Implementing Vehicle Emission Standards and Equivalent Fuel Quality and the Case of
Thailand’s Roadmap to Euro 6/VI
Dr. Supat WangwongwatanaFaculty of Public Health, Thammasat University
Member of the Pollution Control Board of Thailand
Current State of Air Quality in Bangkok 2017(Ambient)
Ambient Air Quality in Bangkok 2017
Exceeding Average Standards 1 Year
TSP (24-hr) mg/m3
PM10 (24-hr) g/m3 7-103 71 120 0/1938 (0) 36
PM2.5 (24-hr) g/m3 4-76 53 50 65/987 (6.59) 25
Pb (monthly ) g/m3
CO (1-hr) ppm 0.0-4.5 1.4 30 0/31046 (0.0) 1.0CO (8-hr) ppm 0.0-4.35 1.4 9 0/32265 (0.0) 1.0O3 (1-hr) ppb 0-182 63 100 264/46743 (0.56) 21O3 (8-hr) ppb 0-120 55 70 744/48588 (1.53) 21SO2 (1-hr) ppb 0-23 5 300 0/30387 (0.0) 2SO2 (24-hr) ppb 0-7 4 120 0/1309 (0.0) 2NO2 (1-hr) ppb 0-146 47 170 0/44326 (0.0) 20
StandardsPollutants Range 95 Percentile Annual Avg. Standards
50
25
0.04
0.04
0.03
Current State of Air Quality in Bangkok 2017(Roadside)
Exceeding Average
Standards 1 YearTSP (24-hr) mg/m3
PM10 (24-hr) g/m3 11-136 93 120 7/1338 (0.52) 53
PM2.5 (24-hr) g/m3 7-88 53 50 50/757 (6.61) 26
Pb (monthly ) g/m3
CO (1-hr) ppm 0.0-5.6 1.9 30 0/31890 (0.0) 1.0CO (8-hr) ppm 0-4.69 1.7 9 0/32991 (0.0) 1.0O3 (1-hr) ppb 0-141 46 100 8/16959 (0.05) 12O3 (8-hr) ppb 0-84 40 70 30/17560 (0.17) 13SO2 (1-hr) ppb 0-25 5 300 0/15763 (0.0) 2SO2 (24-hr) ppb 0-6 5 120 0/668 (0.0) 2NO2 (1-hr) ppb 0-159 57 170 0/29864 (0.0) 27
StandardsPollutants Range 95 Percentile Annual Avg. Standards
50
25
0.04
0.04
0.03
Trend of Air Quality in Bangkok
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
No
. o
f veh
icle
: M
il. veh
icle
s
PM
10 (
ug
/m3)
Other Bus
Truck Motorcycle
Light duty diesel Passenger car
Roadside Ambient
1 year Std.
Trend of Air Quality in Bangkok
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
No
. o
f veh
icle
: M
il. veh
icle
s
CO
(p
pm
)
Other Bus
Truck Motorcycle
Light duty diesel Passenger car
Roadside Ambient
CO
Trend of Air Quality in Bangkok
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
No
. o
f V
eh
icle
: M
il. veh
icle
s
TS
P (
mg
/m3)
Other Bus
Truck Motorcycle
Light duty diesel Passenger car
Roadside Ambient
1 year Std.
TSP PM10
Trend of Air Quality in Bangkok
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
No
. o
f V
eh
icle
:(M
il. V
eh
icle
Ozo
ne
(p
pb
)
Other Bus
Truck Motorcycle
Light duty diesel Passenger car
Roadside Ambient
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
No
. o
f veh
icle
: M
il. veh
icle
s
NO
2(p
pb
)
Truck Other
Bus Motorcycle
Light duty diesel Passenger car
Roadside Ambient
1 year Std.
