In independence lies our guarantee for peace!: theUDENAMO at the United Nations

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In independence lies our guarantee for peace!: the UDENAMO at theUnited Nations

Author/Creator União Democrática Nacional de Moçambique (UDENAMO)

Publisher União Democrática Nacional de Moçambique (UDENAMO)

Date 1963-11

Resource type Proceedings

Language English

Subject

Coverage (spatial) Mozambique

Coverage (temporal) 1963

Source University of Southern California, University Archives

Description Articles regarding UDENAMO at the United Nations.

Format extent(length/size)

23 page(s)

http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.CHILCO286

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http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.CHILCO286

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IN INDEPENDENCE LIES OUR GUARANTEEFOR PEACE!THE UDENAMO AT THEUNIT ED NATIONSNOVEMBER 1963M~E av THE CAiRo OFFICE Of THE NOZANslaUEl NATIONALDENOCRATOC UNION (UDeNANO>A MED uIUm&T STaEE z~IAE- C&EO1

On'the 7th November, 1963, a UDENAMO delegation appeared as petntoonersbefore the fourth (Trusteeshipand* non-self governing territories) Committee of the General Assembly oftheUnited Nations, New York to present the case ofthe Mozambique people to this worldbody.The members of the delegation were : Mr DavidJ.;.M. Mabunda, Vice Presfaentof the Mozambique Nationl DemocSratic Union (UDENAMO) and Mr John* ' SOkupwanya0 UDENAMO representa.live In the Americas and a student in the U.& .AWe publish here, the full text "of thepetition submitted by the UDENAMo Ldelegation,

13v, 1 3i I* *1Seen here making a statement befor. the Fourth Committee of the GeneralAssembly of the United Nations are Mr. David M un (right) and Mr.John Sakupwanya (ieft)yPhoto credit UNITED NATIONS.

Mr. Daitthis ofUnt lion try call real cent mbilend its t4 iTrorLON aelao undOrgi naio subtuin a divirjudic

fortur Ionic canvedStatement Made by.: II J. M. Mabunda and Mr. John SakupwatayREPRESINTING THE HOZANIIQUI NATIONAl.ORNOCRATIC UNION(UDZNA"O)AT THE 147&th. MEETING OF THF FOURTH CONMT TE ON 7NOVaNEnRNMr. Chairings We in Mozambique live with anDISTINGUISHED DELEGTs, enemy that is bent on using force to delayhis departure from ourcountry ForWe have the honour to address to Over 400 years. Portugal has held on to highestworld Assembly, on behalf Mozambique. Oer this part of the Ah ltheMozambique National Democratic can continent Portugal rules ruthlessly on,which is a nationalist organiza. and uncompromisingly over its indigel. fightingfor the freedom of the cour- ous inhabitants exceeding 7 million. The fromPortuguese colonial rul. to sub- rulerm of Portugal not only sought to, subforYour consideration the grievousJugate and exploit them economically ty inwhich contends for nearly five but have attempted to destory compiettures thesuffering people of Moza- ely their culture and society in order to que. ourfatherland. reduce them to a position of Inferiorityforever.We request' Your Excellencies to We. therefore, wish to bring to theYour ears and Your peaceful spir- urgent notice of your Excellencies. the,penetrate into a brief-report of ho- threat to peace in Africa that is inherent andtragedy in the history of CO. in the present political aises in MozarJIALISM, ahistory of the Portugue- bique and to request that through the colonial rule overthe African popu- good offices of Your Excellencies. the as of one of theterritorieswhich, matter be brought up in the plenary seer the Complaisant eyesof the world sion at this eighteenth session of the Utianization. Portugal hasunder domi- tied Nations General Assembly, in order in in Africa. It is the historyof the to exert pressure to bear upon tho Por ugatton" of one notion by anothertuguese Govemnment II possible aspects, whether in the Indual. politico-adminisuative, educa- In 'spite of Portugal*s shouting to t1. labour, economical,social, military, the world and to the United Nations ial. medical and bospitalfields. Un- that Mozambique is a province, this nately, wherever the Portugueseco- has never been a fact. The simple Ilist has touched on the Mozambi-statement of-overseas province" rTellsoil, he created barriers and ensla- ects Initself a politico-admistbalvet peoples discrimination. The blackman does at3-Sj-~.A $i~Ij

have and never had admittance higher positions of the legislative ecative systemsof Portugal's-Pulministration.in the Central zrectlve .Pewenot even necessary to mention. A the Regional Adminletracen of thelied "overseas province** the icdigpopulation has no access. in spitemerely formal presence of two hat cked chiefs in the Legislative ConIn the Iducatoal Field, it isIsed all sart of legal chicxnery,i have always succeeded in view c fact that thePortuguese do not aln indigenous population to have equa fair legalmeans to putan end toabuses.In the Labeor Field, the functand salary disparity is alarmingdiscriminatory character. prhqarily I use when functional equalityscm exists,salary equality does 'not exist condly, because the rare access toher positions iscarried out in the fwing manner :First. white men.mulattos and finally the black. The es$ therefore. to public and privateployment.in spite of the selection tare Ironically racial discriminatoryin the following order, which we emjsize once more: whites, mulattosblacks.In the Seda Field, the autochnous population has no admitiance public entertainment places suchas tels,restaurants, cafes and others ei pt as servants. Furthermore, recsdes areas remainalso separated. in split ijthe Portuguese Government llbies.The Portuguese claim that loz,bique is a province. hwever, she ways uses the discriminatory adjectto any - overseas "Thus we entreat te United Or ox- Nations to allow us to putbefore yos Ic ad- the following questons: (1) In whichcountry ofthe world do customs barrio ra exist from one province to another ?r,if is (2) On the other hand. in which country Jsu in of the world is a passprtrequired to socn$ travel from one province to another ? conus For theknowledge of Your Exoellencles. Of the we Inform you that the Portuguese oaidpt- thorttiet require a passport to all races cIL. indiscriminately.when onewishes to ira-"acti- va from the so-called province of Mowhich zmiqu to the provino, oftbon. I the Portugal has passed a great numberw the of formal laws for her pretended proviI and nces. As a Matterof factsome of, Me. these se colonial laws are good. Unfortunately.they have never been put into acton.mostly when these laws refer to the rig. onal hs of the African population.Revetting 55 Its to the polttco-odmintstrauve discriminstca- tion, we wish to cell

your attention that cely Portugal has among others, two distt.c-So- tiveministries, the Ministry of interior big- and the Overseas Ministry, The Interiorollo- Ministry deals with the Portuguese liurthen opean Provinces homeaffairs. whereas acr- the Overseas Ministry covering an attea- ributton parallelto the Interior Ministry, sils. deals with the so-called "Oversem pro ests. vince"affairs. This proves once More pha- the unequal and discriminatory pohcy andbetween European Provinces and the socalled Overseas Provinces.tho- in the Judicial Sector, it should heto remarked thatthere are special courts ho- to Judge the Africans. while thewhite ce- settlers are Judged in regular courtsThis tio proves Once more theinequality of treo. * of 'ment between the autochihonour, andthe non-autochonous, the white and nonwhite,the European end the Afrcatun. Inam. the colonies, these courts arm Ironically al- called "Tribunal Privadvo"that Is. psi. lve Vote or special courts.4-- a

