i
IMPLEMENTATION OF OBJECT TRACKING AND
MOTION SENSORS FOR HOME AND OFFICE-
BASED WIFI MONITORING SYSTEM
by
Bobby Brian M. Cipriano
Ramon S. Lapitan
Charles Chester M.Macapagal
Arvy Leandro N. Petil
A Design Report Submitted to the School of Electrical, Electronics ,
and Computer Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
Mapua Institute of Technology November 2011
ii
Approval Sheet
Mapua Institute of Technology School of EECE
This is to certify that I have supervised the preparation of and read the design report prepared by Ramon S. Lapitan, Arvy Leandro N. Petil, Bobby Brian M. Cipriano entitled IMPLEMENTATION OF OBJECT TRACKING AND MOTION SENSORS FOR HOME AND OFFICE BASED WIFI SECURITY SYSTEM and that the said report has been submitted for final examination by the Oral Examination Committee.
_____________________
Analyn N. Yumang Design Adviser
As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we have examined this design report, presented before the committee on November, 2011, and hereby recommended that it be accepted in fulfillment of the design requirements for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering.
______________________ ______________________
Joshua Cuesta Janette Fautso Panel Member Panel Member
______________________ Carlos Hortinela IV
Chairman This design report is hereby approved and accepted by the School of Electrical, Electronics, and Computer Engineering in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering.
______________________ Dr. Felicito S. Caluyo
Dean, School of EECE
iii
Acknowledgement
The researchers would like thank their design adviser, Analyn M. Yumang,
for her gentle encouragements, astute criticisms and thoughtful pieces of
advices. Also, they are grateful for their subject professor, Ayra Panganiban, who
has been an integral part during the early stages of the design. Her steadfast
support helped push the researchers to come up with a design of good value to
society.
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Roles and Responsibilities of Group Members
Bobby Brian M. Cipriano
Chapter 1
Programmer
Ramon S. Lapitan
Chapter 2
Testing and soldering
Charles Chester M. Macapagal
Chapter 3
Chapter 5
Arvy Leandro N. Petil
Chapter 4
PCB Design
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF GROUP MEMBERS iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
ABSTRACT x
Chapter 1: DESIGN BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION 1
Background 3 Customer 3 Need 4 Solution 4 Benefits 6 Definition of Terms 7
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES 8
Cost Effective IP Camera for Video Surveillance 8 Design and Implementation of a Real Time Video 9 Surveillance System with Wireless Sensor Networks Chapter 3: DESIGN PROCEDURES 14
Hardware Development 14 Software Development 21 Prototype Development 24 Chapter 4: TESTING, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 31
Image Capture Test 31
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Functionality Test 34 Impact Analysis 44 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 45
BIBILIOGRAPHY 14
APPENDIX 75
Appendix A – Operations Manual 47 Appendix B – Pictures of Prototype 50 Appendix C – Source Code 57 Appendix D – Datasheets 63
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List of Tables
Table 3.1: Component Price Listing 30
Table 4.1: Testing of left push button 38
Table 4.2 Testing of right push button 38
Table 4.3 Testing of left through beam sensor 39
Table 4.4 Testing of right through beam sensor 39
Table 4.5 Testing of center through beam sensor 40
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List of Figures
Figure 3.1 : Conceptual Framework 14
Figure 3.2: Block Diagram 15
Figure 3.3: PCB Layout 16
Figure 3.4: Schematic Diagram 20
Figure 3.5: Flowchart 1 21
Figure 3.6: Flowchart 2 22
Figure 3.7: Flowchart 3 22
Figure 3.8: Arduino 24
Figure 3.9: Servo Motor 25
Figure 3.10: Through-beam Sensor 25
Figure 3.11: Switch 26
Figure 3.12: Pushbutton 26
Figure 3.13: Resistors 27
Figure 3.14: IP Camera 27
Figure 3.15: Adapter 28
Figure 3.16: Wires 29
Figure 4.1: Testing the Set-up 32
Figure 4.2: Live Connection 32
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Figure 4.3: Sample Test Object 33
Figure 4.4: Testing the pushbuttons and switch 41
Figure 4.5: Testing the servo motor 42
Figure 4.6: Testing the through beam in other modes 42
x
Abstract
There has been a long standing issue on the cost that comes with security. The present design aimed to break that chain by providing comprehensive security systems. Moreover, the designers changed the medium of data transmission making the system portable and allowing for remote viewing anywhere with an internet connection. The design consists of an IP camera attached to an Arduino microcontroller. The microcontroller then manages data from the sensors and switches to properly move the camera based on the setting that is active. The design was successful in proving that the use of sensors is a suitable alternative to just installing multiple cameras. This means that one can reduce the total cost incurred by installing security systems. The design has accomplished all desired objectives, and further studies should be conducted for the improvement of the design.