Trend of Air Quality in Bangkok
NO2
O3
Trend of Air Quality in Bangkok
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
NO
. o
f V
eh
icle
: M
ill. V
eh
icle
s
SO
2 (p
pb
)
Other Bus
Truck Motorcycle
Light duty diesel Passenger car
Roadside Ambient
Standard
SO2
64
86
112
76
9187
77
5761
72
60 5955 52
33 34 35 32 29 29 26
11 12 95
11 10 8
R² = 0.7778
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
ปี 2554 ปี 2555 ปี 2556 ปี 2557 ปี 2558 ปี 2559 ปี 2560
ค่าสงูสดุ เปอรเ์ซนไทล ์95ค่าเฉลี่ย ค่าต ่าสดุLinear (ค่าเฉลี่ย)
g/
m3
Annual Average PM2.5 in Bangkok
Standard = 25 g/m3
Euro 4 Fuels
Euro 4 new Vehicles
Maximum
Average
Linear Regression
95 Percentile
Minimum
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Daily Average PM2.5 in Bangkok from 2011 - 2017
1ม
.ค.
1ก.พ
.
1มี
.ค.
1เม
.ย.
1พ
.ค.
1มิ
.ย.
1ก.ค
.
1ส.ค
.
1ก.ย.
1ต
.ค.
1พ
.ย.
1ธ.ค
.
ปี 2554 ปี 2555
ปี 2556 ปี 2557
ปี 2558 ปี 2559
ปี 2560 ปี 2561
31
ธ.ค
.
g/
m3
Standard = 50 g/m3
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Trend of Air Toxics in Bangkok
1.2
3 2.6 2.26
4.1
1.5
3.1
2.52.3
4.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
Benz
ene (
g/m
3 )
Annual Average Standard = 1.7 g/m3
0.04 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.080.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
ERTC รพ.จฬุาลงกรณ์ โชคชยั 4 ราชภฏับา้นสมเดจ็ฯ ดินแดง
1,3-B
utad
iene (
g/m
3 )
พ.ศ. 2551 พ.ศ. 2552 พ.ศ. 2553 พ.ศ. 2554 พ.ศ. 2555 พ.ศ. 2556 พ.ศ. 2557 พ.ศ. 2558 พ.ศ. 2559
Annual Average Standard = 0.33 g/m3
Clean fuels and clean new vehicles
are major contributing factors
responsible for today Bangkok’s
cleaner air
Measures on Clean Fuels
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
before 2003 2003 2012
1,000
500
50
Sulfu
r Con
tent
(ppm
)
Phasing Down Sulfur in Gasoline Fuel in Thailand
Sulfur
Euro 4
Phasing Down Sulfur in Diesel Fuel in Thailand
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
before 1993 1993 1996 1999 2004 2012
10,000
5,000
2,500
500350
50
Su
lfu
r C
on
ten
t (p
pm
)
Euro 3 Euro 4
Thailand Fuel Specifications 2005 and 2012
Gasoline 2005 2012 (current)
RVP 62 kPa60 kPa
62 kPa for Gasohol with VRU
Benzene 3.5 vol% 1 vol%
Aromatics
35 vol% (42 vol% for
Gasohol until 2007)
35 vol%
Olefins - 18 vol%
Sulphur 500 ppm 50 ppm
Diesel 2005 2012 (current)
CI or CN 51 50
90% Distilled Temperature 357 °C 357 °C
Poly-aromatics - 11 w%
Sulfur 350 ppm 50 ppm
Measures on Clean Vehicles
Vehicle Types
Enforcement Years
Before 1995
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007-20122013 -
Present
LDVGasoline
Pre-Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV
LDVDiesel
Pre-Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV
MC ECE 40-00 ECE
40-01 CO ≤ 13 g/km HC ≤ 5 g/km
CO ≤ 4.5 g/km HC+NOx ≤ 3 g/km White Smoke ≤
30% Evaporative ≤ 2 g/test (for < 110cc.)
CO ≤ 3.5 gm/km HC+ NOx ≤ 2 g/km White Smoke ≤
15% Evaporative ≤ 2 g/test (for ≥ 150cc.)
Euro III (Euro IV, 1 Jan. 2018)
HDV Pre-Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III
Enforcement of Vehicle Emission Standards in Thailand
15Courtesy of Dr.Savitri Garivait
Vehicle Population in Bangkok
9,270,650 as of 31 August 2016 (9.8 million at end 2017)
26 December 2016
17 January 2018
Last week of January – Middle of February 2018
Future Projection of Emissions from Road Transport in Bangkok if Stay on Euro 4
Courtesy of Dr. Savitri Garivait
PM Emission during 2010-2050
NOx Emission during 2010-2050
CO2 Emission during 2010-2050
CO Emission during 2010-2050P
M E
mis
sio
n (
kt)
CO
Em
issi
on
(kt
)
NO
x Em
issi
on
(kt
)C
O2
Emis
sio
n (
kt)
Much Cleaner Fuels and Cleaner Vehicles
are needed !!!