In eonaesm with io"Pins, It shouldbe taken into consideration that medicalhospitalization assistance, as well as acc.ommodation and wards, are conducted In a manner of racial separation. It shouldbe aso noted that in general, while wards for whites are divided into rooms fortwo. those for the Africans are bigdormitoriesfor mnny patients.Portugal has constantly and energ.etIcally refused to permit whatever in.quiry commitess from the United Nato.Its or any other International orgaonizations, to visit her colonial territories andfreely examine and scrutinize their real situaton. However, we do not believe thatany country in the world, being most proud of its national internal rights, ifaccused of untrue acts, would refuse to accept the visit of an international Presscommittee to Inquire on the reality of theaccusations. However, this has neverbeen accepted by Portugal. Nevertheless. if the Portuguese Government has,nothing to bide or to fear, why do they not allow at !east an international writtenand spoken Press committe composed of at least three members from each of thefollowing countries:- Brazil, Mexico. Cuba, Canada. Senegal. Chile. Finland.Czechoslovakia. Italy. Romania. Holland. Yugo slavia, Ceylon. Japan. Burma,Liberia United Arab Republic, Lebanon. Ghana, Ethiopia and Algeria, to visitfreelyMozambique. not to be followed or traced by the police or censorshipauthorities entering in whatever part of Mozaiwbque they want and interviewingwhom. ever they choose. Then they would give their advice and reportof whatthey really have seen in that Portuguese colony.To conclude our brief introduction, it is necessary Your Excellencies. to put anend to this odious discriminatory co-lonialig domination which Portugal exAe rMes over more thn 7 millon Afhansouls, scattered in an area of approzma.

tly 783.o00 sq. kLo. and who am only waiting for the day in which the chai ns Ofthis multi-century domtation shall break off and have the honowu to sit toget.her with you to work in harmony for the progress of mankind, for world peace.and security.BRIEF HISTORY OF MOZAMBIQUsPour hundred and sixty-eight yearsago, 1498, a Portuguese fleet under the command of Vasco do Game,in search ofthe sea-way to India, anchored in thecoast of Mozombique.Portuguese occupatoIn became efeCVe In theyear ISM. whie Captn Pedro doAnaia landed on the Island of Moarmbique, then called the CePesaq 0 f Salt. TheCaptaincy was not autanamous, It was dependent of the State, a Indii therefore.under the Governor Pra. c1-o de Almeda. The latter, in s0.7, senthis men to theIsland of Mozambi. qua to build a fomess.The hirst occ tpaution years were so. lely for commeral ezploltaon, Christtnizationand Improvement of te potical conditions in India. This was followed by theconstruction of more fortresses in big commercial cen*tres like sofala, Tet andSena. where they concenotraisdiroop. The African people did* not fer these troopconcentrations and thus they inva. ded the fortresses of Mozambique.Later, the Portuguese began tL aplate the coantry's hinterland and went up therivers Zambezi and Limpopo. The land north of the Zambezi was inhaitated bythe Macalagas. a tribe of Ma-"- 5 --I

honai (which came to the southen irder of the Zambezi in the twelfth urY tooccupy what today is knov SouthernRhodesia). oThese people their capital inthe- area of the Zimbabwe. They formed a confeder, under King Monomotapa agreat considered king although he exen powers extremely lower than those g ed tohim by the Portuguese. The c of the various regional tribes recogr a limitedsuzerain under Monomot but were far from being bis vassals.In t531. with the intention of e: nding the exportation of gold, the c ain ofMozambique founded the mc of Sena whee there were someArobs. cityofSenakrew prosperously and 20t ars later b4ame the trade contra. Ayears later the city of Tete w as con cted. The two cities succeeded init as a resultof the intimate contacts ween the lands of Monomotapa the gold mines of Manfcaand Mash4 In the region of Mussapa, south-wet Tete. near the river Mazoe. theadv urers settled a commercial post in I free from the advice of Monomotapa 1had already given them "various car s1on The Portuguese remainedincommercial life for r period of al: sixty. five years respecting and po tribute tothesovereignty of the Africo These were the instructions of the K of Portugal: wr1rdeend live In peace N the Africans"' With the coronation of D. Sebai as king of Portugal. the Portuguese rdWfIedtheir tactics. They dreamed conquering the gold minesand donit trig the Africanpeoples. It is bcai of this dream that in 1509, the first er. edition of1LOW men

under the comma of D. Francisco Barreto. then Gove General of India. landed inthe islanda b- Mozambipue Governor Barreto sent one cent- regiment to Sofala. Theinvaders had Mn as bad luck, as immediately upon their arrbuilt ival, theAfrrcans attacked and severely great punished the officers. After some time,Orion Barreto, accompanied by a number of and his men, made ihs way toZambezi. in .ised the region of Sena, where many of rant- them also lost theirlives |l57). After hiefs various fights and unconcluded negotlaized tions withKing Monomotapa. Barreo (spa, evacuated the 200 men who were foritunote toremain alive (IS73). Later. Barreto died and was substtuted by his aide-do Kpa--camp Vasco Femandes Homen who 'apt- returned to Sena with 400 men insearch trket of the gold mines. After various clashes The with the Africanpeople, he penetrated )ye- into theland of Manica. where the city few ofUmtah is situated today. There they stru- found gold. but did not have competentode- men to explore it. From Sofalo. he went bet- to the north of the Zambeziinto Sena. and where he tried to explore the famous ona. silver mines ofChicoa, but the Africa, t Of the owners of the land attacked and de.ent- stroyedhim together with his remaing 550. 200 men. In view of this disaster, the hoPortuguese crown put aside her conquest tce. ambitions. Defeted as they havebeen. this the Portuguese were not convinced, and-out 4hus attempted to continue the fight by 'Ing using other methods. In thisnew phase os. of war, they sent Catholic Missionaries Ing so Christianize andbrthe the African VIt chiefs. Thus in Sena. there were fourchurches and some fifty Portuguese.too At Tete there were approximatelyso- twenty Portuguese in the fortress and of many scattered in the surroundingregina Ons. The missionaries worked andconUse sinue to- work even today,together wi th rp- the Portuguese politicians. While the rod missionariesattempted to dominate the nor Africans with the use of the Gospel o of Christ.the Portuguese feudalsts were

