IMPACT OF THE ATATÜRK DAM LAKE ON AGRO-METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS

OF THE SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA REGION USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

ANALYSIS

O. Ozcana, *, B. Bookhagenb , N. Musaogluc

a ITU, Center for Satellite Communications and Remote Sensing, 34469 Maslak Istanbul, Turkey

b University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Geography, CA 93106-4060, USA

c ITU, Civil Engineering Faculty, Department of Geomatics Engineering, 34469 Maslak Istanbul, Turkey

KEY WORDS: Atatürk Dam Lake, GAP, Landsat time-series, Tasseled Cap transformation, Disturbance Index, RS, GIS.

ABSTRACT:

The Atatürk Dam is the fourth largest clay-cored rock fill dam in the world. It was constructed on the Euphrates River located in

semi-arid Southeastern Turkey in the 1980s as the central component of a large-scale regional development project for the

Southeastern Anatolia region (referred to as GAP). The construction began in 1983 and was completed in 1990. The dam and the

hydroelectric power plant, which went into service after filling up the reservoir was accomplished in 1992. The Atatürk Dam, which

has a height of 169 m, a total storage capacity of 48.7 million m3, and a surface area of about 817 km2 plays an important role in the

development of Turkey’s energy and agriculture sectors. In this study, the spatial and temporal impacts of the Atatürk Dam on agro-

meteorological aspects of the Southeastern Anatolia region have been investigated. Change detection and environmental impacts due

to water-reserve changes in Atatürk Dam Lake have been determined and evaluated using multi-temporal Landsat satellite imageries

and meteorological datasets within a period of 1984 to 2011. These time series have been evaluated for three time periods. Dam

construction period constitutes the first part of the study. Land cover/use changes especially on agricultural fields under the Atatürk

Dam Lake and its vicinity have been identified between the periods of 1984 to 1992. The second period comprises the 10-year period

after the completion of filling up the reservoir in 1992. At this period, Landsat and meteorological time-series analyses are examined

to assess the impact of the Atatürk Dam Lake on selected irrigated agricultural areas. For the last 9-year period from 2002 to 2011,

the relationships between seasonal water-reserve changes and irrigated plains under changing climatic factors primarily driving

vegetation activity (monthly, seasonal, and annual fluctuations of rainfall rate, air temperature, humidity) on the watershed have been

investigated using a 30-year meteorological time series. For all images, geometric corrections including digital elevation information

and Tasseled Cap transformations were carried out to attain changes in surface reflectance and denoting disturbance of Landsat

reflectance data. Consequently, thematic maps of the affected areas were created by using appropriate visualization and classification

techniques in conjunction with geographical information system. The resulting dataset was used in a linear trend analysis to

characterize spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation-cover development. Analysis has been conducted in ecological units that have

been determined by climate and land cover/use. Based on the results of the trend analysis and the primary factor analysis, selected

parts of South-eastern Anatolia region are analyzed. The results showed that approximately 368 km2 of agricultural fields have been

affected because of inundation due to the Atatürk Dam Lake. However, irrigated agricultural fields have been increased by 56.3% of

the total area (1552 km2 of 2756km2) on Harran Plain within the period of 1984 – 2011. This study presents an effective method for

time-series analysis that can be used to regularly monitor irrigated fields in the Southeastern Anatolia region.

1. INTRODUCTION

The concept of sustainable development in water based

development projects includes determination and planning of

the demands for the water through the project region (e.g.,

Tortajada, 2001). As a rapidly developing country Turkey,

needs sufficient amount of irrigated agricultural products for

growing population; cheap, continuous and high quality

renewable energy for the industry; qualified water for domestic

uses especially for the regions that are having low level of life

standards with respect to the national average standards.

For developing countries where a semi-arid climate is highly

dominated like Turkey, dams, which are built and efficiently

maintained, can be used for economic development purposes.

Land and water resources of potential regions can be managed

for these purposes by construction of dams. The Southeastern

Anatolia Project is the largest of these types of projects in

Turkey, which spans approximately 75,000 square kilometers

and covers approximately 10% of all area of Turkey (Akyurek,

2005).

The Euphrates is the longest river of western Asia. It originates

from Mount Ararat at 4,500 m above sea level near Lake Van.

