Implementation of an Undergraduate Curriculum with Focus on Intelligent Systems Rita M. Caso Jeff...

Implementation of an Undergraduate Implementation of an Undergraduate Curriculum with Focus on Intelligent Curriculum with Focus on Intelligent

SystemsSystems Rita M. Caso Jeff E. Froyd Dimitris C. Lagoudas Othon K. Rediniotis Thomas W. Strganac John L. Valasek John D. Whitcomb

http://crcd.tamu.edu

Texas A&M University

Goals of MCIS Effort at TAMUGoals of MCIS Effort at TAMU

Develop new curriculum track on intelligent systems emphasizing aerospace technologies.

Increase knowledge and interest in using active or “smart” materials to design intelligent systems.

Include design courses and one-on-one directed studies with faculty members.

Modify engineering science courses to emphasize use of basic tools in modelling intelligent systems.

Modify existing and introduce new upper division courses on intelligent systems that will also connect engineering science with capstone design courses.

URICA and design team

Synthetic Jet Actuator


Courses Impacted

AERO 101 - Introduction to Aerospace Engineering

ENGR 111/112 - Foundations of Engineering

ENGR 211/213/214 - Basic engineering science courses

AERO 302 - Aerospace Engineering Laboratory

AERO 304/306 - Structural Mechanics

AERO 401/402 - Senior design sequence

AERO 404 - Mechanics of Advanced Aerospace Structures

AERO 405 - Aerospace Structural Design

AERO 420 - Aeroelasticity

AERO 422 Active Control for Aerospace Vehicles

AERO 489* - Special Topic: MEMS for Aerospace Engineering

AERO 489* - Special Topic: Aerospace Intelligent Systems

*New Course


ENGR 111/112 Project ENGR 111/112 Project Walking Robot with SMA actuationWalking Robot with SMA actuation

Robot (“Stiquito”) specifications: Must be actuated by Shape Memory

Alloys (SMAs) Goal is maximum distance in 3 minutes Only contact can come from ground Must be an autonomous system

Assigned to about 20 four-person freshmen student teams in ENGR 111/112 every semester.

“Stiquito” robot design competitions have evolved from primitive designs early on to designs of sophisticated autonomous ground vehicles.

Student teams have participated in regional design competitions and outreach programs to high schools in the State of Texas.


ENGR 111/112 Project ENGR 111/112 Project Walking RobotWalking Robot

Project development has led to standardized class materials.

Project continues in select sections without CRCD staff involvement


Sophomore engineering students interact with SMAs through projects, homework, and in-class demonstrations

Project and homework emphasize teamwork and intelligent systems

SMA torque tube experiment is too slow to perform in class

Video of setup and data display is provided

Data file from experiment is also provided

Students are guided through data reduction and material characterization

ENGR 213/214ENGR 213/214Torque Tube Virtual ExperimentTorque Tube Virtual Experiment


AERO 302 Project AERO 302 Project Synthetic Jet ActuatorsSynthetic Jet Actuators

Introduction into the classroom: AERO 302 (Aerospace Engineering Laboratory 1)

Use of Hot-Wires and Fast- Response Pressure Probes to measure actuator exit velocity as a function of operating frequency

Visualization of the effect of Synthetic Jet Actuators on airflow

Without Actuation With Actuation


Un-deformed shape Deformed shape (as predicted by FEMAP)

GOAL: Use shape memory alloy (SMA) to change airfoil shape in order to optimize lift to drag ratio.

AERO 306:AERO 306:‘Smart’ Wing‘Smart’ Wing

Physical model FEA model

Question: Where should SMA actuators be located? Predict deformed shape with FEMAP. Use CFD to predict lift and drag coefficients.