Keywords: monitoring, surveillance, security, web-based application, IP camera
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Chapter 1
DESIGN BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION
Background
Standard CCTV cameras employ wired systems and have the disadvantage
of being fixed to a particular area. Their location cannot simply be changed
without incurring additional costs to the company. Installations as well as the
work of cabling the said cameras require professional help. This gap is addressed
by the present design which implements an IP camera due to its advantages
over wired cameras.
IP cameras allow remote access since the video taken is converted into
digital video, thus it can be viewed by any digitally formatted device such as
smartphones, internet browsers or televisions with Internet connection
capability. Moreover, since the video taken is converted to digital format, the
data can be stored into a variety of storage devices such as hard disks and CDs
which usually have bigger storage space than conventional tapes. Also, digital
files are easier to manage, duplicate and allow sending of data over the Internet.
The IP camera used in the design is also able to operate at night. The
camera reacts to movements in the video by taking a screenshot of the video
and sends it to the user’s email account. It is able to send pictures via email
because the camera is connected to a router with Internet connection.
2
Just like other surveillance cameras, the camera can scan the area
(oscillating mode), pivoting from left to right and vice versa. It can also be
manually operated by a user using two pushbuttons (manual mode) to direct the
camera to the left or right. Additionally, we used through-beam sensors wired to
the circuit board to trigger the camera to react to the area where the sensor was
triggered (tracking mode).
Through-beam sensors are a type of sensor that uses two main
components: one that transmits a beam and one that receives the beam. When
an object passes by, the beam is blocked and therefore the receiving component
will trigger in the absence of the beam. The trigger event results in a voltage
being sent to the microcontroller. The microcontroller used is the Arduino
microcontroller. The microcontroller then sends a signal to the servo motor to
turn to the area where the sensor was placed. This microcontroller is responsible
for the processing of the input from the sensors or pushbuttons and making the
servo motor rotate the camera.
These three modes- oscillating, manual and tracking mode- can be
accessed using a switch.
The camera can rotate 180 degrees but can be programmed to rotate up
to 360 degrees depending on the customer’s specification.
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Customer
The Center for Student Advising is Mapua Institute of Technology’s free
tutoring service. The tutors commonly called peer advisers are students who
demonstrate academic excellence and want to share their knowledge to other
students who are more academically challenged. CSA-Intramuros has five offices,
the main office at W501, and four satellite offices at SW306b, N103b, NW201b,
and S101b. The coordinator for CSA is Ms. Mary Anne M. Balmes and she has a
staff member to help her in both the Intramuros and Makati campuses. CSA also
has an office for Makati, but will not be the focus for this study. CSA also
employs student assistants called Junior Staff Advisers to help manage all the
centers by keeping the centers neat and organized, allocating and distributing
advisees and advisers properly and making sure that centers are always available
to accommodate advisees. The great distance between the centers are on
purpose to make them available around the campus, however this also makes
communication between them a challenge. Moreover, the centers are quite small
and can sometimes be overwhelmed by the sheer number of advisees seeking
tutoring sessions.
Need
In the confusion caused by students entering and leaving the center,
occurrences of theft can go unnoticed since the field of view is often limited and
the space cramped. Another problem that arises is that since Ms. Balmes
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manages both Intramuros and Makati campuses, she is unable to monitor both
at the same time, nor is she able to monitor more than one center at any given
moment. There is a need for CSA to be able to monitor all centers remotely
without having to be physically present. Furthermore, remote viewing will also
mean that the person can monitor a center without further adding to the already
occupied space.
Solution
Objectives -The goal of the design is to provide a low cost monitoring
system that makes use of the school’s internet for the various satellite offices of
the CSA. With low cost, it refers to installation, maintenance and cost of
materials needed to build the system. This means that in all three fields, it must
be comparatively cheaper than current products available in the market.
Moreover, in terms of replacing broken parts, since the design is easy to
segment and troubleshoot, one does not need to replace the entire product but
only the defective device. This allows for better monitoring of centers to prevent
stealing and overcrowding at centers. Moreover it allows for satellite offices to be
monitored ensuring that they are always neat and organized.