Then it flows south by losing 2 meters per kilometer in

elevation in Turkey and crosses into Syria. Hydrological flow

condition of the Euphrates River is the irregular between and

within the years. The water is needed during the drought

seasons for irrigation and power generation purposes. The

constructions of retaining structures to regulate river flows are

needed for irrigation and hydropower generation.

International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B8, 2012 XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August – 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia

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The Lower Euphrates Project is one of the seven GAP

(Southeastern Anatolia Project) sub-projects on the Euphrates

River. It consists of the most important schemes of GAP like

the Atatürk Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant (HEPP),

Sanliurfa Tunnels, Sanliurfa -Harran irrigation, Mardin-

Ceylanpinar irrigation, Siverek-Hilvan pumped irrigation and

Bozova pumped irrigation (Fig 1).

The Atatürk dam has a great contribution on the agricultural and

industrial development in the GAP Region. The irrigation

system of Lower Euphrates Project is based on the Atatürk dam

reservoir. The construction of the dam was initiated in 1983 and

the diversion of water through the tunnels started in June 1986.

The reservoir was filled in August 1990 and the power

generation was started in 1992.

Fig. 1 Location of planned irrigation schemes of GAP. (Striped

areas will be irrigated from Atatürk Reservoir; others will be

irrigated by other sources) (SPO, 1989).

The Landsat image archive represents an opportunity to assess

agricultural monitoring over time through time-series analysis.

Landsat, with a spatial resolution of 30 m and spatial extent of

185×185 km per scene, is used widely for mapping biophysical

vegetation parameters (Cohen & Goward, 2004) and has proven

useful for monitoring land cover (Wulder et al., 2008) and

ecosystem disturbance (Healey et al., 2005; Masek et al., 2006).

Remote sensing is a critical data source for observing and

understanding the effects of landscape disturbance (e.g. Potter et

al., 2003; Linke et al., 2008; Masek et al., 2008). Landsat-based

detection of disturbances (e.g. Cohen et al., 2002; Franklin et

al., 2001; Seto et al., 2002) commonly use image

transformations such as the Tasseled Cap transformation (Crist

& Cicone, 1984; Kauth & Thomas, 1976) to consolidate

multispectral reflectance measurements and enhance the

detection of disturbance events.

The Tasseled Cap transformation reduces the Landsat

reflectance bands to three orthogonal indices called brightness,

greenness and wetness, and is a standard technique for

describing the three major axes of spectral variation across the

solar reflective spectrum measured by Landsat (Kauth &

Thomas, 1976). Once an image is transformed into its Tasseled

Cap data space, image arithmetic and thresholding techniques

can be used to automatically identify and classify land cover

changes and land cover disturbance (e.g. Cohen et al., 2002;

Franklin et al., 2001; Healey et al., 2005).

Up-to-date and objective information on the spatial distribution

of irrigated crops as well as changes in their areal extent over

time can help achieve the goal of efficient water resource

management. The objective is to map the extent of irrigated

agricultural fields and assess land-cover trends at the object

level within a selected study area in GAP region using Landsat

images from 1984 to 2011.

Ozdogan (2004) indicates that in Southeastern Turkey, the best

time to distinguish irrigated lands from other land cover types is

mid-to-late summer. In the study, Landsat imagery for these

months were used in order to determine the land cover/use

changes especially on agricultural fields under the Atatürk Dam

Lake and also irrigated agricultural fields with water reserve

changes for ~30 years.

2. STUDY AREA

The first focus of this study is the Atatürk Dam Lake with a

catchment area of 92,240 km2 while the impounded land is 817

km2. The maximum reservoir capacity of the Atatürk dam is

48.7 x109 cubic meters with the total irrigation area of 8,724

km2. The minimum level of water in the reservoir is 526 m. The

second focus is the Harran Plain, which is irrigated from the

Atatürk Dam Lake and is located in the south-central part of the

GAP project within the Sanliurfa - Harran Irrigation District.

The Plain is 2756 km2 and is located in a region of rolling hills

and a broad plateau that extends south into Syria (Fig 2). Two

meteorological stations that have been used in the study are

shown as red stars in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Landsat TM images of the study area (August 2011).

Inset shows mean annual temperature of Turkey with the study

area outlined by a black rectangle.