SMA experiment

SJA experiment

Hybrid Simplex-Genetic Algorithm Improve and Refine Existing Algorithm

Hysteretic Actuators Extend Current Actuators from SISO to MIMO Type

Synthetic Jet Actuator Flow Regime Expansion Extend Low Speed Results to

High Speed Regime

Evaluate in Non-Laboratory Environment Fly on UAV Testbed

AERO 401/402AERO 401/402 Autonomous Intelligent Reconfiguration Autonomous Intelligent Reconfiguration

Electrical

Control Surfaces

Data

Firewall

SMA wires


Intelligent Technologies in a Intelligent Technologies in a UAV DemonstratorUAV Demonstrator

Demo Features/Lessons Wing Warping Control Highly Deformable Wings Fluid-Structure Interaction Composite wing spar Autonomous control AUVSI UAV Student Competition

(Summer 2004) Indoor Flight Capabilities

Future Semi-autonomous

Micro-autopilot: onboard 3-axis accels, 3-axis rate gyro, and GPS

position and altitude sensors programmable for waypoints and control laws

Distributed Control for Flexible Wings Piezoelectric SMA wires

Micro-servos

Specifications Total Vehicle Weight = 4.5 lb

Available Payload Weight = 1.5 lb

Wing Span = 14 ft; Airfoil: SA7038

AR = 15, W/S = .35 lb/ft2, L/D = 20

Electric engine (lithium polymer batt.) variable speed, thrust = 1.4 lb

VMAX = 31 mph, VSTALL = 10 mph

Roll control via active wing warpingconventional pitch & yaw control

The Albatross CRCD Project – Fall 2003

w/o skin

wing w/ skin

Strag


AERO 405: Urica I Airplane Design AERO 405: Urica I Airplane Design (FEA Spar & Rib Stress Analysis)(FEA Spar & Rib Stress Analysis)


Typical activities include static and dynamic behavioraerodynamic-structurally coupled systemsforced response from control systemsequilibrium vs. stability conceptsconsistent measurementsvalidation and verification

Wing support system

AERO 420 - AeroelasticityAERO 420 - Aeroelasticity

Objectives Examine the interdependence of engineering disciplines

such as aerodynamics, structural, and control Examine the contributions of design concepts that

employ "intelligent systems" such as distributed controllers, active materials, and flow control.

Illustrate behavior via benchmark experiments.

Multi-control surface wing in 2x3 wind tunnel


AERO 422 Project Flow Control using Synthetic Jet Actuators

Introduction into the classroom: AERO 422 (Active Control for Aerospace Vehicles)

Students design a feedback control system which utilizes synthetic jet actuators to control the boundary layer over the airfoil.

Without Actuation With Actuation

hcmdh K plante

-+


AERO 489Intelligent Systems in Aerospace Engineering

Multi-disciplinary class in novel technologies and techniques in Aerodynamics, Structures and Controls. Topics Covered

in the Class:

Basics of Aerodynamics, Structures and Controls Novel Experimental Techniques in Fluids and Structures Smart or Active Materials Intelligent Sensors and Actuators Intelligent Systems in Flow Control Biomimetics in Aerospace Engineering Intelligent Techniques in Systems Modeling


AERO 489Class Projects

Testing of a New Biomimetic Nanostructure Skin for Hydrodynamic Drag Reduction. Left: 3" submarine model to test the achieved drag reduction by covering it with the novel

nanostructure skin. Middle: microscope picture of skin with a drop of water on it forming a perfect sphere. Right: Boundary layer profile over a surface with and without the nanostructure coating,

showing significant drag reduction (20%) with the coating. 0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

U/Umax

y(m

m)

coated

uncoated

Electric Power Generation From Wave Motion Via Piezoelectric Materials.

Left/Bottom: Design of the buoy for transferring the wave energy to the

piezoelectric material, design of transmission mechanism and picture of typical

QuickPack® Bimorph Piezo Beam. Right: Setup for converting mechanical energy to

electrical energy via the piezo beam.

