Improvement in Fodd Resources

8/10/2019 Improvement in Fodd Resources

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SubmittedBy :

Kamini KamalXIIth

Submitted To :Mr. Mohit

Kumar Premi

Subject :Subject :BiologyBiologySession :Session : 2013-142013-14


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DECLARATI!DECLARATI!

T"is is to #o$ gene$%l &ecl%$%tion

'u$'oses only t"%t %ll $ele(%nt )o$*

'e$t%ining to '$esente& +ini%tu$e

'$oject on :,Improvement in Food

Resources,

"%s been solely co+'lete& by +e

Besi&es un%(oi&%ble lin*s to ce$t%in

$e#e$ences. t"e o(e$%ll )o$* is

%bsolutely o$igin%l in n%tu$e

/%+ini /%+%l/%+ini /%+%l


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CERTIICATECERTIICATE

T"is is to ce$ti#y t"%t %ll $ele(%nt )o$*

'e$t%ining to '$esente& +ini%tu$e

'$oject on :

Improvement in FoodResources

)%s co+'lete& by /%+ini /%+%l

un&e$ +y gui&%nce S"e "%s &one "%$&

)o$* to co+'lete t"e '$oject e$ )o$*

is %bsolutely o$igin%l in n%tu$e

$ o"it /u+%$ $e+i$ o"it /u+%$ $e+i

BIDATA!ame : Kamini Kamal


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"lass # Sec : IIt"

Session : 2013-14

Sub$ect : Biology

Roll !o. :

Topic : Improvement inFood Resources

Sub$ect Teacher : $ o"it /u+%$

$e+i

Teacher%s Si&n :

Principal%s Si&n :

Remar's :

AC/!5LED6EE!TAC/!5LED6EE!T

isto$y o# %ll g$e%t )o$*s is to )itness t"%t no

g$e%t )o$* )%s e(e$ &one )it"out eit"e$ t"e


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%cti(e o$ '%ssi(e su''o$t o# % 'e$son7s

su$$oun&ings %n& one7s close 8u%$te$s T"us it is

not "%$& to conclu&e "o) %cti(e %ssist%nce #$o+senio$s coul& 'ositi(ely i+'%ct t"e e9ecution o# %

'$oject I %+ "ig"ly t"%n*#ul to ou$ le%$ne&

#%culty $ o"it /u+%$ $e+i. #o$ "is %cti(e

gui&%nce t"$oug"out t"e co+'letion o# '$oject

L%st but not t"e le%st . I )oul& %lso )%nt to

e9ten& +y %''$eci%tion to +y '%$ents %s )ell %s

t"ose )"o coul& not be +entione& "e$e but "%(e

)ell 'l%ye& t"ei$ $ole to ins'i$e +e be"in& t"e

cu$t%in

/%+ini /%+%l


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INTRODUCTION

There is a need to introduce production efficiency of crops and

livestock because

1. rapid increase in

population

2. No major scope

of increasingarea of land

under

cultivation.

Increase in food

production

without degrading our environment and disturbing the

ecological balance i.e. Sustainable ractices are re!uired in

agriculture and animal husbandry.

TYPES OF CROPS

"ereals#

wheat$ rice$

mai%e$

millets and

sorghum.

rovide

carbohydrates for energy re!uirements.


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ulses# pea$ gram$ black gram$ green gram$ pigeon pea and

lentil. rovide proteins

&ilseeds# soya bean$ ground nut$ s

esame$ castor$ mustard$

linseed and sun flower. rovid e necessary fats.

'egetables$ spices and fruits provide vitamins and minerals.

(( )ifferent crop re!uire different climatic conditions$

temperature and photoperiods for their growth and

completion of life cycle. "rops which grown in rainy season

are called kharif crops and those which grown in winter

season are called rabi crops.

*harif crops# paddy$ soya bean$ pigeon pea$ cotton$ green

gram etc.

+abi crops# wheat$ gram$ peas$ mustard$ linseed etc.

Difference between kharif and rabi crops

*harif crop

1. Sown in the months of june, july. 1. Sown in the months

of &ctober, November.

2. "rops grow in hot and wet conditions 2. "rops grow in cold

and dry conditions.


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-. "rops are harvested during September, &ctober. -.

"rops are harvested during march, april.

IMPROIN! CROP YIE"D

The practices involved in farming are divided into three stages.

They are /0 "hoice of seeds for planting

b0Nurturing of the crop plants

c0rotection of the growing and harvested crops from loss.

ence the major activities for improving crop yields can be

classified as

"rop variety improvement

"rop production improvement

"rop protection improvement

Crop ariet# I$pro%e$ent

This approach depends on finding a crop that can give a good

yield. Some of the factors for which variety improvement isdone are#

igher yield# for increasing the productivity per acre.