Constraints - The main limitation of the design is that it requires a
constant internet connection to operate. This means that in the event of a power
failure or the loss of a stable connection, one will not be able to use the design.
Secondly, the design will not be tested in the Makati campus. The SMTP email
5
assigned to the camera is that of Google’s, the group will limit the email to only
one Gmail account. The placement of the camera is also a limiting factor. The
camera can only turn horizontally and not vertically, therefore if the camera is
placed too low, one will not capture important information about the event. For
the experiment, the camera will be placed five feet off the ground so that the
face and overall body structure of the person will be recorded. Also, the
environment used is free of weather disturbances such as smog or fog, since it is
a closed space. Moreover, the maximum distance for identifying a person or
object is 4-5 meters since the object will be too far to get any unique identifiers
from if it goes beyond that distance.
Impact - The safety and security of any establishment is always a
primary concern. Through the design, the designers provide a method of
monitoring locations that is accessible anywhere with a secure internet
connection. This translates into allowing people to monitor their establishments
without the hassle of being there. For the CSA, Ms. Mary Anne Balmes has other
responsibilities aside from just monitoring the center. Now, she has a means to
run other errands without losing the ability to monitor all the centers. Even
when she is not monitoring the centers, the proximity sensors automatically
report events when a sensor is triggered. Emails of the triggered event are sent
to an email so that the she may view the event.
Differentiation - The first big change of the design is that it is low cost,
most motorized CCTVs range from 3,000-5,000Php. Secondly, the design is also
6
automated, making it easy for a user to just leave it on so that one can continue
doing responsibilities without compromising security. Lastly, the use of internet
as a means of communication makes it easily accessible as long as there is a
connection. This is a change from the conventional taped and recorded style
where only one station can be used to view the feed.
Benefits
CSA will be benefited by being given the ability to increase security and
efficiency without having to invest in the large cost of conventional CCTVs.
Moreover, the mobility provided to Ms. Balmes will allow her to delegate more
time to more important tasks than just monitoring centers.
7
Definition of Terms
Arduino – An Arduino is a single-board microcontroller and includes a software
suite for programming it.
CCTV – A closed circuit television is a television system in which video signals
are transmitted from one or more cameras to a set of monitors.
Home security system – A system that secures a home from various threats
like intrusion.
IP Camera – An Internet protocol camera, or IP camera, is a type of digital
video camera commonly employed for surveillance, and which unlike analog
closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras, can send and receive data via a
computer network and the Internet.
Proximity Sensor– A sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects
without any physical contact.
Sensor– A device that detects a physical property and records, indicates or
otherwise responds to it.
Servo motor – A motor used for motion control.
Wifi– Wireless Fidelity is a Wireless local area network that uses high frequency
radio signals to transmit and receive date over distances.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES
Cost Effective IP Camera for Video Surveillance
IP cameras are key devices for a video surveillance system. This paper
introduces a cost effective, power efficient and low profile IP Camera. The
camera consists of a video preprocessing unit, an H.264 encoder, and an
embedded streaming server. The video preprocessing unit is used for video data
acquisition and format conversion; the H.264 encoder compresses the
preprocessed data with H.264 baseline encoding tools; and the streaming server
produces a continuous flow of data for the Internet video communication and
surveillance applications. Both the encoder and the streaming server are
implemented with the cost effective and power efficient Blackfin DSP and ARM9
processors. Key approaches for efficient usage of the DSP resources and main
optimization methods for the encoding speed are presented in this paper.
Performance tests and practical uses of the IP camera indicate that it is easy to
use and able to deliver CIF or VGA size of real-time video clips directly to the
Internet with high PSNR quality and low bitrates. Application of these IP cameras
to the video surveillance systems may greatly lower the requirements for the
network bandwidth, significantly improve the video quality, and efficiently
enhance the system reliability accordingly (Yang, Tham, Wu, & Goh, 2009).
9
According to the paper of Yang, Tham, Wu and Goh, the use of IP
cameras over conventional CCTV or Bluetooth proved to not only be cost
effective but also more effective because the IP camera allows remote access.
This means that the data sent to the client can also be accessed by a remote
terminal as long as it has the same program and has knowledge of the username
and password.