ireeiy eKplI tlg di '-every oppoitThe misstonaties, lust' as loday.big masters 'who accumulated prop and many slaves. whom they told I feudallords mannft.- They ha exploitation system which consist plantations equal tothose of todi siupat of the Monomctapa Kingsoldiers. missionaries and tradersbe seen actively plottog and pla against the Africans' land, reso end population.The Portuguese I lation rose to" I.,O men. a number has never been,'overpasseduntiliwentieth century.The kings of Portugal esdy Itthe leeesonr., The men of Vasco HC wanted .to dominate every aspec trade aswell as the Afrtcan people th nineteenth century a great nut of Portuguesemtssionaries and fe lords wanted to impose their laws the African leaders and

chiefs. The tuguese began their new policy of de ading more cheap labourers orsic for plantations. The number of conf increased considerably in the regiathe Zambezi. King Monornotapa by then convened Into a christiantherefore easily exploited. The vodisseminated theseeds of misundet nding with the neighbouring chiefs th gh theking, and thus, throughtr disputes, they lominated the whole mbezi. The mtinreason of tihse dit tea was the refusal of the other .chief be baptized. It was a greatslrug known in history as the dispute of-itWith de death of King Manortapa, Me lackey of the Portuguese.' son Manuza acceded to the throne IONHostile as he was to the Portugu j colonialists. he immediately declawar against the Portuguese astentatand Interfences in theaffairs ofaity. state.. After various attacks, the Portuwere guese garrison surrenderedand retreated rties to the island of Mozambique leaving o the the new king ippeace. The reeat of od an the colonibsts did not last long, for. 4l in throughsome. christan members of 'the Ly. In royal family, the Portuguesewere finallydom, able to succeed in convincing the king could to also become a christian.The- king Ining was baptized as Filipe having solemnly ures promisedvassalage tothe King of PorsOpu. tugal, to the Dominican missionaries. thatsettlers and traders of Zambezi. giving I the them everything they wanted. Thiswasthe first time in the history of Mozambique the Portuguese succeeded tomamnergot tamn a brief domination over a great mmn part of. the Macalangapeoples.ct ofIn King Filipe's first practical defeat3ber was to consent to the slave traffic i the udal plantations owned ky the.missionaries Lpon .and feudals. However thisgovernment Par- of the lackeysdid not last long. In mOS. ema- the Mocalangas declared war on the avesPortuguese. These fights went-on- for liets many yeas The African population.nr of scattered and demoralized by' the long was wars; lostand fll once moreprey into and the hands of the colonialsm. dais,via- In 1752 the' colonial administrationrou- was no longer dependent of Goo. Thus, 1a the.first Governor General ofMozambi. Za- que Francisco de Melo Castro was ap-. pu- pointed. This .colonialist-government to accentuated the slave-trade. It.i'cagle. culated thatfrom 1780 to. ISM,-more than 128. 15.000 slaves were expatriated yearly toAmerico. a number which xose to' 25.00 no- untl about the yeari8.0 MinisterSo his de Bandeira's law in 1836 abolishing in slavery found no support inMozambi. es que. Contrarily, the slave traffic was red accelerated until 1840when the British Ion strongly intervened and exercised presthe suresagainstthe Portuguese Government,-7--U.--4

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L4N..verheler lbr Portug, se. stubbin, as they are, did not respectlong the law. inview of the fact that they remaL ned in 'business up to the present moment dealingin human flesh,forced abour and other forms of bondage.It is known that until tw the Portugue sphere of influence. south ofthe Save river,was limited to a few scattered traders and missionaries whose principal purposewas to prepare the road for exploitation and domination by the*Portuguese army. Only after the British ultimatum In 180 did the occupation'become a reality. From this date onwards the Portuguese imposed their authorityon the African They refused to pay tributes to African princes.Nevertheless,some chiefs did not sympathize with the Portuguese attitude Thenoccurred a series of assaults, out of which the Portuguese defended themselvesand succeeded through bribes to subordinate certain chiefs who later moved to thePortuguese side and fought against the chiefs who would not accept the foreigndommation. This to what happend to the chief of Marracuene in 1894. who foughtthe Portuguese in the battle of Marracuene where the Portuguese suffered a greatdefeat. Later the Portuguese obtained the helpof the subordinate princes andlackeys of the Lourenco Marques district and a few Angolans (according toPortuguese history). Thus, in February. 1S. the army of chief Marracuene. underthe command or general Magala gave way. having to face such a great proportionof forces, calculated about 6,00o well equipped men. However,the expeditionwas not terminated. They marched toward the north to Gaza. wherethe forces ofKing Ngungunyana dominated. King Ngungunyana's forces fought the enemy-8-in the volley of (be Incoimt rtver at Magul. where a fierce battle took place. whchwas won by the Portuguese.In the same year. a column under the command'of Captain Mouztilho deAlbuquerque landed at Iohambaone. As always the monao dtvde and rule", thePortuguesesucceeded to suboidinate the chiefs of Inhambane and of Muchopsthrough false promises, to permit the passage towards Mandlacaze. where. KingNgungunyane lived At this stage. King Nungunyano was in war. wis KingXtpenanyane of Muchopes. and since the latter wanted to free himself from hisneighbour enemy, he thought it was opportune Io unite his forces with those ofthe Portuguese Captain Manetnho de Albuquerque. whom he figured was a friend.Together they went in search of King Ngungunyona. whom they foundin hispalace in the company of the queen and prince Godide alone, After this betrayal,general maggwrna attempted to revenge in van over his king In the battles of"Chaimtie and Coolela. where this general los his life terminating therefore, thecampaigns of the south of the Save river.The famous King Ngungunyaa arrested- the news reached King Macombo . ofBarue, Niasra district, in the following year, King Macoambel, swore vengeanceagainst the Portuguese. and for this he declared war and invaded the colonialistfortresses. A number of combats took place. The war lasted about twenty years. ait was onty to 1917 that peace was restored and Ma. combe Ill fled toRhodesia,

