Imperial China Imperial China

Unit 11Unit 11

Previously in China Previously in China Zhou ruled China since the Zhou ruled China since the

early 1100s BCE, declined early 1100s BCE, declined around 400 BCE and began around 400 BCE and began the warring states period. the warring states period.

Warring states period: several Warring states period: several small states battling for small states battling for control.control.

Qin (CHIN) rose to power on Qin (CHIN) rose to power on China’s western frontier. China’s western frontier.

Chinese historian: swallowing Chinese historian: swallowing them up “as a silkworm them up “as a silkworm devours a mulberry leaf”. devours a mulberry leaf”.

The Qin DynastyThe Qin Dynasty In 221 BCE the last rival fell and the Qin In 221 BCE the last rival fell and the Qin

become the first dynasty to unify Chinese become the first dynasty to unify Chinese empire. empire.

Qin Shi Huang China’s 1Qin Shi Huang China’s 1stst Emperor. Emperor. Made sense out of the chaos.Made sense out of the chaos.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aePjTYVKHuAv=aePjTYVKHuA

Harsh Qin RuleHarsh Qin Rule Two advisors: Hanfeizi and Li SiTwo advisors: Hanfeizi and Li Si Founded the school of Founded the school of legalismlegalism (taught (taught

that a powerful and efficient government that a powerful and efficient government was key to maintaining order and control was key to maintaining order and control over an empire)over an empire)

Reject ConfucianismReject Confucianism Rulers should be strong and govern Rulers should be strong and govern

through force b/c people were naturally through force b/c people were naturally badbad

Built a strong centralized governmentBuilt a strong centralized government Took the land of rival nobles and forced Took the land of rival nobles and forced

them to move to his capital.them to move to his capital. Confiscated all personal weapons and Confiscated all personal weapons and

Suppressed criticism (burned books)Suppressed criticism (burned books) divided China into 36 districtsdivided China into 36 districts

The Qin DynastyThe Qin DynastyQin ReformsQin Reforms Policies unified and strengthened ChinaPolicies unified and strengthened China Standardized laws, writing, coins and weights and Standardized laws, writing, coins and weights and

measuresmeasures Other: building projects, improved irrigation system, Other: building projects, improved irrigation system,

roads and canals (taxes and forced labor)roads and canals (taxes and forced labor)Qin Growth and DefenseQin Growth and Defense Fierce tribal nomadic warriors to the north. Fierce tribal nomadic warriors to the north. Built the Great Wall of China for defensive purposes. Built the Great Wall of China for defensive purposes.

(later lengthened and rebuilt)(later lengthened and rebuilt) Fought armies to the south and subdued them as far as Fought armies to the south and subdued them as far as

Vietnam. Vietnam. Qin dynasty crumbled after Shi Huangdi’s deathQin dynasty crumbled after Shi Huangdi’s death Peasants and nobles rebelledPeasants and nobles rebelled Liu Bang defeated the Qin forces and founded the Han Liu Bang defeated the Qin forces and founded the Han

dynastydynasty

The Han DynastyThe Han Dynasty Ruled from 206 BC to AD 220Ruled from 206 BC to AD 220 Model for later dynastiesModel for later dynasties The main population of China still calls The main population of China still calls

itself the Han people. itself the Han people.

Restoring ControlRestoring Control Ruled with the Ruled with the

mandates of heavenmandates of heaven Softened the harsh Softened the harsh

policies and lowered policies and lowered taxestaxes

Practical and effective Practical and effective rulerruler

Brought back Brought back ConfucianismConfucianism

Liu Band had no Liu Band had no educationeducation

Appointed confusion Appointed confusion scholars to advise scholars to advise him.him.

also maintained some Legalist also maintained some Legalist policiespolicies

Continued strong centralized Continued strong centralized governmentgovernment

Expanded the Expanded the bureaucracybureaucracy: : an organized a body of an organized a body of appointed officials who appointed officials who oversaw the governmentoversaw the government

Empress Empress Liu Band died and one of his wives took control Liu Band died and one of his wives took control

while her son was too young to rule. while her son was too young to rule. The son died and she put numerous infants The son died and she put numerous infants

named emperor to maintain powernamed emperor to maintain power Empress Lu died in 180 BCE and officials and Empress Lu died in 180 BCE and officials and

princes had the entire Lu family murdered.princes had the entire Lu family murdered. This often became common in Chinese courts This often became common in Chinese courts

and made it difficult to rule effectivly and made it difficult to rule effectivly

