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Institute Management System 2009
Developed by: Malhar Vora, Vikash Kumar Singh, Jigal Ahir Page 1
SRK Institute
Of
Computer and Management Studies
Institute Management System
By
Malhar L. Vora
Jigal K. Ahir
Vikash Kumar Singh
In the year
2008-2009
Guided By Monitoring Faculty
Mr. Sameer Thacker Mr. Sameer Thacker
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Malhar L. Vora, Miss. Jigal K. Ahir and
Mr. Vikash Kumar Singh, students of third year BCA have successfully
completed their final year project titled Institute Management System
towards partial fulfillment of the requirements of Bachelor of ComputerApplication at SRK Institute of Computer and Management Studies
during period June 2008 to March 2009.
Monitoring Faculty Head
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would not miss the opportunity towards, Mr. Sameer Thacker our
project guide and Monitoring Faculty who, in their informal manners provide lots
of valuable information, helps and guidance. I am equally thankful to all staffmembers of SRK Institute for their number of valuable guidance and their
intellectually rich discussion.
We are indebted all the staff members of our Computer Department for
providing their precious help and advice, throughout project period.2
Finally, we would like to thank to our entire surrounded person who have
played a very important role in growing our career by providing their constant co-
operation and encouragement throughout my tenure of the course.
Malhar L. Vora
Vikash Kumar Singh
Jigal K. Ahir
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INDEX
Particulars Page No
1 Project Profile
i Project Title
ii Project Members
iii Project Duration
iv Project Guide
v Objectives
vi Tools
Vii Development Environment
Vii System Requirements
2 Client Profile
3 Project Details
i System Analysis
A.Problem IdentificationB.Proposed SolutionC.Feasibility Study
ii System Design
A.Data DictionaryB.ER DiagramsC.Data Flow Diagrams
4 Input / Output Design
A.System Screenshots5 Testing
6 Implementation
7 Development tools description
8 Future Offshoots
9 Bibliography
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1. Project Profile
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I. Project TitleInstitute Management System
II. Project MembersMalhar L. Vora
Vikash Kumar Singh
Jigal K. Ahir
III. Project DurationStart Date: 01-12-2008
End Date: 07-02-2009
IV. Project GuideMr. Sameer Thacker
V. ObjectivesAutomation of Student Admission Process
Provide an interface to find any detail about any student
Automation of course management
Automation of staff detail management
Provide an interface to find any detail about any staff member
Facilitate all above systems in networked environment
VI. ToolsFront End
Microsoft Visual Basic 2005 / .Net Framework 2.0
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Back End
Microsoft SQL Server 2005
VII. Development EnvironmentOperating System
Microsoft Windows XP Professional SP2
Hardware
Intel Core2Duo 2.0 GHz
2 GB RAM
VIII. System RequirementsOperating System
Microsoft Windows XP Professional SP2 / Windows 2000
Hardware Requirements
Pentium IV
512 MB RAM
Printer
Software Requirements
Microsoft .Net Framework 2.0
Microsoft SQL Server 2005
Crystal Report Runtime
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2. Client Profile
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Our client is Smt. H. B. Palan College of Arts and Commerce .It is
affiliated to KSKV Kachchh University and also offers courses from
other universities. It is managed by Anjar Education Society and situated
at same campus.
The main motto of institute is to provide quality education in
nominal fees.
Following are the courses offered by Institute.
Bachelor of Arts(BA)
(KSKV Kachchh University)
Bachelor of Commerce (BCom)
(KSKV Kachchh University)
Bachelor in Business Administration(BBA)
(Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University)
Diploma in Information Technology & Computer
Application(DIT)
(KSKV Kachchh University)
Post Graduate Diploma in Human Resource
Management(PGDHRM)
(KSKV Kachchh University)
Advanced Post Graduate Diploma in Human ResourceManagement (APGDHRM)
(Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University)
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In addition, Institute is going to start following courses from the
year June 2009.
Master in Information Technology (MSc IT)
(Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University)
Master in Human Recourse Management (MHRM)
(Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University
The institute has library facility. It also has Computer Lab having40 highly configured Computer Systems with full internet access facility.
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3. Project Details
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Proposed Solution
The Institute Management System presents a solution for all the
identified problems.
The Institute Management System stores and manages all the
details of all the courses, staff and students in separate database and in
completely secure manner. It presents an interactive user interface using
which any data regarding Courses, Staff and Students can be easilysearched. After searching and getting the desired data the system also
gives facility to print all the data or selected data. If the searched data
needed to send someone by email or any other way, it can also be
exported to various popular file formats such as Microsoft Word,
Portable Document Format (PDF), Rich Text Format and Microsoft
Excel. Data can also be exported to HTML Page so it can be used for
website.
The system is modularized and scalable therefore in future if
institute starts more courses or wants to implement another module in
the system such as Payroll, it can be easily added and managed. The
system can also take advantage of networked environment. Multiple
Computers can be used to manage system.
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Feasibility Study
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A feasibility study is undertaken to determine the possibility or
probability of their improving the existing system or developing a
completely new system. It helps to obtain an overview of the problem
and to get a rough assessment of whether feasible solution exists. This is
essential to avoid committing large resources to a project and then to
represent on it later.