Pulling of the wire rotates the shaft and

loads the spring

Loaded spring moves flywheel

Via a cam, push-rod and spring assembly, the flywheel bends the

piezo bean

Direction of beam vibration

Cantilevered piezoelectric beam

Electrodes collecting the electric charge

Pulling of the wire rotates the shaft and

loads the spring

Loaded spring moves flywheel

Via a cam, push-rod and spring assembly, the flywheel bends the

piezo bean

Direction of beam vibration

Cantilevered piezoelectric beam

Electrodes collecting the electric charge


Experimental Modeling of Pressure Tubing Response and Frequency Response EnhancementFrom left to right: Schematic of tubing in typical pressure probes. Need to reconstruct pressure Ps by measuring pressure Pr. Schematic

and picture of speaker setup for evaluating the tubing frequency response. Example Ps pressure reconstruction by measuring Pr: The green dashed line is the recorded signal (Pr), the blue dotted line is the true signal (Ps), while the red solid line is the reconstructed signal.

Low-Order Modeling of Dynamical Systems.

It addresses the use of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) to achieve low order

modeling for a wide range of dynamical systems, from synthetic-jets for flow control to

modeling and forecasting of stock market securities. Left: exact (left) and low-order

model (right) of the flowfield generated by a synthetic jet actuator. Right: Low-order model

and prediction of the price performance of Microsoft (thin line is exact price data, thick line is model and prediction. The last 25 days

are prediction).

i2 0 N2

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.0281500

1000

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500

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Time [s]

Pre

ssure

Sig

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[P

a]

Fi2

tube1_tt1i1tt1 1

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AERO 489Class Projects


UNIFYING THE CRCD EXPERIENCE Focus knowledge and experience acquired

by students in the CRCD curriculum. Enhance Senior year educational experience.

DESIGN OF INTELLIGENT UNMANNED AIR VEHICLES The integration of Intelligent systems with traditional air vehicle design. Students learn pre-concept design, in a minds-on, hands-on style:

• Create a mission for an Intelligent Unmanned Air Vehicle• Define the requirements which enable the mission• Assemble the requirements into a formal Request for Proposal (RFP)

Students conduct in-depth design in a teaming environment.

GOING BEYOND TRADITONAL ENGINEERING Seniors to learn and develop important project management skills needed to excel in

tomorrow’s workplace.

CRCD Senior Capstone DesignCRCD Senior Capstone Design

Spring 2004Spring 2004

SUMMATIVE EVALUATION SUMMATIVE EVALUATION ACTIVITIESACTIVITIES

The NSF CRCD AERO PROJECT:

Development of a Multidisciplinary Curriculum for Intelligent Systems


Project Goal Areas Results

Interest: retention, motivation, attitudes

• Compared retention of students in courses with and without CRCD-related activities

• Prepared and administered attitude/perception survey

Content Knowledge: conceptual understanding

• Develop preliminary versions of concept inventories for shape memory alloys (SMA) and piezoelectric materials

• Results from preliminary testing and comments from external faculty member are encouraging

Engineering & Design Process Skills: design, creativity, teamwork, communication

• Modified existing instrument to assess design, teamwork, and communication capabilities of senior students in capstone design and first-year students. No major growth from first-year to senior year.

Major Assessment Activities and ResultsMajor Assessment Activities and Results


Summative Evaluation ofSummative Evaluation of InterestInterestQuantitative Quantitative

Identify CRCD “treatment” and Non-CRCD comparison groups(CRCD n = 858 vs. Non-CRCD n ≈ 900)

STUDY Freshman CRCD “treatment” (n=288) vs. Non-CRCD comparison groups taught by same professors and.. Sophomore “treatment” (n=174) vs. Non-CRCD comparison groups taught by same professors

STUDY Tracking students withMultiple Exposure toCRCD courses (Fall 00 – Sp 04 , n=54)

Indicators

• Retention • Attraction to Major

Indicators•Retention •Attraction to Major•Enrollment Choices


Summative Evaluation ofSummative Evaluation of Interest Interest Qualitative and Survey ResearchQualitative and Survey Research

