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8/9/2019 Improvement and Sustainable Use of Plant Genetic Resources in Somalia
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Presented To: Horn Relief ToT; Training of Trainers
September 28th
to October 2nd
2009
Improvement and Sustainable Use of Plant
Genetic Resources in Somalia
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Introduction to agriculture research in Somalia
Objectives of the study
Materials used and crops reviewed
Results
Summary and recommendation
Outline
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Introduction
Independence
day
1960 20091970 1980 1990 2000
Somali Universities
CARS establishment
First graduates
from SNU
BIG BANG
NGO era
Wyoming team
IDRC (Bonka)
Fertilizer use
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Review of previous seed and PGR programmers implemented
in Somalia
Identification and recommendations for the area of collection
Recommendations and introduction of suitable varieties for
varietal trials and commercial production
Guidelines to describe germ plasm to be collected and varietal
trials to be undertaken
Objectives
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Pre-war (1980-1990) FAO for irrigated crops
University of Wyoming for dry land crops
IDRC for sorghum research
CIMMYT website for CIMMYT trials conducted at CARS
Individuals previously engaged in agric. research in Somalia
Post-war (1990-present)
International and local NGO currently working in Somalia
Materials
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Sorghum
Maize
Grain legumes : Cowpeas and Mungbeans
Oil Crops: Sesame, Groundnut, Safflower, Sunflower and
Soybean
Fruits and Vegetables
Crops Reviewed
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Pre-war (1980-1990)
Local germplasm collection and evaluation
Damania and Rao 1979 - Bay and Bakool (69)
Prasada Rao et al. 1987 - Southern regions (252)
Testing of exotic varieties
Post-war (1990-2007)
Local germplasm collection and evaluation
Manzelli et al., 2002 - North West (53)
Testing of exotic varieties
Sorghum
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Sorghum Germplasm Collection - 1987
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Sorghum Germplasm Collection - 1987
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The 1979 collection was evaluated in 1981 and 1982
No genotypic variation
Narrow genetic base
The 1987 collection was evaluated in Der 1987. Genotypic
variations were observed. 27 best performing landraces were
selected
Sorghum Local Germplasm Evaluation
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Local landraces Days to 50%
flowering
Plant height (cm) Yield (kg/ha)
SS242 53 175 1734
SS223 53 190 1600SS162 52 170 1510
SS228 56 170 1479
SS231 55 190 1463
Performance ofLocal Landraces in Der 1987
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Sorghum Germplasm Collection - 1987
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Significant genotypic variation exist among the local
landraces. Selection of superior lines is possible
The local landraces posses the following characteristics:
Good grain and fodder qualities, early maturing, ratooning ability, high
tolerance to stress conditions, tolerance to insects and diseases, and
perform well in both Gu and Der growing conditions
The best performing local landraces can form the basis for a
varietal trial to be conducted by the Program
Summary and Recommendation
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Over 50 variety evaluation trials were conducted at Bonka
The trials experienced extreme condition of soil heterogeniety
Inconsistency of the results
High experimental errors
Selection of superior lines-impossible
Exotic Germplasm Evaluation (1980-1985)
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1986 was marked a new era for the trials
at Bonka
Fertilization was introduced and
management practices were improved
Experimental errors were reduced
Better results were obtained
Exotic Germplasm Evaluation (1986-1989)
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Summary
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Summary
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17 trials were conducted in 1986. Only 2 trials produced varieties that
significantly out-yielded the local landrace
16 trials were conducted in 1987, only 3 trials produced varieties that
significantly out-yielded the local landrace
25 hybrids were tested in ISHAT trial, 11 hybrids significantly out-yielded
the local
A total of 12 varieties and 6 hybrids (?) were chosen for future seed
intervention strategies. The percent yield increase over the local ranged
from 38% to 72%
Summary and Recommendation
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Local germplasm collection and evaluation
48 local accession in the north west-CINS
Genotypic differences were observed among the different accessions
Exotic germplasm evaluation
Save the children Hiraan 6 varieties
CARE/I
CRI
SAT promoted 3 varieties in Bay and Bakool Regions CINS introduced varieties in Bay and Bakool Regions
CINS conducted local landrace evaluation - Bakool
Post War Sorghum Research (1990-Present)
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Summary
Results on varietal evaluations were inconclusive
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Pre-war (1980-1990)
Local germplasm collection and
evaluation
Development of synthetics and
composite varieties
Testing of exotic varieties CIMMYT
Post-war (1990-2007)
Testing of exotic varieties
Maize
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Pre-war (1980-1990)
Early years, yellow maize varieties
were identified
Identification of tuxpeno maize
varieties
Development and release of Afgoi
composite
Somtux release - 1979
Isoma release - 1983
Maize
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Exotic Varieties from CIMMYT: Low Land Tropical, Late
Maturing, White Grain Varieties EVT12
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
COTAX
POZA
R
SAN
AN
STAROS
ALAJU
ACRO
SS
GUANCA
CHEC
K
35 to 49% higher yield compared to the check
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Quality Protein Maize - QPM
38 to 50% higher yield compared to the check
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Y.F
DENT
H
HEO2
AMAR
MEZ
TRO
BUOOL
CHEC
K
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Varieties Maturity Performance Source
WS102 M H.Y. Western seed
WS103 M H.Y.
WSQ103 M QPMCK1R04002 M R-stem borer CIMMYT
CK1R04003 M R-stem borer CIMMYT
New Potential Varieties
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Varieties Maturity Performance Source
ECA-EE6 E H.Y. CIMMYT
ECA-EE13 E H.Y.
