BMT AbstractsInternational Maritime TechnologyVolume 70 Number 11 November 2015

Abstract Numbers 2015112501 – 2015112750

ISSN 2051-7793

BMT ABSTRACTS

Volume 70, Number 11, November 2015 Abstracts 2015112501-2015112750

Compiled and Edited by: Gillian Smith Information Services BMT Group Limited Goodrich House 1 Waldegrave Road Teddington Middlesex TW11 8LZ U.K. Tel: 07909991180 Email: gilliansmith@bmtmail.com

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Abstracts 2015112501-2015112750 Volume 70 – No 11 – November 2015

CONTENTS

Page No.

1. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

1.1 Ship/structure description 936 1.2 Design 942 1.3 Shipbuilding technology/constructional techniques 945

2. OPERATION

2.1 Power sources and fuels 946 2.2 Equipment and installations 950 2.3 Maintenance, repair and conversion 952 2.4 Cargoes and cargo handling 953 2.5 Ports and waterways 953 2.6 Coastal/offshore engineering and marine renewable energy 956 2.7 Safety at sea 964 2.8 Environmental protection 967 2.9 General operation 969

3. FLUID MECHANICS

3.1 General hydrodynamics, hydraulics and oceanography 976 3.2 Resistance and propulsive performance 977 3.3 Motion, seakeeping and manoeuvring 983 3.4 Fluid structure interaction 996 3.5 Aerodynamics and wind engineering 1007 3.6 Fundamental fluid mechanics 1007

4. STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

4.1 Structural response 1008 4.2 Properties of materials 1019 4.3 Corrosion and fouling 1022

5. NAVAL VESSELS AND DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY 1023

6. MISCELLANEOUS 1027

AUTHOR INDEX A-1

SHIP AND STRUCTURE INDEX S-1

KEYWORD INDEX K-1

ABSTRACTS 936

1.1 SHIP/STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION

2015112501

EMERALD SKY: inland cruise ship for Australian operator. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 44 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

This article describes EMERALD SKY, the first in the series of river cruise vessels for Emerald Waterways, a European river cruise line. The vessel was constructed at Shipyard De Hoop, in The Netherlands. EMERALD SKY measures 135m in length, features 91 cabins and has the capacity to host a total of 182 passengers. The article includes a list of technical particulars and a general arrangement drawing.

Cruise ships River vessels Vessel descriptions

2015112502

EXCELERATE EXPERIENCE: large FSRU. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 46 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

EXCELERATE ENERGY is a floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) constructed to provide long-term service for Brazil’s Petrobras. The FSRU was constructed at Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering’s Okpo Shipyard, Korea and is the largest and most capable FSRU in the world with a storage capacity of 173,400 cubic meters and send out capability of 1 billion cubic feet per day. This article gives a list of technical particulars and a general arrangement drawing.

Gas carriers Regasification plants Vessel descriptions

2015112503

F.A. GAUTIER: Fincantieri’s gas-powered ferry. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 48 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

The first LNG ferry to be built in Italy by Fincantieri was delivered to Canadian transport company, Société des traversiers du Québec at the end of 2014. The 133m F. A. GAUTHIER has been built with energy savings and low environmental impact in mind. The ferry features two electric propulsion engines operating azimuth thrusters, each equipped with two contra-rotating propellers, and can run on either LNG or marine diesel oil, meaning it meets Emission Control Area (ECA) regulations in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, the Caribbean and North America. This propulsion system also means CO2, NOx and SOx emissions are significantly reduced. The vessel has a top speed of 20 knots and a capacity of 800 passengers and 180 vehicles. A general arrangement drawing and list of technical particulars is included in this article.

Ferries Vessel descriptions

2015112504

FRAMURA: optimised bulk carrier from SPP. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 50 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

This article outlines the technical particulars of the 76,000 dwt Panamax bulk carrier FRAMURA and includes a general arrangement drawing. The vessel was built by SPP Shipbuilding in Korea for Italian owner Premuda. See also abstract number 2014122758.

Bulk carriers Vessel descriptions

937 ABSTRACTS

2015112505

GAS STAR: LPG carrier for KSS Line. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 52 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

GAS STAR is the first of two 84,000 m3 LPG carriers built by Hyundai Heavy Industries for Korean owner KSS Line. The vessel measures 225 x 36.6 m, with a depth of 22.2 m and a design draft of 11.6 m. GAS STAR has a cargo space divided into four cargo holds. Each hold accommodates a free-standing and saddle supported prismatic cargo tank, designed for a maximum vapour pressure of 0.275 bars g and a lowest operating temperature -50 degrees C. A general arrangement drawing and list of technical particulars is included in this article.

LPG carriers Vessel descriptions

2015112506

GOLAR ESKIMO: 160,000m3 LNG carrier. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 54 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

GOLAR ESKIMO is the latest in LNG carrier designs for Golar LNG that was constructed at Samsung Heavy Industries and delivered to the owner at the end of 2014. The vessel features four centre cargo tanks that have a total capacity of 160,000m3 that have been designed by Gaz Transport & Technigaz, using their membrane system (Mark III) that will keep the LNG at -163oC with a maximum daily boil-off rate of less than 0.15% of the fully loaded cargo volume. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

LNG carriers Vessel descriptions

2015112507

JOLLY TITANIO: next generation ro-ro design for Messina. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 56 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

This article describes the ro-ro container vessel JOLLY TITANIO, the first in a second series of vessels built by STX Offshore & Shipbuilding shipyard in Jinhae, South Korea, for Italian shipping company Ignazio Messina & Co. A general arrangement drawing and list of technical particulars is given. See also abstract number 2014092017.

Containerships Ro/ro ships Vessel descriptions

2015112508

Introducing the Gobbler. Ship & Boat International, July/August 2015, p 38 [2 p, 3 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sbi.html No author given English

Gobbler Boats has unveiled the prototype version of its Gobbler Offshore 290 class of oil spill recovery craft, designed to be transported by road, air and vessel to spill sites in the quickest timeframes possible. Fashioned from fibreglass, and incorporating oil-resistant resins, the Gobbler features a length of 8.85m and a beam of 2.55m, weights 3.5 tonnes, draws 450mm and accommodates a two-man crew.

Oil recovery vessels Vessel descriptions

2015112509

Another Macduff-built ‘workhorse’ for Inverlussa. Ship & Boat International, July/August 2015, p 40 [1 p, 1 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sbi.html Tinsley, D. English

This article gives a brief description of HELEN MARY, a multipurpose support vessel built by Macduff Shipyards in Scotland for Scottish operator Inverlussa Marine Services. The 28m vessel,

ABSTRACTS 938

featuring triple screw propulsion, offers a multi-role capability embracing support and survey work for the renewable energy and civil engineering sectors. Within the scope for all-up 125tonne freight loads, the deck is fitted for six 20-foot containers, with provision also for reefer sockets.

Tugs Vessel descriptions Workboats

2015112510

KYO-EI: super Malacca-max VLCC. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 59 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

KYO-EI is a 318,000dwt very large crude carrier (VLCC), built by Japan Marine United Corporation for Ocean Link Maritime S.A. The vessel is the first of the latest development of the eco-ship series of Malaccamax VLCCs, called the Super Malaccamax. KYO-EI has an overall length of 335.00 m, beam of 60.00 m, and depth of 29.00 m. Despite the large deadweight and cargo tank capacity, the vessel is expected to achieve good hull performance by adopting various technologies such as a sophisticated lower resistance hull form and optimised energy-saving devices. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

Vessel descriptions VLCCs

2015112511

LINDA OLDENDORFF: Newcastlemax bulk carrier for Oldendorff. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 64 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

This article describes LINDA OLDENDORFF, the first Newcastlemax bulk carrier in a series of six for German shipowner Oldendorff that was constructed at Hyundai Heavy Industries and delivered to the owner in September. One of the main features of these ships is that at fully laden draught, the ships have the lowest fuel consumption of any

Newcastlemax type in the market. The vessel has nine cargo holds and was constructed as a single hull with hopper side tanks and bottom and topside wing tanks. The daily fuel oil consumption at normal continuous rating of the main engine is 46.4tonnes, based on marine diesel oil of 42,700 kJ/kg in lower calorific value at shop tests. A general arrangement drawing is given.

Bulk carriers Vessel descriptions

2015112512

LOCH SEAFORTH: Flensburger’s hybrid ro-ro. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 66 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

This article gives a description of the hybrid propulsion ro-ro ferry LOCH SEAFORTH. The vessel was built in Germany by Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellenschaft for Scottish ferry operator Caledonian McBrayne. LOCH SEAFORTH has an overall length of 117.76m, a design speed of 19.2 knots and can carry 700 passengers and 143 cars. A list of technical particulars and a general arrangement drawing are included. See also abstract numbers 2014081758 and 2015020251.

Ferries Ro/ro ships Vessel descriptions

2015112513

MEIN SCHIFF 3: Eco cruise ship for TUI. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 68 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

MEIN SCHIFF 3, although a continuation of the Mein Schiff series in name, is the latest generation of vessels for TUI Cruises where the company says the design of the vessel focuses on being environmentally friendly. MEIN SCHIFF 3 was constructed at STX Finland and delivered to the owner in May 2014. A further three sister vessels, MEIN SCHIFF 4, 5 and 6, respectively will be delivered between 2015 and 2017. The 99,526gt vessel has 1,253 passenger

939 ABSTRACTS

cabins and can accommodate a total of 2,790 passengers. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

Cruise ships Vessel descriptions

2015112514

MOL BRAVO: SAVER 1000 containership design. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 70 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

Seaspan has designed and developed the SAVER 10000 series, which balances cost effectiveness and client acceptability with energy efficiency measures. This article describes MOL BRAVO, the first in the second series constructed at Jiangsu Yangzi Zinfu Shipbuilding, China and delivered to Seaspan in July 2014. a list of technical particulars and a general arrangement drawing is given.

Containerships Vessel descriptions

2015112515

ORANGE PHOENIX: bulk carrier with NSafe-Hull. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 72 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

ORANGE PHOENIX was the first bulk carrier to adopt the NSafe-Hull design. The vessel was built by Imabari Shipbuilding, Japan for Mitsui O.S.K. LINES. Imabari Shipbuilding highlights that the NSafe-Hull has excellent ductility, while maintaining the workability (eg: machinability and weldability) of conventional steels, which substantially improves the ship’s collision safety. The 206,600dwt vessel measures 299.94m in length overall with a breadth of 50.00m and depth of 24.70m. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

Bulk carriers Vessel descriptions

2015112516

PEGASUS TERA: Eco 1,000TEU container ship. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 74 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

PEGASUS TERA, a 1,000TEU containership is the first in a series of two constructed for Dongyoung Shipping, Korea by Hyundai Mipo Dockyard (HMD), Korea. PEGASUS TERA was built around HMD’s latest development of hull form that took into account economy and reduced emissions in its design. This article outlines the vessel’s technical particulars and includes a general arrangement drawing.