where he spent his last days. while the Portuges were engaged with the Germansin the great First World War.In the end of the war of theMacombes, terminated the armed conflicts

between the Invaders and the Africans who have been defeated but didnotlose hope.it has already been mentioned Inthe "'Brief Htstor ofMozambique" that armed conflicts between the colonialistsand the people of Mozambique had ceased in 1917. Logically, that means thebeginning of a new era, an era of peace, tranquillity, understanding and progressbetween the defeated and the defeaters.However, this did not happen, for the general dtsarmament of the Afticanpopulatlon was followed by reprisals and anihilation. Let us look ina few shotlines upon the facts which are being witnessed by our generation.Portugals presence in Africa is claimed to be a "civilizing misston: to uphit theAfricans and to convert them into Portuguese citizens. The Portuguese haveargued that they do not practise the system of "apartheid- and that there are nocolour barriers. Therefore one woukt picture a Portugal of the present time,matured by the wisdom of trial and error, by the ages. enlightened. progressiveandfollowing a policy based on high and noble prtnciples. Yet the expressions ofinterracial harmony are hopelessly unfounded. Yet what is happening inMozambique. where a campaign of extermination is being waged by thePortuguese colonialtsts against the African population provides a clear and vividexample of the policies and principles of the Potugese" colonial rog1m.Porugal's policy of "apartheidis based on the doctrine that the mass of Africansare culturally, morally and educationally unprepared to exercisePortuguesecitizenship. Therefore the lawenvisages two Classes of Inhabiants. The nao-ndigenas : whites, mulaisce andasslmilados, (assimilated Africans) who by law enjoy full citizenship rights and regoverned by the Portuguese common law, and the indigenas (ntives) governed bya complex of controls known as the regime de indfiesato ".Having established these classes.the Portuguesehave taken systematic step$ to keep down. exploit and effec. tuallyclose against the indigenous Afr can every avenue improvementHere. Your Excellencies. we wish to call your esteemed attention to the fact thatdiscrimination is largely prac. tsed in the form of prejudices by colour. race andclass which has been rightly recognized as of social and psycholo. gical origin andan inhuman evil. Yet the government of Portugw. pracuring every form ofinhuman justice against humanity, remains a. member. of the5 world orgunizationwith the full support of professed chrisan and democratic nations.. Portugal hasirlso practised by force, miscegenation. race Mixing, slavery slavelabour, forcedor contract whtch have all been designed to dqe riorate the Africanpeople interms of population, life and death rate. The system of establishlng localgovernment control for the specific benefit of Porat. gal for the past four hundredyears must be ended far the cause of human jusuce, peace and human dignity.

On the otherhand even the assimilados do not enjoy the facilities of Portuguesecitizenship, for they do not have the means to acquire them. The process of-assimilation Implemented in 1917 requires the African to prove that hecan readand write Portuguese fluently and correctly, have, severed all- 9 -uMMew ~e..g5iiaRsw5.'sJ

tribal cannextons. and has adopte habit and customs proposed fatapplication ofthe Portuguese Car Law and have a suitable occupan provide stable means ofliving. It sl he noted however. Your Excelle that it is only an individual of the canrace who can be an-indigena not a Portuguese white setler, no a how illiterate hemay be. The vs police has been directed towards taining a docile-cheap labourforceIn 1945. Professr.r* Aarcelotano. then MiNister of 'Colonies. vi officially.M.ozambique. As an imp ment for the colony, he decreed increasingof the huttax. Unmas women (from the age of 18) and wi4 who had not reached theage cyears were forced to be registere the tax records. The low envisaged womenshould pay half of the n contributions. At that stage, the am was 200 escudos perindividual, then 100 escudos per female taxpayer. a] dy overloaded by cotton, riceand nut fields, which the administrative thortties had distributed tothem. I moreworse, they were forced to a with them the famous twenty-five booklet ofidentification- Cderneta digena- for their identificatiqn. vu required by thecolonial authorties. In 19. the population sa-urated hunger, provoked by thedespotic rotof the supervisors of cotton fields tax and the intensified seizures ofpe for the plantations of Sou Tome, the pulation revoted against those barbatrocities of the Portuguese tyrants. I diless to mention, the result ofthe r Ilionwas afflictive and horrible. considerable number of men and war In the rebelliondistrict of Lourenco rques-more than S00 were expatri to SS ' Tome; others wereconvicte,d the prison terms ranging between hot 'to-the sixteen years and finally- others were mmon killed without pity.on toould In .953. in Sao Tome, there wasnctes a revolt of forced labourers demanding Afni- lberty. better conditions andrecognitio and of their rights as human beings. The.,otter claimers w-re severely punished add thole more than I00 people werekilled, and main- many others wounded.In the same year, 1955 another Con. popular revolt took place at Mumbone.,sited district of Inhambane. caused by the rove- poisoning of food-tuff destinedfor distri. the button to the population which. boause ,ried of bad harvest thatyew. was starving. dows A post of the population received the If ,'food. and'later discovered that t was d in poisoned. The President of the Nucleo thatNegrofico de Monica a Sofala. Mr. ,ixlen's pence Simango alerted the populationut and issued a protest beloe he criminal dore authorities. The results weresaddeing. irea- Hundreds of people were arrested id pea- others were shot

dead. The prisoners aus- who ate sill serving indefinite prison iuch terms are:Chief Matique, GabrieL Mearry .anga, Rev. Machavo, S. Simango (Perpagesident of he NucleuI Negrofsco), Julio i In- fintata. Gil Mandonca andother'me,,hen hers of the Nucleu Negrofico. Fernando Yet, Maniena and son.Albano Mundeco. with Tome Mutuaro Mandivanle, Brito Sima. ,nt- ngo.Chimbirombtro Simango and having hut died in prisons: MacanguisseTinto andDple Albano Mundeco paaria The wave of terrorism does not8ee- enve begin to end there. In 1956 'the she- port of Loure o Marques chiefpohce,A requtsited the "Malanga police squadronnen. for suppressing a revolt organized by Ma. the shibaloss (forced labourers)and ted other dock workers who demanded d to better wages. goodallmentaion. betterT1o-y -