Improved !uality# !uality considerations vary from crop to crop

as per the re!uirements.


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3iotic and abiotic resistance# crops should have sufficient

resistance to biotic factors diseases$ insects and

nematodes0 and abiotic stresses heat$ cold$ frost etc.0

"hange in maturity duration# the shorter the duration$ the

more economical is the variety.

4ider adaptability# it can be grown in different climatic

conditions.

)esirable agronomic characteristics# tallness and profuse

branching for fodder crops. )warfness is desired for cereals.

This can be achieved by two methods5 hybridisation and

genetically modified crops.

1. ybridisation# In genetics$ hybridisation is the process of

combining different varieties or species of organisms which

are genetically dissimilar to create a hybrid. It can be inter

varietal$ inter specific$ intergeneric.

2. 6enetically modified crops# here the crop is improved by

introducing a gene that would provide desired

characteristics.

CROP PRODUCTION

It involves different practices carried out by farmer to achieve

higher standards of crop production.

It includes the following#


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1. N7T+I8NT 9/N/6898NT 9/N7+8$ :8+TI;I


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1. 9anures helps in enriching the soil with organic matter and

nutrients.

2. It helps in increasing the soil fertility.

-. 4ater holding capacity of soil is increased.

?. elps in improving soil te>ture.

@. Save our environment from e>cessive use of fertili%ers.

9anure is classified into two types according to the biological

material used#

/0 compost and vermi,compost#

"omposting is the process in which farm waste material cow

dung$ domestic waste$ sewage waste etc0 is decomposed inpits. "ompost is the aerobically decomposed remnants of

organic matter which is rich in nutrients.

'ermicomposting# it is the process which involve use of

earthworms to hasten the process of decomposition of plant

and animal refuse.

30 6reen 9anure#

lants like sun hemp or guar are grown and mulched by

ploughing them into soil which is turned into green manure.

It helps in enriching the soil in nitrogen and phosphorus.


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FERTI"I+ERS)

These are produced commercially from chemicals rich in

nitrogen$ phosphorus and

potassium.

/dvantage# they help in good

vegetative growth and

produce healthy plants.

)isadvantage #

a0 8>cessive use of fertili%er

leads to pollution of water.

b0 "ontinuous use of fertili%er lead to decrease in soil fertility

because organic matter of the soil cannot be replenished

as microorganisms present in soil get harmed due to

fertili%er.

OR!(NIC

F(RMIN!)


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ItAs a farming system in which use of chemicals such as

fertili%ers$ herbicides$ pesticides etc are reduced

It involves the use of following components#

a0 &rganic manure

b0 +ecycled farm waste

c0 3io,agents such as culture of blue green algae in

preparation of bio fertili%ers

d0 3io pesticides such as leaves of neem or turmeric for grain

storage

e0 ealthy cropping patterns such as mi>ed cropping$

intercropping and crop rotation which will also help in

controlling growth of weed$ pest and insects.

,'IRRI!(TION-

Irrigation is necessary

for crops to get

water during their

growing season.

source of irrig

ation#


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a0 4ells, dug wells carry water from the main source. Tube

wells collect water from the underground. umps then lift

water to irrigate fields.

b0 "anals, water from the main river or reservoir is carried by

canal into the field which may be again divided into the

small canals providing water to the field efficiently.

c0 +iver lift system# from the nearby river areas water is

directly taken to irrigate fields. It is used whereinsufficient flow from canals occur.

d0 Tanks# these are small water storage reservoir

e0 +ain water harvesting

f0 4atershed management# building of small check dams

which helps in increasing ground water level and helps in

reducing soil erosion.

CROPPIN! P(TTERNS)

Mi.ed Croppin/


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#It is growing oftwo or more crops simultaneously on the same

piece of land. It is also known as multiple cropping. This

type of cropping leads to an improvement in the fertility of

the soil and hence increase in crop yield because when the

two crops are properly chosen$ the products and refuse from

one crop help in the growth of the other crop plant and vice,

versa. 9i>ed cropping is an insurance against crop failure

due to abnormal weather and plant pests.

Soyabean B pigeon pea $9ai%e B urad dal black

gram0$6roundnut B sunflower $4heat B "hick ea

/dvantages of 9i>ed cropping#No risk of crop failure $ Increase

in yield$ Improvement in soil fertility and 9inimi%ing est

)amage.

Inter Croppin/

Intercropping is the agricultural practice of cultivating two or

more crops in the same space at the same time in a definite

pattern. +ow, type intercropping cropping involves the

component crops arranged in alternate rows. This may also

be called alley cropping. / variation of row cropping is strip

cropping$ where multiple rows or a strip0 of one crop are

alternated with multiple rows of another crop. Intercropping

also uses the practice of sowing a fast growing crop with a

slow growing crop$ so that the fast growing crop is

harvested before the slow growing crop starts to mature.