TYPES:A detailed feasibility study generally is divided into three different
phases, which can be enlisted as below:
Technical feasibility
Economical feasibility
Operational feasibility or Behavioral feasibility
According to present situation in the institute, I feel that institute
is able to surpass the feasibility analysis.
Technical Feasibility:
Technical feasibility analysis is normally undertaken to find out whether
the work can be done with present equipments, current procedures,
existing software technology and available personnel.
However, institute has its own computer facilities; hence it solves the
problem of one of the primary needs i.e. the availability of computers.
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Most of the computer machines institute has Intel Pentium IV processors
with 512 MB of RAM. Moreover, they already have required hardware
and operating systems for the present system .They have Microsoft
Windows XP Professional SP2 as operating system. So ultimately theissue of having adequate technology is solved.
Economical Feasibility:
Economic feasibility analysis normally determines the costs and
expected savings of each of the alternative that may have been decided
initially while planning for the development of the system. These costsmay include onetime costs and recurring costs. The onetime costs may
include the costs for converting the existing system to new system, costs
involved of in reconstruction or remodeling of the computer room or
facilities and costs involved in installation and designing software
packages. The recurring costs could be the rental or purchase of
equipments, salaries or personnel and equipment maintenance etc.
Operational Feasibility:
Operational feasibility deals with attitude and reaction of the people who
will be the end user of the system. Will the system be used, if it is
implemented, and questions like these could be encountered while
undertaking the above types of analysis.
Due to the drawbacks of existing manual system, the management was
interested in new system. Hence, feel they would definitely have
positive approach and would support for the cause. In fact, they are
eager to know about the progress of the software systems testingplan
and its results, which is currently the phase of the proposed system.
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System Design
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Data Dictionary
Database: IMS
Database objects
Type Count
Tables 10
Views 0
Stored Procedures 8
User Defined Functions 1
User Defined Types 0
Triggers 0
Defaults 5
Rules 0
Schemas 13
XML Schema Collection 1
Total 38
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Database Tables
Type Created Columns Constraints Refers
to
Refers
from
Course 02/12/2008 8 2 1 1
Document 17/01/2009 2 1 0 1
Faculty 20/11/2008 10 1 0 0
Student 22/01/2009 33 2 1 3
Student_Documents 17/01/2009 3 3 2 0
Student_Qualification 16/01/2009 5 2 1 0
Student_Subjects 19/01/2009 3 3 2 0
Subjects 17/01/2009 3 1 0 1
University 14/12/2008 2 1 0 1
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Database Tables
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Table: Course
Table Properties
Name Value
Name Course
Created 02/12/2008
No of Rows 3
Size of Data 8 kb
Size of indexes 8 kb
Maximum size of a single row 395 bytes
Columns
Column Data Type Length Bytes Null PK FKCourseID int identity 10 4 No yes
Course_Title varchar 255 255 No
Course_Duration varchar 20 20 yes
Course_Fees bigint 19 8 Yes
Course_Total_Hours int 10 4 Yes
Course_Eligibility varchar 100 100 YesCourse_Details text (n/a) (n/a) Yes
University_ID int 10 4 yes University.University_ID
Columns descriptions
Column Description
CourseID Primary key of Course Table
Course_Title Title of Course
Course_Duration Duration of CourseCourse_Fees Fees of Course
Course_Total_Hours Total teaching hours of Course
Course_Eligibility Eligibility criteria for Course
Course_Details Other details of Course (i.e. Syllabus)
University_ID Foreign key referenced to Primary key of University Table
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Table: Document
Table Properties
Name ValueName DocumentCreated 17/01/2009
No of Rows 4
Size of Data 8 kb
Size of indexes 8 kb
Maximum size of a single row 54 bytes
ColumnsColumn Data Type Length Bytes Null PK FK
Document_ID int identity 10 4 No yes
Document_Title varchar 50 50 Yes
Columns descriptions
Column Description
Document_ID Primary key of Document Table
Document_Title Title of Document
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Table: Faculty
Table Properties
Name ValueName FacultyCreated 20/11/2008
No of Rows 3
Size of Data 8 kb
Size of indexes 8 kb
Maximum size of a single row 2,604 bytes
ColumnsColumn Data Type Length Bytes Null PK FK
Faculty_ID int identity 10 4 No yes
Faculty_Name varchar 200 200 No
Faculty_Academic_Qualification varchar 200 200 yes
Faculty_Teaching_Experience varchar 50 50 Yes
Faculty_Admin_Experience varchar 50 50 Yes
Faculty_Teaching_Medium varchar 100 100 Yes
Faculty_State_Seminars varchar 500 500 Yes
Faculty_National_Seminar`s varchar 500 500 yes
Faculty_Remarks varchar 500 500 yesFaculty_Research_Pubs varchar 500 500 Yes
Columns descriptions
Column DescriptionFaculty_ID Primary key of Faculty Table
Faculty_Name Name of the Faculty
Faculty_Academic_Qualification Academic qualification of Faculty
Faculty_Teaching_Experience Teaching experience of Faculty
Faculty_Admin_Experience Administrative experience of Faculty
Faculty_Teaching_Medium Teaching medium of Faculty
Faculty_State_Seminars State level seminars given by Faculty
Faculty_National_Seminar`s National level seminars given by Faculty
Faculty_Remarks Remarks given to Faculty
Faculty_Research_Pubs Any research and publications by Faculty
