGs – Community Wise

9176

7

1473

36

6874

91129

96

1768

332212

01

1099

72

1772

08

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

Cultiv

ation

Labo

ur

Busin

ess

Other

s

Occupations

Ave

rag

e In

com

e P

er Y

ear

BEFORE

AFTER

226

I.2.9. Govt. SHGs – Ownership of land-wise


respondents ‘Ownership of Land-wise’, before and after their joining Govt. SHGs.

The following observations have been made from the table.

While only 46 per cent of the respondents have both ‘Owned and Leased out land’

were getting income above Rs. 1,50,000/- before joining Govt. SHGs, the

percentage has gone up to more than 90 per cent after joining SHGs.

Similarly 76 per cent of the respondents from ‘Owned Land’ category were

enjoying income above Rs. 1,50,000/- after joining Govt., SHGs.

Even after joining Govt. SHGs, 38 per cent of the respondents from ‘No Land’

categories were getting income below Rs. 1,00,000/-.

Statistically there is a significant difference in the income generation among

the respondents of ‘Ownership of Land’ – ‘No Land’, ‘Owned’, ‘Leased Out’ and

‘Both Owned and Leased Out’ categories before and after joining SHGs under Govt.,

SHGs. The F-statistic value (F calculated value is 10.43 and P calculated value is

0.000) at 5% level of significance of ANOVA One Way explains that there is highly

significant difference among the ‘ownership of land’ category in terms of income

generation of before joining SHGs. In the case of income generation after joining

SHGs the same conclusions are made, the F-statistic value (F calculated value is 4.46

and P calculated value is 0.005) of the ANOVA One Way is significant at 5% level.


terms in income generation of respondents under the category of ‘Ownership of Land’

of both before and after joining SHGs.

227

Table-V.11: Income Generation of the Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Ownership of Land WiseBefore Joining SHGs After Joining SHGs

Ownership of Land Below

50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

TotalBelow 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

Total

NO land22(26.2)

(68.8)43(51.2)(60.6)

7(8.3)(13.2)

7(8.3)(21.2)

5(6.0)(18.5)

84(100.0)(38.9)

3(3.6)(50.0)

29(34.5)(78.4)

25(29.8)(64.1)

5(6.0)(13.2)

22(26.2)(22.9)

84(100.0)(38.9)

Owned4(13.8)(12.5)

8(27.6)(11.3)

11(37.9)(20.8)

1(3.4)(3.0)

5(17.2)(18.5)

29(100.0)(13.4)

0(.0)(.0)

3(10.3)(8.1)

4(13.8)(10.3)

9(31.0)(23.7)

13(44.8)(13.5)

29(100.0)(13.4)

Leased out2(6.5)(6.3)

10(32.3)(14.1)

10(32.3)(18.9)

5(16.1)(15.2)

4(12.9)(14.8)

31(100.0)(14.4)

0(.0)(.0)

3(9.7)(8.1)

8(25.8)(20.5)

8(25.8)(21.1)

12(38.7)(12.5)

31(100.0)(14.4)

Both Owned and Leased

out

4(5.6)(12.5)

10(13.9)(14.1)

25(34.7)(47.2)

20(27.8)(60.6)

13(18.1)(48.1)

72(100.0)(33.3)

3(4.2)(50.0)

2(2.8)(5.4)

2(2.8)(5.1)

16(22.2)(42.1)

49(68.1)(51.0)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Total32(14.8)(100.0)

71(32.9)(100.0)

53(24.5)(100.0)

33(15.3)(100.0)

27(12.5)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

6(2.8)(100.0)

37(17.1)(100.0)

39(18.1)(100.0)

38(17.6)(100.0)

96(44.4)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)



Ownership of LandMean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-value

No land 87784 84662 171313 155211Owned 131791 75826 223847 113333

Leased out 123500 56463 205608 91844Both Owned and Leased out 156801 77387

10.43 0.000*

245465 112658

4.46 0.005*


228

Figure-V.9: Income Generation of the Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Ownership of Land Wise

1568

01

1235

00

1317

91

8778

4

2454

65

2056

08

2238

47

1713

13

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

No land Owned Leasedout

BothOwned

andLeased

out

Ownership of Land

Ave

rag

e In

com

e P

er Y

ear

BEFOREAFTER

229

I.2.10. MFI SHGs – Ownership of land-wise:


respondents belonging to ‘Ownership of Land-wise’ before and after their joining

MFI SHGs. The following conclusions have been drawn from the table.

While only 18 per cent of the respondents have ‘Owned Land’ were getting

income above Rs. 1,50,000 before joining MFI SHGs, the percentage has

increased to more than 62 per cent after joining SHGs.

If the overall data is studied, 67 per cent of the respondents from both ‘Owned and

Leased’ land category were enjoying income above Rs. 1,50,000 after joining MFI

SHGs.

Even after joining MFI SHGs, 43 per cent of the respondents from ‘No Land’

categories were getting income below Rs. 1,00,000/-

Statistically there is a significant difference in income generation among the

respondents of ‘Ownership of Land’– ‘No Land’, ‘Owned’, ‘Leased Out’ and ‘Both

Owned and Leased Out’ categories before and after joining SHGs under MFIs. The F-

statistic value (F calculated value is 12.52 and P calculated value is 0.000) at 5% level

of significance of ANOVA One Way explains that there is significant difference

among ‘ownership of land’ categories in terms of income generation of before joining

SHGs and the same conclusion is drawn in respect of the income generation of

different ‘ownership of land’ categories. After the SHG membership, the F-statistic

value (F calculated value is 13.53 and P calculated value is 0.000) of the ANOVA

One Way is significant at 5% level.


terms in income generation among those under ‘ownership of land’ category of both

before and after joining SHGs.

230

Table-V.12: Income Generation of the Respondents under MFI SHGs – Ownership of Land Wise

Before Joining SHGs After Joining SHGsOwnership of

Land Below 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

TotalBelow 50000

50000 to

100000

100000 to

150000

150000 to

200000

Above 200000

Total

No land22(26.5)(66.7)

52(62.7)(52.5)

4(4.8)(6.7)

4(4.8)(33.3)

1(1.2)(8.3)

83(100.0)(38.4)

1(1.2)(100.0)

36(43.4)(62.1)

36(43.4)(57.1)

3(3.6)(6.4)

7(8.4)(14.9)

83(100.0)(38.4)

Owned8(13.1)(24.2)

17(27.9)(17.2)

25(41.0)(41.7)

4(6.6)(33.3)

7(11.5)(58.3)

61(100.0)(28.2)

0(.0)(.0)

13(21.3)(22.4)

10(16.4)(15.9)

20(32.8)(42.6)

18(29.5)(38.3)

61(100.0)(28.2)

Leased out1(5.0)(3.0)

9(45.0)(9.1)

8(40.0)(13.3)

1(5.0)(8.3)

1(5.0)(8.3)

20(100.0)(9.3)

0(.0)(.0)

6(30.0)(10.3)

3(15.0)(4.8)

4(20.0)(8.5)

7(35.0)(14.9)

20(100.0)(9.3)

Both Owned and Leased out

2(3.8)(6.1)

21(40.4)(21.2)

23(44.2)(38.3)

3(5.8)(25.0)

3(5.8)(25.0)

52(100.0)(24.1)

0(.0)(.0)

3(5.8)(5.2)

14(26.9)(22.2)

20(38.5)(42.6)

15(28.8)(31.9)

52(100.0)(24.1)

Total33(15.3)(100.0)

99(45.8)(100.0)

60(27.8)(100.0)

12(5.6)(100.0)

12(5.6)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

1(.5)(100.0)

58(26.9)(100.0)

63(29.2)(100.0)

47(21.8)(100.0)

47(21.8)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)



Ownership of LandMean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-value

No land 70502 34908 113976 67839Owned 118970 70996 168423 75852

Leased in 104863 48687 185393 87925Both Owned and Leased in 112525 49516

12.52 0.000*

184833 70148

13.53 0.000*

Note: * indicates significant.