The study area has the major climatic features of the Eastern

Mediterranean with a strong continental influence. The annual

International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B8, 2012 XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August – 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia

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average temperature is 18 °C and annual rainfall is around 350

mm. There is significant seasonal variation in precipitation, with

most precipitation occurring between November and April. The

area receives almost no rain during the summer, at which time

irrigation becomes crucial.

The Sanliurfa-Harran Plain Irrigation Project is the first realized

scheme within the Lower Euphrates Project. The water is

brought to Sanlıurfa- Harran Plain by the Sanliurfa tunnel

system consisting of two parallel tunnels each 26.4-km long and

with an 7.62-m inside diameter and a carrying capacity of 328

m3 /sec. These tunnels were completed successively in 1995 and

in 1998. The irrigation capacity of Sanliurfa and Harran canals

are almost 500 km2 and 1000 km2.

Several different crops including cotton, cereals, maize, and

vegetables are cultivated in the Harran Plain. While there is a

variety, cotton and cereals dominate the agricultural scene in

any given year (Ozdogan et al., 2006).

3. METHODOLOGY

Remote sensing has been an effective tool for monitoring

irrigated fields under a variety of climatic conditions and

locations. The thematic analysis of multi-temporal data series

requires differences between images to result exclusively from

changes in surface properties, necessitating a precise geometric

and radiometric correction of incorporated images (Song et al.,

2001).

Monitoring the changes in the Atatürk Dam Lake and summer

irrigated fields in the Harran Plain require multiple sources of

data. In the first part of this study, land cover/use changes on

agricultural fields under the Atatürk Dam Lake and its vicinity

have been identified between the periods of 1984 to 1992.

Reserve changes and inundated agricultural fields have been

identified by change detection using multi temporal Landsat

imagery within these periods.

After the 10-year period of completion and the filling up of the

reservoir in 1992, Landsat and meteorological time-series

analyses are examined to assess the impact of the Atatürk Dam

Lake on irrigated agricultural areas in the Harran Plain. For the

last 9-year period from 2002 to 2011, the relationships between

seasonal water reserve changes and irrigated plains under

changing climatic factors primarily driving vegetation activity

on the watershed have been analyzed consecutively using the

appropriate tools. A total number of 99 Landsat images have

been used in order to constitute time series analysis and to

determine the changes on these fields in conjunction with

climatic datasets. For all images, geometric corrections

including digital elevation information and Tasseled Cap

transformations were carried out to attain changes in surface

reflectance and denoting disturbance of Landsat reflectance

data.

Tasseled Cap transformation was originally developed for early

Landsat sensors (multispectral scanner and thematic mapper)

(Crist & Cicone, 1984; Kauth & Thomas, 1976), its linear

coefficients have more recently been modified for applicability

to Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery. In order

to use the tasseled cap coefficients (Huang et al., 2002) for the

Landsat 5 TM sensor, conversion of the Landsat 5 TM DN data

into data that is equivalent to data recorded by the Landsat 7

ETM+ sensor is needed due to the calibration differences

between the two sensors. This process is described by

Vogelmann et al. (2001) in reverse; that is, they converted from

Landsat 7 ETM+ data to Landsat 5 TM equivalent. To convert

from Landsat 5 TM DN data to Landsat 7 ETM+ DN data, the

following expression is used (Eq. 1):

(1)

where DN7 is the Landsat 7 ETM+ equivalent DN data, DN5 is

the Landsat 5 TM DN data, and the slope and intercept are

band-specific numbers.

Before converting to reflectance data, all images with DN

values were converted to radiance. While radiance is the

quantity actually measured by the Landsat sensors, a conversion

to reflectance facilitates better comparison among different

scenes. It was obtained by removing differences caused by the

position of the sun and the differing amounts of energy output

by the sun in each band. The reflectance can be thought of as a

“planetary albedo,” or fraction of the sun’s energy that is

reflected by the surface. During the conversion from DN data to

reflectance, it is possible to create small negative reflectance

values which are set to zero.

Each image was taken during the mid-to-late summer months

from 1992 through 2011 in order to investigate the change

detection on Harran Plain and environmental impacts due to

water reserve changes in Atatürk Dam Lake. All images were

radiometrically corrected and then converted into reflectance

values and then tasseled cap procedure was used to create a

vegetation index that measures three vegetation dimensions—

brightness, greenness and wetness (Crist and Krauth, 1986).