Containerships Vessel descriptions

2015112517

PEGASUS VOYAGER: crude oil tanker. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 76 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

This article describes PEGASUS VOYAGER, the latest in a series of vessels for US-based Chevron and the first vessel of a series of two which was delivered in August 2014 by Samsung Heavy Industries, Korea. The two vessels feature the latest environmental solutions to meet with stricter environmental regulation that is starting to come into effect. PEGASUS VOYAGER has a cargo capacity of 178,600m3 with a cargo handling system that has been designed to have a maximum unloading rate of 11,400m3. A general arrangement drawing is given.

Tankers Vessel descriptions

ABSTRACTS 940

2015112518

PIERRE DE FERMAT: cable laying and repair ship for Orange Marine. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 78 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

PIERRE DE FERMAT is the latest cable laying and repair ship for French-based owner Orange Marine. The vessel is designed to manage the installation and maintenance of all kinds of submarine cable, including fibre optic cable for the telecommunications sector or energy cables. PIER DE FERMAT is powered by four diesel-electric CAT engines that have a power output of 2,250kW that gives the vessel a maximum speed of 15knots and a service speed of 12knots. A list of principal particulars and a general arrangement drawing are included in this article.

Cable ships Vessel descriptions

2015112519

VIKING STAR. Tecnologie Trasporti Mare, v 46 n 3, May-June 2015, p 20 [5 p, 7 fig] http://edicoladigitale.ttmweb.it/secoloxix/singol/ttm/index.html No author given Italian

VIKING STAR is the first cruise ship of the Viking Ocean Cruises fleet. It was delivered in March 2015, while the second vessel is set to be delivered in 2016. VIKING STAR was built by Fincantieri at its Marghera shipyard in Italy. The vessel measures 228.30m in length and 28.80m in width. It has a draught of 6.35m, a gross tonnage of 47,842gt and is capable of accommodating 930 passengers.

Cruise ships Vessel descriptions

2015112520

LE LYRIAL. Tecnologie Trasporti Mare, v 46 n 3, May-June 2015, p 26 [3 p, 3 tab, 1 fig] http://edicoladigitale.ttmweb.it/secoloxix/singol/ttm/index.html No author given Italian

LE LYRIAL is a luxury cruise ship built by Fincantieri, Italy for the French cruise line Ponant. The 11,000gt vessel has a length overall of 142.10m, and maximum beam of 18.00m. LE LYRIAL has a passenger capacity of around 244, accommodated in 122 cabins.

Cruise ships Vessel descriptions

2015112521

PIRGOS: latest eco series from Turkish-based Norden. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 84 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

The article describes PIRGOS, a 9000dwt green general cargo vessel designed by Norden Ship Design, Turkey and built by Anrun Ship Co., China for Elefteros Maritime. The vessel, part of Norden’s new Eco Series of general cargo vessels, features an innovative hull form and numerous green technology solutions to achieve class leading fuel consumption and low emissions. A general arrangement drawing is given.

General cargo vessels Vessel descriptions

2015112522

Q ANASTASIA: optimised Cape size bulk carrier. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 86 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

Q ANASTASIA is the first vessel of a series of two 180,000dwt bulk carriers that have been designed to be more environmentally friendly. The vessels were

941 ABSTRACTS

ordered by Quintana Shipping, Greece and were constructed at Sungdong Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering. To make Q ANASTASIA more environmentally friendly the hull form has been optimised with the design achieving a 10% improvement in fuel efficiency. The vessel has been fitted with a MAN B&W 6G70ME-C9.2 that meets the requirements for Tier II of the NOx abatement regulations. This article lists the vessel’s technical particulars and includes a general arrangement drawing.

Bulk carriers Vessel descriptions

2015112523

SAN SHA 1 HAO. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 90 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

SAN SHA 1 HAO is the first ro-pax vessel custom-built in China for operations in the Chinese market. The vessel was built by Bohai Shipbuilding Heavy Industry, for the government of Hainan Province. SAN SHA 1 HAO is designed to transport vehicles and containers on a single cargo deck complying with the Chinese Classification Society Rules and Chinese Flag regulations. The 2,480dwt vessel is able to carry containers, up to 20 standard trailers as well as 456 passengers and measures 122.30m long and 21m wide. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

Ferries Ro/ro ships Vessel descriptions

2015112524

SEISHU MARU: next generation LNG carrier. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 92 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries’ latest LNG carrier design, named Sayaendo, has been developed as an environmentally friendly vessel that reduces operating and maintenance costs. This article

describes the first of the design to be constructed, SEISHU MARU, delivered to its owner Trans Pacific Shipping 1 in September 2014, with a further seven vessels of the design to follow. The 155,696m3 capacity vessel has a continuous cover which houses four spherical tanks. The cover acts as a hull-reinforcement element, resulting in greater overall strength and reduction in weight. A general arrangement drawing is given.

LNG carriers Vessel descriptions

2015112525

SITC SHANDONG: CSBC 1,800TEU Super Eco Feeder with Sea Sword Bow. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 94 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

SITC SHANDONG is the first vessel of the SEFF (Super Eco Feeder Family) 1,800TEU feeder series delivered to Chinese owner SITC. In total 16 ships of this series have been ordered, designed and are under-construction by CSBC Corporation, China for several international clients. SITC SHANDONG is CSBC’s fourth generation of 1,800TEU feeder with applied energy saving technologies including twisted rudder, rudder bulb, highly efficient propeller and with the CSBC SSB (Sea Sword Bow) design. SSB is a significant bow design in consideration of real seaway. During comprehensive seakeeping tests, it was found that the wave will just pass by without breaking on the hull, which reduces the power consumption by about 9-10% when compared to a traditional bow design, under sea state 5. A general arrangement is included in this article.

Containerships Vessel descriptions

2015112526

TACHIBANA-MARU: Super eco passenger ferry. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 96 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries delivered the cargo-

ABSTRACTS 942

passenger ship TACHIBANA-MARU to Tokai Kisen at its Shimonoseki Shipyard and Machinery Works in June 2014. The vessel is a “super eco-ship” with a high-efficiency propulsion system that achieves outstanding energy savings, environmental load reduction, and enhanced passenger comfort and safety. The cargo-passenger ship measures 118m in length overall, 17.0m in width, and 8.95m in height. The 5,681gt vessel has a service speed of 19.0 knots. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

Passenger cargo ships Vessel descriptions

2015112527

THERMOPYLAE: 8,000 unit car carrier. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 98 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

This article, which includes a general arrangement drawing, describes the 8,000 pure car/truck carrier unit THERMOPYLAE. See also abstract number 2015081751.

Car carriers Ro/ro ships Vessel descriptions

1.2 DESIGN

2015112528

Stability of grounded ship. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 9, p 286 [6 p, 4 ref, 3 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Kar, A.R. English

The objective of this paper is to present an algorithm for computerized calculation of hydrostatic stability of a vessel in grounded/stranded condition. This is based on the physics of floating bodies and follows

the quasi-static approach of usual conventional naval architectural calculations.

Groundings Ship design Stability

2015112529

Integrated modelling, design and analysis of submarine structures. Ships and Offshore Structures, v 10 n 4, 2015, pp 349-366 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445302.2014.937058#abstract Smith, M.J., Macadam, T., MacKay, J.R. English

The paper describes an advanced, integrated approach to structural modelling, design and analysis of underwater vehicles, employing methods ranging from simple formula-based design tools to 3D geometric modelling and non-linear finite element analysis. Emphasis is given to a specially developed domain-specific language called RMGScript for creating 3D structural geometric entities within a hierarchical and relational framework, as well as capabilities uniquely oriented to structural modelling of underwater vehicles, such as incorporating out-of-circularity imperfections in pressure hull geometry, and representing localised variations in plating thickness using thickness zones or maps. Applications to structural modelling of a submarine are illustrated throughout the paper. It concludes with example results for a notional submarine exhibiting pressure hull strength prediction, global and local stress analysis, and dynamic analysis.

Design Structural analysis Submarines Underwater vehicles

2015112530

Utilising computational design for better efficiency. Ship & Boat International, July/August 2015, p 34 [2 p, 1 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sbi.html Jordan, J. English

Marine jets have many operational advantages, but they have a narrow range of efficient operation in terms of speed and load. In particular, they have poor propulsion efficiency and high fuel consumption at

943 ABSTRACTS

lower speeds and at higher loads. Also, the motor is only efficiently loaded when the system is operating close to full power. These losses can be greatly reduced by combining a controllable-pitch pump, a controllable nozzle, and a controllable inlet with suitable electronic/hydraulic controls. This article details the recent developments in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), computer simulation, and 3D printing/prototyping that have made this technology immediately available for incorporation in developmental models. CFD pump modeling is now more accurate than designs and performance parameters developed using water-tunnel testing. CFD produces accurate models of controllable pump inlets and nozzles throughout their range of action. The parts created in this process can be quickly and accurately converted to metal prototypes.

Computational fluid dynamics Computer-aided design Water jets

2015112531

A risk based approach to the design of unmanned ship control systems. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [9 p, 11 ref, 4 tab, 6 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Rødseth, Ø.J., Tjora, Å. English

An unmanned ship is a concept that causes concern related to the possible dangers it represents to itself, its cargo, other ships and to the environment. In addition, the unmanned ship is largely an unexplored concept: It is not just an extrapolation from existing ships, as it needs new sensors, new functionality and new types of shore support. This means that one has to look anew on how efficiency, safety and security are ensured for such ship systems. The MUNIN project is doing a concept study for an unmanned ship to investigate these issues among others. As little or no previous experience exists, MUNIN has selected a risk based approach to the concept design. This is based on established methods, including formal safety assessment from IMO and an architecture framework from the shipping domain. The resulting methodology and results from its application are reported in this paper. This includes hazard identification and risk assessment, development of risk management “hypotheses” and hypothesis testing through human interface simulators, Monte Carlo simulations,

FMECA and other methods that have been adapted to the risk management approach. The most critical aspects of this methodology are arguably hazard identification and risk assessment. Errors or omissions in these phases can lead to serious issues being overlooked or rated as not dangerous. The paper also describes the approach used to make these phases as robust as possible.