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Table: Student
Table Properties
Name ValueName StudentCreated 22/01/2009
No of Rows 2
Size of Data 8 kb
Size of indexes 8 kb
Maximum size of a single row 705 bytes
ColumnsColumn Data Type Length Bytes Null PK FK
Student_ID int identity 10 4 No yes
Admission_Date varchar 12 12 Yes
Full_Name varchar 30 30 Yes
Father_Name varchar 30 30 Yes
Mother_Name varchar 30 30 Yes
BirthDate varchar 12 12 Yes
BirthPlace varchar 15 15 Yes
Gender varchar 10 1 Yes
Nationality varchar 30 30 YesBloodGroup varchar 10 10 Yes
Religion varchar 15 15 Yes
Marital_Status Varchar 10 10 Yes
Permanent_Address Varchar 50 50 Yes
Permanent_City Varchar 20 20 Yes
Permanent_Tahesil Varchar 20 20 Yes
Permanent_District Varchar 20 20 Yes
Permanent_State Varchar 15 15 Yes
Permanent_Pin Varchar 10 10 Yes
Permanent_Country Varchar 20 20 Yes
Coras_Address Varchar 50 50 Yes
Coras_City Varchar 20 50 Yes
Coras_Tahesil Varchar 20 20 Yes
Coras_District Varchar 20 20 Yes
Coras_State varchar 15 15 Yes
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Column Data Type Length Bytes Null PK FK
Coras_Pin varchar 10 10 Yes
Coras_Country varchar 20 20 Yes
Phone varchar 50 50 Yes
Email varchar 50 50 Yes
Annual_Income bigint 19 8 Yes
Father_Occupation varchar 50 50 Yes
Physically_Handicaped varchar 5 5 Yes
Category varchar 20 20 yes
CourseID int 10 4 yes Course.CourseID
Columns descriptionsColumn Description
Student_ID Primary key of Student Table
Admission_Date Date of Admission of Student
Full_Name Full name of Student
Father_Name Father name of Student
Mother_Name Mother name of Student
BirthDate Date of Birth of Student
BirthPlace Place of Birth of Student
Gender Gender of Student ( Male / Female )
Nationality Nationality of StudentBloodGroup Blood Group of Student
Religion Religion of Student
Marital_Status Marital Status of Student ( Single / Married )
Permanent_Address Permanent address of Student
Permanent_City Permanent city of Student
Permanent_Tahesil Permanent tahesil of Student
Permanent_District Permanent district of Student
Permanent_State Permanent state of Student
Permanent_Pin Permanent pin of Student
Permanent_Country Permanent Country of Student
Coras_Address Correspondence address of Student
Coras_City Correspondence city of Student
Coras_Tahesil Correspondence tahesil of Student
Coras_District Correspondence district of Student
Coras_State Correspondence state of Student
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Column Description
Coras_Pin Correspondence pin code of Student
Coras_Country Correspondence country of Student
Phone Phone no of StudentEmail Email of Student
Annual_Income Annual income of guardian of Student
Father_Occupation Occupation of Student's father
Physically_Handicaped Student is physically handicapped or not
Category Category of Student ( SC, ST etc)
CourseID Foreign key referenced to Primary key of Course Table
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Table: Student_Qualification
Table Properties
Name ValueName Student_QualificationCreated 16/01/2009
No of Rows 3
Size of Data 8 kb
Size of indexes 8 kb
Maximum size of a single row 308 bytes
ColumnsColumn Data Type Length Bytes Null PK FK
Qualification_ID int identity 10 4 No Yes
Student_ID int 10 4 Yes Student.Student_ID
Qualification varchar 100 100 Yes
Institute varchar 100 100 Yes
Board_University varchar 100 100 Yes
Columns descriptions
Column Description
Qualification_ID Primary key of Student_Qualification Table
Student_ID Foreign key referenced to primary key of Student Table
Qualification Qualification of Student ( SSC, HSC etc)
Institute Institute from which the degree has been earned
Board_University University from which degree has been earned
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Table: Subject
Table Properties
Name ValueName SubjectsCreated 17/01/2009
No of Rows 5
Size of Data 8 kb
Size of indexes 8 kb
Maximum size of a single row 64 bytes
ColumnsColumn Data Type Length Bytes Null PK FK
Subject_ID int identity 10 4 No Yes
Subject_Title varchar 50 50 Yes
Subject_Code varchar 10 10 Yes
Columns descriptions
Column DescriptionSubject_ID Primary key of Subjects Table
Subject_Title Name of Subjects
Subject_Code Code of Subject
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Table: University
Table Properties
Name ValueName UniversityCreated 14/12/2008
No of Rows 5
Size of Data 8 kb
Size of indexes 8 kb
Maximum size of a single row 204 bytes
ColumnsColumn Data Type Length Bytes Null PK FK
University_ID int identity 10 4 No Yes
Uni_Name nchar 100 200 No
Columns descriptions
Column Description
University_ID Primary key of University TableUni_Name Name of University
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Course-Student Diagram
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Course-University Diagram
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Student-Student_Documents
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Student-Student_Qualification
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Student-Student_Subjects
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Subjects-Student_Subjects
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Data Flow Diagrams
The data flow diagram is one of the most important modeling tools
used by system analysts. The use of data flow diagram as modeling
tools was popularized by Demarco (1978) and Gene Samson (1979)
through their structured system analysis methodologies. They
suggested that a data flow diagram should be the first tool used by the
system analysts to model system components. These components are
the system processes, the data used by these processes any externalentities that interact with the system and the information flows in the
system.