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Selection of crops for 9i>ed cropping and intercropping#

"rops are chosen whose nutrient re!uirements are different so

that ma>imum utilisation of the soil nutrients takes place.

/lso $ their water needs$ rooting patterns etc are different.

3esides the advantages mentioned for mi>ed cropping$

Intercropping has the following additional advantages#

/pplication of pesticides and fertili%ers is more convenient

due to well defined patterns of crops.

arvesting of crops is also easier.

Crop rotation

is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in

the same area in se!uential seasons for various benefits

such as to avoid the buildup of pathogens and pests that

often occurs when one species is continuously cropped. "rop

rotation also seeks to balance the fertility demands of

various crops to avoid e>cessive depletion of soil nutrients.

/ traditional component of crop rotation is the

replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure

in se!uence with cereals and other crops. "rop rotation can

also improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep,

rooted and shallow,rooted plants.

/dvantages#


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"rop rotation avoids a decrease in soil fertility$ as growing the

same crop repeatedly in the same place eventually depletes

the soil of various nutrients. / crop that leaches the soil of

one kind of nutrient is followed during the ne>t growing

season by a dissimilar crop that returns that nutrient to the

soil or draws a different ratio of nutrients$ for e>ample$ rices

followed by cottons. 3y crop rotation farmers can keep their

fields under continuous production$ without the need to let

them lay fallow$ and reducing the need for artificial

fertili%ers$ both of which can be e>pensive. +otating crops

adds nutrients to the soil.

"rop rotection 9anagement

4hen the crop is in the field$ it needs protection against#

a0 4eeds e.g., Canthium$ arthenium weeds are considered to

be harmful as they compete for food$ space and light with

the desired crop. They reduce crop production taking up the

nutrients meant for the crops.

b0 Insect ests , attack the plant in three ways cut root$ stem

and leaf$ suck cell sap from various parts D bore into stem D

fruits0

c0 athogens, 9icrobes like bacteria$ fungi and viruses cause

diseases. Spores of these pathogens may be transmitted

through soil$ water and air.

To control these #


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erbicides$ esticides$ fungicides should be used.

:or 4eed control

, the methods used are #mechanical removal$ use of herbicides$

summer ploughing fields are ploughed deep in summers to

destroy weeds and pests.0

revention, for preventing the growth of weeds$

roper seed bed preparation$ timely growing of crops$

intercropping $ crop rotation$ use of resistant varieties and

summer ploughing is done.

Storage of grains

# :actors responsible for grain loss,3iotic Insects$ +odents

members of rat family0$ :ungi$ mites$bacteria, /biotic

inappropriate moisture and temperature0

Negative 8ffects of these factors on grains#

)egradation in !uality$

loss in weight$

poor germinabilty$

discoloration of produce, ;eads to poor marketability


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revention and control methods used before grains are stored#

"leaning of produce before storage

)rying of produce first in sunlight and then in shade to

reduce moisture content

:umigation using chemicals fumigants0 to kill pests

/NI9/; 7S3/N)+E,it is the scientific management of

livetocks. It includes feeding$ breeding and disease control.

N88) :&+ /NI9/; 7S3/N)+E,1 To increase milk production.

2. To increase milk production.

-. To increase egg production.

?. t To increase meat production @ To increase fish production

"/TT;8 :/+9IN6,It is the raising of cattle for yield of milk by

females and draught labour for agriculture work.

9I;" /NI9/;S ,are milk producing animals )+/76T

/NI9/;S ,are used for agriculture work.

3+88)S &: "&4,1indegenous breedslocal or desi breeds0,

+8) SIN)I and S/I4/;selected for long lactation

period0 2 8C&TI" 3+88)S,:oreign breeds0,eg,F8+S8E and

3+&4N S4ISSshows resistance to diseases


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-E3+I) 3+88)S ,are the offsprings of cross between

indigenous and e>otic breeds to get desirable character.

/NI9/; 7S3/N)+E,has ? components,

,lshelter of cattle 2feeding -grooming ? protection from

diseases

,1shelter of cattle ,

:8/T7+8S &: 6&&) /NI9/; S8;T8+ ,1It should be

spaciousenough to provide proper space for each animal.

2 It should br clean $dry and ventilated.

- roper arrangement for the disposal of animal waste.

2 :88)IN6,The food re!uirement of the animal is of twotypes, a0+&76/68 and "&N"8NT+/T8

+&76/68,I+T "&NSIST &: "&/+S8 /N) :I3+&7S

S73ST/N"8 having low nutrient content.eg fodder$hay

$straw.