The Greatest Han EmperorThe Greatest Han Emperor Wudi ruled from 141 to 87 BCWudi ruled from 141 to 87 BC Greatest of all Han rulersGreatest of all Han rulers Promoted economic growth, new roads and Promoted economic growth, new roads and

canals, monopolies (salt, iron, alcohol, silk)canals, monopolies (salt, iron, alcohol, silk) Took away land from large landowners and Took away land from large landowners and

placed limits on merchants to decrease their placed limits on merchants to decrease their power. power.

Confucianism became the government Confucianism became the government philosophyphilosophy

Developed a civil service system (candidates Developed a civil service system (candidates for government jobs had to pass an exam in for government jobs had to pass an exam in the Confucian classics)the Confucian classics)

Only the wealthy could afford schooling and Only the wealthy could afford schooling and wealthy remained in powerwealthy remained in power

Expansion under WudiExpansion under Wudi Known as the Martial Emperor (for Known as the Martial Emperor (for

expanding the empire by force. expanding the empire by force. Threat: Xiongnu nomands (lived in Threat: Xiongnu nomands (lived in

the grasslands, horse skills and the grasslands, horse skills and fierce warriors)fierce warriors)

Gifts and marriages to keep peace Gifts and marriages to keep peace but had to use force to protect China but had to use force to protect China from raidsfrom raids

Military colonized parts of Korea, Military colonized parts of Korea, Manchuria, Vietnam and Central Manchuria, Vietnam and Central Asia ( established trade routes with Asia ( established trade routes with markets as far as the Roman markets as far as the Roman Empire.)Empire.)

Han DeclineHan Decline

Crisis in 9 CE when Wang Mang (rebel) seized Crisis in 9 CE when Wang Mang (rebel) seized thronethrone

AD 25 Han regained control of throne and AD 25 Han regained control of throne and started the Later Han dynastystarted the Later Han dynasty

Problems: weak rulers and gap b/t rich and poor Problems: weak rulers and gap b/t rich and poor (taxes rose to cover costs, people lost land, less (taxes rose to cover costs, people lost land, less people to tax, taxes rose more)people to tax, taxes rose more)

Revolt in 184 by the Yellow Turbans (Daoists) Revolt in 184 by the Yellow Turbans (Daoists) which threw the empire into chaos.which threw the empire into chaos.

led to warlords taking over and the Period of led to warlords taking over and the Period of Disunion began(lasted for 350 years)Disunion began(lasted for 350 years)

Resources, The Silk Road,Resources, The Silk Road, and the Poor and the Poor

Arable land and climate of China made rice Arable land and climate of China made rice growth capable,growth capable,

rice is a labor-intensive crop causing large rice is a labor-intensive crop causing large portions of the population [think 90% of the portions of the population [think 90% of the people] were locked into the peasantry.people] were locked into the peasantry.

Chinese had natural resources like jade and silk Chinese had natural resources like jade and silk that are highly scarce and in high demand.that are highly scarce and in high demand.

only a limited number of artisan and merchant only a limited number of artisan and merchant jobs could be sustained jobs could be sustained

even with the wealth which flowed into China even with the wealth which flowed into China along the Silk Road most members of ancient along the Silk Road most members of ancient Chinese civilization continued to be peasants. Chinese civilization continued to be peasants.

TradeTrade Basis of economy: agricultureBasis of economy: agricultureHan ProductsHan Products Ironwork: armor and swordsIronwork: armor and swords Artisans: pottery, jade, bronze objects and Artisans: pottery, jade, bronze objects and

lacquerwarelacquerware Prized product: silkPrized product: silkGrowth of TradeGrowth of Trade Zhang Qian: tales led to increase of tradeZhang Qian: tales led to increase of trade Silk RoadSilk Road

Han SocietyHan Society

Family LifeFamily Life Family was central to the well-being of the stateFamily was central to the well-being of the state Father (head/authority), Father (head/authority), Filial PietyFilial Piety: children : children

obey parents & grandparents/take care of them)obey parents & grandparents/take care of them) Women: few privileges, low status, little Women: few privileges, low status, little

education, didn’t own property, obey husbands education, didn’t own property, obey husbands and mother-in-lawsand mother-in-laws

Older women did at times become the head of Older women did at times become the head of households.households.