Control systems Risk analysis Ship design Unmanned vehicles

2015112532

A contribution to curves network based ship hull form reverse engineering. International Shipbuilding Progress, v 62 n 1-2, 2015, pp 17-42 http://content.iospress.com/articles/international-shipbuilding-progress/isp115 Edessa, D.M., Bronsart, R. English

In reverse engineering (RE) there are several strategies, technologies and mathematical numerics involved from data acquisition system to surface fitting. This makes the reverse engineering methods always computationally expensive, time taking and more over error prone. Therefore, developing application specific RE method can offer the required quality with reasonable associated time and then cost. This paper presents a practical and efficient ship hull form reconstruction strategy which aligns the reverse engineering results into traditional hull form design procedures. The developed approach reads points from a set of unorganized noisy 3D point cloud and fits to cross-sectional curves network (transversal and waterline sections). It consists of several point cloud pre-processing functions, the curves fitting (interpolation and approximation) and presents different Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) surface fitting approaches from curves network. The point cloud pre-processing removes outliers and extracts transversal and waterline sections. It is also equipped with different functions to successfully filter and smooth point cloud so that it can be fitted to curves by interpolation or approximation. The suitability of different existing surface generations (lofting, patching and surface from curves network) are experimented based on cross-sectional curves. The developed approach is tested against two hull

ABSTRACTS 944

forms (scanned and manually generated) point cloud. The tests reveal that, the developed approach is time saving and suitable for hull form reconstruction.

Hull form Ship design

2015112533

A practical hull form design of ferry using hybrid scheme method and performing experiment. Journal of Shipping and Ocean Engineering, v 5 n 1, 2015 [8 p, 12 ref, 2 tab, 13 fig] http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/557bca85dff7f.pdf Baso, S., Suwedy, W., Et al English

Prediction of ship performance in preliminary ship design is an important consideration. However, ship performances predictions are not usually included in preliminary design. Moreover, ship designers sometimes modify a ship form to obtain proper design without ship performance consideration. Therefore, this study concerns the prediction of total resistance and added wave resistance of a ferry using a hybrid particle-grid method and also its motion response after modifying bow and stern parts by conducting experiments. Research results show that total resistance and added wave resistance have a significant difference, therefore, it would be an important consideration in determining ship powering in preliminary ship design. The non-dimensional added wave resistance increases in increasing wave length from λ/Lpp = 0.5 to 1.0 and it decreases after L/λ= 1.0. In addition, it tends to decrease caused by increasing ship speed. The comparison of averaged heave and pitch amplitudes between basic forms after modifying bow and stern parts is quiet similar. However, the rolling amplitude of the modified form is significantly higher comparing with the basic form. It is concluded that preliminary ship design should take into account performance predictions by using numerical methods and experiments.

Added resistance in waves Ferries Hull form Resistance Ship motions

2015112534

Hull lines optimisation of handy-size bulk carrier. Shipbuilding of China, n 1, 2015, pp 87-94 http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGZC201501010&DBName=cjfqtotal&dbcode=cjfq Zhang, L., Zha, J., Yang, Y. Chinese

Lines optimisation research of a handy-size bulk carrier was carried out with software FRIENDSHIP and SHIPFLOW. A model test was carried out to verify the optimisation. CFD calculation results indicate that application of barge type to the after body can get benefit for resistance reduction, which is proved by model the test. Then, lines optimisation of the fore body is done with CFD software. Wave resistance is reduced a lot after the optimisation, by which a better plan of lines is gained.

Bulk carriers Computational fluid dynamics Hull form Model tests Optimisation

2015112535

Application research on representation of complex ship hull with T-spline surface. Shipbuilding of China, n 1, 2015, pp 168-173 http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGZC201501019&DBName=cjfqtotal&dbcode=cjfq Wang, Z., Han, Y., Et al Chinese

A ship hull with a bulbous bow or knuckle line must be divided into several patches and represented with NURBS surfaces, which increases the complexity of surface modelling and affects parametric design efficiency of the hull surface. In order to solve this problem, T-spline surface is used to represent the complex hull surface. Three types of ship hull surfaces are represented by using T-splines. It is indicated that T-spline is able to represent complicated local characteristic with only single surface and less control points than NURBS. T-spline is a promising CAD technology and more suitable for ship hull design.

Computer-aided ship design Hull form

945 ABSTRACTS

2015112536

Performance optimisation of a 35 000 DWT bulk carrier. Journal of Shanghai Scientific Research Institute of Shipping, n 1, 2014, pp 25-30+34 http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbCode=cjfd&QueryID=48&CurRec=5&filename=JTYS201401005&dbname=CJFD2014 Ling, N., Yin, X., Et al Chinese

The hull form optimisation and the selection of the main engine type and its continuous service rating for a 35000DWT bulk carrier are achieved through comprehensive application of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and ship model tests. The resultant design shows obvious reduction of ship resistance and increase of propulsive efficiency, hence, low fuel consumption and EEDI index.

Bulk carriers Hull form Optimisation Propulsive efficiency Resistance

2015112537

Approach to develop ship design evaluation rule-base. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 193-200 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157887&punumber%3D7147633%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29%26pageNumber%3D2 Soman, R.R., Andrus, M., Et al English

The Smart Ship Systems Design (S3D) prototype is a comprehensive engineering and design environment capable of performing concept development and comparison (weights, power demand, speed, range, hull-form etc.), and high level ship system tradeoff studies. This online collaborative design environment is expected to be applied at the early stages of a ship design problem. Currently, the S3D environment contains tools for the development and simulation of the electrical, piping, and mechanical ship systems and the arrangement of the system and is capable of static power flow simulation for all major disciplines. However, the tool does not have a robust capability to evaluate designs using well established engineering guidelines. The research described in this paper aims

to address this gap and proposed approaches and outcomes of preliminary studies are presented.

Design criteria Ship design Shipboard systems

1.3 SHIPBUILDING TECHNOLOGY/CONSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES

2015112538

Shipbuilding production process design methodology using compute simulation. Brodogradnja, v 66 n 2, June 2015, p 77 [15 p, 13 ref, 6 tab, 6 fig] http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=206666 Hadjina, M., Fafandjel, N., Matulja, T. English

In this research a shipbuilding production process design methodology, using computer simulation, is suggested. It is expected from suggested methodology to give better and more efficient tool for complex shipbuilding production processes design procedure. Within the first part of this research existing practice for production process design in shipbuilding was discussed, its shortcomings and problem were emphasized. In continuing, discrete event simulation modelling method, as basis of suggested methodology, is investigated and described regarding its special characteristics, advantages and reasons for application, especially in shipbuilding production process. Furthermore, simulation modelling basics were described as well as suggested methodology for production process procedure. Case study of suggested methodology application for designing a robotized profile fabrication production process line is demonstrated. Selected design solution, acquired with suggested methodology was evaluated through comparison with robotized profile cutting production line installation in a specific shipyard production process. Based on obtained data from real production the simulation model was further enhanced. Finally, on grounds of this research, results and droved conclusions, directions for further research are suggested.

Computer simulation Decision making Production Shipbuilding

ABSTRACTS 946

2015112539

Foreign shipyard coatings benchmarking study. Journal of Ship Production and Design, v 31 n 3, August 2015, pp 201-208 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sname/jspd/2015/00000031/00000003/art00005 Kattan, R., Broderick, D., Et al English

U.S. yards have undertaken benchmarking studies under the auspices of the national Shipbuilding Program for many years (FMI 2001). However, little emphasis has been placed on the coating process. During that time, management of the coating process has increasingly become problematic at new construction, in particular as a result of the relative increase in labor content, the increased regulatory and environmental burdens, and the impact on the build schedule and strategy of what is often a bottleneck process.

Coating processes Shipyard work

2015112540

Problems of determination of welding angular distortions of T-fillet joints in ship hull structures. Polish Maritime Research, v 22 n 2, 2015, p79 [7 p, 14 ref, 3 tab, 10 fig] http://www.bg.pg.gda.pl/pmr/pdf/PMRes_2015_2.pdf Kozak, J., Kowalski, J. English

Ship hull structure elements are usually joined by welding. Welding distortions may cause many problems during manufacturing process. In the literature a wide spectrum of suggestions has been proposed for correct estimation of welding deformation, particularly angular ones, in the fillet welded T- joints. In this work a verification of certain methods selected from the literature is presented basing upon the results of the laboratory measurements. To this end, values determined on the basis of engineering hypotheses have been compared with those obtained from the laboratory tests.

Deformation Distortion Tubular joints Welded joints

2015112541

Numerical investigation of welding induced distortion of a stiffened plate structure. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 65 [7 p, 12 ref,1 tab, 16 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Chen, Z., Chen, Z., Shenoi, R.A. English

Welding simulation of a stiffened plate structure with longitudinal and transverse stiffeners is realized by thermal elastic plastic FE method. In order to decrease calculation time and maintain accuracy, shell elements with section integration are adopted to model the entire structure and solid elements to model the local detail of weld line region. Linear constraint equations are established between degrees of freedom of shell and solid elements. The welding parameters of heat input, welding speed and sequence are considered in the method. A typical fillet-welded joint is studied and the temperature and mechanical results are compared with experimental values. Based on numerical results, welding induced distortion, including out-of-plane distortion and longitudinal and transverse bending of the structure, is investigated and the influences of different welding direction for distortion are discussed.

Distortion Numerical analysis Stiffened plates Welding

2.1 POWER SOURCES AND FUELS

2015112542

Steam and SOFC based reforming options of PEM fuel cells for marine applications. Brodogradnja, v 66 n 2, June 2015, p 61 [16 p, 33 ref, 6 tab, 10 fig] http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=206665 El Gohary, M.M., Ammar, N.R., Seddiek, I.S. English

The need for green energy sources without or with low emissions in addition to improve the using efficiency of current fossil fuels in the marine field makes it important to replace or improve current fossil-fuelled engines. The replacement process should work on narrowing the gap between the most

947 ABSTRACTS

scientific innovative clean energy technologies and the concepts of feasibility and cost-effective solutions. Early expectations of very low emissions and relatively high efficiencies have been met in marine power plants using fuel cell. In this study, steam and SOFC based reforming options of natural gas for PEM fuel cells are proposed as an attractive option to limit the environmental impact of the marine sector. The benefits of these two different reforming options can be assessed using computer predictions incorporating chemical flow sheeting software. It is found that a high overall efficiency approaching 60% may be achieved using SOFC based reforming systems which are significantly better than a reformed PEM system or an SOFC only system.