231

Figure-V.10: Income Generation of the Respondents under MFI SHGs – Ownership of Land Wise

70

50

2

11

89

70

10

48

63

11

25

25

11

39

76 16

84

23

18

53

93

18

48

33

020000400006000080000

100000120000140000160000180000200000

No land Owned Leasedout

BothOwned

andLeased

outOwnership of Land

Av

era

ge

Inc

om

e P

er

Ye

ar

BEFORE

AFTER

232

I.3. SAVING LEVELS:

Savings are important for an emergent need which happen suddenly or for

future use. The beneficiaries have started saving some amount out of their income.

I.3.1. Savings of the Respondents under Govt. SHGs:

Savings of the individuals reflect the income and economic levels of the

individuals. So to analyze the income capacity, economic standard which determine

the savings capacity of the respondents, related data has been obtained from the

responses of the respondents and presented in Table-V.13.

Before joining Govt. SHGs, most of the respondents i.e. 198 out of 216 who

constitute 91.7 per cent could save below Rs. 200/- only per month. There were only

6.5 per cent i.e. 14 of respondents who saved Rs. 200/- to Rs. 300/- and mere 1.4 per

cent i.e.3 only who saved Rs. 300/- to Rs. 400/-. Those who saved above Rs. 400/- are

in quite negligible number (0.5%). However, after joining SHGs, the percentages of

respondents who are able to save Rs. 200/- to 300/-, Rs. 300/- to Rs. 400/- and above

Rs. 400/- have increased to a considerable extent and the number of respondents who

saved below Rs. 200/- has decreased. This indicates that their joining of SHGs has

afforded the respondents the ability to save a considerable sum of amounts from their

earnings.

Out of the 198 respondents, of all communities who saved below Rs. 200/-

before joining SHGs are more or less in equal proportions, with a negligible

variations. Among them the SC & STs are 67, the OCs are 66 and the BC &

Minorities are 65. After joining SHGs their respective numbers decreased

considerably to 38 (SC & STS), 33 (OCs) and 32 (BC & Minorities).

233

Table-V.13: Savings of the Respondents under Govt. SHGs

Savings

Below 200 200 to 300 300 to 400 Above 400Total

Community

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

OC66(91.7)(33.3)

33(45.8)(32.0)

5(6.9)(35.7)

13(18.1)(31.0)

0(.0)(.0)

13(18.1)(37.1)

1(1.4)(100.0)

13(18.1)(36.1)

72(100.0)(33.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

BC & Minorities

65(90.3)(32.8)

32(44.4)(31.1)

6(8.3)(42.9)

17(23.6)(40.5)

1(1.4)(33.3)

14(19.4)(40.0)

0(.0)(.0)

9(12.5)(25.0)

72(100.0)(33.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

SC & ST67(93.1)(33.8)

38(52.8)(36.9)

3(4.2)(21.4)

12(16.7)(28.6)

2(2.8)(66.7)

8(11.1)(22.9)

0(.0)(.0)

14(19.4)(38.9)

72(100.0)(33.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Total198(91.7)(100.0)

103(47.7)(100.0)

14(6.5)(100.0)

42(19.4)(100.0)

3(1.4)(100.0)

35(16.2)(100.0)

1(.5)(100.0)

36(16.7)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

Source: Primary Data; Note: Figures in brackets indicate percentages to the total

234

The number of respondents who saved Rs. 200/- to Rs. 300/- before joining

SHGs was 14, which has increased to 42 after joining SHGs. Out of these 42

respondents, the OCs are 13 (31%), the BC & Minorities are 17 (40.5%) and the SC

& STs are 12 (28.6%).

The number of respondents who saved Rs. 300/- to Rs. 400/- were only 3

before joining SHGs. After joining SHG the number of respondents who could save

Rs. 300/- to Rs. 400/- has greately increased. It is 35. There was no OC respondent

among these respondents before joining SHGs. After joining SHGs 13 OC

respondents are able to save this much of amount. In case of BC & Minority there was

only one respondent before joining SHGs, whose number has increased to 14 after

joining SHGs. Similarly there were only 2 SC & ST respondents who saved Rs. 300/-

to 400/- before joining SHG. Their number has increased to 8 after joining SHG.

The number of respondents who saved above Rs. 400/- before joining SHG

was only one who belonged to OC category. Surprisingly their number has

remarkably increased to 13, after joining the SHG. There were no respondents among

BC & Minority and SC & St respondents who saved above Rs. 400/- before joining

SHGs. But after joining SHG, the number of BC & Minorities category has increased

to 9. Similarly the number of SCs & STs increased to 14 who are able to save above

Rs. 400/-.

Thus joining SHGs afforded the respondents of all categories the ability to

save a considerable sum of money.

235

I.3.2. Savings of the Respondents under MFI SHGs:

To know whether the joining of MFI SHGs has improved the saving capacity

of the respondents, they were enquired of their savings before and after joining MFI

SHGs. The data pertaining to their savings is obtained from their responses and

presented in Table-V.14.

Before joining MFI SHG there were 67 respondents out of 216 who could not

save money. Among them the majority i.e. 33, constituting 49.3 per cent were OCs,

18 i.e. 26.9 per cent were SC & STs and the 16 BC & Minorities constitute 23.9 per

cent. After joining MFI, almost all these respondents, except one OC respondent

gained economic sustainability to save money. There were 137 respondents, who

constitute 63.4 per cent who saved below Rs. 200/- only before joining MFI SHGs.

Among them the 56 i.e. 40.9 per cent were BC & Minorities, 53 constitute 38.7 per

cent were SC & STs and the 28 OCs constitute 20.4 per cent. After joining MFI SHGs

the number of OC respondents has increased to 47 (30.1%), the number of BC &

Minorities increased to 58 i.e. 37.2 per cent but the number of SC & STs decreased to

51. Thus, the number of the respondents who are able to save below Rs. 200/- has

increased to 156 from 137 after joining SHGs.

236

Table-V.14: Savings of the Respondents under MFI SHGs

Savings

No Savings Below 200 200 to 300 300 to 400 Above 400Total

CommunityBefore SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

Before SHG

After SHG

OC33(45.8)(49.3)

1(1.4)(100.0)

28(38.9)(20.4)

47(65.3)(30.1)

3(4.2)(75.0)

11(15.3)(34.4)

2(2.8)(100.0)

3(4.2)(37.5)

6(8.3)(100.0)

10(13.9)(52.6)

72(100.0)(33.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

BC & Minorities

16(22.2)(23.9)

0(.0)(.0)

56(77.8)(40.9)

58(80.6)(37.2)

0(.0)(.0)

12(16.7)(37.5)

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

2(2.8)(10.5)

72(100.0)(33.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

SC & ST18(25.0)(26.9)

0(.0)(.0)

53(73.6)(38.7)

51(70.8)(32.7)

1(1.4)(25.0)

9(12.5)(28.1)

0(.0)(.0)

5(6.9)(62.5)

0(.0)(.0)

7(9.7)(36.8)

72(100.0)(33.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Total67(31.0)(100.0)

1(.5)(100.0)

137(63.4)(100.0)

156(72.2)(100.0)

4(1.9)(100.0)

32(14.8)(100.0)

2(.9)(100.0)

8(3.7)(100.0)

6(2.8)(100.0)

19(8.8)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

Source: Primary Data; Note: Figures in brackets indicate percentages of the total

237

Before joining MFI, there were only 4 (1.9%) respondents out 216 who saved

Rs. 200/- to Rs. 300/-. Their number has increased by 8 hold to 32 i.e. 14.8 per cent

after joining MFI. There was no BC & Minorities respondent who was able to save

this amount before joining MFI. After joining MFI SHGs 12 respondents of BC &

Minorities respondents have become able to save Rs. 200/- to Rs. 300/- per month.