IN V.kor conditions and reasonable wO. king homs. (It is known that forced lar bourein the parts and harbour, section in Mozambique work fourteen hours per day.Sunday inclusive.) The cavalry arrived and dominated the revolution havingcaused the los of forty-nine lives and many wounded, whose sole crime was tocall for their fundamental human rights. The Mozambican population protestedbut the leaders were sent to concentration camps in thie north of the colony.. The most remarkable was the recent, revolt of Mueda in the Cabo Delgadodistrict in 1960. in which the colontalsts massacred6O nationalists protestingagainst the cruel foreign domination. It was truly a horrible and lamentable eventin the history of a notion fighting and suffering for their independence, freedomand liberty for the past 465 years.In 1962, in Mossurize, Mrs. Seven, Maveneka, Mr. Faduka Mwancdda and Mr.Mutt Mumbuka were shot by the 'Portuguese light brigade while they tried to crasthe border into the Rhodesia.No one ignores what happens in the concentration camps of Marupa, Macha.agalane, Manhica. bo Island. Nhangau and the Island of Inhaca, where hundredsof prisoners, on their first day of arrival are forced to dig the graves "for no onewill have to dig the grave for you when you are dead'*. so say the campsupervisors. Above the unfortunate Africans'graves, a banana tree is usuallyplanted. These camps are truly hells in this world, for seldom the prisoners get outof there. The concentration camps are huge rice fields which the prisonerscultivate from sunrise to sunset without rest. There is no meal time hour. Themeals are served in the work locations.by people especially engaged forood distribution. It is sad. but it does exit. Andwe only wish Your Excellencies would be persistent enough to see for yourselveswhat our people endure under theoppressive heels of-the bisl Portuguese.

The echo of the speech by .the then Minister of Colonies, Dr. Adrino Moteira, in1952 proclaiming the end of the' system of INDIGENATO in the colnies, wasonly to evade from the United Na. tions attacks, but the system remained Intact.Indeed, the law of 6 September 1961, was a bluff and never a reality. It was notfor the benefit of either thm. nauives or the non-natives. On the contrary. itprejudiced both paties. lnstre of all enjoying the rights prescribed by this law,more classes than those existing were established. Though. we have nati. yes.whose documents of identicoiokr is the "Cderneta indigena "- civilized natives ( anew class).identtufed by a special idenufication card, and the out.milados-Identification card 'similar. to that of the Portuguese ciuzens.- The exI. stingdifference between civilized nativu and assimilados is that. the first,only speakPortuguese and do not have i salary equal to that of the 'assimilado In this law,there exists onlythe efUA lity of tax- 360 escudos per individuol. In respect toassimilados a futher10 pe cent tax on the salary is collectedthi Professional Taxplus t5O escudos per individual for Military Tax. Immediately uponthis law wasimplemented, various difficulties came up for its integral fulfilment. ?Therefore itwas never put. into force. The first reaction came from par tiaular companyowners who did' riot want to Increasa the salaries of the"new Portuguese citizens,of . black colour ; Most of these lost the little they ha only to be substituted intheir work by

the settlers daily arriving in the country from Portugal and the Madeira Islands.Here Your excellancie we point out the brutal treatment of the Portu. guese intheir Policy of taxation without representation, taxation without the right to vote.Flagrant violations of the United Nations Charter.In the C. F. M. (Mozambique Railways) and other government offices. whereforced labourers are counted in the thousands, as a fulfilment ofthe samelaw. thesupple of forced labouters was interrupted with the idea of substituting them byvoluntary workers with a maximum salary of twenty escudos daily to bepaidweekly. For two months, a great loss was verified in the governmentaccounts.Then, the said law was revoked secretly be the colonial Governor General whoordered all local administrations to send back the "SHIBALOS". Forexample, inthe port of Lourenco Marques, the first group of " shibalos" received, was of 140men from the local administration, of Massanga in March 196l1 They cameindoctrinated that in case of being asked whether they were " shibalos " orvolunteers, the answer should be. ".we are 'shibalo volunteers"From six escudosthey were receiving dally'they then earned eight escudos.That is: 180 escudos to240 escudos monthly.It is a dream to think that in Portuguese colonies, while British colonialism andAmerican nee- colonialism still exists in Africa, the " shibalo '" system will end. Itis true that the British and Ame. ricans are the perpetuators of the forced laboursystem in Africa, although they put the blame on Portugal as the executor, a smallunder-developed European country, the mere pawn in the handsof the larger Powers giving sUpport to another white brother nation in the f1wmily of colonialist exploir

These nations thrive and make Portugese colonialism thrive with there onthesacrifices and misery of the Mozambican people through the unsarupulousmachinations of investments which in turn food the colonahsits and sustain theireconomy in Mozambique and elsewhere in the world.There is no doubt' or should be "any doubt any further, that the bigcompanies inMozambique belong to the British and Americans who operate them through thePortuguese. and that they both consume more cheap labour than the Portuguesegovernment offices in Mozambique. Among others, there are the Anglo-AmericanSugar plantations, Xinavane-lncomau Estates. Sena Sugar, Donaiana. AmericanGulf Oil Company, Sisal and Tea Companies, all great consumers of-" shibalo .-Outside Mozambique where the Mozrmbicon Afticans are sold, in this case inSouthern Rhodesia. we have among others, the following companies:CHIPINGA COMPANY WITH THEFOLLOWING WORK ZONESTageanda Tea Co. with branches at: JERZEY - ZONA- IETTLE HOOK andNYASALAND. ,Abafoyle Plantatons with branches at:ZINDI and NYANGANI.These are all Tea Companies located along .the border of MozambiqueMost ofthe above mentioned companies are owned by the British South AtricanCompany.