Interview a group of CRCD students in person (available n=18 / universe=858 )

Selection Criteria: Outstanding Performance in Stiquito or Piezo Electric Project orGood CRCD Course Grades Exposed More Than Twice to CRCD CoursesContactable by phone or in person

CreateSurvey ofPerceptions /Attitudes based on result of interviews

Survey CRCD students with Perception/ Attitude instrument via e-mail or Web (n=300/universe=858)

Selection Criteria: Exposed at least once to CRCD course Contactable by email


Sample of Open-Ended Interview Queries

What do you recall about course material or activities concerning smart materials or intelligent systems?

What do you recall about your experiences with these materials and activities ?

What lasting impression or influence do you feel these materials and activities had upon you?

Summative Evaluation of Interest Summative Evaluation of Interest Qualitative and Survey Research Qualitative and Survey Research

Possible Survey Questions How interested were you in studying

aerospace engineering before you took X and /or Y* course?

How interested were you in smart materials or intelligent systems after taking that/those course(s)?

To what extent did your interest in working and doing research with smart materials or intelligent systems increase because of X and/or Y courses?

*X & Y courses = particular CRCD courses


Summative Evaluation of Content Knowledge:Summative Evaluation of Content Knowledge: Concept InventoriesConcept Inventories

Four types of Inventory Questions Test Basic Questions - recall of basic facts about shape memory alloys

Application Questions - 1) recognition of real world applications for SMAs; 2) recognition of which shape memory characteristic was used in the given example

Basic Problems - 1) application of this knowledge to a problem involving an SMA material, 2) ability to combine sophomore level engineering knowledge with their basic knowledge of SMAs to complete simple problems

Advanced Questions: 1) recall of detailed information about SMAs from either an upper level undergraduate course or a graduate course, 2) application of this knowledge to a problem involving an SMA material, 3) ability to integrate their knowledge about SMAs with knowledge recalled from other courses


Sample basic question - SMA Concept Inventory (CI):

1. What is the basic mechanism of the shape memory effect (SME)?

a. Deformation due to the motion of mixed dislocations

b. Interstitial diffusions within the crystal lattice structure

c. Phase transition in a crystal lattice structure

d. Grain boundary growth after re-crystallization

e. None of the above

First, draft CIs were administered and results reviewed. Next,first-draft test questions and answer choices will be revised. Then, beta-versions will be field tested, results analyzed and revisions made

Summative Evaluation of Content Knowledge:Summative Evaluation of Content Knowledge: Concept InventoriesConcept Inventories


Compare with Baseline Results:

F 2000 AERO Capstone Vehicle Design (1st semester of two-semester course)

F 2000 1st Freshman Engineering Course(CRCD “treatment” course)

Summative Evaluation of Engineering & Summative Evaluation of Engineering & Design Process Skills:Design Process Skills: Using TIDEE* Design AssessmentUsing TIDEE* Design Assessment

Pre and Post-Test..• Knowledge About Team Design• Application of Team Design knowledge• Critical Reflection on Team Design Performance

Sp 2004 AERO Capstone Vehicle Design (2nd semester of two-semester course)

*Davis, D. C. (2001). Transferable Integrated Design Engineering Education (TIDEE), Mid Program Assessment


CRCD Intelligent Systems Curriculum Impact on Design CRCD Intelligent Systems Curriculum Impact on Design Knowledge:Team Design Process, Teamwork & Knowledge:Team Design Process, Teamwork & CommunicationCommunication1 1

Freshman vs. Senior Baselines ( Early Fall 2001)Freshman vs. Senior Baselines ( Early Fall 2001)

2.042.303.30Mean Scores

Seniors3

(n=23)

Freshmen2

(n=88)

AERO CRCD Students

1.622.592.71Mean Scores 4

0.85

0.76

Communication*

0.79

0.95

Team Work

Std. Dev.