There was only one SC & ST category respondent who was able to save this much of

amount before joining. Their number has increased to 9 after joining MFI. The

number of OC respondents decreased to 1 from 3 after joining MFI SHGs. This

indicates that their saving capacity has got improved.

Before joining MFI, there were only two OC respondents who saved Rs. 300/-

to Rs. 400/-. But after joining MFI, their number has increased to three. Before

joining MFI there was no BC & Minority or SC & ST respondent who could save Rs.

300/- to Rs. 400/- per month. But after their joining MFI, 5 respondents of SC & ST

category have become economically potential to save Rs. 300/- to Rs. 400/- per

month.

Before joining MFI, there were only six OC respondents who saved above Rs.

400/- per month. After joining MFI their number has increased to 10. There was not

any BC & Minority respondent or SC & ST respondent who was able to save above

Rs. 400/- per month before joining MFI. Surprisingly, after joining MFI, two

members of BC & Minority category and seven members of SC & ST category have

become capable to save above Rs. 400/- per month.

Thus, it can be said that joining MFI SHG has afforded the respondents the

economic strength by providing income generation opportunities. The decrease in the

number of respondents who could not save and who could save little amount doesn’t

indicate economic incapacity of the respondents. It clearly indicates that their income

238

sustenance has remarkably improved, which evidently shows the increase of the

number of respondents who are able to save Rs. 200/- to Rs. 300/-, Rs. 300/- to Rs.

400/- and above Rs. 400/-. Per month, this is a progressive and positive step in the

right direction.

II. EMPLOYMENT GENERATION THROUGH MICROFINANCE

In this section, an attempt is made to analyze the impact of micro financing

through SHGs on the generation of employment of the respondents Revenue

Division-wise, Community-wise, Educational level-wise, Occupation-wise and

Ownership of Land-wise under Govt. SHGs and MFI SHGs hereunder:

II.1 Govt. SHGs – Revenue Divisions-wise:

The Table-V.15 reveals the details of the number of days of employment

generated by the respondents division-wise before and after their joining SHGs.

The table discloses that respondents from all the three Revenue Divisions were

richly benefited in terms of higher employment by joining the SHGs. For instance,

only 27 respondents in Tenali division got employment for more than 240 days

before joining SHGs. The number of respondents has gone up to 49 after joining

SHGs. Similarly, in Guntur Revenue Division the number of respondents who got

240 days and above days employment has significantly gone up from as low as 21

to 58 after joining SHGs. The number of such respondents is 26 before and 56

after joining SHGs in Narasaraopet division.

One can therefore conclude clearly that the number of days of employment for

respondents has significantly gone up after joining SHGs. Guntur revenue division

has projected better performance when compared to the remaining two divisions.

239

Finally, the number of respondents getting employment of below 180 days has

also gone up from 28 to 53 before and after joining SHGs.

Statistically, there is no significant difference among the Revenue Divisions

like Tenali, Guntur and Narasaraopet in Employment generation of the respondents

before and after joining SHGs under Govt. SHGs. The F-statistic value (F calculated

value is 0.27 and P calculated value is 0.764) at 5% level of significance of ANOVA

One Way explains that there is no significant difference among the Revenue Divisions

in terms of employment generation of before joining SHGs. The same is observed in

respect employment generation among the Revenue Divisions – after joining SHGs.

Here also the F-statistic value (F calculated value is 0.37 and P calculated value is



terms in employment generation among the revenue divisions before and after joining

SHGs under Govt.

240

Table-V.15: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Division Wise




Tenali 231.11 53.13 269.62 50.14Guntur 230.58 51.52 275.79 49.47

Narasaropet 236.07 43.240.27 0.764**

274.85 39.100.37 0.693**


Before Joining SHGs After Joining SHGsDivision Below

180 days180 to

240 days240 to

300 daysAbove

300 daysTotal

Below 180 days

180 to 240 days

240 to 300 days

Above 300 days

Total

Tenali 13(18.1)(46.4)

32(44.4)(27.8)

20(27.8)(37.0)

7(9.7)(36.8)

72(100.0)(33.3)

6(8.3)(54.5)

17(23.6)(40.5)

32(44.4)(34.0)

17(23.6)(24.6)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Guntur 8(11.1)(28.6)

43(59.7)(37.4)

14(19.4)(25.9)

7(9.7)(36.8)

72(100.0)(33.3)

3(4.2)(27.3)

11(15.3)(26.2)

32(44.4)(34.0)

26(36.1)(37.7)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Narasaraopet 7(9.7)(25.0)

40(55.6)(34.8)

20(27.8)(37.0)

5(6.9)(26.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

2(2.8)(18.2)

14(19.4)(33.3)

30(41.7)(31.9)

26(36.1)(37.7)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Total28(13.0)(100.0)

115(53.2)(100.0)

54(25.0)(100.0)

19(8.8)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

11(5.1)(100.0)

42(19.4)(100.0)

94(43.5)(100.0)

69(31.9)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

241

Figure-V.11: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Division wise

231.11

269.62

230.58

275.79

236.07

274.85

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

Ave

rage

Em

ploy

men

t D

ays


Community

BEFORE

AFTER

242

II.2. MFI SHGs – Revenue Division-wise:

The Table-V.16 presents the particulars of the number of days of employment

generated to respondents division-wise before and after their joining MFI SHGs.

The table reveals that respondents from all the three divisions were benefited

exceptionally by joining the MFI SHGs in terms of more days of employment. For

instance only 21 respondents in Guntur division had got employment for more

than 240 days before joining MFI SHGs. The number of respondents in such

category went up to 42 after joining SHGs.

Similarly in Tenali revenue division the number of respondents who got 240 and

above days of employment significantly went up from as low 14 to 42 after

joining MFI SHGs. If the particulars of Nrasaraopet division are observed, such

number of respondents went up from 18 to 49.

There was a tremendous change in employment condition after joining MFI

SHGs. The role of MFI SHGs is being highly appreciated. Narasaraopet division

has projected better performance when compared to the remaining two divisions.

Finally, the number of respondents falling ‘below 180 days’ category decreased

from 62 to 22.


Tenali, Guntur and Narasaraopet in employment generation of the respondents before

and after joining SHGs under MFIs. The F-statistic value (F calculated value is 0.47


explains that there is no significant difference in employment generation of the

respondents before joining SHGs among the Revenue Divisions. The same result is

holds in respect of employment generation after joining SHGs among the Revenue

243

Divisions, wherein the F-statistic value (F calculated value is 1.43 and P calculated

value is 0.242) of the ANOVA One Way is not significant at 5% level.


terms in the employment generation of the respondents before and after joining SHGs

among the revenue divisions.

244

Table-V.16: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under MFI SHGs – Division Wise


DivisionsBelow

180 days180 to

240 days240 to

300 daysAbove

300 daysTotal

Below 180 days

180 to 240 days

240 to 300 days

Above 300 days

Total

Tenali23(31.9)(37.1)

35(48.6)(34.7)

11(15.3)(25.0)

3(4.2)(33.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

7(9.7)(31.8)

23(31.9)(37.7)

26(36.1)(31.0)

16(22.2)(32.7)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Guntur22(30.6)(35.5)

29(40.3)(28.7)

19(26.4)(43.2)

2(2.8)(22.2)

72(100.0)(33.3)

9(12.5)(40.9)

21(29.2)(34.4)

27(37.5)(32.1)

15(20.8)(30.6)

72(100.0)(33.3)


37(51.4)(36.6)

14(19.4)(31.8)

4(5.6)(44.4)

72(100.0)(33.3)

6(8.3)(27.3)

17(23.6)(27.9)

31(43.1)(36.9)

18(25.0)(36.7)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Total62(28.7)(100.0)

101(46.8)(100.0)

44(20.4)(100.0)

9(4.2)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

22(10.2)(100.0)

61(28.2)(100.0)

84(38.9)(100.0)

49(22.7)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)




Tenali 208.6 50.15 256.61 51.88Guntur 209.00 44.98 243.86 57.57

Narasaropet 215.58 51.060.47 0.629**

257.25 51.191.43 0.242**


245

Figure-V.12: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under MFI SHGs – Division Wise

208.6

256.61

209

243.86

215.58

257.25

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Ave

rage

Em

plo

ymen

t D

ays


Division

BEFORE

AFTER

246

II.3. Govt. SHGs – Community-wise:


generated to respondents, community-wise, before and after their joining SHGs. The

following inferences are drawn from the table.

