IMPORTANT NOTICE: Please read first!DISCLAIMER:• The following translated document originates from Brazil, is based on

Brazilian data and experience, and was developed by EMBRAPA for Brazilian farmers. Aspects of SBR development and fungicide efficacy comparisons may not be the same under U.S. and Brazilian conditions. Similarly, certain control measures suggested by Brazilian officials reflect the unique SBR situation in Brazil, as well as year-round soybean production in certain parts of that country. Therefore, do not use this information for making fungicide purchasing or SBR control decisions in the U.S. Instead, use control measures developed by your state’s Land Grant University scientists. Be advised that fungicide product names for the same active ingredient and manufacturer are typically different for Brazil and the U.S.; however,  the common names for the active ingredient (such as tebuconazole or propiconazole or azoxystrobin) are the same in both countries.

For more information or clarification about the translated document, contact:D. HershmanExtension Plant PathologistUniversity of Kentucky, Princeton, KYdhershma@uky.edu

SOYBEAN RUST:SOYBEAN RUST:

IdentificationIdentification

ManagementManagement

Control Control

History 1902 – first report in Japan 1914 – in southeast Asia 1976 - Puerto Rico 1979 - Lavras, MG - Dr. Josué Deslandes 1990 - Uganda, Kenya and Rwuanda

1998 - Zimbabwe 2001 - Paraguai and Brazil 2002 – Argentina 2003 - Bolivia 2004 – Uruguai,Colombia and USA

Up to 1992 – only one species identified as soybean rust

Phakopsora pachyrhiziIn 1992 – found a 2nd species causing rust on soybean

P. meibomiae – American rustP. pachyrhizi – Asian rust

Soybean rust around the world

1934

19021957

1940

19661934

1998

2001

1999

2004

20012002

2003 1996

2004

Evolution of soybean rust in Brazil2000/2004

PA

PA PA

PA

2000/01 2001/02

2002/032003/04

Presence detectedSevere losses detected

Actual status

BRS 154

BRS 153

1.632 kg/ha 3.015 kg/ha

2.344 kg/ha3.022 kg/ha

treated Control

Losses: 46%

Losses: 23%

Cruzaltinha, RS – 2002

São Desidério, BA - 2003

3550 kg/ha 1470 kg/ha

Losses : 58%

Pirapó, Paraguai – 2001

Treated Control

Losses Crop Season 2003/04

1. Fungicides + spray US$ 860 million2. Yield + taxes US$ 1.2 billion3. Total: US$ 2.06 billion

Lazzaroto& Roessing, 2004

Cost of Fungicides:US$ 30/ha (1 spray)

Capacitation of 100,000 farmers in 2005

Consortium anti-rust

Disease identification, management and

control

Initial Symptoms

Soybean RustTypical symptoms:tiny dark brown lesions; leaves become yellow and falls.

J.T. Yorinori

Soybean rustSymptoms are easily identified againts bright background

J.T. Yorinori

Soybean RustDiagnosis is confirmed through observation of small blisters on the underside of soybean leaves.

C.V. Godoy

J.T. Yorinori

Soybean Rust30 X lens to observe uredias in the leaf

uredias

W.M. Paiva

First detection in Brazil: Foz do Iguaçu, PR - 2001

5-7 days after inoculation

Bright background

J.T. Yorinori

J.T. Yorinori

Symptom´s Evolution Symptom´s Evolution And Defoliation And Defoliation

9 Days after inoculation

Bright background

J.T. Yorinori

J.T. Yorinori

25 days after inoculationYellowing and defoliation

J.T. Yorinori

J.T. Yorinori

Initial symptons ocurred in R1-R2

São Desidério/ BA - J.T. Yorinori

Early defoliation due to Asian Rust

MATO GROSSO

Primavera do Leste, MT: 21.02.03

MATO GROSSO

Primavera do Leste, MT: 21.02.03

Rust on the cotyledons - rare

Rust on the stems –

uncomon

Rust on the pods - rare

Etiology:

time

desease

Cycle: 5-7 (9-11) days

Spore germination pattern

020406080

100

0 5 10 15 20dias após a coleta

% de

ger

mina

ção

Dissemination: wind

Dissemination

Disease cycleDisease cycle

M. Iamauti, 2004

6-7 days occurs spore liberation

J.T.Yorinori

Reproduction

Symptoms show up 5 days after

inoculation

W.M.Paiva

One pustule releases spores along 3 weeks

J.T.Yorinori

Germination (optimun 180C – 260C)

Penetration

development

InfectionFree water on leaf surfaceMinimum: 6 hOptimun:12 - 14 h

Direct penetration through stomata

M. Iamauti G.N.Agrios

Disease Disease misidentificationmisidentification

Brown spot: Septoria glycines

J.T. Yorinori

J.T. Yorinori

Bacterial blightPseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea

Downy mildew: Peronospora manshurica

Soybean rust

Bacterial pustuleXanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines

L.M. Costamilan

A.M.R.Almeida

J.T. Yorinori

When to control ? Scouting fields/sentinels to observeat the earliest sign of infcetion.

Spray right after first symptoms are observed (pustules on plant botton leaves) or spray preventively,

considering:Presence of symptoms in the sentinel plots,Reduced operational capacity,Favorable weather conditions,Plant development stage,Rust present in the region,Incidence of other diseases (broad range fungicide).

Chemical Control

Number of sprays? Stage of plant development when rust Stage of plant development when rust occursoccurs Reincidence of rustReincidence of rust Cost/benefits of the treatment (V2?)Cost/benefits of the treatment (V2?)