Design and Implementation of a Real Time Video Surveillance System
with Wireless Sensor Networks
“One important goal of surveillance systems is to collect information about the
behavior and position of interested targets in the sensing environment. These
systems can be applied to many applications, such as fire emergency,
surveillance system, and smart home. Recently, surveillance systems combining
wireless sensor networks with video cameras have become more and more
popular. In traditional video surveillance systems, the system performance and
cost is proportional to the number of deployed video camera. In this paper, the
researchers propose a real time video surveillance system consisting of many low
cost sensors and a few wireless video cameras. The system allows a group of
cooperating sensor devices to detect and track mobile objects and to report their
positions to the sink node in the wireless sensor network. Then, the sink node
uses the IP cameras deployed in the sensing area to record these events and
display the present situations. The designers also propose a camera control
scheme to initialize the coverage distribution of cameras and support the inter-
10
task handoff operations between cameras. They have implemented the proposed
system with 16 sensor nodes and two IP cameras, and evaluated the system
performance. The result shows that the surveillance system is adaptable to
variant environments and provides real time information of the monitored
environment (Chen, Chen, Lee, & Chi-Fu Huang, 2008).
Chen, Chen, Lee and Huang proved that when coupling cameras with
other sensors in a network, one can achieve the same amount of coverage and
security for an area using less cameras making the design of the system cheaper
than using just cameras.
What the designers propose to further improve is the automation of the
system given. This means that the camera will automatically process events that
are triggered by the sensors instead of just informing the user. The deisgners
will do this by allowing the program to independently access the motor so it can
move at will and move back to a default setting after the triggered event has
passed. This allows cameras to monitor lots of areas even without the presence
of a user. This is important in large companies or with areas with many sections
since a person is no longer required to monitor all of them continuously.
Moreover, the researchers improve the alert system by sending a message to the
user and a snapshot of the area that was triggered to give details on the event.
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The following is the reply of Globe business solutions upon request of an
IP camera system.
What is Globe Broadband Web Eye? Remote business web-based video solution that allows you to view your business in the Philippines from anywhere, at anytime, through the web browser via an Internet connection, preferably a broadband connection.
What are the features of Web Eye? What does it do? Globe Broadband Web Eye will allow your company to do the following: - Captures images and converts it to a digital format - Record a video feed - Video storage - Support motion detection - Provides security from unauthorized viewers
How Does a globe Broadband Web Eye work? a. Images at the location are captured and digitized by the IP (Internet Protocol) Camera. b. Images are sent via the Globelines Broadband dedicated access to the Internet. c. Images are viewed from any web browser
Can Web Eye record a video/ images and for how long? Web Eye comes with a free Digital Video recorder software that can store up to around 1 month's worth of video.
Do I need to subscribe to Globe Broadband? Yes, Web Eye is a bundled service/package with Globe Broadband preferably the business packages: Trader, Tycoon or Taipan.
12
What if I am already an existing Globe Broadband subscriber? You only have to subscribe to the Web Eye service as a VAS to your broadband service.
What speed is required for Web Eye to work? Ideally it should run on at least a 64kbps speed which is the committed information rate (CIR)* of Trader, 128kbps CIR for Tycoon, 256 for Taipan. *CIR - the speed we guarantee as a minimum level of service at any time. (You may measure your Globe Broadband speed. Just log on to http://utilities.globequest.com.ph and click the bandwith meter).
What if I don't have a Globe broadband service in my area? If you have other store branches or establishments where Globe Broadband facilities are available in those areas, then you can still avail of the service. The branch or establishment where we don't have a Globe Broadband facility can be serviced by other Telco provider.
How many sites/cameras can one monitor view? A PC monitor can hold or support up to 16 sites or cameras. But it is ideal to up to 4 cameras per PC monitor.
How much is the Web Eye service? What are the available Mode/s of Payment? Please refer to the payment modes table above.
What are the other charges in subscribing to a Web Eye aside from the MSF or broadband and the camera? a. Installation Fee (to be charged by Mozcom depending on the installation/ cabling works of the establishment of the client) b. Static IP (1,000 per month per camera upon purchase of a second camera per broadband connection) * A broadband connection has free 3 Static IPs which is dedicated to the modem of the broadband and the camera.
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How do I pay? How do I get billed for the service? Monthly service fee (MSF) of Broadband and payment for the camera shall be billed by Innove to the subscriber.
How soon can I get the service installed? Installation of broadband shall be within 3 days from the time the application is approved. The installation of the camera shall come within 24 or 48 hours after the installation of broadband.
