B D H O G I D E Y S U M R S C H O L A R

U N I V E R S I T Y O F P E N N S Y L V A N I A A U G U S T 1 5 , 2 0 1 2

IMPROVING COMMUNITY ACCESS TO RESUSCITATION

THERAPIES VIA SOCIAL MEDIA AND MOBILE MEDIA

BACKGROUND: PREVALENCE OF CARDIAC ARRESTS IN AMERICA

• Cardiac arrests are among the leading causes of death in the US

• 300,000 Cardiac Arrests in US

• An Automated External Defibrillator (AED) can be used in about one-fourth of the cardiac arrest cases

• Only 2.1% had an AED applied before EMS arrival

• Few, 7% survive

AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF THE SOLUTION: AEDS

• They are computerized medical devices that can • discern a rhythm that

requires a shock • advises the rescuer to

provide a shock if necessary

• Provide a shock for life threatening cardiac arrhythmias

• Provide audible CPR instructions

BRIEF HISTORY OF AEDS

• 1889 • Scientist discovered

voltage provided to the heart could halt ventricular fibrillation

• 1947 • The first successful

ventricular defibrillation • 1954

• The first closed-chest defibrillation was performed

• 1978 • Modern AEDs were

created

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DELAYED DEFIBRILLATION

• Survival rates are significantly reduced by every minute until CPR/defibrillation

• With every minute that passes, survival decreases by 10%.....so by 10 minutes the chances of survival are slim to none

• AEDs enable the public to provide care

MAJOR FACTORS IMPEDING AEDS FROM BEING USED IN EMERGENCIES

AEDs are a vital component of our emergency medical system, yet:

Few people know when or how to use AEDs Few people know where AEDs are AEDs are hard to find

ALISON’S CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

CREATING AN AED DATABASE: MY HEART MAP CHALLENGE

• Contest involved • Submit addresses of locations • Submit data about each AED

• Find and photograph the most AEDs in Philadelphia • Duration: Eight weeks • Incentive: $10,000 grand prize

MyHeartMap Daily Clues

RESEARCH AIMS OF MY HEART MAP CHALLENGE

• Validate AED locations • Evaluate crowdsourcing, social networking, and

mobile media • Characterize AED locations relative to the population

demographics

PICTURE OF AED DATABASE

PICTURE OF THE WINNERS

FROM MY HEART MAP CHALLENGE TO AEDS AT UNIVERSITIES

• From the MHMC we learned about where AEDs were located in Philadelphia

• Many entries were from local universities • However, they are no guidelines on AEDs at

universities • We sought to describe the landscape of AEDs at

the top ranked universities in the US

ONE OF MY CONTRIBUTIONS: AEDS AT UNIVERSITIES

• 6,632 post secondary Institutions in the US • Greater than 20 million students • No central repository cataloguing who has AEDs

their location • Heterogeneity of Placement and Policies

• No governing body • No universal guidelines or regulation • Universities make their own standards

• Who knows if their campus has AEDs and where they are???

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2011). Digest of Education Statistics, 2010 (NCES 2011-015), Table 5.

AIMS OF THE RESEARCH

• Develop a general understanding of the landscape of AED’s on college campuses

• Describe the heterogeneity and prominent trends in information presented on websites

• Find correlations between particular characteristics of universities and the methods employed by the universities to present information

METHODS OF RESEARCHING AEDS AT UNIVERSITIES

• US News and World Report

• Top 201 universities • Googled every

universities website • Created a spreadsheet

to collect data about • University characteristics

• Rank, Size, Location, Urban, Private/Public

• AED information • Map, List, Location, Policy,

Building types, Maintenance, Contact Information

RESULTS

Universities Online Presentation of AED Information

Placement of AED at Universities

0102030405060708090

100

Percentage of Universities listing AEDs at Building Type

Categories of

Map 14%

List 22%

Neither Map or List

64%

RESULTS

Information Provided Alongside of Lists

0102030405060708090

100

Percentage of Universities

Providing Information

Types of Information

Heterogeneity of AED Plans At Universities

0102030405060708090

100

Policies

Percentage of Emergency Action Plan Containing Policy

RESULTS

• 22.9% of the top hundred universities state the AED policy online.

• Few policies states that staff are required or suggested to have planned and practiced response drills.

• The dates of the last revision of the maps or lists range from 24-Mar-08 to Apr-12

• Departments responsible for AEDs: • Dept. of Environmental Health and Safety, Division of Public

Safety, Medical Center and Health System, Risk Management and Safety

CONCLUSION

• Devoid of universal standards for AED at Universities, significant variation exist: • In the presentation of AED Information Online • AED placement & Maintenance • AED policy • Training of university staff • Drills • Enforcement of Policy

CONTINUING THE RESEARCH: NEXT STEPS

• Call Universities to verify data • Obtain additional up-to-date data from universities • Evaluate the impact of our data • Promote beneficial policies:

• Universal Standards • AED drills • Maintenance

THANK YOU

• Raina Merchant • Joanne Levy • Lissy Madden • Alison Leung

• Frances Shofer • Jack Hershey • Shawndra Hill • Adam Bunn

• Lindsay Nadkarni • Austin Kilaru

• SUMR Scholars