Euro 5/6 Fuel Quality and Vehicle
Emission Standards
to achieve
Clean and Healthy Air for the People in
Bangkok in the long term
Euro 5/6 Fuel Quality Standards
Comparison between Euro 4 and Euro 5 Fuel Specification
Euro 4 Euro 5
1. Sulfur Not more than 50 ppm Not more than 10 ppm
2. Aromatics Not more than 35% by vol. Between 29-35% by vol.
3. Olefins Not more than 18% by vol. Between 3-13% by vol.
4. Benzene Not more than 1% by vol. Not more than 1% by vol.
5. RVP Not more than 62 KPa Between 56-60 kPa
24
Euro 4 Euro 5
1. Cetane Not less than 50 Between 52-54
2. Sulfur Not more than 50 ppm Not more than 10 ppm
3. PAH Not more than 11% by weight Between 2-6% by weight
Quality of Current Fuels in Thailand
• Euro 4 for gasoline and diesel fuels with sulfur not
more than 50 ppm
• Euro 5 fuels with sulfur not more than 10 ppm are
also available,
̵ E20 for gasoline by Bangchak
̵ Premium grade diesel by PTT
Million
liter/day
Euro 5
0.7
Euro 4
28
Gasoline
Million
liter/day
Euro 5
0.2
Euro 4
63
Diesel
Source:
Department of Energy Business
(Jan-May 2016)
Euro 5/6 Vehicle Emission Standards
Development of Future Roadmap for Implementing
Mitigation Measures in Transport Sector in Thailand
• Pollution Control Board of Thailand established a Sub-
Committee on Emission Standards for Motor Vehicles in
Thailand on 25 Feb. 2015
• The Sub-Committee established 4 Task Forces (16 March 2016)
• Task Force on Vehicle Emission Standards
• Task Force on Fuel Quality Standards
• Task Force on Inspection and Maintenance Program
• Task Force on Emission Inventory for Bangkok
• The Sub-Committee plans to draw the conclusion on future fuel
quality and vehicle emission standards and their
implementation timelines by the first quarter of 2017 for
submission to the Pollution Control Board
GAINS Model
Data Input• Energy or Fuel Consumption• Combustion Technology• Engine Technology• Fuel Characteristic• Control Technology• Economic Factors
Result• Thailand’s GHG emissions & air
pollutants (base year 2010) GIS
Other data Input• Information on Emissions Spatial and Temporal
Distribution• Gridded 12 x 12 km & 1 x 1 km (BMR)
Result• Gridded of GHG and Air Pollutants
Emissions
CAMxModel
Other Data Input• Meteorological data• Emissions Boundary
Result• Modeled Air Pollutant
ConcentrationStatisticalAnalysis
Data Input• Monitored or Observed Air
Pollutant Concentration
Result•Uncertainty in AQ
modeling and Emission Inventory
Tool Tool
Tool Tool
1) Emission Inventory
2) AQ Modeling & Simulation3) AQ modeling & Emission Validation
40
Air Benefit Assessment Framework
Courtesy of Dr. Savitri Garivait
41
4. Future Emission Reduction Projection Scenarios• Energy policy (PDP, EEDP, AEDP)
• Future Energy Consumption
• Potential Future Energy Demand Reduction
5. Emissions Mitigation Scenarios• Current Legislation Scenario
• Maximum Technology Feasible Reduction
• No Further Control
• ….