Is there an installation fee? Installation of broadband is waived while there is an installation fee for the camera. Please note that these cost are basic costs regardless if the type of camera is wireless or wired. The cost shall depend on the depth of the cabling works or complexity of the installation. The fee shall be paid separately to Mozcom (our camera supplier).
Is there a warranty for the camera? Yes - 1 year upon installation of the camera if the mode of payment is outright purchase, lease-to-own (whether 12 or 24 months). However, if the mode of subscription of the camera is LEASE only, then the warranty is effective as long as the lease term is not terminated.
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CHAPTER 3
DESIGN PROCEDURES
HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 3.1 Conceptual Framework
The system will have three modes: active tracking, scanning and manual.
When in active tracking, the system will start in a default view, when either of
the sensors is activated, the camera moves in the direction of the event. While
in transit, the camera will take a series of snapshots that will automatically be
emailed to the assigned account. The camera will stay in the said position until
either another sensor is triggered or the user manually issues a move command
to the camera. In scanning mode, the camera ignores the sensors and moves
from end to end in a constant speed allowing full view of the room. The last
Active Tracking
input: proximity sensors
process: move towards sensor
output: send event and snapshot
Scanning
Input: none
process: swing from left to right
output: continuous oscillating camera with video and snapshot
Manual
input: wait for user move command
process: move and take snapshot
output: snapshot and video
15
mode will allow the user to manually control the camera and may choose to
address or ignore any events triggered by the sensors.
Here the designers display the three modes used by the program. For all
three modes, the basic output is the same. This is because one of the objectives
of the design is to allow versatility and added functionality. This means that the
designers allow the user to select from many options, but still have the same
output to allow them to monitor the said location.
Figure 3.2 Block diagram
input sensor Arduino
servo camera snapshot
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Figure 3.3 PCB layout
17
The schematic is the PCB that the designers attached to the Arduino
board. The following are the connections used to connect the Arduino to the
external components: through beam sensors, power supply, servo motor,
resistors, switches and buttons.
As shown in the diagram, pins 2 and 3 of the Arduino board make use of
the oscillating and manual mode. Both of these pins are connected to only one
three-way switch. Thus, if the manual mode is enabled, the other one will not
take effect. In addition, if the switch is centered or both of the pins are
connected to the ground, the active tracking will take place.
For the manual mode, the push buttons are connected to pins 4 and 5.
These buttons represent the left and right movement of the camera. Both of
these push buttons are connected to the Vcc of the Arduino board when pressed.
In either way, it is connected to the ground using pull-up resistors. As for the
oscillating mode, no controller was set since the movement will just basically
trace from left to right and vice versa.
During active tracking (both pins 2 and 3 are low), the through beam
sensors will take effect. Each of these pins represents the left, right and center
position of the camera. Thus, triggering one side of the sensor will cause a
movement depending upon the direction.
The servo motor is connected to the pin 9 of the Arduino board. This pin
serves as a digital input for the servo motor, in order for it to identify its direction
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of movement. The servo motor has a different power supply, connected to the
3.3V of the Arduino board in order to minimize the distortion or sharing of loads
from other components; thus, limiting the errors produced through its
movements. All other components are connected to the Vcc and ground of the
Arduino. The servo motor serves as a mount for the IP camera.
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5V
5V Vin P0 5V
GND P1; 5V
P2
P3
P4 PB1
P5
P6 PB2
P7
P8
P9
GRD Vin In
SERVO
Figure 3.4 Schematic Diagram
5V
5V
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SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM FLOW CHART
Figure 3.5 Flowchart 1
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A
Object detected
Oscillate serve left and right
No
Send emailYes
Power
Stop
No
Yes
Figure 3.7 Flowchart 3
Figure 3.6 Flowchart 2
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Figure 3.5 shows the flow chart of the prototype being designed. The process
activates as soon as the power supply is being inputted to the circuit. As shown,
the first process starts from initializing all the variables. This is to clear any
unwanted data that may cause the device to fail. It also prevents the servo
motor from generating random movements across every direction.
As shown in the flow chart, the device can provide three modes, namely
the manual, oscillating and sensor based mode. For all of each mode, it always
involves an object tracking feature, which means that even if the device does not
provide any movement, as long as there is an object spotted through the
camera, it will always send an email message to the owner.
For the manual mode, it always waits for the input generated by the push
buttons. Thus, if the button is pressed in either left or right the servo motor will
produce a movement of 1 degree depending upon the direction. To generalize,
as long as a certain button is pressed, it will continuously move toward its
destination.