The community-wise break-up reveals that all categories were considerably

benefited in employment after joining SHGs.

In respect of the number of respondents of BC & Minorities getting employment

beyond 240 days has considerably gone up from just 31 (43%) to 61 (82%) after

joining SHGs. Even in respect of those belonging to SC & ST communities who

got employment beyond 240 days their number has gone up from just 19 (26%) to

as high as 53 (73%).

Most of the OCs, BCs & Minorities communities got employment for above 300

days when compared to SC & ST candidates.

When the overall data is observed the total number of respondents getting

employment below 240 days has sharply fallen down from 143 (66%) before

joining SHGs to as low as 53 (24%) after joining SHGs.

Statistically there is a significant difference in employment generation of the

respondents among the communities like OC, BC & Minorities and SC & ST before

joining SHGs under Govt., SHGs, where as there is no significant difference in terms

of employment generation of the respondents after joining SHGs among the

communities under Govt., SHGs. The F-statistic value (F calculated value is 4.77 and

P calculated value is 0.009) at 5% level of significance of ANOVA One Way explains

that there is a significant difference in employment generation of the respondents

before joining SHGs among the communities. The same result is not holds in respect

of employment generation after joining SHGs among the category of communities,

247

wherein the F-statistic value (F calculated value is 2.44 and P calculated value is 0.09)

of the ANOVA One Way is not significant at 5% level.


terms in the employment generation of the respondents before joining SHGs among

the communities. But after joining SHGs, employment generation of the respondents

among the educational levels there is no significant difference.

248

Table-V.17: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Community Wise


Community Below 180 days

180 to 240 days

240 to 300 days

Above 300 days

TotalBelow

180 days180 to

240 days240 to

300 daysAbove

300 daysTotal

OC10(13.9)

(35.7)39(54.2)(33.9)

13(18.1)(24.1)

10(13.9)(52.6)

72(100.0)(33.3)

8(11.1)(72.7)

13(18.1)(31.0)

26(36.1)(27.7)

25(34.7)(36.2)

72(100.0)(33.3)

BC & Minorities

5(6.9)(17.9)

36(50.0)(31.3)

23(31.9)(42.6)

8(11.1)(42.1)

72(100.0)(33.3)

0(.0)(.0)

13(18.1)(31.0)

33(45.8)(35.1)

26(36.1)(37.7)

72(100.0)(33.3)

SC & ST13(18.1)

(46.4)40 (55.6)

(34.8)18(25.0)(33.3)

1(1.4)(5.3)

72(100.0)(33.3)

3(4.2)(27.3)

16(22.2)(38.1)

35(48.6)(37.2)

18(25.0)(26.1)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Total28(13.0)(100.0)

115(53.2)(100.0)

54(25.0)(100.0)

19(8.8)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

11(5.1)(100.0)

42(19.4)(100.0)

94(43.5)(100.0)

69(31.9)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)



CommunityMean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-value

OC 234.18 55.94 269.39 53.94BC & Minorities 244.19 50.03 283.17 38.48

SC & ST 219.39 37.654.77 0.009*

267.71 44.462.44 0.09**

Note: * indicates Significant, ** indicates Not Significant.

249

Figure-V.13: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Community Wise

234.18

269.39

244.19

283.17

219.39

267.71

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Ave

rage

Em

ploy

men

t D

ays


Community

BEFORE

AFTER

250

II.4. MFI SHGs – Community-wise:


generated to respondents community-wise before and after their joining SHGs under

MFI SHGs. The following conclusions had made from the table.

The Community-wise break up reveals that all categories were highly benefited

in employment after joining MFI SHGs.

In respect of SC & ST, the number of respondents getting employment for 240

days and more exceptionally went up from 18 (25%) to 45 (61.1%) after joining

SHGs. Even in respect of BC & Minorities the number of respondents beyond

240 days of employment went up from 17 (23.6%) to as high as 44 (61.1%).

Most of the SC & ST, BC & Minorities communities had got employment above

300 days when compared to OC Community.

If the overall data is analyzed, the total number of respondents getting

employment below 240 days fall down from 163 (75.5%) before joining SHGs

to as low as 83 (38.4%) after joining MFI SHGs.

Statistically there is no significant difference in employment generation of

respondents before and after joining SHGs among the different Communities like OC,

BC & Minorities and SC & ST under MFIs. The F-statistic value (F calculated value

is 0.46 and P calculated value is 0.633) at 5% level of significance of ANOVA One

Way explains that there is no significant difference among the communities in terms

of employment generation before joining SHGs and the same conclusion is drawn in

respect of the employment generation of different communities after the SHG

membership. Here also, the F-statistic value (F calculated value is 0.69 and P

calculated value is 0.504) of the ANOVA One Way is not significant at 5% level.

251


terms in the employment generation of respondents among different communities

before and after joining MFI SHGs.

252

Table-V.18: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under MFI SHGs – Community Wise

Before Joining SHGs After Joining SHGsCommunity Below

180 days180 to

240 days240 to

300 daysAbove

300 daysTotal

Below 180 days

180 to 240 days

240 to 300 days

Above 300 days

Total

OC17(23.6)(27.4)

37(51.4)(36.6)

16(22.2)(36.4)

2(2.8)(22.2)

72(100.0)(33.3)

8(11.1)(36.4)

20(27.8)(32.8)

31(43.1)(36.9)

13(18.1)(26.5)

72(100.0)(33.3)

BC & Minorities

23(31.9)(37.1)

32(44.4)(31.7)

11(15.3)(25.0)

6(8.3)(66.7)

72(100.0)(33.3)

10(13.9)(45.5)

18(25.0)(29.5)

26(36.1)(31.0)

18(25.0)(36.7)

72(100.0)(33.3)

SC & ST22(30.6)(35.5)

32(44.4)(31.7)

17(23.6)(38.6)

1(1.4)(11.1)

72(100.0)(33.3)

4(5.6)(18.2)

23(31.9)(37.7)

27(37.5)(32.1)

18(25.0)(36.7)

72(100.0)(33.3)

Total62(28.7)(100.0)

101(46.8)(100.0)

44(20.4)(100.0)

9(4.2)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

22(10.2)(100.0)

61(28.2)(100.0)

84(38.9)(100.0)

49(22.7)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)


ANOVA – One Way


Mean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-valueOC 215.38 47.42 248.9 53.05

BC & Minorities 209.99 54.84 250.22 60SC & ST 207.82 43.47

0.46 0.633**258.6 47.66

0.69 0.504**


253

Figure-V.14: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under MFI SHGs – Community Wise

215.38

248.9

209.99

250.22

207.82

258.6

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Ave

rage

Em

plo

ymen

t D

ays


Community

BEFORE

AFTER

254

II.5. Govt. SHGs – Educational Level-wise:

The Table-19 reveals the details of the number of days of employment

generated to respondents educational levels-wise before and after their joining SHGs

under Govt. SHGs. The following inferences were drawn from the table.

In respect of the number of ‘Illiterate’ respondents getting employment for 240

days and above has gone up from just 13 (31%) before joining SHGs to 31 (74%)

after joining SHGs. In other words only 11 (26%) respondents were getting less

than 240 days employment after joining SHGs.

The largest 9 per cent respondents of ‘Intermediate and Technical’ educational

level were getting employment beyond 240 days after joining SHGs.