Ban Zhao a woman famous scholar and writer.Ban Zhao a woman famous scholar and writer. Valued sons over daughtersValued sons over daughters

Han SocietyHan Society

Social StructureSocial Structure Social structure: emperor, upper class Social structure: emperor, upper class

(palace court, nobles, government leaders, (palace court, nobles, government leaders, officials and scholars), peasants (largest), officials and scholars), peasants (largest), artisans/merchants, slavesartisans/merchants, slaves

Han AchievementsHan AchievementsThe ArtsThe Arts Building: palaces and towersBuilding: palaces and towers Made: ceramic and bronze figurines, jade Made: ceramic and bronze figurines, jade

carvings and silk cloth with patterns, paintings carvings and silk cloth with patterns, paintings (Buddhist art), poetry (Sima Qian)(Buddhist art), poetry (Sima Qian)

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology InventionsInventions

paper!paper! Farming: plow and wheelbarrowFarming: plow and wheelbarrow Science: seismograph (earthquakes)Science: seismograph (earthquakes) Medicine: acupuncture Medicine: acupuncture Other: compass, sundial, water mill, rudder, Movable Other: compass, sundial, water mill, rudder, Movable

Sails, watertight compartments for ship's hulls, Sails, watertight compartments for ship's hulls, Mechanical Clock, Abacus, and more!Mechanical Clock, Abacus, and more!

Disunion Disunion Nomads invaded northern China and formed Nomads invaded northern China and formed

their own kingdom. their own kingdom. Many fled this area to the south (Yangzi River).Many fled this area to the south (Yangzi River). A number of dynasties rose and fell in the south.A number of dynasties rose and fell in the south. The nomads in the north started to adopt The nomads in the north started to adopt

aspects of Chinese civilization. aspects of Chinese civilization. Northerners who fled culture also diffused into Northerners who fled culture also diffused into

southern China as wellsouthern China as well Growth in the arts and philosophy. Growth in the arts and philosophy. Buddhism mostly grew at this time. Buddhism mostly grew at this time.

Sui Dynasty (Sway)Sui Dynasty (Sway)

Wendi or Yang Jian founded the new dynasty and re-Wendi or Yang Jian founded the new dynasty and re-unified China. unified China.

Modeled after the older dynasties.Modeled after the older dynasties. All adult males given land. All adult males given land. The Dynasty is responsible for the Grand Canal that The Dynasty is responsible for the Grand Canal that

linked northern and southern China. (more easily access linked northern and southern China. (more easily access resources)resources)

Forced peasants to work on canal and thousands died in Forced peasants to work on canal and thousands died in the process. the process.

Poor conditions with the canal and failed military Poor conditions with the canal and failed military campaigns started rebellions. campaigns started rebellions.

The last ruler was assassinated and the dynasty fell.The last ruler was assassinated and the dynasty fell.

Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty A Sui general takes control and forms the Tang A Sui general takes control and forms the Tang

Dynasty. Ruled 618-907Dynasty. Ruled 618-907 Strong central government and bureaucracy.Strong central government and bureaucracy. Had two capital's Chang’an and Luoyang. Had two capital's Chang’an and Luoyang. Expanded civil service entrance exams (passing Expanded civil service entrance exams (passing

written exams)written exams) Flexible law codes (a model in Korea and Japan. Flexible law codes (a model in Korea and Japan. Golden Age!Golden Age!

Tang cont. Tang cont. Significantly expanded China and its influence.Significantly expanded China and its influence. Regained western lands in Central Asia and Regained western lands in Central Asia and

influence over other states like Korea and influence over other states like Korea and contact with Japan increased (they sent contact with Japan increased (they sent scholars).scholars).

New contact with new states and cultures helped New contact with new states and cultures helped spread trade and strengthen their economy. spread trade and strengthen their economy.

Buddhism well established even emperors were Buddhism well established even emperors were Buddhist. Missionaries were sent to other Asian Buddhist. Missionaries were sent to other Asian lands. lands.

Age of Buddhism 400-845 until its popularity was Age of Buddhism 400-845 until its popularity was seen as a threat.seen as a threat.

A campaign was started to hurt it and they burnt A campaign was started to hurt it and they burnt texts.texts.