For the osciallating mode, as shown in the flow chart, it will generate a
left and right motion. It will disregard any input coming from the sensors and the
push buttons.
For the sensor based mode, it is enabled if both manual and oscillating
mode is disabled. In this mode, it makes use of the sensors in which when one
gets an input or triggered, the servo motor will automatically move toward the
24
position of the sensor. Thus, if two or more sensors are triggered at almost of
the same time, it will move toward the latest event depending upon the delay
that is programmed internally.
All the movement generated by each mode has a limit of 0 up to 180
degrees. Thus any motion out of the specified range will be disregarded.
PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT
1.) ArduinoDuemilanove
Figure 3.8 Arduino
The ArduinoDuemilanove serves as the main controller of all the
components presented in the circuit. It accumulates all the input coming from
the push buttons, switches, and through beam sensor and interprets the data for
the desired movement of the servo motor.
25
2.) Servo Motor
Figure 3.9 servo motor
The servo motor generates all the movement concerning the device. It
serves as the mount point of the camera in order to automate its viewing
perspective. The movement of servo motor may vary depending upon the mode
selected in the device.
3.) Through beam sensors
Figure 3.10 Through-beam sensor
26
The through beam sensors serve as the main component for automatically
detecting object. If an object is present in between the two ends of the sensor, it
will immediately send a signal to the Arduino to generate the required operation.
4.) Switches
Figure 3.11 switch
The switch serves as the mode selector of the device. It enables the user
to select his/her desired option depending upon the situation and type of
monitoring operation.
5.) Push buttons
Figure 3.12 push button
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The push button operates for the control of manual mode. It serves as a
controller for the left and right movement of the servo motor.
6.) Resistors
Figure 3.13 Resistors
The resistors are used in order to balance the flow of current in the
circuit. The resistors are used basically for pull-up in order to produce proper
input going through the device.
7.) IP camera
Figure 3.14 IP camera
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The IP camera serves as the viewing access of the device. It enables the
user to view the status or condition of the place being monitored at any place
providing better security.
8.) Adapter
Figure 3.15 Adapter
The adapter serves as the main power source of the device when it is
externally connected from the computer.
29
9.) Connecting wires
Figure 3.16 Wires
The connecting wires are used to enhance the range of the through beam
sensors. It enables the component to be placed on more isolated area for the
ease of monitoring. Stranded wires are being used in the circuit since it is more
flexible.
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Table 3.1 Component Price Listing
COMPONENT PRICE (PHP) QUANTITY PRICE (PHP)
Through-beam Sensor 350.00 3 1050.00
ArduinoDuemilanove 850.00 1 850.00
Resistors (10k ohm) 2.50 4 10.00
Switch 20.00 1 20.00
Pushbutton 10.00 2 20.00
IP Camera 2380.00 1 2380.00
Servo Motor 1200.00 1 1200.00
Connecting Wires 200.00 1 roll 200.00
TOTAL 5730.00
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Chapter 4
TESTING, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Image capture test
The unique aspect of the design is that it can capture alerts and
automatically send these alerts to the client’s email. More importantly, the
pictures captured are of the event triggered. The design will be useless if the
camera fails to capture what triggered the sensor.
Procedure:
1. First, the designers choose the target object/person that must be
captured by the camera.
2. They triggered the sensor where the object/person is located.
3. They check the email and verify if the object was captured by the camera.
4. The test is repeated for all sensors.
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Figure 4.1 Testing the Set-up
In this figure the designers present the set-up that will be used for testing
the camera’s ability to capture the object that triggered the event.
Figure 4.2 Live Connection
Along with the test of the email, the designers also watched the live feed
if the object will be visible in the stream and how clear it will be.
33
Figure 4.3 Sample Test Object
This is an example of the test subject; the designers triggered the sensor
in front of a group of students and verified if it was in fact the image that was
sent to the email account
Here, the designers tested how the positioning of the camera affects the
ability of the user to identify the object or the person that triggered the sensor.
The data acquired by the test shows that the camera’s response is fast enough
to capture a triggered sensor. Moreover, the camera has to be at a considerable
height for it to be able to retrieve usable data to the user.
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Functionality test
The designers have implemented three modes for the design: automatic,
manual and oscillating. The designers tested each of the modes by testing if the
camera will respond in all three modes. This is done by waiting for an email of
the room from any mode. Since the program of the camera emailing snapshots is
built-in, the designers assume it to be always working.