Data flow strategy shows the use of data in the system pictorially.
The tools used in this strategy show all the essential features of the
system and how they fit together.
A graphical tool used to describe and analyze the movement of data
through a system-manual or automated-including the processes, stores
of data, and delays in the system. The transformation of data from
input to output, through processes, may be described logically and
independently of the physical components associated with the system.
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Data Flow Diagram Symbols :
Data flow diagram uses a number of symbols to represent systems.
Most data flow modeling methods use four kinds of symbols. These
symbols are used to represent four kinds of system components.
Data Flow:
Symbol :
Data move in a specific direction from an origin to a destination in
the form of a document, letter, telephone call, or a virtually any
other medium. The data flow is a packet of data.
Processes :
Symbol :
In this, People, Procedures, or devices that use or produce
(transform) data. The physical component is not identified.
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Source or Destination :
Symbol :
External sources or destination of data, which may be people,
programs, organization, or other entities, interact with the system
but are outside its boundary. The terms source and sink are
interchangeable with origin and destination.
Data Store :
Symbol :
Data are stored or referenced by a process in the system. The data
store may represent computerized or non-computerized devices.
Each component in a data flow diagram is labeled with a
descriptive name. Process name are further identified with a
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number that will be used for identification purposes. The number
assigned to a specific process does not represent the sequence of
processes. It is strictly used for identification and will take on
added value to the components that make up a specific process.
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4. Input / Output Design
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System Screenshots
Main form of the system
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File menu
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Other menu
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View menu
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Windows menu
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Help menu
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Update Student Form
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Export Students Form
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Course Manager Form
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Add Course Form
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Update Course Form
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Export Course Form
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Faculty Manager Form
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Add Faculty Form
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Update Faculty Form
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Export Faculty Form
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Document Form
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University Form
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Add, Edit University Form
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Subject Form
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Add Subject Boxes
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Edit Subject Boxes
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About Form
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Student Report
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Faculty Report
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5. Testing
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Test Data :
There are two very different source of test data, live and artificial .
Both have distinct advantage and disadvantage for tester
1.Artificial test dataArtificial test data are created solely for test purpose, since they
can be generated to test all combinations forms and values. The
most effective test programs use artificial test data generated byother persons those who are wrote the program. Often an
independent team of tester formulates a testing plan, using the
system team specification.
During the development of our system we use the artificial data to
test whether the system is working properly or not. Also we have
checked that our system should not accept vague data for example
if the field is numerical than it should not accept text field.
2. Live test data
Live test data are those that are actually extracted from
organization files. After a system is partially constructed,
programmers or analysts often ask users to key in a set of data
from their normal activities. It is difficult to obtain live data in
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sufficient amount to conduct extensive testing. And, although it is
realistic data that will show how the system will perform for the
typical processing requirements, assuming that the live data
entered are in fact typical, such data generally will not test all the
combinations or formats that can enter the system. The bias toward
typical values then does not provide a true systems test and in fact
ignores the case most likely to
cause systems failure. To test our system will live data we use the
records of the last transaction that were registered in files. Several
transactions were performed in our system and our system was
found to be working properly.
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6. Implementation
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Implementation includes all those activities that take place to convert
from the old system to new. The new system may be totally new,
replacing an existing manual or automated system, or it may be a major
modification to an existing system. In either case, proper implementation
is essential to provide a reliable system to meet organization
requirements.
Even the best system can be weakened if the analysts managing theimplementation do not attend to every important aspect of detail. This is
an area where new system analysts need to concentrate a great deal of
attention. Good Analystscan make a difference.
There are three aspects of implementation: Training Personnel,
Conversion Procedures, and Post Implementation Review. Even well
designed and technically elegant systems can succeed or fail because the
way they are operated and used. Both system operators and user need
training.
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Conversion
Conversion is the process of change one system to another means
implement the new system instead of old one.
Conversion Method :
There are different types of conversion methods available, which
are described below.
1. Parallel System:
In this method the old system is operated along with the new
system.
Advantages:
-- Offers greatest security.
-- The old system can take over if errors are found in
the new system or if usage problems occur.
Disadvantages:
-- It doubles operating cost.
-- The new system may not get fair trial.
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2. Direct Conversion:
In this method the old system is replaced by the new system.
The organization relies fully on the new system.
Advantages:
-- It forces user to make the new system work.