~~t7POU T COHIISSIONSStapeforsd with branches at NYA. NGANI- ORANGE GROVE- UON GROVEand LION HILLSSilvusreatm with branches at GWENZI- VATONDO - CHIPiNGAMILSETTER- INYANGA and NYA MAROPA.Cheba at PENHALONGA.In all thesecompanies, the workers ore Mozambicans, sold by the Portuguese tothe British masters.The Great Kariba Dam in Central Africa was built with the use of cheapMozambican labour. Many Mozambicans lost their lives In that gorge and thePortugnese receivedmillions of Sterling Pounds in compensation for the lostAfrican lives, and not one shilling for the families remaining in their sorrow.. Who dies in the South African MinesAfter various conventions between South Africa and the colonial GovernmentofPortugal, over the supply of cheap labour, it was finally agreedand guaranteedthat this supply should he paid for by the percentage-ax for the Transvaal transitgoods through the Lourenco Marquss port. It is through this that the convention of1928 allowed agents of the mining companies the Witwatersrand Native LabourAssociation (W.N. LA.). to recruit up to 800.000 Africans annually, andestablished that 47-5 per cent of the sea traffic to and from the Transvaal wouldpass through the port of Lourenco Marquee.Needless to mention, that the business Is highly profitable for the colonialGovernment of Portugal while in Moza. mbiqite. but bore misery, suffering and

exploitation to the Indigenous Aflcan people in their own country. It does not onlymake the port of Laurenco Marques one of the beat pasts in-the world, but thecolonial Government accumulats taxes and wealth from each worker who inreturn brings his salary to spend in Mozambique..in that perpetual circle ofexploittioa where the money flows out and returns to the payer. Hence, agatnstthese advantages on the pad of the Portuguese. there are disadvantages on the partof the Africans. The mortality of mine workers is terrible and sometimes reachesthe average of 67.6 per cent per 1000. in 1960, Mozambique witnessed days ofmourning, due to the great disaster in the Coal Brook Mine in South Africa, inwhich 200 Mozambican, died. Por the imperialist Government. the new of thedisaster came as a lottery winning ticket, because the families of the victims wereindemnified by the South African Chamber of Mines, the money of which endedin'the pockets of the Portuguese colonial GovernmentAs you Sir. Mr. Chairmanwill see, until 1960 the Mozambicon people werealways suffering, but reacingintermaitte. atly against the barbaric so-called Pub.lic Security Police. When the independence of the Congo (Leopoldville) wasproclaimed- followed by dramatic eve. nts, the Portuguese Gestapo-PDE"(Pollcia Internacionale de Defesa do Estado 1 started anew wave of terror andhorror. This was followed by a wave of imprisonment. Old-men, women and theyoung people were crowded into goo, and until this day some'are still within thePIDEs dark rooms and torture eamhers. Innocent people are committed withouttrial, families without bread and help, all fight desparately for their free. dom.Some people like Dr. Agosdnao Ilunga, Tomas Nhatumba Dentz MondlIIj-13-!

(expatriated to Lisbon), J. Rivas St Francisco Mozuze Ali Macaba and are allpaying unfair sentences. I suffered from cruel tortures n the-dark rooms or torture chambers. the prisoners are subjected to havebread and water for a perioddays.It should be noted that the in gation room, where the prisoners roughtorment andindescribable tot they are left thirteen or more days nterruptedly0 instandingpositions hout sleeping, while being wache the arrogant guards who are cha everyfour hours. This is the moont people face P]DE Investigations. prisoners remainincommunicablea not receive visitors during six mc except on rare occasions.In Ht61 when the Angola exploded. all the autochthonous or genous population ofMozambique disarmed of all sharp instrument prevent another revolution. So theyThe result of of these measureswc put all of the population in a dtif situation in asfar as the crop work concerned because without a hoe or it was not possible forour peopl work in the fields.Your excellencies,

There is no doubt that we b been made a separate.and distinct and against us everyavenue to im vement is effectually closed. We still being discriminated because ofrace, pre vented from acquiring suit( education, forced to work without chcseparated from our families, cheatec our labours and left to die inbondo slowlybut sure, one by one day a day. We the Portuguese colonized Afrit ofMozombipue are forced to lead agauke, worse than slavery in our country of others birth; a life of misery andpoverty. The Dthers Africans are sill being denied the right PIDE's of rsemblywhether for political or trade here, union purposes. ,onlyof ten It is therefore hard to escape theconclusion that a well planned genocide operation is being conducted onthe 7,terro- million innocent and unarmed Africans Io th- of Mozambique by thePortuguese coinlures, nial regime with the aid of the NATO , ant- Powers.Swit With the aid she receives from thed by NATO Powers and her allies, the Govealged rament of Portugal has beenable so er our construct during the past three year. The f five new militarybases as well as toid do maintain a force of about 40,000 troops onths, The creation ofthese basesis a measureinimical to the real interests ol the Mo. crisis zombican people and athreat topeace. was Flying box-cors laden with soldierswas arrive frequently from Portugal at Lou5s to renco Marques andBeira.Apart from saidi the existing milirary air bases, civil aris to fields are beingused by the Portuguese icult air force. Others. some with runways was longenough to take jet aircraf, troop axe carners have been and are beinghas. e toily built in the wild inland terrain throughout the country, with the use of Africanforced labour working from dawnto dusk under the ever present .ave threat ofbeing killed. Some 200 bush-lass air-strips have now been created in the pro- territory, made ready forlanding troops are and other security forces. All troops rb our armed with thelatest automatic rifle, able" mortars, heavy and light machine guns ,Ice, andother forms of military equipment I of supplied to Portugal by her NATO allies.ge, Portuguese farmers working in cottage fter communities in rural areas canfreely :ans buy sub-machine guns or rifle, and life revolvers at their localstores and- 14-

ammunition too, is muddy avadable to white settlers In Mozambique'a towns andvillages. With the Portuguese colonlal policy oriented as it is, there is no doubtthat suchaid as is being offered to Portugal mainly by the United States andBritain can only increase the determina.tion on the pan of the Portuguese to enslave further the Africans and toexterminate them, as can already be seen.It is therefore now time Your Excellencies,that they be called to order.In the carrying out of its oppressive