Buddhism survived but combined with Daoism Buddhism survived but combined with Daoism and Confuscianism. and Confuscianism.

Tang EmperorsTang Emperors Much expanshion Much expanshion

occurred during occurred during Taizong’s (TY-tzoong) Taizong’s (TY-tzoong) rule. rule.

Ministers helped him Ministers helped him govern.govern.

Military conquests Military conquests Built schools to help Built schools to help

with civil service exams. with civil service exams. New emperor was sick New emperor was sick

and his wife Wu Zhao and his wife Wu Zhao gained powergained power

Ruled through sons Ruled through sons until taking all power until taking all power for her self.for her self.

First woman to have First woman to have the title. (Empress)the title. (Empress)

Xuanzong (SHOO-AN-Xuanzong (SHOO-AN-toong) then took the toong) then took the reigns and the empire reigns and the empire prospered and prospered and flourished the most flourished the most during his time. 712-during his time. 712-756756

Tang Decline Tang Decline Began decline in the 750’s after putting Began decline in the 750’s after putting

down a rebellion. down a rebellion. Military defeats cost them land in Central Military defeats cost them land in Central

Asia and in the north. Asia and in the north. Nomadic invasions and rebellions over tax Nomadic invasions and rebellions over tax

increases cause further problems. increases cause further problems. A powerful general kills the last Tang A powerful general kills the last Tang

emperor in 907, the dynasty ends. China emperor in 907, the dynasty ends. China becomes split again. becomes split again.

The Song Dynasty The Song Dynasty Reunified in 960 with the Song Dynasty Reunified in 960 with the Song Dynasty

until 1279.until 1279. Also brought a Golden Age of many Also brought a Golden Age of many

achievements. achievements. China became the most advanced China became the most advanced

civilization in the world. civilization in the world.

Government and the civil serviceGovernment and the civil service

Brought back a strong centralized government Brought back a strong centralized government and enlarged the bureaucracy to manage the and enlarged the bureaucracy to manage the empire.empire.

Revised the civil service exams grasping more Revised the civil service exams grasping more the Confucianism. the Confucianism.

Neo-Confucianism (new Confucianism): ideas Neo-Confucianism (new Confucianism): ideas from Confucius and spiritual matters.from Confucius and spiritual matters.

Hard to pass, those that did were scholar-Hard to pass, those that did were scholar-officials- an elite educated class. officials- an elite educated class.

Open to ordinary people. Open to ordinary people.

Decline and the Southern Song Decline and the Southern Song Never regained lands to the west and Never regained lands to the west and

north.north. Afraid of the nomads to the north they tried Afraid of the nomads to the north they tried

to please the nomads with gifts.to please the nomads with gifts. 1120’s the nomads called the Jurchen 1120’s the nomads called the Jurchen

conquered China and started the Jin conquered China and started the Jin Empire. Empire.

Song dynasty did continue is south Chine Song dynasty did continue is south Chine for 150 more years. for 150 more years.

Cultural AchievementsCultural AchievementsLiterature and ArtLiterature and Art Du Fu wrote poems and Confucian ideals or the horrors of Du Fu wrote poems and Confucian ideals or the horrors of

war. Tangwar. Tang Li Bo wrote poems about friendship, nature, solitude, and Li Bo wrote poems about friendship, nature, solitude, and

the joys of life. Tangthe joys of life. Tang Wu Daozi (Dow-tzee) painted murals of Buddhism and Wu Daozi (Dow-tzee) painted murals of Buddhism and

nature. Tangnature. Tang Song artists focused on the beauty of nature.Song artists focused on the beauty of nature. Song artisan excelled at porcelain: type of ceramic that was Song artisan excelled at porcelain: type of ceramic that was

sought for all over the world. (also called china)sought for all over the world. (also called china) Pagoda: multistoried Buddhist temples with curved roofs at Pagoda: multistoried Buddhist temples with curved roofs at

the corners and had a roof at each floor was inspired by the corners and had a roof at each floor was inspired by Indian Buddhist temples. Indian Buddhist temples.

Cultural AchievementsCultural AchievementsInventions and InnovationsInventions and Innovations led the world in technology and science. Gunpowder: mostly used for fireworks and Gunpowder: mostly used for fireworks and

building projects but as it spread it began to be building projects but as it spread it began to be used with weapons. used with weapons.