--There are immediate benefits from new methods and
controls.Disadvantages:
-- There is no other system to fall back on if difficulties
arise with new system.
-- Require the most careful planning.
3. Pilot System:
In this method working version of the system implemented in
one part of the organization. Base on feed back, changes are
made and the system is installed in the rest of the other
methods.
Advantages:
-- Provides experience and live test before
implementation.
Disadvantages:
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7. Development Tools Description
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Principal Design Features
Interoperability
Because interaction between new and older applications is
commonly required, the .NET Framework provides means to
access functionality that is implemented in programs that execute
outside the .NET environment. Access to COM components is
provided in the System.Runtime.InteropServices and
System.EnterpriseServices namespaces of the framework; access
to other functionality is provided using the P/Invoke feature.
Common Runtime Engine
The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the virtual machine
component of the .NET framework. All .NET programs execute
under the supervision of the CLR, guaranteeing certain properties
and behaviors in the areas of memory management, security, and
exception handling.
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Language Independence
The .NET Framework introduces a Common Type System, or
CTS. The CTS specification defines all possible data types and
programming constructs supported by the CLR and how they may
or may not interact with each other. Because of this feature, the
.NET Framework supports the exchange of instances of types
between programs written in any of the .NET languages
Base Class Library
The Base Class Library (BCL), part of the Framework Class
Library (FCL), is a library of functionality available to all
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The design is meant to address some of the vulnerabilities, such as
buffer overflows, that have been exploited by malicious software.
Additionally, .NET provides a common security model for all
applications.
Portability
The design of the .NET Framework allows it to theoretically be
platform agnostic, and thus cross-platform compatible. That is, a
program written to use the framework should run without change
on any type of system for which the framework is implemented.
Microsoft's commercial implementations of the framework cover
Windows, Windows CE, and the Xbox 360. In addition, Microsoft
submits the specifications for the Common Language
Infrastructure (which includes the core class libraries, Common
Type System, and the Common Intermediate Language),the C#
language,and the C++/CLI language
to both ECMA and the ISO,
making them available as open standards. This makes it possible
for third parties to create compatible implementations of the
framework and its languages on other platforms.
Architecture
Common Language Infrastructure ( CLI )
The core aspects of the .NET framework lie within the Common
Language Infrastructure, orCLI. The purpose of the CLI is to provide a
language-neutral platform for application development and execution,
including functions for exception handling, garbage collection, security,
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and interoperability. Microsoft's implementation of the CLI is called the
Common Language Runtime orCLR.
AssembliesThe intermediate CIL code is housed in .NET assemblies. As mandated
by specification, assemblies are stored in the Portable Executable (PE)
format, common on the Windows platform for all DLL and EXE files.
The assembly consists of one or more files, one of which must contain
the manifest, which has the metadata for the assembly. The complete
name of an assembly (not to be confused with the filename on disk)
contains its simple text name, version number, culture, and public key
token. The public key token is a unique hash generated when theassembly is compiled, thus two assemblies with the same public key
token are guaranteed to be identical from the point of view of the
framework. A private key can also be specified known only to the
creator of the assembly and can be used for strong naming and to
guarantee that the assembly is from the same author when a new version
of the assembly is compiled (required adding an assembly to the Global
Assembly Cache).
MetadataAll CLI is self-describing through .NET metadata. The CLR checks the
metadata to ensure that the correct method is called. Metadata is usually
generated by language compilers but developers can create their own
metadata through custom attributes. Metadata contains information
about the assembly, and is also used to implement the reflective
programming capabilities of .NET Framework.
Security
.NET has its own security mechanism with two general features: Code
Access Security (CAS), and validation and verification. Code Access
Security is based on evidence that is associated with a specific assembly.
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Typically the evidence is the source of the assembly (whether it is
installed on the local machine or has been downloaded from the intranet
or Internet). Code Access Security uses evidence to determine the
permissions granted to the code. Other code can demand that calling
code is granted a specified permission. The demand causes the CLR toperform a call stack walk: every assembly of each method in the call
stack is checked for the required permission; if any assembly is not
granted the permission a security exception is thrown.
When an assembly is loaded the CLR performs various tests. Two such
tests are validation and verification. During validation the CLR checks
that the assembly contains valid metadata and CIL, and whether the
internal tables are correct. Verification is not so exact. The verificationmechanism checks to see if the code does anything that is 'unsafe'. The
algorithm used is quite conservative; hence occasionally code that is
'safe' does not pass. Unsafe code will only be executed if the assembly
has the 'skip verification' permission, which generally means code that isinstalled on the local machine.
.NET Framework uses Appdomains as a mechanism for isolating code
running in a process. Appdomains can be created and code loaded into
or unloaded from them independent of other Appdomains. This helpsincrease the fault tolerance of the application, as faults or crashes in one
Appdomain do not affect rest of the application. Appdomains can also
be configured independently with different security privileges. This can
help increase the security of the application by isolating potentially
unsafe code. The developer, however, has to split the application into
subdomains; it is not done by the CLR.