ECA-EE18 E H.Y.ECA-EE21 E H.Y
ECA-EE45 E H.Y
New Potential Varieties
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Strip trial
Mother-baby-trial
Recommended Trials
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Exotic germplasm evaluation
Save the children Hiraan 5
varieties
Ferke9449-SR and S9449-SR
produced 49% and 26% higher yield
than the local
Food and fodder quality was better
than the local
Stay-green in the field until harvest
Post War Maize Research
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
FERK
E
S9449
SINE
M
ACRO
SS
EV8323
LOCAL
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Best Management Practices
CEFA engaged in trials involving
Somtux and other local varieties
Plant spacing
Fertilizer application
Number of plants/hill
Plant spacing of 75 cm x 45 cm with
one plant/hill appear to produce
better results
Post War Maize Research
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Somtux seed purification and multiplication
Introduction of CIMMYT O.P. varieties recommended for
release in Kenya
Strip trial
Mother-baby trial
PERKE9449 from post-war studies
Summary Recommendation
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I- Mungbean
Pre-war (1980-1990)
Testing of exotic varieties AVRDC
FILSAN seed release in 1987
Grain Legumes
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Variety Days to
maturity
Seeds/pod Seed wt. Yield
(Kg/ha)
% Ashy
Stem
Blight
Filsan 60 7 60 470 23
Local 76 12 42 458 6
V3474 59 8 57 453 18
V1945 58 8 63 447 52
V1560 60 7 62 418 41
V1177 60 6 62 380 -
Agronomic Data (1981-1986) - Bonka
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FILSAN
Success story in late 80s
Recommended to the growers in 1987
Large seeds, high yielding, early
maturing, tolerance to moisture stress
Grain Legumes
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CEFA conducted 9 demonstration plots using both FILSAN and a
local variety in the Bay region. Filsan yielded 558 Kg/ha, 37% higher
yield than the local that averaged 407 Kg/ha.
Post War - Filsan
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FILSAN seed production
Introduction of new improved varieties with resistance to Ashy
Stem Blight (Macrophamicna phaseoli) from AVRDC - Taiwan
Recommendation
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II- Cowpeas
Pre-war (1980-1990) Testing of exotic varieties IITA
The local variety out-yielded the exotic varieties
Grain Legumes
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Local germplasm collection and evaluation
Introduction of new superior varieties from IITA - Nigeria
Recommendation
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Pre-war (1980-1990)
Local germplasm collection 73 in
Gu 1987
Testing of exotic varieties - Ethiopia
SPS1 produced the highest yield
followed by SPS2.
Oil Crops - Sesame
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
S.Ethio
SPS1
Local
SPS
B
SPS2
T85
Ethio
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Pre-war (1980-1990)
Testing of exotic varieties - ICRISAT
At CARS, the varieties NC-2,NC-6 and Florigian produced superior yield
At Bonka, the local variety out-yielded the exotic varieties
Oil Crops - Groundnut
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Pre-war (1980-1990)
Testing of exotic varieties - ICRISAT
At CARS, the varieties NC-2,NC-6 and Florigian produced superior yield
At Bonka, the local variety out-yielded the exotic varieties
Oil Crops - Safflower
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Variety Days to 50%
flowering
Plant height
(cm)
Yield (Kg/ha)
VC-152 79 56 650
VC-163 77 53 630
VC-155 81 72 600
GILA 75 41 560
RH-2 76 56 560
Partial Hull 75 55 520
Agronomic Data (1981-1986)
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Tolerance to drought deep rooting habit
Good source of cooking oil (30-40%)
The variety VC-152 produced the highest yield followed by VC-162
Supplements sesame for oil under extremely unfavorable moisture
conditions or under conditions where sesame cannot be grown
Difficulties-harvesting the thorny type
Summary and Recommendation
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Pre-war (1980-1990)
Testing of exotic varieties
Testing dropped in 1985 due to:
Excessive bird damage
Extracted oil had an unacceptable quality (a dark sediment)
Oil Crops - Sunflower
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Pre-war (1980-1990)
Testing of exotic varieties USA
Over 150 varieties were introduced at CARS
Drawback-seed deterioration in storage
Oil Crops Soy Bean
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Introduced at BDARS in 1983
Prelim testing showed the potential of soybean crop
in the Bay Region agriculture
IITA is the source for new soybean varieties
Oil Crops Soy Bean
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Fruits and Vegetables
Fruits
Banana
Lime
Grapefruit
Mango
Papaya
Coconut
Vegetables
Tomato
Onion
Pepper
Watermelon
Carrots
Cucumber
Lettuce
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Tomato Improvement Program 1982
Develop varieties resistant to Leaf Curl Virus
The virus is transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci)
Over 1000 new varieties were screened
Crosses were performed between Roma V.F. and resistant varieties
The local Cherry-type and wild type tomatoes were the main source for
resistance
Complete resistance was obtained when the wild type source of resistance
was used as the pollinator
Tomato
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Gu and Der are two distinct seasons. Discuss in relation to varietal
evaluation
Exploit the genetic potentiality of the local varieties
Sorghum: superior lines from the local landraces and introduced varieties
were identified for future sorghum trials
General Recommendation
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Maize: Purification and multiplication of Somtux seed. Yield potential of
Somtux can be improved by a simple mass selection breeding
New potential varieties from CIMMYT were identified which can be tested
in either strip or mother-baby trial
General Recommendation
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Grain Legumes: Filsan seed multiplication and introduction of
new varieties from AVDRC
Summary and Recommendation
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Thank You