Fuel cells

2015112543

Metamodels of a gas turbine powered marine propulsion system for simulation and diagnostic purposes. Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, v 12 n 1, June 2015, p 1 [14 p, 20 ref, 6 tab, 12 fig] http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/JNAME/article/view/19719 Campora, U., Capelli, M., Et al English

The paper presents the application of artificial neural networks for simulation and diagnostic purposes applied to a gas turbine powered marine propulsion plant. A simulation code for the propulsion system, developed by the authors, has been extended to take into account components degradation or malfunctioning with the addition of performance reduction coefficients. The above coefficients become input variables to the analysis method and define the system status at a given operating point. The simulator is used to generate databases needed to perform a variable selection analysis and to tune response surfaces for both direct (simulation) and inverse (diagnostic) purposes: two ANN are trained to reply simulator behaviour in steady state conditions with considerably reduced calculation time (direct ANN), and to invert simulator inputs and outputs in order to obtain information on the system health state starting from measured variables (diagnostic ANN). The application of the methodology to the propulsion system of an existing frigate version demonstrate the potential of the approach for simulation and diagnostics: the simulation model behaviour is replied

with acceptable errors, while the health state of the propulsion system is successfully identified from the selected state variables by properly trained artificial neural networks.

Diagnostics Gas turbines Monitoring Neural networks Simulation

2015112544

The fuel trilemma: next generation of marine fuels. DNV-GL Strategic Research & Innovation Position Paper 03-2015 [40 p, 22 ref, 1 tab, 17 fig] http://production.presstogo.com/fileroot7/gallery/DNVGL/files/original/9fef597280b44480b6455332c7886d74.pdf Chryssakis, C., Brinks, H., Et al English

Over the next few decades it is likely that the energy mix for shipping will be characterized by a much higher degree of diversification than today. Natural gas will soon be an established fuel type, while liquid biofuels could gradually replace fossil-based fuels, provided that sustainable production is achieved. Electricity from the grid will be used more frequently for charging batteries for ship operations in ports, and also for short sea propulsion. Renewable electricity or reforming of natural gas could also be used to produce hydrogen, which can be used to power fuel cells. Other types of fuel, such as methanol, will be used in certain geographical areas and ship segments, and, given the right conditions, could develop to play a major role in the future. In selecting the fuel for a new vessel, there is no “silver bullet” solution. In most cases, selection will be based on a compromise between benefits and drawbacks of various fuel options. The final decision will vary for different ship types, operations, and strategic directions of each ship owner. In all cases, the cost associated with machinery, as well as the expected fuel prices, will play the dominant role. Safety will also be a primary concern and can also be translated into monetary terms once a design has been established and the necessary safety measures identified. Sustainability will be a parameter of increasing importance in the future, both for reasons related to corporate social responsibility, but also because there may be a price tag attached, perhaps in the form of a carbon price, or through other schemes based on the “polluter pays”

ABSTRACTS 948

principle. In this paper it is argued that for any fuel or energy source to play an important role in the future, three main conditions should be fulfilled: affordability, sustainability, safety and reliability. These three aspects are discussed and a few case studies covering LNG, electrification, biofuels (including pyrolysis oil and biomethanol), and hydrogen are presented to illustrate the benefits and challenges for each option.

Alternative energy sources Alternative fuels

2015112545

Enhanced electrochemical performance in merged olivine structured cathode materials. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [8 p, 11 ref, 1 tab, 11 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Saadat, S., Yazami, R. English

First this paper reports on the elevated electrochemical performance in mixture of two olivine structured cathode materials, with the general formulae LiMPO4; where M = Fe, Mn, of identical or different compositions (Fe and Mn contents), as compared to their individual components. The two constituents are prepared under different synthesis conditions and have different characteristics. The first category materials (A) are commercially available olivines with the composition of C-LiFePO4 and C-LiFe0.3Mn0.7PO4. The second material (B) is carbon coated LiFe0.3Mn0.7PO4, which is fabricated in house by a solid state method. The weight fraction of B in the A+B mixture can range between 5% and 95%. The electrochemical properties of the cathodes are examined by charge-discharge tests. It is observed that compared to single component cathodes (A/B), merged cathodes (A+B) demonstrate superior performance. It is suggested that such elevation in battery properties of A+B cathodes is a result of synergetic kinetics effects between the two components.

Cathodes Electric batteries Electrochemistry

2015112546

Reliability analysis of three-dimensional shipboard electrical power distribution systems. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 93-98 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157867&filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29 Dubey, A., Santoso, S., Arapostathis, A. English

In an all-electric ship, a high level of service continuity to equipment loads is of paramount importance to both mission success and personnel well-being. The objective of this paper is to investigate the reliability improvements obtained due to the design of a three-dimensional shipboard power distribution system (SPS). Several three-dimensional architectures are designed based on the following notional distribution system topologies namely, ring bus and breaker-and-a-half. Three-dimensional topologies are simulated by supplying equipment loads using both upper and lower levels of the shipboard power system connected using vertical tie-buses. The reliability indices obtained for three-dimensional topologies are compared to that of the notional planar topologies. The results conclude that for each notional topology, a more reliable shipboard power system is obtained by designing a three-dimensional architecture.

Electric power distribution Reliability Ship electric power systems

2015112547

Development of a control-based performance management system for shipboard power systems. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 129-134 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157874&punumber%3D7147633%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29%26pageNumber%3D2 Shi, J., Abdelwahed, S., Et al English

This paper presents a coordinated and automated approach to determine the system adjustment strategy for Shipboard Power Systems (SPS) to improve the transient performance and prevent potential voltage

949 ABSTRACTS

instability following a system contingency. In contrast with the conventional design schemes that heavily rely on the human operators and pre-specified rules/set points, this paper focuses on the development of the capability to automatically and efficiently detect and react to system state changes caused by disturbances and damages by incorporating different system components and component-level controllers to formulate an overall system-level solution. To achieve this objective, this paper proposes a performance-oriented, model-based predictive framework that can be applied to a variety of SPS applications to meet the stringent performance requirements under different operating conditions. Simulation results have proven the capability of the proposed framework to effectively and efficiently improve the dynamic system performance during the transient period with little or none human interventions.

Power requirements Ship electric power systems

2015112548

Development of a hybrid model for shipboard power systems. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 145-149 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157877&punumber%3D7147633%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29%26pageNumber%3D2 Babaei, M., Shi, J., Et al English

This paper describes a hybrid automaton based approach towards the development of a simplified Medium Voltage Direct-Current (MVDC) Shipboard Power System (SPS) model. SPS is considered a good subject of hybrid modeling and hybrid control system design as it combines a variety of continuous component dynamics, discrete control actions as well as a variety of switching components. Therefore, a hybrid system model can provide an accurate and effective way to simulate the system and represent the combined behaviours of SPS. Within the hybrid automata model represented in this paper, continuous power system dynamics are modeled in the form of differential algebraic equations (DAEs) and discrete events dynamics are represented by discrete finite

automations (DFAs). Simulation results indicate that the proposed modeling scheme is effective and suitable particularly for system-level studies and control algorithm design for MVDC SPS.

Mathematical models Ship electric power systems

2015112549

Design for safety and energy efficiency of the electrical onboard energy systems. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 150-155 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157878&punumber%3D7147633%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29%26pageNumber%3D2 Sfakianakis, K., Vassalos, D. English

Treating the ship as an autonomous floating vehicle, onboard energy systems have to be designed to ensure high reliability for the safety of the ship per se and, also, of the passengers and crew under all operating conditions and emergencies at minimum cost. To date, these objectives have been achieved by strict safety regulations, design simplicity and component redundancies in safety-critical systems at the design stage. However, designing the systems with the current measures, the cost-ineffectiveness of the former approach would suffer. In addition, lack of strict regulations concerning environmental impact and also the relatively low vessel operation costs, lead to energy savings not being considered as driving force in the shipping industry. The recently introduced IMO regulations came into force to address the above objectives, imposing specific requirements during ship design and operation. This paper introduces a novel methodology for improving onboard systems availability and energy efficiency by logical and numerical modelling of the shipboard electrical energy systems during design and operation through the combined assessment of electrical power systems availability and quantitative performance. These, i.e. availability and performance, linked to initial and operating costs allow for multi-objective design optimisation of the electrical power systems.

Efficiency Numerical models Ship electric power systems

ABSTRACTS 950

2.2 EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATIONS

2015112550

Analysis into the selection of a ballast water treatment system. Transport, v 30 n 2, 2015, pp 145-151 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3846/16484142.2015.1045025#.VaN72k3JCUk Šateikiene, D., Janutėniene, J., Et al English

Today, it is very important to select and install the optimal equipment for the treatment of ballast water in existing ships. Increasing cargo volumes demand for a greater number of ships for transportation and expanded navigation geography as well as result in increased amount of discharged ballast water. Consequently, sea water pollution is increasing and invasive microorganisms appear that the existing flora and fauna are unaccustomed to. In order to protect territorial waters from these invasive species, International Maritime Organization (IMO) requirements have been implemented that regulate the quality parameters of discharged ballast water from ships. This problem has become particularly relevant for operational ships, in which ballast water treatment equipment and technical solutions had not been anticipated in the design stage. This article provides a comparative analysis of the treatment equipment of ballast water and the related technical parameters, in order to distinguish the most important equipment criteria. A Carrier, according to its technical characteristics, was analysed together with the water treatment method for operated bulk. An expert evaluation for the characteristics of the technical equipment was established.

Ballast water Water treatment

2015112551

IHI-SPB tank for LNG-fueled ship. IHI Engineering Review, v 47 n 2, 2015, p 17 [5 p, 3 ref, 1 tab, 8 fig] http://www.ihi.co.jp/en/technology/review_en/47_02.html Nagata, Y., Tanoue, A., Et al English

Much attention is being paid to LNG-fueled vessels as a way of satisfying the IMO's emission control requirements. Japan Marine United Corporation (JMU) has developed an LNG fuel gas system employing an IHI-SPB gas fuel tank. A case study on

an LNG-fueled container vessel fitted with this system is being carried out. JMU has converted IHI-SPB cargo containment technology into a fuel tank, allowing confirmation of the high reliability this system offers under harsh sea conditions, such as those found in the Japan-Alaska sea route. This high level of reliability is thanks to JMU's experience in LNG. IHI-SPB fuel tanks can flexibly accommodate shape restrictions, providing the highest volume efficiency for the available space. This case study on a large LNG-fueled container vessel employing an IHI-SPB gas fuel system demonstrates that a minimal loss of container cargo capacity relative to the original design can be achieved.