policies, the colonial Government of Portugal is also backed by the fascistGovernment of South Africa and the white settler Government of the Federationof Rhodesiaand Nyasaland. who are also bent an the further enslavement of theAfrican people. The principal aim of these farces is to suppress theliberationmovement of the African and entrench colonialism and Imperialism.Because of several agreements reached bythese colonial Governments.Mozambicans living in South Africa and the Rhodesiap are being kidnapped bythe Portuguese secret police (PIDE) with the assistance of Verwoerd andWellensky police:In April 1962, two men from Mozambique who had lived in South Africa formore than twenty years, Mr. Edward Ngubent and Mr. Phillip Sobral, werekidnapped by the Johannesburg police. taken to the bolder under police escort andhanded over to the Portuguese authorities for "alleged 'political offences. Theirwivesremained the sole supporters*of the family with no hope of gettind assistance from anywhere Since thaf time.the two men have not been heard of. In the same year and month, Apnl. 1962; Mr.Jaime Rivas Sigauke, was kid-napped In S sbury. Southern Rhodesia and expatriated under police escort toMozambique. Others who were kidnapped in Southern Rhodesia during t6e sameyear are ilpe Madzodzere and Robert Amargo. Mr. Sigauke who has been inprison in Mozambique-for momn than IS months without trial, wasfinallybrought before a Portuguese colonial military tribunal, chargedwith "'tryin to ta itthe people agdast the Corersmeet" and was sentenced to two year imprisonmenton August-190. PMllpe Madzodzere and Roberto Amargo. were acquitted ofsimilar charges in the some day. One of the recent cases was the kidnapping ofMr. Peter Balamanla in June, 190, Mr. Balamanja was kidnapped in Salisbury.,and with his family left behind, was expatriated to Moan. mbique.The Portuguese campaign of tarror is rapidlyincreasing. Day by day Ai. cans arecondemned by the undercover men of PIDE. During tha mOnth' of November,1962. several people were shot near Nompula and many Others arrested after anattempt to blow- up a bridge. In a village near Villa Cabral, 20 people, were shotby a platoon of Portuguese soldiers. On the previous day, a Portu. guese militarypatrol vehicle was ambushed near the village. two soldiers were killed and thevehicle burnts. What happened in the port of Lourenco Marques a few monthsago, isstill fresh in our minds. A strike organized by the dock. workers,indemand of better workntg conditions, better wages, the abolishing of the forcedlabour system and. their recognition as human beings, result&d Inthe arrest ofmany people, out of whichfifty -three were killed by the Portuguese. accusingthem to be thering leaders.- Is -

I~1II4

iiI ~iYour Excellencies, Mr. Chairman, we must present one of the most recent reportsfrom the interior of Mozambipue. Our eye- witness report speaks of the brutalpolicy of destruction and exterrnination of the indigenous African populauon bythe Portuguese colonialists. "I deserted my home in panic without anydestinationor money because of the actual situation which has become far more critical andlamentable each day. The colonialists realizing the day of their eventual doom isnearing, are now using all forms of reprisals and extermination within their reach.Apart from the teritble 'Shtbao ( forced labour ) which the entire world has heardof by now, it is worth mentioning the numerous plisons, immorality andthepoisoning of foods which our people live on and watch in, silence. In theconnexion of the poisoning of foods which I want to speak of. this is the new armof "cleansing" by the Portuguese. This happened recently in Gaza, Mozambique,in the month of February, 116. Torrential rains accompanied by heavy stormsdestroyed all the crops thus resulting in starvation in many parts of the Save riverand Beira district. Thc Portuguese taking advantage of this, distributed to thehunger stricken, maize-meal, groundnuts and sogar, which was without doubtpoinsoned. The result was that many of the people who received thefood endedeither in graves or in hospitals.Yes Your Excellencies,these are just a few of theatrocious acts committed by the Portuguese upon human beings. African in theirown country simply because the Creator made them black and willed them tomultiply and replenish the earth.Other eye-witnesses have reported similar inicidents to our party.In January in the section of Potts and * Harbours Laurence Mmques, aPrtuguese.leader in bay No. J. poisonedtwq casks of wine with sulphate of sodawhen the casks were declared damaged; The* result of this criminal act was thedeath of 33 African labourem,. The crminal was not bioughit to lustice. But theacts of Portuguese malice does not stop here.-In March, this year, in a sugar factory of Xtnavance, the Portuguese repeated thesame acts. This time with the poisoning ofthe river water. Once again hundredsof people died. This is the type of life the African endures in Mozambique. underthe rule of Portugu. ea cruelty.One is forced to ask, where is peace, Justice and the liberty or equalhuman rightsproclaimed by theworld Organization of the United Nations which harbours sucha Member, who can proudly boast, "In Mozambique, there are no Mozambicansbut Portuguese, " or, " Mozambique' does not exist without Portugal". Can theUnited Nations tolerate this travesty*. must we the indigenous African beexpected to'tolerat it any longer?Portugal has long spoken of her. civilizing mission which is written into theorganic law. It is said that it is the essence of Portugal's overseasmission to raisethe moral and social levels of the Africans of her colonial possesisons. The policyof asstmilado has failed and the African people have rejected both the alternativeof either. becoming-Portuguese citizens or living as "INDIGLIAS'" We wouldlike to live as free people intour country.

But can such work of civilizing be based on the total suppression Of truth, adenial of fundamental human rights, a denial of the dignity of the human beingand tihe" oppression of man-through the use of armed might ? Or is. it a mockeryof the United Nations Charter which binds the nations-of the world together in acode of conduct based on justice and respect of international obligation ? Vio.lence begets violence, and although Portuguese repression Is ruthless, the Moza.mhican natiosialist urge Is ever stronger.BeI ctuse of all these fundamentallyinhuman acts and because of the inherent right of every human beingto rulehimself and pay allegiance only to a Government of his choice ;' All peoples havethe right to self- determination; by virtue of that right they freely determine theirpolitical status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural deve.lopment. "" The Mozambique NationalDemocratic Union resolves that we:(a) *Completely rejects that the colonyof Mozambique Is a province ofPotugal;(b) Denounces as deliberate falsehoodthe widely circulated claim by the Portuguese Government that the African peopleenjoy the same rights as any Portuguese citizen;(c) Strongly condemns the economicexploitation, political oppression and social degradation to whichthe Africanpeople are subjected underPortuguese colonial rule;V (d) Strongly condemns Portuguese colonialism which has been marked bynaked fascist repression, savage brutality and organized terrorismThe Mozambique National Democratic Union demands:- 17-__ 2-iI. The Immediate and unconditionalrelease of all political prisoners and detainees now .suffering in- Potu.guess prisons in Mozambique, Par.tugal andother territories under.Portuguese colonial adminstration;., 2: The immediate dismantling ofall militarybases inimical to the Interests of the African people in Moza.mbicque.3. The immediate granting of complete and unconditional independence o theAfrican people of Mozambique.PERORATIONThe presence of Portugal in Mazsmbique during almost five centuries,createdconflicts between tribes thus fomenting misunderstandings. This system as wehave seen, being used by the Oppressors, since the beginning of theircolonization, cosnues to be used to the present day. The use of religionfordividing purposes and the dissemination of intrigues between the so-called-indi-' genas" assimilados and mullatos, are elements which the ' colonialists use inorder to perpetuate their domination over, us.