"&N"8NT+/T8, is low in fibres but contain relatively high

proteins and other nutrients.eg oil seed cake$gram husk.

? rotection from diseases,"attle suffer from various diseases.

8>ternal parasites live on skin and cause skin disease.

Internal parasites like worm affect stomach and fluke

damages liver.


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&7;T+E ,is the rearing of domesticated fowl$ ducks $geese$

turkey. It is the cheap source of protein.

It is done for egg production and meat production.

3reeds of poultry

1 Indegenous breeds eg /seel

2 8C&TI" 3+88)S eg ;eghorn ;/E8+S, 10 are egg laying

birds.

20They are fed with high fibre content.eg grit of stones for

calcium and grains for

fibre.

3+&I;8+S,10 are the birds raised for meat production.

2 0They re!uire high protein and fat and vitamin / and * rich

diet.

The following practices are needed to take care of for birds,

1 ygenic conditions in housing.,proper sanitation andspraying of disinfectants.

2 rotection form diseases,they suffer from diseases caused

by virus$bacteria$fungi.

- 9anagement of temperature.


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"&99&N 9/N/6898NT +/"TI"8S IN )/I+E /N) &7;T+E

:/+9IN6,

1 roper shelter $its hygiene $temperature

2 roper :eed.

- revention of control and diseases.

FIS* PRODUCTION

:ish is a natural source of proteins for us.

True Gfinned fish are the ones that include marine D freshwater

fish such as pomphret$ tuna $cod$ catla$ prawns$ rohu$

mrigal$etc.

Shellfish include unio$ lobster$ crabs$ etc

"/T7+8 :IS8+E, )one from natural resources both marine D

freshwater with the help of boats Dnets.

"7;T7+8 :IS8+E, :ish farming of economically valuable

varieties of finned D shell fish. 9/+IN8 :IS8+I8S#,

The practice of rearing D culturing marine fish$ ie#, fish found

in seas D oceans is called 9/+I"7;T7+8


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Tuna $cod$ sardines$ 3ombay duck$ pomphret$ mackerel $etc

are common marine fish. They are caught with the help of

fishing nets from fishing boats in areas where there are

large schools of fish. This can be determined using satellites

D echo sounders.

:ish farming is also done for some marine shelled D finned fish

based on their economic value#,

:inned fish #, 3hetki$ mulletsD pearl spot.

Shellfish#, &ysters for pearls0$ mussels mollusc0


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IN"(ND FIS*ERIES)-

:resh water sources include rivers$ ponds$ streams$ canals$

reservoirs$ brackish water. 3rackish water is found in

estuaries D lagoons where sea D fresh water mi>. :ish

farming $ both capture D culture $ done in such water bodies

is called /H7/"7;T7+8.

COMPOSITE FIS* CU"TURE)-

Sometimes fish culture is done in combination with rice crops

so that fish grow along with paddy in the standing water.

3oth local D imported varieties of fish can be used in such

systems.

In such a system$ @G= species of fish are selected D reared in a

single fish pond. The species are selected on the basis of

their feeding habits$ ie$ they should not compete for food D

should not kill each other in the pond. :ishes are at three

levels,

10 Surface feeders, "atla

20 9iddle %one, +ohu

-0 3ottom feeders, 9rigals D carps /dvantages#,

1. :ish do not compete for food

2. :ood available in different %ones is utili%ed


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-. "arps consume only a!uatic weeds

?. 'ery high yield is obtained

Disad%anta/es)-

1. 9any fish breed only in the rainy season so hormonal

stimulation has to be given.

2. 6ood !uality seeds ie, organisms used for reproduction0

are not available.

0EE 1EEPIN!2(PICU"TURE

It is the practice of rearing Gkeeping$ caring D management of

honeybees on a large scale for obtaining honey D wa>.

oney is widely used D other products of bee,keeping are beewa>$ bee venom$ jelly.

/I/+I8S G388 :/+9S are places where the bees are raised for

commercial honey production.

Co$$on species of indi/eno3s hone# bee-

1. /pis cerana indica, Indian bee

2. /pis dorsata, +ock bee

-. /pis florae, ;ittle bee

/n e>otic foreign 0 Italian variety domesticated in India is,/pis mellifera.as it has benefits like,


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They are gentle in nature$ sting less$ high honey collecting

capacity D stay in the beehive for longer periods.

IMPORT(NT CONSIDER(TIONS FOR !OOD 4U("ITY 5

YIE"D OF *ONEY,

1. Huality of asturage flowers available to bees for nectar0

2. Huantity of pasturage

-. ;ocation of apiary is within 1,2km radius of pasturage

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