Class Library
Namespaces in the BCL
System
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The FCL is much larger in scope than standard libraries for languages
like C++, and comparable in scope to the standard libraries of Java.
Memory Management
The .NET Framework CLR frees the developer from the burden of
managing memory (allocating and freeing up when done); instead it
does the memory management itself. To this end, the memory allocated
to instantiations of .NET types (objects) is done contiguouslyfrom the
managed heap, a pool of memory managed by the CLR. As long as there
exists a reference to an object, which might be either a direct reference
to an object or via a graph of objects, the object is considered to be in
use by the CLR. When there is no reference to an object, and it cannotbe reached or used, it becomes garbage. However, it still holds on to the
memory allocated to it. .NET Framework includes a garbage collector
which runs periodically, on a separate thread from the application's
thread, that enumerates all the unusable objects and reclaims the
memory allocated to them.
The .NET Garbage Collector (GC) is a non-deterministic, compacting,
and mark-and-sweep garbage collector. The GC runs only when a
certain amount of memory has been used or there is enough pressure formemory on the system. Since it is not guaranteed when the conditions to
reclaim memory are reached, the GC runs are non-deterministic. Each
.NET application has a set of roots, which are pointers to objects on the
managed heap (managed objects). These include references to static
objects and objects defined as local variables or method parameters
currently in scope, as well as objects referred to by CPU registers.When
the GC runs, it pauses the application, and for each object referred to in
the root, it recursively enumerates all the objects reachable from the rootobjects and marks them as reachable. It uses .NET metadata and
reflection to discover the objects encapsulated by an object, and then
recursively walk them. It then enumerates all the objects on the heap
(which were initially allocated contiguously) using reflection. All
objects not marked as reachable are garbage. This is the mark phase.
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The objects that comprise the disconnected half of the ADO.NET object
model do not communicate directly with the connected objects. This is a
major change from previous Microsoft data access object models. In
ADO, the Recordset object stores the results of your queries. You can
call its Open method to fetch the results of a query and call its Update
(or UpdateBatch) method to submit changes stored within the Recordset
to your database.
.Net Data Providers
A .NET data provider is a collection of classes designed to allow
you to communicate with a particular type of data store. The .NET
Framework includes two such providers, the SQL Client .NET
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Each .NET data provider has its own namespace. The two
providers included in the .NET Framework are subsets of the
System.Data namespace, where the disconnected objects reside. The
OLE DB .NET Data Provider resides in the System.Data.OleDb
namespace, and the SQL Client .NET Data Provider resides inSystem.Data.SqlClient.
Connected Objects
Connection Object
A Connection object represents a connection to your data source. You
can specify the type of data source, its location, and other attributesthrough the various properties of the Connection object. A Connection
object is roughly equivalent to an ADO Connection object or a DAO
Database object; you use it to connect to and disconnect from your
database. A Connection object acts as a conduit through which other
objects, such as DataAdapter and Command objects, communicate with
your database to submit queries and retrieve results.
Command Object
Command objects are similar in structure to ADO Command or DAO
QueryDef objects. They can represent a query against your database, a
call to a stored procedure, or a direct request to return the contents of a
specific table.
Databases support many different types of queries. Some queries
retrieve rows of data by referencing one or more tables or views or bycalling a stored procedure. Other queries modify rows of data, and still
others manipulate the structure of the database by creating or modifying
objects such as tables, views, or stored procedures. You can use a
Command object to execute any of these types of queries against yourdatabase.
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DataReader Object
The DataReader is designed to help you retrieve and examine the rows
returned by your query as quickly as possible. You can use the
DataReader object to examine the results of a query one row at a time.When you move forward to the next row, the contents of the previous
row are discarded. The DataReaderdoesnt support updating. The data
returned by the DataReader is read-only. Because the DataReader object
supports such a minimal set of features, its extremely fast and
lightweight.
Transaction Object
At times, you might want to group a number of changes to your database
and treat them as a single unit of work. In database programming, that
unit of work is called a transaction. Lets say your database contains
banking information and has tables for checking and savings accounts
and a user wants to transfer money from a savings account to a checking
account. In your code, youll want to make sure that the withdrawal
from savings and the deposit to checking complete successfully as a
single unit or that neither change occurs. You use a transaction toaccomplish this.
DataAdapter Object
The DataAdapter object represents a new concept for Microsoft data
access models; it has no true equivalent in ADO or DAO, although you
can consider the ADO Command and DAO QueryDef objects to be its
second cousins, once removed.
DataAdapter objects act as a bridge between your database and the
disconnected objects in the ADO.NET object model. The DataAdapter
objects Fill method provides an efficient mechanism to fetch the results
of a query into a DataSet or a DataTable so you can work with your data
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off line. You can also use DataAdapter objects to submit the pending
changes stored in your DataSet objects to your database.
Disconnected Objects
DataTable Object
The ADO.NET DataTable object is similar to the ADO and DAO
Recordset objects. A DataTable object allows you to examine data
through collections of rows and columns. You can store the results of a
query in a DataTable through the DataAdapterobjects Fill method
DataSet Object
A DataSet object, as its name indicates, contains a set of data. You can
think of a DataSet object as the container for a number of DataTable
objects (stored in the DataSet objects Tables collection). Remember
that ADO.NET was created to help developers build large multi-tiered
database applications. At times, you might want to access a component
running on a middle-tier server to retrieve the contents of many tables.