Magnetic compass, woodblock printing (Tang) Magnetic compass, woodblock printing (Tang) and Movable Type (song), and Paper Money.and Movable Type (song), and Paper Money.

These inventions would revolutionize they way These inventions would revolutionize they way things were done and would change the world things were done and would change the world forever. forever.

Prosperity and Society Prosperity and Society New advancements in agriculture: new irrigation New advancements in agriculture: new irrigation

systems, fast ripening rice, and faster production systems, fast ripening rice, and faster production of cotton and tea. of cotton and tea.

Led to a population growth: Tang 70 million Led to a population growth: Tang 70 million people, Song nearly 100 million people. Most people, Song nearly 100 million people. Most populous country in the world at the time. populous country in the world at the time.

Trade expanded with this and improvements in Trade expanded with this and improvements in roads and canals.roads and canals.

Traded to med. Sea with silk road and by sea Traded to med. Sea with silk road and by sea with Korea and Japan.with Korea and Japan.

Sea trade became important and had many Sea trade became important and had many advances in sailing.advances in sailing.

Economy grew strong and money and banking Economy grew strong and money and banking system developed.system developed.

City life, Society, and WomenCity life, Society, and Women Cities began to grow with increased trade, especially Cities began to grow with increased trade, especially

port cities. port cities. Entertainment districts grew.Entertainment districts grew. Had the largest cities in the world but most still lived in Had the largest cities in the world but most still lived in

the country. the country. Aristocrat power declined while a new class the gentry Aristocrat power declined while a new class the gentry

rose.rose. Gentry: scholar-officials, and leading landowners.Gentry: scholar-officials, and leading landowners. Most were peasants: farmed, paid most of the taxes, Most were peasants: farmed, paid most of the taxes,

little to no school.little to no school. Women status declined (encouraged to stay at home) Women status declined (encouraged to stay at home)

and a desire for small dainty feet began (foot binding) and a desire for small dainty feet began (foot binding) Made women immobile and showed male dominance. Made women immobile and showed male dominance.

The Mongol EmpireThe Mongol Empire In 1200’s a nomadic In 1200’s a nomadic

people called the people called the Mongols from Central Mongols from Central Asia conquer China and Asia conquer China and create the largest land create the largest land empire in history. empire in history.

Steppe or grasslands with Steppe or grasslands with little resources relied on little resources relied on herding animals for their herding animals for their needs. needs.

Traded for what they Traded for what they lacked or took it. lacked or took it.

Like the Huns and the Like the Huns and the Turks they come from this Turks they come from this land to conquer. land to conquer.

The Mongol EmpireThe Mongol Empire Skilled with horses and learned Skilled with horses and learned

to ride at an early age. to ride at an early age. Used to living in harsh Used to living in harsh

environments with scarce environments with scarce resource. resource.

Tough and fierce warriors.Tough and fierce warriors. Not united but separate clans Not united but separate clans

led by a chief or Khan.led by a chief or Khan. Temujin conquered his rivals Temujin conquered his rivals

and united the clans in 1206.and united the clans in 1206. He takes the name Genghis He takes the name Genghis

Khan “Universal Ruler”Khan “Universal Ruler”

Building an EmpireBuilding an Empire Military strategies: mobile, strikes quickly, Military strategies: mobile, strikes quickly,

brutality, psychological warfare, organized, brutality, psychological warfare, organized, strict discipline, complete loyalty, rewards. strict discipline, complete loyalty, rewards.

Conquers most of Asia learning siege Conquers most of Asia learning siege warfare and gunpowder which helped warfare and gunpowder which helped further conquest. further conquest.

Genghis Khan dies in 1227, tells his sons Genghis Khan dies in 1227, tells his sons to conquer the world. to conquer the world.

Mongol Empire DividesMongol Empire Divides Divides empire into 4 regions or Khanates Divides empire into 4 regions or Khanates

with an heir ruling each but the Great with an heir ruling each but the Great Khan ruled over all. Khan ruled over all.

Grandson kublai Khan resumes conquest.Grandson kublai Khan resumes conquest. Was going to invade western Europe until Was going to invade western Europe until

they heard of the Great Khans death. they heard of the Great Khans death.

The Yuan Dynasty The Yuan Dynasty

Kublai Khan only really had Kublai Khan only really had power of The Great Khanate power of The Great Khanate region. region.