6. Air Benefit from Emission Reduction Assessment
7. Health Benefit Assessment
8. Emission Reduction Cost Assessment
9. Cost-Benefit Analysis and Effective Emission Reduction Strategy Assessment
Air Benefit Assessment Framework
Proposed Roadmap for Future Fuel Quality and
Vehicle Emission Standards for Thailand
• Euro 5/6 Fuel Quality Standards
- Gasoline and Diesel – 1 January 2023
• LDV Emission Standards
- Euro 5 - 1 July 2023
- Euro 6 - 1 July 2029
• HDV Emission Standards
- Euro 5 - 1 January 2026
- Euro 6 - 1 January 2032
Vehicle
Standard Fuel StandardPercent of Emission Reduction (%)
HC NOX CO CO2 CH4 PM
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
50 ppm S 10 ppm-51% 0% -38% -2% -4% -20%
Euro 4 -25% -4% -32% -2% -12% -16%
Vehicle
StandardFuel Standard
Percent of Emission Reduction (%)
HC NOX CO CO2 CH4Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
50 ppm S 10 ppm-2% -14% -35% 0% -7%
Euro 4 -3% -31% -74% 0% -100%
Diesel Vehicles
Gasoline Vehicles
Emission Reduction Obtained from Using Euro 5 Fuels (Sulfur
-51
0
-38
-2 -4
-20-25
-4
-32
-2
-12-16
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0HC NOx CO CO2 CH4 PM
Emission Reduction obtained from Switching from
-2
-14
-35
0-7-3
-31
-74
0
-100
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0HC NOx CO CO2 CH4
Emission Reduction Obtained from Switching from 50 ppm Sulfur to 10 ppm S Gasoline Fuel in Euro 3 and Euro 4 Gasoline Vehicles
Euro 3 Gasoline Vehicle Euro 4 Gasoline Vehicle
%
PM Emission Reduction in the Road Transport in Bangkok from the Implementation of Euro 5/6 Roadmap
PM
Em
issi
on
Re
du
ctio
n f
rom
R
oad
Tra
nsp
ort
(%
)
PM
Em
issi
on
fro
m R
oad
Tr
ansp
ort
(kt
)
Euro 4
Euro 5 & 6
Euro 4
Euro 5 & 6 Euro 5 & 6
BMR BMR
Courtesy of Dr. Savitri Garivait
PM
Em
issi
on
fro
m R
oad
Tr
ansp
ort
(kt
)
PM
Em
issi
on
fro
m R
oad
Tr
ansp
ort
(kt
)
Euro 4
Euro 5 & 6
Euro 4
Euro 5 & 6
Leapfrog to Euro 6
LDV & HDV
LDV & HDV
Euro 6
Euro 4
5
33.2
58.1
74
82.486.3
5.1
38.4
62.5
76.5
83.686.7
0.1
5.2 4.4 2.51.2 0.4
0
20
40
60
80
100
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Euro 5 and then 6 vs Leapfroging to Euro 6Euro 5 and then 6
Leapfrog to Euro 6
Additional Emission Reduction Gainedfrom Leapfroging to Euro 6
PM
Em
issi
on
Re
du
ctio
n f
rom
Ro
ad T
ran
spo
rt (
%)
LDV & HDV
PM Emission Reduction in the Road Transport in Bangkok if Leapfrog to Euro 6
NO
x E
mis
sio
n R
ed
uct
ion
fr
om
Ro
ad T
ran
spo
rt (
%)
NO
x E
mis
sio
n f
rom
Ro
ad
Tran
spo
rt (
kt)
Euro 4
Euro 5 & 6
Euro 4
Euro 5 & 6 Euro 5 & 6
BMR BMR
Courtesy of Dr. Savitri Garivait
NOx Emission Reduction in the Road Transport in Bangkok from the Implementation of Euro 5/6 Roadmap
Impact on NOX Emission from LDV + HDV if Leapfrog to Euro 6N
Ox
Em
issi
on
fro
m R
oad
Tr
ansp
ort
(kt
)
Euro 4
Euro 5 & 6
Euro 4
Euro 5 & 6
LDV & HDV
LDV & HDV
Leapfrog to Euro 6
NO
x E
mis
sio
n f
rom
Ro
ad
Tran
spo
rt (
kt)
Euro 6
Euro 4
NO
x E
mis
sio
n R
ed
uct
ion
fro
m R
oad
Tra
nsp
ort
(%
)0.4
22.8
47.4
63.4
71.775.3
2.5
36
57.7
69.5
74.8 76.8
2.1
13.2 10.36.1 3.1 1.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Euro 5 and then 6 vs Leapfroging to Euro 6
Euro 5 and then 6
Leapfrog to Euro 6
Additional Emission ReductionGained from Leapfroging to Euro 6
LDV & HDV
NOx Emission Reduction in the Road Transport in Bangkok if Leapfrog to Euro 6
Thank you for your attention