Statistically there is no significant difference in employment generation of

respondents before and after joining SHGs among the Educational levels like

‘Primary’, ‘SSC’, ‘Intermediate or Technical’, ‘Graduate’ and ‘Illiterate’ under Govt.,


0.488) at 5% level of significance of ANOVA One Way explains that there is no

significant difference among the educational levels in terms of employment

generation before joining SHGs and the same conclusion is drawn in respect of the

employment generation of different educational levels after the SHG membership.

Here also, the F-statistic value (F calculated value is 0.26 and P calculated value is



terms in the employment generation of respondents among the different educational

levels before and after joining MFI SHGs.

255

Table-V.19: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Educational Levels Wise

Before Joining SHGs After Joining SHGsEducational

Levels Below 180 days

180 to 240 days

240 to 300 days

Above 300 days

TotalBelow

180 days180 to

240 days240 to

300 daysAbove

300 daysTotal

Primary9(8.8)(32.1)

60(58.8)(52.2)

25(24.5)(46.3)

8(7.8)(42.1)

102(100.0)(47.2)

4(3.9)(36.4)

18(17.6)(42.9)

46(45.1)(48.9)

34(33.3)(49.3)

102(100.0)(47.2)

SSC9(16.7)(32.1)

25(46.3)(21.7)

17(31.5)(31.5)

3(5.6)(15.8)

54(100.0)(25.0)

3(5.6)(27.3)

13(24.1)(31.0)

20(37.0)(21.3)

18(33.3)(26.1)

54(100.0)(25.0)

Inter or Technical

1(10.0)(3.6)

5(50.0)(4.3)

1(10.0)(1.9)

3(30.0)(15.8)

10(100.0)(4.6)

1(10.0)(9.1)

0(.0)(.0)

5(50.0)(5.3)

4(40.0)(5.8)

10(100.0)(4.6)

Graduate1(12.5)(3.6)

4(50.0)(3.5)

1(12.5)(1.9)

2(25.0)(10.5)

8(100.0)(3.7)

1(12.5)(9.1)

2(25.0)(4.8)

1(12.5)(1.1)

4(50.0)(5.8)

8(100.0)(3.7)


21(50.0)(18.3)

10(23.8)(18.5)

3(7.1)(15.8)

42(100.0)(19.4)

2(4.8)(18.2)

9(21.4)(21.4)

22(52.4)(23.4)

9(21.4)(13.0)

42(100.0)(19.4)

Total28 (13.0)(100.0)

115(53.2)(100.0)

54(25.0)(100.0)

19(8.8)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

11(5.1)(100.0)

42(19.4)(100.0)

94(43.5)(100.0)

69(31.9)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)



Education levelsMean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-value

Primary 232.65 46.04 275.76 42.64SSC 231.69 45.67 269.33 47.4

Inter or Technical 252.9 67.57 278.40 62.16Graduate 249.13 74.45 279.00 61.42Illiterate 225.62 51.81

0.86 0.488**

270.74 48.44

0.26 0.904**


256

Figure-V.15: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Educational Levels Wise

275.76269.33

278.4 279270.74

232.65 231.69

252.9 249.13

225.62

0

50

100

150

200

250

300


Graduate Illiterate

Education

Ave

rage

Em

ploy

men

t da

ys

BEFORE

AFTER

257

II.6. MFI SHGs – Educational Level-wise:

The Table-V.20 shows the particulars of the number of days of employment

generated to the respondents of different educational levels before and after their

joining MFI SHGs. The following concepts have been drawn from the table.

In respect of ‘illiterates’, the number of respondents getting employment for 240

days and above has gone up from just 9 (33.3%) before joining SHGs to 19

(70.3%) after joining SHGs under MFI. In other words only 8 (29.6%)

respondents were getting less than 240 days of employment after joining MFI

SHGs.

The largest number of 59 (67%) respondents belonging to ‘primary’ educational

level was getting employment beyond 240 days after joining MFI SHGs.


respondents among the educational levels like ‘Primary’, ‘SSC’, ‘Intermediate or

Technical’, ‘Graduate’ and ‘Illiterate’ before joining SHGs under MFIs, where as

there is no significant difference in terms of employment generation of the

respondents after joining SHGs among the educational levels under MFI SHGs. The

F-statistic value (F calculated value is 2.79 and P calculated value is 0.027) at 5%

level of significance of ANOVA One Way explains that there is a significant

difference in employment generation of the respondents before joining SHGs among

the educational levels. The same result is not holds in respect of employment

generation after joining SHGs among the category of educational levels, wherein the

F-statistic value (F calculated value is 2.09 and P calculated value is 0.089) of the

ANOVA One Way is not significant at 5% level.


terms in the employment generation of the respondents before joining SHGs among

258

the educational levels. But after joining SHGs, employment generation of the

respondents among the educational levels there is no significant difference under MFI

SHGs.

259

Table-V.20: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under MFI SHGs – Educational Levels Wise

Before Joining SHGs After Joining SHGsEducational

Levels Below 180 days

180 to 240 days

240 to 300 days

Above 300 days

TotalBelow

180 days180 to

240 days240 to

300 daysAbove

300 daysTotal

Primary17(19.3)(27.4)

49(55.7)(48.5)

17(19.3)(38.6)

5(5.7)(55.6)

88(100.0)(40.7)

4(4.5)(18.2)

25(28.4)(41.0)

34(38.6)(40.5)

25(28.4)(51.0)

88(100.0)(40.7)

SSC28(41.8)(45.2)

29(43.3)(28.7)

9(13.4)(20.5)

1(1.5)(11.1)

67(100.0)(31.0)

10(14.9)(45.5)

24(35.8)(39.3)

19(28.4)(22.6)

14(20.9)(28.6)

67(100.0)(31.0)

Inter or Technical

6(28.6)(9.7)

9(42.9)(8.9)

5(23.8)(11.4)

1(4.8)(11.1)

21(100.0)(9.7)

2(9.5)(9.1)

6(28.6)(9.8)

11(52.4)(13.1)

2(9.5)(4.1)

21(100.0)(9.7)

Graduate3(16.7)(3.2)

4(33.3)(4.0)

5(41.7)(11.4)

1(8.3)(11.1)

13(100.0)(5.6)

2(16.7)(9.1)

2(16.7)(3.3)

8(58.3)(8.3)

1(8.3)(2.0)

13(100.0)(5.6)


10(37.0)(9.9)

8(29.6)(18.2)

1(3.7)(11.1)

27(100.0)(12.5)

4(14.8)(18.2)

4(14.8)(6.6)

12(44.4)(14.3)

7(25.9)(14.3)

27(100.0)(12.5)

Total62(28.7)(100.0)

101(46.8)(100.0)

44(20.4)(100.0)

9(4.2)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

22(10.2)(100.0)

61(28.2)(100.0)

84(38.9)(100.0)

49(22.7)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)



Mean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-valuePrimary 219.03 47.7 263.93 48.02

SSC 197.12 44.55 241.88 57.98Inter or Technical 215.57 52.49 239.86 53.98

Graduate 233.33 52.02 243.67 49.67Illiterate 206.43 50.95

2.79 0.027*

255.82 57.47

2.09 0.089**

Note: * indicates Significant, ** indicates Not Significant.

260

Figure-V.16: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under MFI SHGs – Educational Levels Wise

219.03

197.12

215.57

233.33

206.43

263.93

241.88 239.86 243.67255.82

0

50

100

150

200

250

300


Graduate Illiterate

Education

Ave

rage

Em

ploy

men

t da

ys

BEFORE

AFTER

261

II.7. Govt. SHGs – Occupation-wise:


generated for respondents Occupation-wise before and after their joining SHG’s. The

following inferences were drawn from the table.

Overall the total number of respondents belonging to various occupations getting

employment for 240 days and above has gone up from only 73 (34%) before

joining SHGs to as high as 163 (75%) after joining SHGs.