Rather than having to repeatedly call the server in order to fetch that dataone table at a time, you can package all the data into a DataSet object
and return it in a single call. But a DataSet object does a great deal morethan act as a container for multiple DataTable objects.
The data stored in a Dataset object is disconnected from your database.
Any changes you make to the data are simply cached in each DataRow.
When its time to send these changes to your database, it might not be
efficient to send the entire Dataset back to your middle-tier server. You
can use the GetChanges method to extract just the modified rows fromyour DataSet. In this way, you pass less data between the different
processes or servers.
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Crystal Reports
Crystal Reports is a business intelligence application developed by
Business Objects, a SAP Company, used to design and generate reportsfrom a wide range of data sources. Several other applications, such as
Microsoft Visual Studio, bundle an OEM version of Crystal Reports as a
general purpose reporting tool. Crystal Reports became the de facto
report writer when Microsoft released it with Visual Basic.
Crystal Reports for Visual Studio 2005 brings the ability to create
interactive, presentation-quality content to the Windows environment.
With Crystal Reports for Visual Studio 2005, you can create complexand professional reports in a GUI-based program. Then you can connect
your report to almost any database source, as well as to proxy data, such
as a result set (for example, an ADO.NET DataSet). With the wizards
included in the GUI designer, you can easily set formatting, grouping,
charting, and other criteria.
You can host your report in either a Web or Windows application, with
one of the Crystal Reports for Visual Studio 2005 viewer controls.Report presentation in both Windows and HTML 3.2 or 4.0 clients is
highly interactive and provides you with features such as chart drill
down, report navigation, and text search.
Crystal Reports for Visual Studio 2005 ships with an extensive SDK.
You can use the SDK to interact with the report programmatically at
runtime.
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Features & Functions
o A common standard file format allows for feature-richreports that contain data retrieval criteria, grouping,summary, parameter, and drill down, and sub report linkinginformation.
o An embedded Crystal Reports designer, assisted by wizardsand experts, builds complex report files easily.
o Data and .NET DataSet connections use the Database Expertto easily interact with a wide variety of database protocols,
as well as proxy data in the form of ADO.NET DataSets.
o DataSet processing speed has been significantly improved inCrystal Reports 10 and Crystal Reports for Visual Studio2005.
o Report viewers display Crystal reports on forms, in bothWeb and Windows applications.
o A Crystal Reports SDK interacts with and modifies reportsprogrammatically. Use one of four different object models,
each with increasing levels of complexity and power
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o An exporting feature exports data from theCrystalReportViewer control to Word, Excel, PDF, andHTML, and Crystal Reports formats.
o The ability to print from the CrystalReportViewer controlenables page-based report printing from any Web or
Windows application.
o Prompts for missing parameters and database logons fromthe CrystalReportViewer control allow reports, which havemissing parameters or database information, to be easily
corrected and displayed.
o Multilingual client support allows you to configure theCrystalReportViewer control so that other languages can be
displayed in the Tool Tips, determined by the client browser,
the ASPX page, or the environment settings for the machine.
o Report Web Services, from an ASP.NET Web Serviceproject, allow you to create a project, add a Crystal Report,
and publish it as a Web service.
o Crystal Services allows programmatic access to your reportsthrough a web service.
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o Merge module deployment ensures the correct CrystalReports' components and assemblies are added to a Web or
Windows application that is created in Crystal Reports forVisual Studio 2005.
o Scalability is offered through optimizations that are availablewithin Crystal Reports for Visual Studio 2005, or byupgrading to another solution in the Crystal product family.
o Seamless migration is possible from previous versions ofCrystal Reports for Visual Studio 2005.
o Projects created in previous versions of Crystal Reports forVisual Studio .NET is supported at runtime without requiring
design-time modifications.
o Crystal Report for Visual Studio 2005 projects are supportedon 64-bit machines.
o Code snippets are available when building Websites andWindow Project using Visual Basic.
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Microsoft SQL Server 2005
Microsoft SQL Server 2005 is comprehensive, integrated data
management and analysis software that enables organizations to reliablymanage mission-critical information and confidently run todays
increasingly complex business applications. SQL Server 2005 allows
companies to gain greater insight from their business information and
achieve faster results for a competitive advantage.
Top 10 Features for Database Administration
Database Mirroring
Extend log shipping capabilities with the database mirroring solution.
You will be able to use database mirroring to enhance availability of
your SQL Server systems by setting up automatic failover to a standby
server.
Online Restore
With SQL Server 2005, database administrators are able to perform a
restore operation while an instance of SQL Server is running. Online
restore improves the availability of SQL Server because only the data
being restored is unavailable; the rest of the database remains online and
available.
Online Indexing Operations
The online index option allows concurrent modifications (updates,
deletes, and inserts) to the underlying table or clustered index data and
any associated indexes during index data definition language (DDL)
execution. For example, while a clustered index is being rebuilt, you can
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Data Partitioning
Data partitioning is enhanced with native table and index partitioning
that enables efficient manageability of large tables and indexes.