Containerships Fuel tanks Liquefied natural gas

2015112552

Structural safety of IHI-SPB LNG tanks against sloshing. IHI Engineering Review, v 47 n 2, 2015, p 22 [5 p, 4 ref, 3 tab, 11 fig] http://www.ihi.co.jp/en/technology/review_en/47_02.html Kobayakawa, H., Kusumoto, H., Toyoda, M. English

The IHI-SPB tank is an excellent LNG tank for FLNG and LNG fueled vessels, because it has high structural safety against sloshing. The high structural safety is achieved through a highly reliable design technique, backed up by many experiments and numerical simulations the result of which is the prevention of resonance between liquid motion and ship motion. This paper describes the necessity of avoiding such resonance and describes the numerical simulation of pressure induced by internal liquid motion using the Particle method, which is an advanced calculation technique.

Fuel tanks Liquefied natural gas Pressure Sloshing

951 ABSTRACTS

2015112553

Ship connectivity. DNV GL Strategic Research & Innovation Position paper 04-2015 [48 p, 82 ref, 1 tab, 20 fig] http://production.presstogo.com/fileroot7/gallery/DNVGL/files/original/27ced405be014853b03f5b0050383fc1.pdf Låg, S. English

Traditionally, once ships had left port they were isolated from communication with shore. This was true until the introduction of radio on ships at the beginning of the 20th century. Since then, both the capacity and coverage of ship to shore communication has been gradually evolving. However, we are now experiencing a step change in this field, with digital signals that can be transferred from ship to shore, and in the reverse direction, at significant rates, independent of the ship’s location. This paper describes these latest developments and the implications that they can have for shipping in the 21st century.

Radio communication Satellite communication State of the art Telecommunication Trends

2015112554

Possibilities to determine design loads for thrusters and drivetrain components using the flexible multibody-system method. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [7 p, 20 ref, 8 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Schlecht, B., Rosenlöcher, T. English

The use of modern thrusters allows the combining of the drive and the ship rudder in one unit. The propeller can be driven directly or indirectly. This paper concentrates on indirect drives where the driving torque is transferred by bevel gear stages and shafts from the motor to the propeller. Due to their closed and inaccessible construction, high reliability has to be achieved. Especially for the design of the highly-loaded bevel gear stages accurate information of the occurring loads is required. The available experience of thruster operation shows, that primarily

rarely occurring special load cases must be considered in the design process. Such operational conditions can only be determined by expensive long-term measurements. By means of a detailed multibody-system simulation model of the thruster, it is already possible to develop a basic knowledge of the dynamic properties of the drivetrain and to determine design loads for drivetrain components.

Design loads Drives Thrusters

2015112555

Real time ship exhaust gas monitoring for compliance to SOx and NOx regulation and CO2 footprint. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [4 p, 6 ref, 2 tab, 3 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Wijaya, T., Tjahjowidodo, T., Thepsithar, P. English

IMO MARPOL Annex VI regulation has been set for global application to reduce the negative consequences of ship gas emissions SOx, NOx, and CO2. To enforce the regulation, real time gas emission monitoring system is in need. The system in this paper consists of a microcontroller, gas analysers, sensors and Xbee radio module. The data acquired from the sensors and gas analyser is transmitted using a microcontroller over the Xbee module to the receiver Xbee module on the main microcontroller for real-time compliance check. Real time monitoring system expedites the checks by officials in enforcing the regulation. Ultimately, this application enables engine manufacturers, ship-owners and Administrations to ensure in real time that all applicable marine diesel engines are in compliance with the limiting values determined by IMO MARPOL Annex VI.

Exhaust gases Monitoring Real time Sensors

ABSTRACTS 952

2015112556

Modelling of LNG fuel systems for simulations of transient operations. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [11 p, 26 ref, 14 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Grotle, E.L., Æsøy, V., Pedersen, E. English

The use of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a fuel is motivated by reduced emissions, availability and cost, compared to conventional fuels like Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) and Marine Diesel Oil (MDO). Development of Natural Gas (NG) fueled engines and fuel technology has been an ongoing research activity for more than 25 years. In Norway, more than 40 ships are now in operation on LNG either using dual fuel engines or pure gas engines. LNG is a low temperature, volatile fuel with very low flash point, and the main challenges are related to fuel storing and handling. The main components in the LNG fuel systems are the tanks, evaporators/heaters, Pressure Build-up Units (PBU), and the gas regulating units. Control of the overall system performance during transient operations and ship motions is vital. For optimal design through better understanding of the behaviour of the fuel system, simulation models are being developed and simulations performed. Operational experiences and full scale measurements are adapted to effectively contribute to more accurate models. This paper discusses the challenges of modelling such a system and presents relevant component models, performance simulation methods and operational experience. In particular, the liquid/gas phase transition dynamics in the LNG tank as well as simulations of the tank are addressed.

Fuel systems Gaseous fuels Liquefied natural gas LNG tanks

2.3 MAINTENANCE, REPAIR AND CONVERSION

2015112557

Risk-informed life-cycle optimum inspection and maintenance of ship structures considering corrosion and fatigue. Ocean Engineering, v 101, 1 June 2015, pp 161-171 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815000955 Dong, Y., Frangopol, D.M. English

During its life-cycle, a ship structure may suffer from structural deterioration associated with corrosion and/or fatigue. A prolonged exposure to these hazards results in a reduction of structural resistance which can lead to failure. Optimum inspection and maintenance planning of ship structures is a challenging process needed to ensure ship safety during the life-cycle. This paper presents a probabilistic approach to provide optimum inspection and repair plans for ship structures considering corrosion and fatigue. Uncertainties in the damage assessment associated with corrosion and fatigue are taken into account. Risk is assessed by considering the direct losses associated with flexural failure. A multi-objective optimisation problem, which accounts for structural deterioration scenarios and various uncertainties, is formulated to find the optimum inspection and repair planning of ship structures. The life-cycle risk associated with flexural failure and expected total inspection and maintenance costs are considered as conflicting criteria. The proposed probabilistic optimisation approach is illustrated on the VLCC ship structure. Genetic algorithms are used to solve the optimisation problem.

Corrosion Fatigue life Risk analysis Ship maintenance Vessel inspection

953 ABSTRACTS

2.4 CARGOES AND CARGO HANDLING

2015112558

Scheduling dynamically positioned tankers for offshore oil offloading. International Journal of Production Research, v 52 n 24, 2014, pp 7251-7261 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207543.2014.916828#.Va9kWU3JCUk Camponogara, E., Plucenio, A. English

The operation of offshore oil fields entails transferring oil that accumulates in Floating Production Storage and Offloading Units to onshore terminals. To this end, a fleet of dynamically positioned tankers is deployed for transferring oil from large oil fields, which should be scheduled to meet operational constraints while minimising costs and economic losses. This work presents a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation for the problem of scheduling shuttle tankers that accounts for the essential constraints. Combined with an MILP solver, the model serves as a decision support tool to guide engineers in daily operations. A family of valid inequalities is proposed to strengthen the MILP formulation and reduce solving time with state-of-the-art solvers. Computational results are also reported on the application of the proposed model in tandem with a rolling horizon strategy.

Oil transfer Scheduling Shuttle tankers

2015112559

Risk evaluation of ship-to-ship transfer of cargo operations by applying PFMEA and FIS. RAMS 2015, Reliability and Maintainability Symposium; 26-29 January 2015; Palm Harbour, FL, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-6702-5; pp 1-7 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7105149&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D7105149 Stavrou, D.I., Ventikos, N.P. English

The ship-to-ship (STS) transfer of cargo operations are increasingly safe procedures, nevertheless they remain difficult and complex operations. The adverse effects of a potential accident demands a detailed and thorough work on risk and safety analysis for the

transfer operations. In the light of the above, the Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (PFMEA) which is a branch of the traditional Failure Mode an d Effects Analysis (FMEA), is applied in combination with a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) methodology to evaluate different risk scenarios of STS transfer of cargo operations. Although PFMEA is currently applied mainly to manufacturing processes, the aim of the paper is to implement this methodology to the ship-to-ship transfer of cargo. A significant advantage of the PFMEA is the analytical review of the STS operations. Nevertheless, serious drawbacks such as the fact that different combinations of the three implemented risk constituents may lead to the same Risk Priority Number (RPN) or the determination of the relative importance among the three risk factors of the PFMEA namely the likelihood of occurrence (O), the severity of a failure (S), and the ability to detect the potential failure (D), make the PFMEA weak and ineffective. To deal with the aforementioned weaknesses a fuzzy inference system (FIS) based on Mamdani's methodology, is applied as a remedy. The objective of this paper is to assess and evaluate different hazardous scenarios in an STS transfer operation implementing the PFMEA in combination with a FIS. To do so, a team of experts with relative experience with respect to STS transfer operations evaluated certain hazardous scenarios that have derived by the study of several guidelines and recommendations regarding these operations. The paper concludes with interesting insights emerged by the aforementioned tasks.

Cargo handling Risk analysis Ship to ship Transferring

2.5 PORTS AND WATERWAYS

2015112560

A dynamic discrete berth allocation problem for container terminals. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [8 p, 23 ref, 7 tab, 1 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Gargari, M.M., Niasar, M.S.F. English

In recent years, improving the process of loading and unloading ships has been the subject of much

ABSTRACTS 954

attention from the terminals operators. The importance of this issue encouraged engineers to design the best simulation for a particular model to reduce time and, subsequently, the costs of the process. The study investigates the Dynamic Berth Allocation Problem (DBAP), in which vessels are assigned to discrete positions based on their length in order to minimize vessels waiting time and berth idle time. The model was analysed by employing two highly effective meta-heuristics in the form of Local Search and Population based methods to obtain optimal solutions subject to the Variable Neighbourhood Search concept (VNS) and Genetic Algorithm (GA), respectively, and compared to each other. The results obtained through an extensive numerical analysis showed that the GA performs better than VNS to this kind of problem. In contrast, with respect to runtime in the same number of iteration, VNS shows the increase in runtime is much lower when problem size rise compared to GA.

Container terminals Port operations

2015112561

Reinforcing existing port facilities to withstand natural disasters: An analysis of increased construction costs. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [10 p, 10 ref, 4 tab, 9 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Takahashi, K., Kasugai, Y., Fukuda, I. English

The importance of preparing for unexpected phenomena is being seen in a new light after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. In order to manage container terminals soundly, it is essential that stakeholders clarify for investors the trends and future outlook of construction costs, which are important indicators of business management. The authors have analysed the factors that increase these costs. As a result, the costs are likely to increase further because of natural factors such as earthquakes

and softening ground. Based on the above analysis, the authors propose effective measures for unexpected phenomena.