Std. Dev.

0—5.5 Scale

1.15

1.14

Design Process

1 TAMU AERO CRCD Adapted TIDEE Project Mid Program Assessment Instrument #1, Design knowledge

*Validity in question. Question universally misinterpreted.

Scores Scaled 0 – 5.5, with 0=no knowledge & 5.5=exceptional knowledge


Percentage of Students Scoring 4 and Above

0

10

20

3040

50

Design Process Teamwork Communication

Question Topic

Perc

enta

ge

Pre Test Reflective Essay

CRCD Intelligent Systems Class Design CRCD Intelligent Systems Class Design Projects Increased Freshman Knowledge Projects Increased Freshman Knowledge about Engineering Team-Designabout Engineering Team-Design

Scores Scaled 0 – 5.5, with 0=no knowledge & 5.5=exceptional knowledge

*

*Validity in question. Question universally misinterpreted.


Impact of “Smart Materials” CRCD CurriculumImpact of “Smart Materials” CRCD Curriculum in First Freshman Engineering Course in First Freshman Engineering Course Freshman EPT Results (Post-Test)Freshman EPT Results (Post-Test)

* Scale 1=most positive & 5=most negative

Comparision of Post-Test Perceptions between CRCD and non-CRCD Group

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

5

Selfapp Outside Teaming

Subscale

Sca

le

Non-CRCD

CRCD


Impact of “Smart Materials” CRCD Curriculum Impact of “Smart Materials” CRCD Curriculum on Student Perceptions of Materials Course on Student Perceptions of Materials Course Concepts Mastery & PresentationConcepts Mastery & Presentation

75

80

85

90

95

100

Percentage

CrystalStructures

Polymers MaterialSelection

AtomicBonding

Concepts

Percentage Of Students who Perceived Materials Course Concepts Were Taught or Presented well

Non-CRCD (N=132)

CRCD (N=76)


75

80

85

90

95

100

Percentage

CrystalStructures

Polymers MaterialSelection

AtomicBonding

Concepts

Percentage of Students who felt they mastered the different concepts presented

Non-CRCD (N=132)

CRCD (N=76)

Impact of “Smart Materials” CRCD Curriculum Impact of “Smart Materials” CRCD Curriculum on Student Perceptions of Materials Course on Student Perceptions of Materials Course Concepts Mastery & PresentationConcepts Mastery & Presentation


TiiMS/CRCD REU Student ActivitiesTiiMS/CRCD REU Student ActivitiesSummer 2003 USRG ProgramSummer 2003 USRG Program

Tony Menn - TAMU

Collen McCoy – Purdue University

Through partial support by REU/CRCD funds, TiiMS (Texas Institute for Intelligent Materials and Structures) sponsored 11 students that participated in the TAMU Undergraduate Summer Research Grant Program. Here, two students present their findings at the closing ceremonies.


TiiMS/CRCD REU Student ActivitiesTiiMS/CRCD REU Student ActivitiesSummer 2003 USRG ProgramSummer 2003 USRG Program

These students also were taken on trips to industry and government research laboratories.

Here, USRG students visit the NASA JSC carbon nanotube laboratories and are shown the basics of scanning-tunneling microscopy.


TiiMS/CRCD RET Summer 2003TiiMS/CRCD RET Summer 2003

Stephanie BoydSenior, Mathematics EducationTexas A&M University“Celestial MechanicsGeometry in Space”

Leslie WoodardHouston Independent School District“Aerospace EngineeringAlgebra I Applications”

E3 Teacher Summer Research ProgramTexas A&M University

Summer 2003

The TiiMS Institute made use of an existing outreach program in place at TAMU and the NSF CRCD RET grant to sponsor these teachers.

TiiMS/CRCD group provided professional development opportunities for two HS teachers. The educators focused on nanoscience and aerospace engineering.

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