Procedure:
1. First, the designers set-up the prototype and made sure it is functioning
properly.
2. They chose 1 of 3 modes
3. They logged in to the account that will receive the email.
4. They triggered the camera to send the email.
5. They checked the email account for the email.
6. They repeated for all other modes.
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The following table illustrates how each button and sensor must be tested
in each mode to ensure that the buttons and sensors will only work in the mode
that they need to.
38
Device to be
tested
Mode to be tested in
Expected output
Results
trial1
trial2
trial3
trial4
trial5
trial6
trial7
trial8
trial9
trial10
success rate
Left push button
Active tracking no effect success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
Left push button
Scanning no effect success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
Left push button
Manual move 1 to the left
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
Table 4.1 Testing of left push button
Device to be tested
Mode to be tested in
Expected output
Results
trial1
trial2
trial3
trial4
trial5
trial6
trial7
trial8
trial9
trial10
success rate
Right push button
Active tracking no effect
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
Right push button Scanning no effect
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
Right push button Manual
move 1 to the right
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
Table 4.2 Testing of right push button
39
Device to be tested
Mode to be tested in
Expected output
Results
trial1
trial2
trial3
trial4
trial5
trial6
trial7
trial8
trial9
trial10
success rate
Left through beam sensor
Active tracking
move to 180° position
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
Left through beam sensor Scanning no effect
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
Left through beam sensor Manual no effect
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
Table 4.3 Testing of left through beam sensor
Device to be tested
Mode to be tested in
Expected output
Results
trial1
trial2
trial3
trial4
trial5
trial6
trial7
trial8
trial9
trial10
success rate
right through beam sensor
Active tracking
move to 0° position
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
right through beam sensor Scanning no effect
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
right through beam sensor Manual no effect
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
Table 4.4 Testing of right through beam sensor
40
Device to be tested
Mode to be tested in
Expected output
Results
trial1
trial2
trial3
trial4
trial5
trial6
trial7
trial8
trial9
trial10
success rate
center through beam sensor
Active tracking
move to 90° position
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
center through beam sensor Scanning no effect
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
center through beam sensor Manual no effect
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
success
100%
Table 4.5 Testing of center through beam sensor
41
As clearly seen, the program was written in such a way that even if the
push button is used outside of its mode of operation, it will not interrupt the flow
of the current mode.
Figure 4.4 Testing the pushbuttons and switch
Here, the designers test if the switches and push buttons work only in the
modes that they are supposed to.
42
Figure 4.5 Testing the servo motor
Figure 4.6 Testing the through beam in other modes
43
In all modes, the designers were able to confirm that the camera
responded to inputs coming from the pushbuttons and sensors. Furthermore,
they also confirmed that the email was received containing the pictures. It is
important that the three systems always exclude each other’s functionalities. If
this ever failed, serious problems can occur regarding the operation of the
camera.
44
Impact Analysis
In these times of economic instability, crime is rampant. Poverty has
pushed people to the wall causing them to resort to illegal means such as
stealing and kidnapping. The ability to provide cheap yet effective means of
security is the designers’ main objective. It is through this design that they have
achieved such objective. Moreover, the versatility of the design has also made it
applicable to simply monitoring a facility, checking for productivity and efficiency.
In the long run, that means that the product targets not only people who want
to secure a business or home, but also those who want to do this without the
hassle of having to be physically present at the location.
45
Chapter 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
Comprehensive security systems are expensive, mainly because cameras
are expensive and a lot are needed to properly monitor an area. Moreover, most
of the time, the feed from these cameras only lead to a single room, usually
security offices. Also, the requirement that someone must always be watching
the monitors, makes these systems costly. All of these sum up to a large cost of
money required in security. If it is an office building several floors high, this can
become quite costly to operate.
Through the present design, the designers have found a way to greatly
reduce the cost of a security system. The use of sensors instead of multiple
cameras, have made it possible to monitor a large area while minimizing the use
of cameras. The implementation of IP cameras have made the streaming of the
signal wireless thus the system can be monitored from anywhere with a secure
connection. Furthermore, this reduces the need to employ security at all times,
since the system is automated.
46
Recommendation
Even though the design accomplished all the objectives that had been
stated in this paper, there are still numerous limitations that need to be
addressed to make the existing design more versatile.