Mostly the respondents from ‘cultivation’ have been benefited largely their

number is 79, percentage is 70 per cent. Similarly the 14 respondents belonging to

‘business’ category got employment for 240 days and above after joining SHGs.

When observed the over all trend, the respondent belonging to ‘cultivation’ and

‘labour’ occupations were getting employment for below 240 days after joining

the SHGs. In other words, 69 per cent of the cultivators and 26 per cent of the

labours were getting employment below 240 days even after joining the SHGs.

Statistically there is a significant difference in the employment generation of

the respondents among the different Occupations like Cultivation, Labour, Business

and Others – before and after joining SHGs under Govt. SHGs. The F-statistic value

(F calculated value is 22.42 and P calculated value is 0.000) at 5% level of

significance of ANOVA One Way explains that there is much significant difference

among the occupations in terms of employment generation of the respondents before

joining SHGs. In the case of after joining SHGs, the same result is drawn in

employment generation of the respondents among the occupations, here the F-statistic

value (F calculated value is 11.5 and P calculated value is 0.000) of the ANOVA One

Way is a significant at 5% level.

262

Hence it can be concluded that there are much significant deviation in

statistical terms among the respondents of different occupations in generating

employment before and after joining SHGs.

263

Table-V.21: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Occupation Wise


Occupation Below 180 days

180 to 240 days

240 to 300 days

Above 300 days

TotalBelow

180 days180 to

240 days240 to

300 daysAbove

300 daysTotal


75(66.4)(65.2)

24(21.2)(44.4)

1(.9)(5.3)

113(100.0)(52.3)

5(4.4)(45.5)

29(25.7)(69.0)

51(45.1)(54.3)

28(24.8)(40.6)

113(100.0)(52.3)

Labour13(16.7)(46.4)

37(47.4)(32.2)

22(28.2)(40.7)

6(7.7)(31.6)

78(100.0)(36.1)

5(6.4)(45.5)

11(14.1)(26.2)

40(51.3)(42.6)

22(28.2)(31.9)

78(100.0)(36.1)

Business1(7.1)(3.6)

1(7.1)(.9)

3(21.4)(5.6)

9(64.3)(47.4)

14(100.0)(6.5)

0(.0)(.0)

0(.0)(.0)

2(14.3)(2.1)

12(85.7)(17.4)

14(100.0)(6.5)

Others1(9.1)(3.6)

2(18.2)(1.7)

5(45.5)(9.3)

3(27.3)(15.8)

11(100.0)(5.1)

1(9.1)(9.1)

2(18.2)(4.8)

1(9.1)(1.1)

7(63.6)(10.1)

11(100.0)(5.1)

Total28(13.0)(100.0)

115(53.2)(100.0)

54(25.0)(100.0)

19(8.8)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

11(5.1)(100.0)

42(19.4)(100.0)

94(43.5)(100.0)

69(31.9)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)


ANOVA – One Way

BEFORE AFTEROccupation

Mean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-valueCultivation 219.20 31.56 263.41 39.07

Labour 231.91 49.78 274.22 47.37Business 310.71 60.15 331.64 29.33Others 275.45 68.99

22.42 0.000*

296.55 65.39

11.5 0.000*


264

Figure-V.17: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Occupation Wise

219.

2

231.

91

275.

45

274.

22 296.

55

310.

71

331.

64

263.

41

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Cultiv

atio

n

Labo

ur

Busines

s

Oth

ers

Occupations

Ave

rag

e E

mp

loym

ent d

ays

BEFOREAFTER

265

II.8. MFI SHGs – Occupations-wise:

The Table-V.22 discloses the particulars of the number of days of employment

generated for respondents, occupation-wise, before and after their joining MFI SHGs.

The following concepts have been drawn from the table.

Overall the total number of respondents belonging to various occupations

getting employment of 240 days and above has gone up from just only 53

(24.6%) before joining MFI SHGs to as high as 133 (61.6%) after joining MFI

SHGs.

The respondents from ‘labor’ occupation mostly have been benefited largely –

71 respondents constitute 74 per cent. Similarly, 23 respondents belonging to the

‘business’ occupation were getting 240 days and above employment after

joining MFI SHGs.

If the overall data is studied, only the respondents who belong to ‘cultivation’

and ‘labor’ occupations were in considerable number and were getting

employment for below 240 days even after joining the MFI SHGs. In other

words, 57.4% of the cultivators and 36.1% of the ‘labourers’ were getting

employment below 240 days even after joining the MFI SHGs.

Statistically there is a significant difference in the employment generation of

the respondents among the different Occupations like Cultivation, Labour, Business

and Others – before and after joining SHGs under MFIs. The F-statistic value (F

calculated value is 17.71 and P calculated value is 0.000) at 5% level of significance

of ANOVA One Way explains that there is much significant difference among the

occupations in terms of employment generation of the respondents before joining

SHGs under MFIs. In the case of after joining SHGs, the same result is drawn in

employment generation of the respondents among the occupations, here the F-statistic

266

value (F calculated value is 11.95 and P calculated value is 0.000) of the ANOVA

One Way is a significant at 5% level.

Hence it can be concluded that there are much significant deviation in

statistical terms among the respondents of different occupations in generating

employment before and after joining SHGs.

.

267

Table-V.22: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under MFI SHGs – Occupation Wise

Before Joining SHGs After Joining SHGsOccupation

Below 180 days

180 to 240 days

240 to 300 days

Above 300 days

TotalBelow

180 days180 to

240 days240 to

300 daysAbove

300 daysTotal


38(42.7)(37.6)

10(11.2)(22.7)

0(.0)(.0)

89(100.0)(41.2)

17(19.1)(77.3)

35(39.3)(57.4)

27(30.3)(32.1)

10(11.2)(20.4)

89(100.0)(41.2)

Labour15(15.6)(24.2)

57(59.4)(56.4)

21(21.9)(47.7)

3(3.1)(33.3)

96(100.0)(44.4)

3(3.1)(13.6)

22(22.9)(36.1)

41(42.7)(48.8)

30(31.3)(61.2)

96(100.0)(44.4)

Business5(17.9)(8.1)

5(17.9)(5.0)

12(42.9)(27.3)

6(21.4)(66.7)

28(100.0)(13.0)

2(7.1)(9.1)

3(10.7)(4.9)

14(50.0)(16.7)

9(32.1)(18.4)

28(100.0)(13.0)

Others1(33.3)(1.6)

1(33.3)(1.0)

1(33.3)(2.3)

0(.0)(.0)

3(100.0)(1.4)

0(.0)(.0)

1(33.3)(1.6)

2(66.7)(2.4)

0(.0)(.0)

3(100.0)(1.4)

Total62(28.7)(100.0)

101(46.8)(100.0)

44(20.4)(100.0)

9(4.2)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

22(10.2)(100.0)

61(28.2)(100.0)

84(38.9)(100.0)

49(22.7)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)




Cultivation 188.42 37.85 228.69 51.41Labour 219.89 38.69 266.94 45.13Business 252.89 68.36 278.71 51.47Others 210 80.47

17.71 0.000*

257.67 37.5

11.95 0.000*


268

Figure-18: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under MFI SHGs – Occupation Wise

188.

42 219.

89 252.

89

21022

8.69 26

6.94

278.

71

257.

67

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Cultivation Labour Business Others

Occupations

Ave

rage

Em

ploy

men

t day

s

BEFORE

AFTER

269

II.9. Govt. SHGs – Ownership of land-wise:


generated for respondents ‘Ownership of Land-wise’ before and after their joining

SHGs. The following inferences were drawn from the table.

While only 54 per cent of the respondents having ‘No Land’ were getting

employment for above 240 days before joining SHGs, the percentage has gone up

to more than 84 per cent after joining SHGs.

Similarly 72 per cent of the respondents of ‘Owned Land’ category were enjoying

employment above 240 days after joining SHGs.