There is no doubt that the Portuguese co!onial government is an Insult to Mo-zambique. They kill, impoverish and rob millions of man. utllizinga system ofprogressive and ruinous human exploitation. Politically, they reduce us toservitude. They abused our traditions and now, through the medium of heirgeneral mobilization policy, of settlers, for Mozambique, theyliquidate us, dayafter day, one by one.It seems clear to us that responsible Portuguese statesmen do not want to plan anyalteration in their extermination policy adopted since 1491 Mozambique

lives today under a terrible tax pressure. Hut tax; 350 escudos; professional tax ;10 per cent of every salary above 1.000 escudos I Even water thatnature hasobliged us. in order to live.- has high prices (10 escudos for each 20 litres), thusrawng the cost of living for the African.For the poor Mozanbican, this tax is even heavier, by the simple fact that he isobliged to drink more water than the rich white settler. The excise and medi duetax is also an aggravation for the poor Mozambicans, as it tends to dostroy thefoundation of his life and meorals With the appearance of the medicalhospitalization tax, the health of the indige. * nos African population is put infofurther danger. The arrival of Portuguese illiterates and other settlers continuesand unemployment increases.With the constant arrival of Europeon troops, there have been frequent moralviolations over the country. Kil lings increase along the border, wherein theindigenous African population seeks refuge in the neighbouring countries,attempting to escape."Shithalo". unemployment, impristnment. massacres, high taxes and assaults, thisis the present situation in Mozambique.Mr. Chairman distinguished delegates. we have presented here to this body. a case-with numerous facts which we hope and trust shall be given every possibleconsideration for speedy and effective action. It is not only the desires, ambitionsandaspirations of a people. to be rid of the Portugues exploiters and oppressors, itis also the will and determination of a people to be free from domination.It is the duty of Member Nations here to champion the cause of humanity,r.Ar..-human justice., liberty and fredom lt people wherever they might be undwe theyoke of colonialism and suppression.We, on behalf of the Mozambique Nationo. Democrati Union (UDENAMO) andthe indigenous African people f Mozambique, demand of the United Nations tolet the word know the plight of our people, so that world opinion may not bedirected against us whets we take matters Into our own hands as our brothen didin Alger.WHY?Today we are in the midst of aso.ther attempt of "civilizing the African".We only hope that world opinion will, as it seems to. awokbn before the missn isfinally accomplished and Mozambique becomes a vast graveyard ofthe im sonsand daughters of Afric.

Our petition hts is for the United Nations to consider with all haste such acondemning resolution againstPortugal. that the peoples of the worldwill take. upthe question of oppsing'any and all forms of treaty agreementsbetween theircountries and Portugal That any form of restriction, of aid to Portugal, might be sooffectively ithheld that Portugal shall be forced to withdraw form the Africancontinent,There are today many outstanding persons of different countries;who ar. speakingof the dangers which exh inthe southern portions of Africa,. threatsto the peace ofthe world which could easily embroil such nations as the United States, Britain.South Africa and Portugal, because of th racial situation where a minority ofwhites still vainly wish to dominate millions of Africans for the sakeof6exploitation and white rule.The fuses of racinl conflict have

a -a usn j acOi Ca tremains upto the Ufited Nations as an :Irganlztion for world peace, toavert fut,"wan in behalf of humanity and Peacesc and eelngovem t. forh A a ieopte e,Mr Chaman le our mege to this world assembly, we beg to emphasdi once more that there is only onefeaible way to put an end to tho dsgraceu mul-secular colonial sita.-tton. and dhat it;-"M I WM1tJ1AT*RANTNIN O OF COMPLET& INDEPENDENCg TOMOZAMBIQUEWe have the honour to be.Zers . Be-pwiqra David J. M. Muakds.Member.- Student Vice- PresidentFor the MOZAMBIQUE NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC UNION (UDENAMO).. . Novomb,. 13. General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960,by which the General Assembly declared 1lte e11- that immediate steps be takento transfer all powers to the people of these Tertores without any conditions orreservation in accordance with their freely expressd wishes; withoutdistinction asto race,. creedor colcur M order to enable them to enjoy complete freedom ardIndependence,I. C4e41s resolulon 1514 (XV) of the General Assembly of 14 Decombher £6 0I Affirms that the policies of Portugal in claiming the Territoriesunder itsadministration as- Overseas " terratories and as integral parts of metraopolitanPortugal are contrary to-the principles of the Charter and the relevant resolutionsof the GeneralAssembly and Security Council;3. Deproces the attitude ofde Porm.guese Government. its repeated vio.lotions of the principles of the UntedNations Charter and its continued refusal to implement the resoludos of theGeneral Assembly and of theSecudt* Council:

It should be noted that the colonialgovernment of Portugal has not complied withthe resolutions of this world body of which she is a member.mmThe fourth Committee, having concluded the hawing and the qu Of the1petitioners. then resumed cnsde raton of the draft resolution on the Terrtes underPortuguese admlntstralon.'The draft resolution would have the General Assembly request theSecarityCouncil to " Consider Immediately the question of Terrtories under Portu guonadministration " and to adopt necesary measures to give effect toits ownresolutions and desicions, prlarilady those contained in its resolution of July. 193.It would further have the Generel Assembly decide to keep the Itemon teagendaofihecurrentsession. , RESOLUTION ADOPTED bY THE SECURITYCOUNCIL AT ITS I04VrH taEiNd ON 31 JULY 1610Having n ned the anvation in the Teritoris under Portuguese as subnitted by thethirty - two African memeber Statee.Recll" Securty Council resolution IA4WS of June ,961 and General Assemblyresolutions 1807 (XVII) of 14 December it2 and 1819 (XVII) of is DecemberROocar General Assembly retain. tion 1542 (XV) of i5 December 19o whichdeclares the Territories under Portuguese admintstraon to be Non-Self GoverningTerritories within the meaning of Chapter XI of the Charter, as wellas_7t

dErtbe UDENÅMO1 d~..uo t. the UNo iiste.nitothT w r r~ s o n d e r P u r t g ~ e a d m J htW t