W.M.Paiva Vegetative Reproductive

Products Registered Products Registered for rust control in for rust control in

BrazilBrazil

AGROFITAGROFITwww.agricultura.gov.brwww.agricultura.gov.br

Active ingredient Rate (g i.a./ha) Comercial product1 - Check2 - azoxystrobin 50 Priori3 - difenoconazole 50 Score4 - tetraconazole 50 Domark5 - fluquinconazole 62,5 Palisade6 - flutriafol 62,5 Impact7 - tebuconazole 250 100 Orius8 - tebuconazole 200 100 Folicur9 - myclobutanil 100Systhane10 - pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole 66,5+25 Opera11 - trifloxystrobin + ciproconazole 56,2+24 Sphere12 - azoxystrobin + ciproconazole 60+24 Priori Xtra13 - trifloxystrobin + propiconazole 50+50 Stratego14 - propiconazole 125 Juno15 - epoxiconazole 37,5 Opus

Soybean rust

1 g i.a. = gramas de ingrediente ativo2 l ou kg de p.c.= litros ou kilogramas de produto comercial3(***) maior que 90% de controle; (**) de 80-86% e (*) de 59-74%4adicionar Nimbus 0,5% v./v. aplicação via pulverizador tratorizado ou 0,5 L/ha via aérea5adicionar 250 mL/ha de óleo mineral ou vegetal

Fungicidas registrados no MAPA para o controle da ferrugem da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) - observar cadastro no estado

Nome comercial Dose/ha Agrupamento3

Nome comumg de i.a.1 l ou kg de p.c.2

azoxystrobin Priori4 50 0,20 *

azoxystrobin + ciproconazole Priori Xtra4 60 + 24 0,30 ***

ciproconazole + propiconazole Artea 24 + 75 0,30

difenoconazole Score 250 CE 50 0,20 *

epoxiconazole Opus 50 0,40

fenarimol Rubigan 120 CE 30 - 36 0,25 – 0,30

fluquinconazole Palisade5 62,5 0,25 *

flutriafol Impact 125 SC 62,5 0,50 ***

myclobutanil Systhane 250 100 - 125 0,40 – 0,50 **

propiconazole Juno 125 0,50 *

pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole Opera 66,5 + 25 0,50 ***

continuacontinua

1 g i.a. = gramas de ingrediente ativo2 l ou kg de p.c.= litros ou kilogramas de produto comercial3(***) maior que 90% de controle; (**) de 80-86% e (*) de 59-74%4adicionar Nimbus 0,5% v./v. aplicação via pulverizador tratorizado ou 0,5 L/ha via aérea5adicionar 250 mL/ha de óleo mineral ou vegetal

Fungicidas registrados no MAPA para o controle da ferrugem da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) - observar cadastro no estado

continuaçãocontinuação

Nome comercial Dose/ha Agrupamento3

Nome comumg de i.a.1 l ou kg de p.c.2

tebuconazole Orius 250 CE 100 0,40 ***

tebuconazole Tríade 60 - 100 0,30 - 0,50

tebuconazole Elite 60 - 100 0,30 - 0,50

tebuconazole Rival 200 EC 60 - 100 0,30 - 0,50

tebuconazole Constant 60 - 100 0,30 - 0,50

tebuconazole Folicur 200 CE 100 0,50 ***

tetraconazole Domark 100 CE 50 0,50 **

tetraconazole Eminent 125 EW 50 0,40

trifloxystrobin + ciproconazole Sphere 56,2 +24 0,30 ***

trifloxystrobin + propiconazole Stratego5 50 + 50 0,40 *

Spray Technology

N.S. Almeida

IMPORTANTReach the target with an

adequate coverage. (minimun 60 drops/cm2))

Efficiency of fungicides is closely related Efficiency of fungicides is closely related to spray techniquesto spray techniques

J.T. Yorinori

The Green Bridge Problem

Primavera do Leste, MT – 2003

Lesion type TAN – no necrosis

Lesion type RB - reddish brownJ.T. Yorinori

A. Tschanz

A. Tschanz

C.V.Godoy

RESISTANCE

Resistance: There are four major genes: Rpp1, Rpp2, Rpp3 e Rpp4 Resistant cultivars BRS 134

BRSMS BacuriCS 201

FT-2FT-3FT-17FT-2001Campos GeraisKIS 601Ocepar 7

Pirarara Tianá

Tianá MTBR 19923

Screening Genotypes

Crop Management between seasonso Eliminate volunteer plantso Avoid a second soybean crop (“safrinha”)o Avoid winter irrigated soybeans. Need 3-4

sprays

STRATEGIES FOR CONTROLSTRATEGIES FOR CONTROL

Early sowing with early maturing cultivars = SCAPE

Spray at the right time.

Kudzu (Pueraria lobata)Soybean Volunteer plantW.M. Paiva

W.M. Paiva

Kudzu infected with rust and soybeans, side by side in Paraguai.

J.T. Yorinori

Early plantings producing inocula for late plantings

Scouting and Chemical Control

Plot Sentinels

Susceptible cultivars sowed before normal time without fungicide treatment

Make the scouting as large as possible, keeping more attention to the first sowings and humid areas

Walking and frequency of sampling:

1. after emergence and intensify after flowering;

2. after evidences of infection in the region

Scouting and Chemical Control

Colect middle and bottom leaves

J.T. Yorinori J.T. Yorinori

Scouting and Chemical Control

Look for symptoms of rust

Scouting and Chemical Control

Incubate leaves for easy diagnosis

In case of doubt, send leaves to well trained laboratory for diagnosis

J.T.Yorinori

Scouting and Chemical Control

http://www.cnpso.embrapa.br/alerta

Laboratories localized in the principal regions

http://www.cnpso.embrapa.br/alerta

Rust Dispersion Information System