45 per cent of the respondents of ‘No Land’ category and 36 per cent of the

respondents of ‘Leased Out and Owned Land’ categories of Govt. SHGs were

getting employment below 180 days even after joining SHGs.

Statistically, there is a significant difference in the employment generation

among the respondents of ‘Ownership of Land’ – ‘No Land’, ‘Owned’, ‘Leased Out’

and ‘Both Owned and Leased Out’ categories before and after joining under Govt.,


0.000) at 5% level of significance of ANOVA One Way explains that there is highly

significant difference among the ‘ownership of land’ category in terms of

employment generation of before joining SHGs. In the case of employment

generation of the respondents after joining SHGs, the same conclusions are made, the

F-statistic value (F calculated value is 6.16 and P calculated value is 0.000) of the

ANOVA One Way is significant at 5% level.


terms in employment generation of respondents under the category of ‘Ownership of

Land’ – both before and after joining SHGs.

270

Table-V.23: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Ownership of Land Wise


Land Below 180 days

180 to 240 days

240 to 300 days

Above 300 days

TotalBelow

180 days180 to

240 days240 to

300 daysAbove

300 daysTotal

NO land14(16.7)(50.0)

24(28.6)(20.9)

28(33.3)(51.9)

18(21.4)(94.7)

84(100.0)(38.9)

5(6.0)(45.5)

8(9.5)(19.0)

33(39.3)(35.1)

38(45.2)(55.1)

84(100.0)(38.9)

Owned2(6.9)(7.1)

20 (69.0)(17.4)

6(20.7)(11.1)

1(3.4)(5.3)

29 (100.0)(13.4)

1(3.4)(9.1)

7(24.1)(16.7)

14(48.3)(14.9)

7(24.1)(10.1)

29(100.0)(13.4)

Leased in4(12.9)(14.3)

22(71.0)(19.1)

5(16.1)(9.3)

0(.0)(.0)

31 (100.0)(14.4)

1(3.2)(9.1)

12 (38.7)(28.6)

17(54.8)(18.1)

1(3.2)(1.4)

31(100.0)(14.4)

Both Owned and Leased in

8(11.1)(28.6)

49(68.1)(42.6)

15(20.8)(27.8)

0(.0)(.0)

72(100.0)(33.3)

4(5.6)(36.4)

15(20.8)(35.7)

30(41.7)(31.9)

23 (31.9)(33.3)

72 (100.0)(33.3)

Total28(13.0)(100.0)

115(53.2)(100.0)

54(25.0)(100.0)

19(8.8)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

11(5.1)(100.0)

42(19.4)(100.0)

94(43.5)(100.0)

69(31.9)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)



OwnershipMean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-value

NO land 254.82 63.42 287.83 52.68Owned 220.45 34.10 267.31 34.12

Leased in 212.61 24.02 249.81 26.39Both Owned and

Leased in220.14 31.37

10.80 0.000*

269.24 44.64

6.16 0.000*


271

Figure-V.19: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under Govt. SHGs – Ownership of Land Wise

254.

82

220.

45

212.

61

220.

14

287.

83

267.

31

249.

81

269.

24

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

NO land Owned Leased out Both Ownedand Leased

out

Ownership of Land

Ave

rag

e E

mp

loym

ent d

ays

BEFORE

AFTER

272

II.10. MFI SHGs – Ownership of land-wise:

The Table-V.24 shows the details of the number of days of employment

generated by respondents with ‘Ownership of Land-wise’ before and after their

joining MFI SHGs. The following conclusions were drawn from the table.

While only 33 per cent of the respondents having ‘No Land’ were getting

employment for above 240 days before joining MFI SHGs, the percentage has

gone up to more than 80 after joining SHGs.

Similarly 65 per cent of the respondents that come under ‘Leased Out Land’

category were getting employment for above 240 days after joining MFI SHGs.

The 59 per cent of the respondents that come under ‘Owned Land’ and 22 per cent

of respondents belonging to ‘Owned Land and Leased Out’ category were getting

employment below 180 days even after joining MFI SHGs.

Statistically, there is a significant difference in employment generation among the

respondents of ‘Ownership of Land’– ‘No Land’, ‘Owned’, ‘Leased Out’ and ‘Both

Owned and Leased Out’ categories before and after joining SHGs under MFIs. The F-

statistic value (F calculated value is 14.47 and P calculated value is 0.000) at 5% level

of significance of ANOVA One Way explains that there is significant difference

among ‘ownership of land’ categories in terms of employment generation of before

joining SHGs and the same conclusion is drawn in respect of the employment

generation of different ‘ownership of land’ categories of after the SHG membership,

the F-statistic value (F calculated value is 22 and P calculated value is 0.000) of the

ANOVA One Way is significant at 5% level.


terms in employment generation among those under ‘ownership of land’ category of

both before and after joining SHGs.

273

Table-V.24: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under MFI SHGs – Ownership of Land Wise


Land Below 180 days

180 to 240 days

240 to 300 days

Above 300 days

TotalBelow

180 days180 to

240 days240 to

300 daysAbove

300 daysTotal

No land7(8.4)(11.3)

48(57.8)(47.5)

21(25.3)(47.7)

7(8.4)(77.8)

83(100.0)(38.4)

0(.0)(.0)

16(19.3)(26.2)

32(38.6)(38.1)

35(42.2)(71.4)

83(100.0)(38.4)

Owned22(36.1)(35.5)

23(37.7)(22.8)

14(23.0)(31.8)

2(3.3)(22.2)

61(100.0)(28.2)

5(8.2)(22.7)

24(39.3)(39.3)

22(36.1)(26.2)

10(16.4)(20.4)

61(100.0)(28.2)

Leased in7(35.0)(11.3)

9(45.0)(8.9)

4(20.0)(9.1)

0(.0)(.0)

20(100.0)(9.3)

4(20.0)(18.2)

3(15.0)(4.9)

12(60.0)(14.3)

1(5.0)(2.0)

20(100.0)(9.3)

Both Owned and Leased in

26(50.0)(41.9)

21(40.4)(20.8)

5(9.6)(11.4)

0(.0)(.0)

52(100.0)(24.1)

13(25.0)(59.1)

18(34.6)(29.5)

18(34.6)(21.4)

3(5.8)(6.1)

52(100.0)(24.1)

Total62(28.7)(100.0)

101(46.8)(100.0)

44(20.4)(100.0)

9(4.2)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)

22(10.2)(100.0)

61(28.2)(100.0)

84(38.9)(100.0)

49(22.7)(100.0)

216(100.0)(100.0)



OwnershipMean S.D F-value P-value Mean S.D F-value P-value

No land 234.58 45.57 283.4 41.67Owned 204.70 51.13 244.28 51.08

Leased in 201.7 41.24 238.55 44.57Both Owned

and Leased in184.58 35.28

14.47 0.000*

218.5 51.77

22 0.000*


274

Figure-V.20: No. of days of Employment to Respondents under MFI SHGs – Ownership of Land Wise

283.4

244.28 238.55218.5

184.58201.7204.7

234.58

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

No land Owned Leased out Both Ownedand Leased

outOwnership of Land

Avera

ge E

mp

loym

en

t d

ays

BEFORE

AFTER

Conclusions:

The income of respondents has exceptionally gone up after joining Govt. SHGs.

The Narasaraopet Revenue Division has shown the best performance when

compared to the remaining two Divisions. In the case of the number of

respondents getting income below Rs. 1,00,000/- income category has declined

from 103 (47.7%) before joining the Govt. SHGs to 43 (19.9%) after joining

Govt. SHGs.

There is no significant deviation in statistical terms of income generation among

the Revenue Divisions before joining and after joining SHGs periods under Govt.

SHGs.

The income of respondents has exceptionally increased after joining MFI SHGs.

The Guntur Revenue Division has shown the best performance when compared to

the remaining two Divisions. The number of respondents getting below Rs.