Damage prevention Earthquake resistance Port facilities Port planning and development Reinforcement (structures)

2015112562

Model Predictive Control of a waterborne AGV at the operational level. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [10 p, 22 ref, 1 tab, 8 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Zheng, H., Negenborn, R.R., Lodewijks, G. English

Increasing container transport volume has been seen not only inside container terminals, but also among terminals in the port area, known as Inter Terminal Transport (ITT). While conventional Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) have been put into practice to enhance efficiency inside Automated Container Terminals, this paper proposes the novel concept of waterborne Automated Guided Vessels (w-AGVs) for the application of ITT. Given route and timing information, a controller guaranteeing both smooth path convergence and Required Time of Arrival (RTA) at the operational level is proposed. Path convergence is achieved by introducing a path parameter, adding one extra degree of freedom to the original optimisation problem. RTA is approximately guaranteed considering both the distance-to-go and time-to-go in terms of the current position. Model Predictive Control (MPC) is proposed for solving the control problem formulated for its advantages of being optimisation-oriented and able to explicitly handle various constraints. The possible online computational burden of MPC is eased by a successive linearization around a seed trajectory from the previous step. Furthermore, an iterative framework is implemented to account for the

955 ABSTRACTS

linearization errors. Simulation tests are run based on a small-scale vessel model to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of solving the control problem of a w-AGV system at the operational level.

Automation Port performance Unmanned vehicles

2015112563

Future Internet enabled ship-port coordination. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [9 p, 24 ref, 8 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Rialland, A., Tjora, Å English

This paper presents a Future Internet based concept for integrated planning of port call, meaning the coordination of resource planning among all actors involved: port, terminal, ship, agents, and other stakeholders. In the project FInest, ICT tools based on Software-as-a-Service principles were sketched and a scenario-based demonstrator was built in order to showcase the possibilities offered by Future Internet technologies. Data from the Port of Aalesund were used to illustrate how the planning challenge at port and terminal can be tackled by getting the right information at the right time, from and to the right actor. The business model supported by the FInest platform is the semi-automatic handling of port call based on real-time information enabled by synchronization of resource planning among the port and terminal service suppliers. The ship can register its port call and book services through a platform displaying real-time information about resource availabilities, while the port- and terminal service providers can coordinate their services and resources also based on real-time information provided by the platform. The main expected benefit is the coordination of information among multiple actors, enabling more visibility, more efficient planning of services at port and terminals, easier booking of services, better capacity utilization, as well as support for optimisation of ship voyage.

Communicating Port performance

2015112564

The impact of competition on container port (in)efficiency. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, v 78, August 2015, pp 124-133 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856415001202 Figueiredo De Oliveira, G., Cariou, P. English

There are many studies on container port efficiency and that seek to understand what factors, such as technical and scale efficiency, private versus public terminal management or macro-economic factors, play on the efficiency score of a given port. There are fewer studies that focus on the role played by the inter-port competitive environment. This role remains difficult to assess. In fact, on the one hand, a port subject to high inter-port competition may record higher efficiency scores due to the pressure from the competitive environment. On the other hand, a port subject to high competition may be forced to over-invest and could therefore records a lower efficiency score. This article investigates this issue and examines how the degree of competition measured at different levels (local, regional and global level) impacts the efficiency score of a given container port. To do so, a truncated regression with a parametric bootstrapping model is implemented. The model applied to information gathered for 200 container ports in 2007 and 2010 leads to the following conclusions: port efficiency decreases with competition intensity when measured in a range of 400–800 km (regional level); and the effect from competition is not significant when competition is measured at a local (less than 300 km) or at a global (more than 800 km) level. Estimates also show a tendency for ports who invested from 2007 to 2010 to experience a general decrease in efficiency scores, an element which could be explained by the time lag between the investment and the subsequent potential increase in container throughput.

Competition Container terminals Port performance

ABSTRACTS 956

2.6 COASTAL/OFFSHORE ENGINEERING AND MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY

2015112565

Joint distributions of wave steepness in narrow band sea states. Ocean Engineering, v 101, 1 June 2015, pp 201-210 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815000827 Antão, E.M., Guedes Soares, C. English

The joint probability densities of up-crossing wave steepness and height and of up-crossing wave steepness and period are derived from Longuet-Higgins׳ joint probability density of wave period and amplitude for narrow band spectra. The formulae of the derived bivariate densities are fitted to numerically simulated data with narrow band spectra. Comparisons with bivariate steepness-period and steepness-height densities for ocean and tank waves are also presented. Concordance between joint distributions for different data types is verified with bivariate Kolmogorv–Smirnov test. The marginal probability density of wave steepness is obtained by numerical integration of the joint distributions and is compared with different data.

Probability density functions Wave height Wave periods Wave steepness

2015112566

CFD modelling of moonpool behaviour. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4540-0. Volume 2: CFD and VIV. Paper No. OMAE2014-24133 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911526 Pistidda, A., Ottens, H. English

Vessels equipped with a moonpool are frequently used in the offshore oil and gas industry. They are used to lay pipelines, risers, structures, cables, and for drilling. These operations are generally possible if the water motion inside the moonpool remains within workable limits. Water oscillations are generated by waves and forward speed. The water motion in the moonpool is characterized by two dominant modes,

sloshing and pumping. Both modes are usually present during sailing, while during installation phase, where the vessel is kept in a fixed position, the pumping mode is dominant and sloshing is negligible. The behaviour of the water column in the moonpool can either be predicted numerically (CFD and potential code) or by model tests. This work focuses on modelling the behaviour of the DCV Aegir moonpool in operational conditions via CFD. The work presented in this paper consists of the validation of the available experimental results. Results show that CFD is an adequate tool to predict the pumping mode of the water inside the moonpool and outperforms predictions of potential codes.

Computational fluid dynamics Moonpools

2015112567

Turbulence modelling, local grid refinement and absorbing boundary conditions for free-surface flow simulations in offshore applications. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4540-0. Volume 2: CFD and VIV. Paper No. OMAE2014-24427 [11 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911538 Veldman, A.E.P., Luppes, R., Et al English

To study extreme hydrodynamic wave impact in offshore and coastal engineering, the VOF-based CFD simulation tool ComFLOW is being developed. Recently, much attention has been paid to turbulence modelling, local grid refinement, wave propagation and absorbing boundary conditions. The turbulence model has to cope with coarse grids as used in industrial applications. Thereto a blend of a QR-model and a regularization model has been designed, in combination with a dedicated wall model. Local grid refinement is based on a semi-structured approach. Near refinement interfaces special discretization stencils have been designed. The computational domain is restricted to the close environment of the objects studied. To suppress unphysical reflections, special generating and absorbing boundary conditions have been designed. The combined performance of the new ingredients

957 ABSTRACTS

will be demonstrated with several applications. For validation, experiments have been carried out at MARIN.

Computational fluid dynamics Fluid flow Free surfaces Ocean engineering Turbulence

2015112568

Time series based damage detection and localization in an offshore platform using wireless sensor networks. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4543-1. Volume 4B: Structures, Safety and Reliability. Paper No. OMAE2014-24652 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911706 Nandan, H., Abrahamson, E., Et al English

Continuous structural integrity monitoring (SIM) can be a valuable complementary tool to the current practice of periodic inspections in detecting damage in jacket platforms. This paper demonstrates the technical feasibility of adopting the recent advances in onshore SIM technology for offshore jacket platforms. Both the analysis method and hardware technology are investigated. To demonstrate the feasibility of the analysis method, a time series based damage detection and localization algorithm is evaluated. Nodal acceleration and brace strain responses from a jacket platform computer model are simulated and used to determine the Autoregressive (AR) model coefficients. Mahalanobis distance calculated from the first 10 AR coefficients is used as the damage feature (DF). The DF’s from three different damage cases comprising of missing member, dented member (stiffness reduction), and cracked member (nonlinear behaviour), respectively, are compared with those from the healthy baseline case to detect and localize damage. To demonstrate the feasibility of hardware technology, a survey of the state-of-the-art in wireless sensor network technology is conducted. The survey shows that wireless accelerometers and strain gauges packaged for

underwater use can be fitted in a wireless sensor network throughout the jacket using the electromagnetic communication approach. A conceptual configuration of underwater damage detection wireless sensor network for offshore jacket platforms is presented.

Damage Offshore platforms Sensors Structural monitoring

2015112569

Decommissioning cost estimation for deepwater floating structures in the US Gulf of Mexico. Ships and Offshore Structures, v 10 n 4, 2015, pp 436-455 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445302.2014.942085#abstract Kaiser, M.J., Liu, M. English

Floating structures are expensive to fabricate and install, and, at the end of their useful life, will also be expensive to decommission. Industry experience decommissioning deepwater structures in the Gulf of Mexico is extremely limited, and to date, only four floating platforms in water deeper than 1000 ft have been removed from service. The purpose of this paper is to apply work decomposition algorithms developed by ProServ Offshore to estimate the cost for well plugging and abandonment, pipeline decommissioning, umbilical and flowline removal, and deck and hull removal for the 42 floating structures that reside in the Gulf of Mexico circa 2013. Mars is expected to have the largest decommissioning exposure at $336 million, followed by Ursa ($222 million), Auger ($205 million), and Hoover/Diana ($201 million). Nineteen structures are expected to have decommissioning cost exceeding $100 million. Total undiscounted decommissioning cost for the 2013 floater inventory is estimated at $4.3 billion. Deepwater decommissioning cost estimates will change with changing technologies, regulations and market conditions.

Cost estimates Deepwater Platform removal

ABSTRACTS 958

2015112570

All subsea – creating value from processing. DNV GL Strategic Research & Innovation Position Paper, 2015 [72 p, 21 fig] http://production.presstogo.com/fileroot7/gallery/dnvgl/files/original/f311898981a144e2be6c637756f66661/f311898981a144e2be6c637756f66661_low.pdf Kuhnle, T.I., Myhrvold, T., Et al English

Subsea is an essential part of most contemporary common floating development concepts and tie-ins to fixed installations. While the industry is seeking standardization and simplification of subsea installations, inspired by concepts like the Statoil Subsea FactoryTM, questions remain over the viability and ultimate potential of an all-subsea solution. This research paper explores these questions, highlighting opportunities and current limitations evaluating a hypothetical all-subsea solution: SuPPS – Subsea Production with Pipeline to Shore. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the viability of an all-subsea field development solution. The paper considers those circumstances in which all-subsea solutions may become preferred field development concepts in the future as compared with existing alternatives, mainly floating production, storage and offloading units (FPSO). Subsea installations are inherently complex, and as this paper demonstrates, a hypothetical all subsea solution has a plethora of interrelated and interdependent systems. Unfortunately, the technical complexity can over-complicate discussions regarding the potential business viability of an all-subsea concept. In order to add clarity to the discussion, the paper ‘unpacks’ the SuPPS (an all-subsea concept) into a number of discrete steps, and assesses the business case for each individual step as.