Table 1 gives an overview of the Landsat based Tasseled Cap

coefficients (Huang et al., 2002).

Table 1. Tassled Cap coefficients for Landsat (Huang et al.,

2002).

Remote sensing change detection is performed using the

Disturbance Index described in Healey et al. (2005), an index

specifically designed to detect changes in vegetated land cover

types. The Disturbance Index is a transformation of the Tasseled

Cap data space and is calculated using the three normalized

Tasseled Cap indices (brightness, greenness and wetness) from

Landsat TM/ETM+data (Healey et al., 2005; Kauth & Thomas,

1976; Masek et al., 2008). The index is computed as a linear

combination of the three normalized Tasseled Cap values (Eq.

2):

, , (2)

where , , are the normalized (rescaled) brightness,

greenness, and wetness, indices respectively, and , ,

and , , are mean and standard deviation of

these three Tasseled Cap spaces. The re-scaling process

normalizes pixel values across Tasseled Cap bands with respect

to overall changes in reflectance, such as seasonal changes or

changes induced by directional reflectance effects, thereby

erceptDNslopeDN int)5*(7

Band 1 Band 2 Band 3 Band 4 Band 5 Band 7

B 0.3561 0.3972 0.3904 0.6966 0.2286 0.1596

G -0.3344 -0.3544 -0.4556 0.6966 -0.0242 -0.2630

W 0.2626 0.2141 0.0926 0.0656 -0.7629 -0.5388

B

BBrB

G

GGrG

W

WW

rW

rB rG rW

B G

W B G W

International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B8, 2012 XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August – 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia

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effectively minimizing seasonal variability in the imagery

(Healey et al., 2005).

The purpose of the disturbance index is generally to measure

vegetation degradation that results from any number of natural

or human induced causes such as forest fires or forest-insect

infestations (Hais, et al., 2009). But, in the study area it also

exemplifies the contrast between irrigated agricultural fields and

bare ground. In our study, disturbance-index images were

generated for the dates between 1992 and 2011 and were used

to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of irrigated agricultural

fields on Harran Plain based upon the original reflectance

images—brightness, greenness and wetness (Table 2).

Table 2. Landsat imagery used for creation of the cumulative

disturbance indices.

Date Sensor

05.09.1992 Landsat TM 5

21.08.1998 Landsat TM 5

24.08.1999 Landsat TM 5

26.08.2000 Landsat TM 5

28.08.2002 Landsat ETM+

27.08.2006 Landsat TM 5

30.08.2007 Landsat TM 5

04.09.2009 Landsat TM 5

22.08.2010 Landsat TM 5

25.08.2011 Landsat TM 5

Furthermore, meteorological datasets were obtained from

Adiyaman (North of Ataturk Dam) and Sanliurfa (South of

Ataturk Dam) stations for the analysis of climate data on the

dam lake and the Harran Plain within the period of 1894 to

2011.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

During the Atatürk Dam construction period between 1984 and

1992, spatial variations of agricultural fields and water reserve

were determined (Fig. 3). By the year 2011, it was found that

367.65 km2 of the agricultural area (about 45% of the dam-lake

surface area) has been inundated. The total filling of the

reservoir results in a lake area of 800 km2 (Fig. 4).

Fig. 3 Spatial variations of agricultural fields and water reserve.

For the Harran Plain and the Atatürk Dam Lake, different

meteorological datasets were used. Monthly averaged values of

air temperature, humidity and rainfall observed at the Sanliurfa

and Adiyaman meteorological stations (Fig. 2) were used for

years between 1984 and 2011.

It is expected that one of the prominent difference of the

meteorological parameter between these regions is the

temperature (Fig. 5).

Fig. 4 Water reserve changes on the Atatürk Dam Lake between

the years 1984 to 2011.

Fig. 5 Annual temperature distribution of Dam Lake and Harran

Plain Regions.

For the other part of the study, change detection is performed

using the Disturbance Index for Harran Plain in order to

characterize spatiotemporal patterns of irrigated agricultural

fields. When the Landsat time series analyses are examined, the

contrast between irrigated agricultural fields and bare ground

has been clearly seen (Fig. 6).