Firstly, ensuring that the connection is secure can be a major issue in
companies that deal with very sensitive data. The designers believe this can still
be improved in future work. It is suggested that there be a security check when
accessing the IP from any remote device. Moreover, it should be noted that
when using a public network, one must automatically require a password change
on next login to ensure security. Secondly, the sensors are still wired, it will be
more advantageous and easier to implement if all the sensors become wireless
as well. All of these go into the long term idea of security that is cheap and
reliable. Thirdly, the device can be improved by integrating the system to alert
the authorities when an event occurs. The last is the dependency of the network
to power; it would be advisable to implement a power supply to the system such
that when there is a loss of power, it will kick in as a back-up to the system. It
can even be coupled with temporary memory during the power outage so that
no data is lost during the outage.
47
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A
OPERATION’S MANUAL
System requirement
IP CAMERA
Item Requirements
CPU Pentium 4 1600MHz (or equivalent AMD)
Graphic Card 64 MB RAM graphic cards(or equivalent on-board graphic cards)
RAM 512 MB
Operating System Windows2000, 2003, XP, Vista, Windows 7
Web Browser Internet Explorer 6 or later
48
Installation procedure
1. Mount camera and servo on a solid level surface.
2. Connect one end of the sensors to the Arduino.
3. Connect the other end of the sensors across the first end; do not make
their distance greater than two meters. For best use, place at
entrances and locations where foot traffic is high.
4. Connect the power sources to the Arduino and sensors.
5. Using command prompt, identify the IP address of the camera.
6. Connect to the IP camera and reconfigure the default username and
password.
49
Troubleshooting Guides and Procedures
1. Unable to connect to the camera.
Ensure that you have an internet connection. If you do, check to see if
you are accessing the right IP address. This can be done by checking
your router’s DHCP client list and finding the camera’s IP address.
2. Unable to access router.
Make sure you are connected to the router. If yes, determine the
address of the router by first running Command Prompt and typing
ipconfig. The router’s address will be found in the Default Gateway
Address. Use this address to access the router.
3. Video feedback from camera cannot be seen through its
browser interface.
Check if the camera is on and connected to the router. Make sure your
current browser supports or has Adobe Flash Player installed. This can
be downloaded from get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Refresh your browser
and check the video again.
50
APPENDIX B
Pictures of Prototype
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
APPENDIX C
SOURCE CODE
#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
int moving = 2
int restrict = 3;
intmotionle = 4
intmotionri = 5;
int left = 6
intcenter = 7
int right = 8;
int logic = 0
int location
int angle = 90;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
myservo.attach(9,600,2400);
pinMode(moving,INPUT);
pinMode(restrict,INPUT);
58
pinMode(motionle,INPUT);
pinMode(motionri,INPUT);
pinMode(left,INPUT);
pinMode(center,INPUT);
pinMode(right,INPUT);
}
void loop()
{
if((digitalRead(restrict) == HIGH &&digitalRead(moving) == HIGH))
{
logic = 1;
}
else
{
if(digitalRead(restrict) == HIGH)
{
logic = 1;
}
else if(digitalRead(moving) == HIGH)
{
logic = 2;
}
else
59
{
logic = 3;
}
}
if(logic == 1)
{
if(digitalRead(motionle) == HIGH && angle < 175)
{
angle++; myservo.write(angle);
delay(15);
}
else if(digitalRead(motionri) == HIGH && angle > 5)
{
angle--; myservo.write(angle);
delay(15);
}
}
else if(logic == 2)
{
myservo.write(5);
delay(200);
for(angle = 5; angle < 175; angle++)
{
if(digitalRead(moving) == LOW)
60
{
break;
}
myservo.write(angle);
delay(15);
}
for(angle = 175; angle > 5; angle--)
{
if(digitalRead(moving) == LOW)
{
break;
}
myservo.write(angle);
delay(15);
}
}
else if(logic == 3)
{
if(digitalRead(left) == HIGH)
{
location = 1;
}
else if(digitalRead(center) == HIGH)
{
61
location = 2;
}
else if(digitalRead(right) == HIGH)
{
location = 3;
}
else
{
location = 4;
}
switch(location)
{
case 1:
myservo.write(175);
delay(200);
angle = 175;
break;
case 2:
myservo.write(90);
delay(200);
angle = 90;
break;
case 3:
myservo.write(5);
62
delay(200);
angle = 5;
break;
default:
myservo.write(angle);
delay(200);
break;
}
}
}
63
DATA SHEETS