Replication Enhancements
For distributed databases, SQL Server 2005 provides comprehensive
schema change (DDL) replication, next-generation monitoring
capabilities, built in replication from Oracle to SQL Server, merge
replication over https, and significant merge replication scalability and
performance improvements. Additionally, the peer-to-peer transactional
replication feature improves support for data scale out using replication.
Top 10 Features for Development
Hosted Common Language Runtime
With SQL Server 2005 developers can create database objects using
familiar languages such as Microsoft Visual C# .NET and Microsoft
Visual Basic .NET. Developers can also create two new objects user-
defined types and aggregates.
Native XML Support
Native XML data can be stored, queried, and indexed in a SQL Server
database allowing developers to build new classes of connected
applications around Web services and across any platform or device.
ADO.NET version 2.0
From new support for SQL Types to Multiple Active Result Sets
(MARS), ADO.NET in SQL Server 2005 evolves dataset access and
manipulation to achieve greater scalability and flexibility.
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Security Enhancements
The security model in SQL Server 2005 separate users from objects,
provides fine-grain access, and enables greater control of data access.
Additionally, all system tables are implemented as views, providingmore control over database system objects.
Transact-SQL Enhancements
SQL Server 2005 provides new language capabilities for developing
scalable database applications. These enhancements include error
handling, recursive query capabilities, relational operator PIVOT,
APPLY, ROW_NUMBER and other row ranking functions, and more.
Reliable Messaging for Asynchronous Applications
Service Broker is a robust messaging infrastructure that provides reliable
transactional delivery of critical messages between serverswith the
scalable high-performance that is expected with asynchronous queuing.
Visual Studio Integration
Tight integration with Microsoft Visual Studio and the .NET Frameworkstreamlines development and debugging of data-driven applications.
Developers can build database objects, such as stored procedures, using
any .NET language and can seamlessly debug across .NET andTransact-SQL (TSQL) languages.
Web Services
With SQL Server 2005 developers can develop Web services in the
database tier, making SQL Server a hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)listener and providing a new type of data access capability for Web
services-centric applications.
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happen in the future giving you powerful insight that will help your
company make better business decisions.
Reporting Services
SQL Server Reporting Services is a comprehensive, server-based
reporting solution designed to help you author, manage, and deliver both
paper-based and interactive Web-based reports.
Clustering Support
Analysis Services improves availability with support for failover
clustering, enhanced multi-instance support, and support for backing up
and restoring Analysis Services objects and data.
Key Performance Indicators
Key performance indicators (KPIs) provide businesses with the
capability to define graphic, customizable business metrics to help
generate and track key corporate benchmarks.
Scalability and Performance
Features such as parallel partition processing, creation of remote
relational online analytical processing (ROLAP) or hybrid online
analytical processing (HOLAP) partitions, distributed partitioned cubes,
persisted calculations, and proactive caching greatly improve the
scalability and performance of Analysis Services in SQL Server 2005.
Report Builder
Report Builder is a component of SQL Server 2005 Reporting Servicesthat enables business users to create and deploy reports with a user-friendly enterprise data model.
Proactive Caching
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ManageabilityFeature Express Workgroup Standard Enterprise Comments
Auto Tuning Automatically tunes
database for optimalperformance.
Profiler
SQL Server
Management
Studio Express
See
Comments
Easy-to-use graphical
management toolavailable as a separate
download or included
with the SQL ServerExpress w/Advanced
Services download
Management
Studio
Full managementplatform for SQL Server;
includes Business
Intelligence (BI)Development Studio.
Database
Tuning Advisor
Automatically suggestsenhancements to your
database architecture to
improve performance.
Serviceability
Enhancements
Dynamic managementviews and reporting
enhancements.
Full-text Search See
comments
Available for SQL Server
Express in the SQL
Server Express w/
Advanced Servicesdownload
SQL Agent Job
Scheduling
Service
SecurityFeature Express Workgroup Standard Enterprise Comments
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7. Future Offshoots
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SMS Notification
We want to provide facility to send sms to all the students and faculties
at once for any kind of notifications
Payroll Manager
We want to provide a complete Payroll Management module to manage
payrolls in future.
Document Manager
A facility to manage MS Word applications and can be used to search
and retrieve whenever needed.
Multidimensional Search
Using this facility user can search data using multiple dimensions. In
other words search can be initiated using multiple criteria.
Library Manager
We want to provide a complete Library Management module to manage
books, issue/return operation.
Online and Offline Backup
We want to provide a complete backup facility to recover data in any
disastrous condition. Backup will be offline as well as online ( Using
FTP ).
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9. Bibliography
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Books
Microsoft ADO.Net Step by Step PHI Publication
- Rebecca ReordanProfessional Visual Basic 2005 Wrox Publication
- Bill Evjen, Billy Hollis, Rockford Lhotka, Tim McCarthy,Rama Ramachandran, Kent Sharkey, Bill Sheldon
Professional.ADO.NET .2.0 Programming with SQL Server 2005
Oracle and MySQLWrox Publication
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