Offshore drilling Processing Underwater

2015112571

Offshore upstream logistics for operations in arctic environment. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [8 p, 20 ref, 2 tab, 1 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Milaković, A.-S., Ehlers, S., Et al English

As oil and gas companies move their offshore operations further north and into the Arctic, numerous challenges are faced. Therefore, well-established operational models that are used in, e.g. the North Sea may have to be revised in order to make them applicable for operations in the Arctic. Based on information gathered through literature review, individual meetings with stakeholders, as well as through participation in workshops, this paper seeks to identify what kind of adjustments are necessary for the upstream logistics system of an offshore oil and gas field in the Arctic to become economically and environmentally sustainable. A typical offshore logistics system is described and Arctic-specific challenges are pointed out. Further, the influence of arctic conditions on the offshore supply chain is discussed. Finally, a stakeholder interdependence matrix is presented, showing where the different stakeholders’ interests overlap and where they might possibly be in conflict. The findings of this paper can serve as a basis for further research and should be solidified and extended through in-depth interviews with stakeholders. Some of the major questions that need to be answered, in order to achieve a complete overview of stakeholders’ perspective on offshore upstream logistics in arctic environment, are also mentioned in this paper.

Arctic environment Offshore drilling Supplying

959 ABSTRACTS

2015112572

Application of CFD to predict the hydrodynamic performance of offshore fairing designs. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4540-0. Volume 2: CFD and VIV. Paper No. OMAE2014-24478 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911541 Corson, D., Cosgrove, S., Constantinides, Y. English

The hydrodynamic performance of various fairing designs have been investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This paper is divided into two primary sections. The first section involves a thorough sensitivity study to investigate the parameters that are vital in establishing an accurate and robust CFD modelling approach for fairings. The parameters that were investigated during this phase of the work include the mesh density used in the simulations, the blockage ratio (i.e. physical size of the domain that is modelled), the Reynolds Number, and the geometric detail included in the simulations. Upon completion of the sensitivity studies, CFD “best practices” were established. These practices were then applied to a baseline fairing design, and the results were compared against available test data. The CFD approach was shown to predict drag coefficients that agreed with test data within 10% for all cases that were investigated. The second section of this paper focuses on application of the CFD techniques to evaluate 3 candidate fairing designs. The designs differed in the length and taper angle of the fins. The effect of shortening the fins on straight fin cases had a minor impact on the resulting drag. However, a significant reduction in the drag on the fairings was observed when the fins were tapered inward.

Computational fluid dynamics Fairings

2015112573

Non-stationary extreme value models to account for trends and shifts in the extreme wave climate due to climate change. Applied Ocean Research, v 52, August 2015, pp 201-211 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014111871500084X Vanem, E. English

The extreme values of wave climate data are of great

interest in a number of different ocean engineering applications, including the design and operation of ships and offshore structures, marine energy generation, aquaculture and coastal installations. Typically, the return values of certain met-ocean parameters such as significant wave height are of particular importance. There exist many methods for estimating such return values, including the initial distribution approach, the block maxima approach and the peaks-over threshold approach. In a climate change perspective, projections of such return values to a future climate are of great importance for risk management and adaptation purposes. However, many approaches to extreme value modelling assume stationary conditions and it is not straightforward how to include non-stationarity of the extremes due to for example climate change. In this paper, various non-stationary GEV-models for significant wave height are developed that account for trends and shifts in the extreme wave climate due to climate change. These models are fitted to block maxima in a particular set of wave data obtained for a historical control period and two future projections for a future period corresponding to different emission scenarios. These models are used to investigate whether there are trends in the data within each period that influence the extreme value analysis and need to be taken into account. Moreover, it will be investigated whether there are significant inter-period shifts or trends in the extreme wave climate from the historical period to the future periods. The results from this study suggest that the intra-period trends are not statistically significant and that it might be reasonable to ignore these in extreme value analyses within each period. However, when it comes to comparing the different data sets, i.e. the historical period and the future projections, statistical significant inter-period changes are detected. Hence, the accumulated effect of a climatic trend may not be negligible over longer time periods. Interestingly enough, such statistically significant shifts are not detected if stationary extreme value models are fitted to each period separately. Therefore, the non-stationary extreme value models with inter-period shifts in the parameters are proposed as an alternative for extreme value modelling in a climate change perspective, in situations where historical data and future projections are available.

Climate Extreme values Ocean waves Wave climate

ABSTRACTS 960

2015112574

Numerical hydrodynamic and structural analysis of a floating OWC at three Irish sites. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4553-0. Volume 9A: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-23253 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912151 O’Sullivan, K., Murphy, J. English

This paper outlines the process by which a wave energy converter (WEC) is matched to its deployment site, both in terms of power production and structural design. These aspects of device design are critical for the economic feasibility of a wave energy project. The WEC analysed was the backward bent duct buoy (BBDB), a type of floating oscillating water column (OWC) device, while three sites around the Irish coast were considered. Each site has different annual wave conditions, and as such implies different design parameters for both power production and structural design. Using the energy period for each site, the hull shape for the BBDB was determined. Frequency domain modelling was employed to determine the motion and hydrodynamic pressure response amplitude operators (RAO) of each device. The method of superposition was used to determine the power matrix of each device and using wave conditions with a 50 year return period for each site, the maximum loads imposed on the hull were used as the steel design criteria, while the displacement excursions and the typical catenary mooring equations were used to assess the mooring loads and chain design. Representative scatter diagrams for each site were used to assess the annual average power production. The results of the study are presented in terms of annual energy production per tonne of hull steel mass and per tonne of mooring chain mass. These outputs act as indicators for developers to continue, with the optimum site and hull design, into a detailed project economic feasibility assessment.

Hydrodynamics Structural analysis Wave energy conversion

2015112575

Assessment of the surge effects in a heaving point absorber in the Mediterranean Sea. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4553-0. Volume 9A: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-23445 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912163 Miquel, A.M., Antonini, A., Et al English

In this paper, the feasibility of wave electricity production in Italian seas is investigated through the implementation of a variant of the Seabased point absorber WEC. A numerical model of the coupled buoy-generator system is presented, which simulates the behaviour of the WEC under different significant wave heights and periods. The WEC scheme is an improvement of the modelling of a three-body device, taking into account several aspects (independence among the bodies, heave and surge) ignored in previous studies for simplification of the scheme. One WEC composed by three bodies is simulated, with two different hydrodynamic numerical model schemes: a floating buoy and a submerged sphere placed at 25 meters below the water surface. The third body is the translator of the linear generator, which is located at the sea bottom and attached to the submerged sphere by a steel wire. For the hydrodynamic numerical model, the two bodies are allowed to move independently; heave and surge modes have been taken into account. The first scheme consists in the modelling with only three degrees of freedom, one per body only in the vertical direction (heave) and the other with five degrees of freedom, adding the horizontal component of movement for the buoy and the submerged body (surge). The results are compared with previous results of a WEC modelled as a single body system, with only one degree of freedom along the vertical axis. Preliminary results show that the produced energy in a simplified 1 DoF scheme is higher than results produced by the 3 DoF scheme, and is then approximately equal for the 5 DoF. The power matrixes present similar shapes. So the simplification made by neglecting the surge mode, in order to have a simpler dynamic model, doesn’t give a significant improvement in the capture width and energy production assessment.

Surges Wave energy conversion

961 ABSTRACTS

2015112576

Analysis of the geometric tenability of a WEC from a worldwide perspective. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4553-0. Volume 9A: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-23667 [11 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912174 De Andrés, A.D., Guanche, R., Et al English

Nowadays the goal of WEC developers is to reduce the price of the harvested energy for its own technology, via either decreasing the cost of WECs or increasing the power production. In order to increase the power production of a particular WEC, usually the WECs are tuned with the wave climate at the target location. However, in order to achieve the maximum profitability, the WECs must be able to be deployed in a bunch of locations with different wave climates. Therefore WECs must be flexible to be adapted to different kind of locations. The matchability of a device could be achieved via the PTO control or changing the geometric characteristics of a particular device. In this study, an analysis about how the geometric tuning of a generic wave energy converter affects to different climate scenarios is performed. Firstly, a generic wave energy converter is assumed to be formed by an array of floating cylinders that absorb in heave. Three options are proposed in the present study, a cylinder with its natural period on 4 s, typical of enclosed seas, another option with a natural period of 8 s (mean Atlantic swell) and an option that is tunable as a function of the location in order to evaluate the influence of tuning on the power performance. The power matrix is computed with a frequency domain model and then, the converters are evaluated worldwide, taking the met-ocean data from a global reanalysis database (GOW) from Reguero et al (2012). The results are presented in terms of two main indicators, on one hand, the capture width ratio, that evaluates the efficiency of the converter on each location, and the kW/Ton parameter that evaluates the efficiency of the converter on “economic” terms. Finally, tuning a converter for each location of deployment resulted positive in terms of capture width ratio, however regarding the kW/Ton indicator tuning resulted useless due to the heaviness of the structures needed to tune the converter with high peak periods. The

number of suitable locations (in terms of an acceptable kW/Ton indicator) was higher as the mass of the structure is reduced, regardless of the natural period of the converter, thanks to a good performance of high natural period converters.

Tuning Wave energy conversion

2015112577

A very simple index to determine design parameters of wave energy converter for wave farm cost optimisation. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4553-0. Volume 9A: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-23782 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912178 Okamoto, T., Higo, Y., Fukaya, Y. English

Expansion of the deployment site of wave power generation plant to lower wave energy sites is a key for the market size expansion, which contributes the reduction of the cost of electricity. However, it is not easy to take place from the economical view point since the revenue is limited by the low wave energy. Also, since current prototypes are designed for very energetic seas, they are too large for milder conditions. In order to improve the economic feasibility, design parameters of wave energy converter (WEC) have to be adjusted to the existing wave condition at the site. However, no method exists for this purpose. A new index to determine parameters of WEC for having better economic feasibility in wave farm is introduced in this work, so that the designer can see the relative superiority among parameter combinations without conducting complex economic feasibility studies. The index value was examined through an economic feasibility study of hypothetical wave farm project at Japan and found that it reasonably indicates the level of cost of electricity.