0

150

300

450

600

1984 1985 1986 1987 1990 1991 1992

Are

a (

km

2)

Water Reserve

Agricultural Fields

26

28

30

32

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

Sanliurfa Station

Adiyaman Station

28 Aug 1992

30 Aug 1990

30 Aug 1984

25 Aug 2011

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It has shown that, irrigated agricultural fields have been

increased by 56.3% on Harran Plain within the period of 1992 –

2011.

05.09.1992 21.08.1998

28.08.2002 27.08.2006

04.09.2009 25.08.2011

Fig 6. Spatiotemporal patterns of irrigated agricultural fields on

Harran Plain within the mid to late summer times of 1992,

1998, 2002, 2006, 2009 and 2011. The figure shows an outline

of the Harran Plains where green colors denote irrigated

agricultural fields.

Results also reveal information on the spatial pattern of

expansion within the Harran Plain (Fig. 6). While irrigation

occurred in the central parts of the Harran Plain between 1992

and 1999, irrigation expanded at the margins of the plain for the

year 2002, and it expanded at the north of the plain especially

for the last 3 years, reclaiming marginal lands with the

introduction of irrigation.

Next, we investigated the relationships between seasonal water

reserve changes and irrigated plains throughout the past 30

years. With the currently changing climatic conditions, we

relied on the Landsat time series to analyze the differences in

irrigated area (Fig. 7).

Fig. 7 Changes in Harran Plain irrigated lands and water reserve

with annual precipitations. Water reserve and irrigated land area

are taken from the Landsat time series.

In the Harran Plain, 1,552 km2 were identified as irrigated as of

2011 in all irrigation unions, accounting for approximately 56%

of the total land area. This is approximately a 250% increase

from 1992, when the total irrigated area was only 599 km2. A

total of 1,382 km2 was irrigated as of 2006, 1,418 km2 as of

2007, an additional 1,449 km2 as of 2009, and an additional

1,513 km2 as of 2010, before reaching a maximum in 2011.

Fig. 7 also reveals that the rate of expansion of irrigated lands

increases between 1992 and 1999. However, by the year 1999,

there is a 5% decrease in irrigated agricultural lands with a

decreasing water reserve of approximately 10% because of a

significant decrease in precipitation. A related observation is

that from 2003-2008 the annual precipitation significantly

decreased. Despite some of these climatic changes, there was no

significant change in the increasing trend of the both irrigated

agricultural fields and the water reserve.

5. CONCLUSION

In remote sensing based studies of irrigated lands, imagery with

high spatial resolution is necessary to accurately locate irrigated

fields and map their areal extent with sufficient detail (Pax-

Lenney and Woodcock, 1997).

Remote sensing has been an effective tool for monitoring

irrigated lands under a variety of climatic conditions and

locations. It provides synoptic and timely coverage of

agricultural lands in several spectral bands (Ozcan, 2007).

Image archives allow comparison across dates, yielding change

over time.

We have used a simple but robust method for remote detection

of summer irrigated lands. It provides an applicable example of

the practical utility of remote sensing for summer irrigation

monitoring in the southeastern Anatolia (GAP) region.

In this study, the impacts of the Atatürk Dam on agro-

meteorological aspects of the Southeastern Anatolia region have

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Pre

cipit

atio

n (

mm

)

Are

a (k

m2)

Water Reserve

Irrigated Lands

Annual precipitation (Sanliurfa Station)

Annual precipitation (Adiyaman Station)

International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XXXIX-B8, 2012 XXII ISPRS Congress, 25 August – 01 September 2012, Melbourne, Australia

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been investigated. Change detection and environmental impacts

due to water-reserve changes of the Atatürk Dam Lake have

been determined and evaluated using multi temporal Landsat

satellite imageries and meteorological datasets within a period

of 1984 to 2011. We have identified a significant increase of the

irrigated lands throughout the past 30 years (from 599 km2 to

1517 km2). Despite some climatic challenges and constrains, the

reservoir is able to buffer several years of rainfall deficits, while

maintaining a continuous agricultural growth of the area.

The presented methods here are applicable to other areas and

can serve as an analog to assess agricultural development in

times of environmental changes.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express their gratitude to Dr. Ali Volkan

Bilgili at Harran University for providing meteorological data.

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