1,00,000/- income has fallen from 132 (61.1%) before joining MFI SHGs to 59

(27.4%) after joining MFI SHGs. Statistically there is no significant difference

among the Revenue Divisions Tenali, Guntur and Narasaraopet in income

generation of the respondents “before and after joining SHGs” under MFI SHGs

In respect of OC community, the number of respondents who were getting income

beyond Rs. 1,50,000/-, has gone up from just 29 (40.2%) to 54 (75%) after joining

Govt., SHGs. Even in respect of SC & ST community, the number of respondents

getting income beyond Rs. 1,50,000/-, has gone up from just 11 (15.2%) to as

high as 32 (44.4%). There is a significant difference among the respondents of the

communities OC, BC & Minorities and SC & ST in Income generation before and

after joining SHGs under Govt. SHGs.

276

The total number of respondents getting income below Rs. 1,00,000/- has fallen

down from 132 (61.1%) before joining MFI SHGs to as low as 59 (27.4%) after

joining MFI SHGs. Statistically there is a significant difference among the OC,

BC & Minorities and SC & ST communities in Income generation before and

after joining SHGs under MFI SHGs.

All the beneficiaries having ‘Intermediate and Technical’ qualification were

getting income beyond Rs. 1,50,000/- after joining Govt. SHGs. A significant

difference was found among the respondents belonging to various Educational

levels viz. Primary, SSC, Intermediate or Technical, Graduate and Illiterate in

income generation before and after joining SHGs under Govt. SHGs.

In case of ‘Primary’ educational level, the number of respondents getting income

of Rs. 1,50,000/- and above has increased from just 7 (7.9%) before joining MFI

SHGs to 33 (37.5%) after joining MFI SHGs. In other words 22 (25%) were

getting income less than Rs. 1,00,000/- after joining MFI SHGs. Statistically there

is a significant deviation in statistical terms in the income generation of the

respondents before joining SHGs among the educational levels. But in after

joining SHGs, income generation of the respondents among the educational levels,

there is no significant difference.

The respondents belonging to ‘others’ and ‘labor’ occupation categories only were

getting income below Rs. 1,50,000/- even after joining the Govt., SHGs. In other

words 55 per cent of ‘others’ and 65 per cent of the ‘labors’ were getting income

below Rs. 1,50,000/- even after joining the Govt. SHGs. Statistically, there is a

significant difference in income generation of the respondents of different

Occupations like Cultivation, Labour, Business and Others before and after

joining SHGs under Govt. SHGs.

277

The respondents of ‘labour’ category only were getting income below Rs.

1,50,000 even after joining the MFI SHGs. In other words 48 per cent of the

labours were getting income of below Rs. 1,50,000 even after joining the MFI

SHGs. Thus a significant difference was found in income generation of

respondents of Occupations like Cultivation, Labour, Business and Others before

and after joining SHGs under MFI SHGs.

The 76 per cent of the respondents of ‘Owned Land’ category were enjoying

income above Rs. 1,50,000/- after joining Govt. SHGs. Even after joining Govt.

SHGs, 38 per cent of the respondents of ‘No Land’ categories were getting

income below Rs. 1,00,000/-. When statistically observed, the F-statistic value (F

calculated value is 10.43 and P calculated value is 0.000) at 5% level of

significance of ANOVA One Way explains that there is highly significant

difference among the ‘ownership of land’ category in terms of income generation

of before joining SHGs. In the case of income generation after joining SHGs the

same conclusions are made, the F-statistic value (F calculated value is 4.46 and P


The 67.3% of the respondents of both ‘Owned land and Leased out’ land

categories were enjoying income above Rs. 1,50,000 after joining MFI SHGs. In

statistical terms the F-statistic value (F calculated value is 12.52 and P calculated

value is 0.000) at 5% level of significance of ANOVA One Way explains that

there is significant difference among ‘ownership of land’ categories in terms of

income generation of before joining SHGs and the same conclusion is drawn in

respect of the income generation of different ‘ownership of land’ categories. After

the SHG membership, the F-statistic value (F calculated value is 13.53 and P


278

The number of days of employment has significantly gone up for the respondents

after joining SHGs. Guntur Revenue Division has shown better performance when

compared to the remaining two Divisions. Finally, the number of respondents

falling under 180 days employment has also gone up from 28 before joining SHGs

to 53 after joining SHGs. Statistically, there is no significant difference among the

Revenue Divisions Tenali, Guntur and Narasaraopet in employment generation of

the respondents before and after joining SHGs under Govt. SHGs.

There was tremendous change in employment generation after joining MFI SHGs.

The role of MFI SHGs was highly appreciated. Narasaraopet division has

projected better performance when compared to the remaining two Divisions.

Finally, the number of respondents falling ‘below 180 days’ category decreased

from 62 to 22. Statistically there is no significant difference among the Revenue

Divisions Tenali, Guntur and Narasaraopet in employment generation of the

respondents before and after joining SHGs under MFI SHGs.

The total number of respondents getting employment for below 240 days has

sharply fallen down from 143 (66%) before joining SHGs to as low as 53 (24%)

after joining SHGs. There is a significant deviation in statistical terms in the

employment generation of the respondents before joining SHGs among the

communities. But after joining SHGs, employment generation of the respondents

among the educational levels there is no significant difference.

In respect of SCs & STs, respondents of communities getting employment for 240

days and more had exceptionally gone up from 18 (25%) to 45 (61.1%) after

joining SHGs. Even in respect of BC & Minorities the number of respondents

getting employment beyond 240 days went up from 17 (23.6%) to as high as 44

(61.1%). Statistically there is no significant difference in employment generation

279

of respondents of the communities OC, BC & Minorities and SC & ST before and

after joining SHGs under MFI SHGs.

In respect of Illiterates, the number of respondents getting employment for 240

days and above has gone up from just 13 (31%) before joining SHGs to 31 (74%)

after joining SHGs. In other words only 11 respondents – 26 per cent were getting

less than 240 days employment after joining SHGs. Statistically there is no

significant difference in employment generation of the respondents belonging to

different Educational level like Primary, SSC, Intermediate or Technical,

Graduate and Illiterate before and after joining SHGs under Govt. SHGs.

The largest number of respondents i.e. 59 (67%) belonging to Primary educational

level was getting employment beyond 240 days after joining MFI SHGs.


respondents among the educational levels like ‘Primary’, ‘SSC’, ‘Intermediate or

Technical’, ‘Graduate’ and ‘Illiterate’ before joining SHGs under MFIs, where as

there is no significant difference in terms of employment generation of the

respondents after joining SHGs among the educational levels under MFI SHGs.

Mostly the respondents from ‘Cultivation’ occupation category have been

benefited largely – respondents 79, 70 per cent. Similarly only 14 respondents

belonging to ‘Business’ occupation were getting 240 days and above employment

after joining SHGs under Govt. SHGs. There is much significant deviation in

statistical terms in employment generation of respondents of different occupations

before joining SHGs and after joining SHGs.

Only the respondents belonging to occupations of ‘Cultivation’ and ‘Labor’ were

getting below 240 days of employment even after joining the MFI SHGs. In other

words, 57.4% of the ‘cultivators’ and 36.1% of the ‘labourers’ were getting

280

employment below 240 days even after joining the MFI SHGs. There is much

significant deviation in statistical terms in employment generation of the

respondents of different occupations before and after joining SHGs.

45 per cent of the respondents of ‘No Land’ category and 36 per cent of the

respondents of ‘Leased out and Owned Land’ categories of Govt. SHGs were

getting employment for below 180 days even after joining SHGs. Statistically,

there is a significant difference in employment generation of the respondents by

‘Ownership of Land’ before and after joining Govt. SHGs.

While only 33 per cent of the respondents belonging to ‘No Land’ categories were

getting employment above 240 days before joining MFI SHGs, their percentage

has gone up to more than 80 after joining SHGs. There is much significant

deviation in statistical terms in employment generation of the respondents of the

‘Ownership of Land’ before and after joining SHGs.

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