1279 he finally beat the 1279 he finally beat the Song Dynasty.Song Dynasty.

He created the Yuan He created the Yuan Dynasty declaring himself Dynasty declaring himself Emperor.Emperor.

11stst foreign ruler of China. foreign ruler of China.

Yuan Cont. Yuan Cont. Chinese thought they Chinese thought they

were rude and were rude and uncivilized.uncivilized.

Did not force ways Did not force ways onto Chinese but onto Chinese but adopted aspects of adopted aspects of their culture giving his their culture giving his dynasty a Chinese dynasty a Chinese name. name.

Also moved his Also moved his capital to where capital to where modern Beijing is, modern Beijing is, Chinese styled Chinese styled ceremonies, palaces, ceremonies, palaces, and ruled as a and ruled as a Chinese emperor. Chinese emperor.

Did not want Mongol Did not want Mongol identity lost. identity lost.

Mongols lived apart Mongols lived apart from Chinese.from Chinese.

Friendships were Friendships were discouraged. discouraged.

Forbidden to Forbidden to intermarry.intermarry.

Had different laws Had different laws and taxes. and taxes.

Chinese not allowed Chinese not allowed to have weapons or to have weapons or be in the military. be in the military.

Yuan cont. Yuan cont. While leaving much of the government in While leaving much of the government in

place, Chinese could not hold high places place, Chinese could not hold high places in office. in office.

Put other foreigners in place. Put other foreigners in place. Chinese taxed heavily.Chinese taxed heavily. Money went to building roads and Money went to building roads and

extending the Grand Canal to the capital. extending the Grand Canal to the capital. Soldiers placed around empire to keep Soldiers placed around empire to keep

peace and prevent rebellions. peace and prevent rebellions.

The Mongol PeaceThe Mongol Peace

Brutal in the building of but ruled it Brutal in the building of but ruled it peacefully.peacefully.

Tolerated local beliefs and ways of life.Tolerated local beliefs and ways of life. Allowed local rulers to stay in power as Allowed local rulers to stay in power as

long as they pay tribute.long as they pay tribute. Adopted aspects of the more civilized Adopted aspects of the more civilized

cultures they conquered. (adopted Islam)cultures they conquered. (adopted Islam) Pax Mongolia “monol peace” Pax Mongolia “monol peace”

The Mongol PeaceThe Mongol Peace Guarded the silk road and other trade Guarded the silk road and other trade

routes, that protection= trade increase. routes, that protection= trade increase. Chinese inventions spread world wide.Chinese inventions spread world wide. Built enormous ships to improve trade Built enormous ships to improve trade

across seas. across seas. Welcomed foreign merchants to China’s Welcomed foreign merchants to China’s

ports and offered them special privileges. ports and offered them special privileges. Traders from S.E.A., India, and Europe Traders from S.E.A., India, and Europe

came to China including Marco Polocame to China including Marco Polo

Marco Polo In China Marco Polo In China An Italian trader from Venice.An Italian trader from Venice. Visited Yuan court with his father.Visited Yuan court with his father. Kublai Khan liked him and sent him on many Kublai Khan liked him and sent him on many

missions in China and abroad. missions in China and abroad. During a battle was captured and told his tales During a battle was captured and told his tales

to his inmate. to his inmate. They were written down and published. They were written down and published. Europeans became fascinated by the stories of Europeans became fascinated by the stories of

China. China. Skeptics wonder if the stories were real. Skeptics wonder if the stories were real.

End of the Yuan DynastyEnd of the Yuan Dynasty Began to weaken after several failed military campaigns Began to weaken after several failed military campaigns

into South East Asia and Japan.into South East Asia and Japan. Large amounts spent on public-works projects had Large amounts spent on public-works projects had

weakened the economy. weakened the economy. + resentment towards Mongols left conditions for + resentment towards Mongols left conditions for

rebellion. rebellion. 1294 Kublai Khan died leaving power struggles and 1294 Kublai Khan died leaving power struggles and

weak leadership.weak leadership. Natural flooding disasters and increase taxes. Natural flooding disasters and increase taxes. 1300’s many rebel groups, one army wins in 1368.1300’s many rebel groups, one army wins in 1368. Mongols leave China to Manchuria and foreign rule Mongols leave China to Manchuria and foreign rule

ends. ends.