Costs Design Optimisation Wave energy conversion

ABSTRACTS 962

2015112578

Physical and numerical modelling of mooring forces and displacements of a wave activated body energy converter. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4553-0. Volume 9A: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-23794 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912179 Angelelli, E., Zanuttigh, B., Et al English

The paper analyses the forces on the mooring system and the device motions of a floating Wave Activated Body Energy Converter under ordinary and extreme wave conditions. The investigation has been carried out with physical and numerical approaches. The physical tests were performed in 1:60 scale in the shallow-water wave tank of Aalborg University, whereas the numerical simulations were performed in 1:1 scale with the AQWA code developed by ANSYS. The spread mooring system tested in the laboratory allowed for an efficient device keeping while minimising the space. The loads on the moorings increase with increasing the significant wave height and show a modest trend with the peak wave length. These experimental measurements were compared with the numerical results, suggesting that AQWA model is able to accurately reproduce the standard deviation of the forces on the mooring lines. From the simulations it is highlighted that the device should work far from resonance condition, because when the typical wave period is near to the natural period (in surge) the forces acting on the mooring lines increase, resulting in a high level of energy loss.

Experimentation Mooring forces Numerical models Wave energy conversion

2015112579

Nonlinear motion analysis of the Wavestar wave energy converter with a focus on the structural responses. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4553-0. Volume 9A: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-23796 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912180 Zurkinden, A.S., Jepsen, M.S., Et al English

The scope of this paper is to connect a nonlinear WEC numerical model with a structural response model. The numerical WEC model takes into account the nonlinear hydrostatic restoring moment of the Wavestar float. A parameterized structural model of the Wavestar arm is developed in ANSYS APDL. Based on the assumption that the structural displacements remain small, linear first order theory is used to calculate the structural response. The section moments and forces are thus superimposed according to the superposition law. The effect of the nonlinear hydrostatic restoring moment on the structural response is investigated. Moreover, an analysis is carried out which shows that reactive control, applied as a closed loop control, increases the section moments and shear forces.

Hydrostatics Numerical models Structural response Wave energy conversion

2015112580

Optimisation of mooring system for multi-arrayed tidal turbines in a strong current area. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4553-0. Volume 9A: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-23844 [7 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912185 Rho, Y-H., Jo, C-h., Kim, D-y. English

Recently, focus has been placed on ocean energy resources as environmental concerns regarding the exploitation of hydrocarbons are increasing. The enormous energy potential in tidal current power

963 ABSTRACTS

fields has been exploited by installing floating tidal current power turbines. Due to other floating structures operating within a limited area, stationkeeping is needed in order to keep the motions of the floating structures within permissible limits. In this study, methods for selecting and optimising the mooring system for floating tidal current power systems in shallow water are investigated. The mooring system provides restoring forces and moments on a floating structure, pulling the structure back toward its equilibrium position. Typically, the mooring lines are segmented in order to optimise the force and displacement characteristics known as the mooring line characteristics. The mooring system concepts investigated in this study include the distributed mass, clump weight, and buoyancy element mooring systems.

Mooring systems Optimisation Tidal power Turbines

2015112581

A multi-body algorithm for wave energy converters employing nonlinear joint representation. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4553-0. Volume 9A: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-23864 [6 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912187 Padeletti, D., Costello, R., Ringwood, J.V. English

When large relative displacements take place between the bodies in a multi-body Wave Energy Conversion system linearisation of the constraints on motion imposed by the joints between the bodies is no longer valid and a non-linear time-domain analysis is necessary. As a part of the Techno-Economic Optimisation of Wave Energy Conversion software, which has been developed at the Centre for Ocean Energy Research, NUI Maynooth, Ireland, an algorithm has been developed for the dynamic simulation of Multi-Body Systems for Wave Energy Conversion with fully non-linear representation of the body-to-body joints. The algorithm is based on the Joint-coordinate formulation, which provides a systematic procedure to transform the mixed differential-algebraic equations of motion in body coordinates, for open chain systems, to a minimal set

of ODEs. When a closed-loop chain occurs, the same method can be adopted by removing one or more kinematic joints from each loop. Knowing the topology of the system, a path matrix is generated and together with the formulation of data structures representing the body-to-body joints, the Velocity Transformation Matrix is computed. The main advantage of this approach is a fast and automatic generation of the Velocity Transformation Matrix, which leads to a higher computational efficiency, especially for complex systems. This paper presents the equations underpinning the method together with results for simulation of two specimen floating multi-body systems. These two are a simple multi-body hinged barge and a device with a sliding internal reaction mass. In each case the results are contrasted to the results produced by a linearised analysis of the same system.

Multibody systems Wave energy conversion

2015112582

Comparison of fully nonlinear and weakly nonlinear potential flow solvers for the study of wave energy converters undergoing large amplitude motions. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4554-7. Volume 9B: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-23912 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912193 Letournel, L., Ferrant, P., Et al English

This paper presents a comparison between two distinct numerical codes dedicated to the study of wave energy converters. Both are developed by the authors, using a boundary element method with linear triangular elements. One model applies fully nonlinear boundary conditions in a numerical wave tank environment, whereas the second relies on a weak-scatterer approach in open-domain and can be considered a weakly nonlinear potential code. For the purposes of comparison, the study is limited to the forces on a heaving submerged sphere.

Numerical analysis Potential flow Wave energy conversion

ABSTRACTS 964

2015112583

Wave energy assessment and wind correlation for the north region of Scotland, hindcast resource and calibration, investigating improvements of physical model for adaptation to temporal correlation. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4553-0. Volume 9A: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-23253 [11 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912194 Lavidas, G., Venugopal, V., Et al English

Wave energy sites around Scotland, are considered one of the most energetic waters, as they are exposed to the Atlantic Ocean. The amount of energy reaching the shoreline provides an opportunity for wave energy deployments. Currently, considerations on wave devices expect them to be installed at nearshore locations. That means that the potential wave resource has to be investigated, since deep to shallow water interactions alter the shape of propagated waves. Resource assessment for these regions is essential in order to estimate the available and extractable energy resource. Although several numerical models exist for wave modelling, not all are suitable for nearshore applications. For the present work, the nearshore wave model SWAN has been used to simulate waves for the Hebridean region. The set-up, calibration and validation of the model are discussed. The resulting wave conditions are compared with buoy measurements. Results indicate that the modelling technique performed well.

Calibration Numerical models Wave energy Wind

2.7 SAFETY AT SEA

2015112584

On the need for online decision support in FPSO–shuttle tanker collision risk reduction. Ocean Engineering, v 101, 1 June 2015, pp 109-117 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815000839 Vinnem, J.E., Utne, I.B., Schjølberg, I. English

More than 100 Floating Production Storage and Off-loading (FPSO) concepts are in operation at the moment worldwide, and due to increasing demand many are currently under construction or being converted from commercial tankers. Still, operational risk is an issue that is not considered thoroughly in the initial feed stage, especially when compared to fixed installations. Floating installations are more dependent on manual control of some of the marine systems during normal operations, as well as during critical situations. Accidents can be initiated by errors induced by human and organizational factors (HOF), technical (design) failures, environmental conditions, or a combination of all three. Therefore, effective means are extremely important to prevent or mitigate the effects of potential operational accidents that can result in serious accidents. Updated statistics in 2013 revealed that the frequency of operational accidents during the last ten years was significantly above the target value that has been aimed for, in fact it was concluded that the frequency was around one order of magnitude higher. Hence, the objective of this article is to assess the hazards, the existing barriers, the risk level, and the risk reduction potentials more thoroughly.

Collision risk Decision support systems FPSOs Shuttle tankers

965 ABSTRACTS

2015112585

Consideration of risk level in terms of damage stability of old ship. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 9, p 278 [8 p, 6 ref, 7 tab, 6 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Yuzui, T., Ogawa, Y. English

The risk analysis of passenger ships in terms of damage stability was conducted. Through this analysis, the relation between risk level and applied regulation was examined to clarify the effect of regulation for ensuring the safety. Consequently, it is clarified that risk level of SOLAS90 is generally low. It is also clarified that amendments of regulation improve the safety.

Aging ships Damage stability Risk analysis SOLAS Convention

2015112586

Regulatory, design, operational and emergency response measures for improving the damage survivability of existing ropax. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 9, p 292 [9 p, 1 ref, 1 tab, 6 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Vassalos, D., Boulougouris, E., Et al English

This paper describes the background and provides the rationale and the framework to embrace the whole spectrum of measures (regulatory, design, operational and emergency response) for improving the damage survivability of existing RoRo passenger vessels. The damage stability workshop elaborated here is the first step of a process initiated by INTERFERRY Europe to assess impact on/options for existing ships of increasing the required subdivision index R should IMO decide to apply new damage stability requirements retrospectively. This, in turn, would

provide the motivation for instigating and establishing a framework and propose an approach for alternative compliance to account for the contribution made to damage survivability by operational and active damage control measures that could be undertaken in case of a flooding accident. This represents a step change both in the mind-set of naval architects and in safety legislation but the impact will be immense and mostly positive.

Damage stability Flooding Passenger ships Ro/ro ships Ship survivability

2015112587

Comparison of survivability between SOLAS 90/95 and SOLAS 2009 ships – a retrospective view 10 years on from project HARDER. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. [6 p, 12 ref, 5 fig] http://seminar.utmspace.edu.my/issw2014/download/Comparison-of-Survivability-between-SOLAS-90-95-and-SOLAS-2009-ships-A-Retrospective-view-10-years-on-from-project-HARDER.pdf Tagg, R. English

This paper takes a look back at the process leading up to the new SOLAS 2009 damage stability regulations. The work of the HARDER project is reviewed and the findings, controversial and non-controversial are discussed. Except for a few noteworthy ship types, for the most part these new regulations have had minimal impact on overall safety level and the design of new ships. The impacts on several ship types are significant, and are discussed. But the major unresolved question raised by SOLAS 2009 is how to deal with a significant number of existing large passenger liners that currently operate with lower safety levels, with risk levels for ship loss due to a collision likely exceeding the societal and IMO acceptable mark. Some possible ways forward are suggested.

Damage stability Ship survivability SOLAS Convention

ABSTRACTS 966

2015112588

Influence of wave-induced skid motions on the launch of free-fall lifeboats from floating hosts: experimental and numerical investigations. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4543-1. Volume 4B: Structures, Safety and Reliability. Paper No. OMAE2014-24644 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911704 Luxcey, N., Reinholdtsen, S-A., Et al English

The evacuation of personnel from offshore installations in severe weather conditions is generally ensured by free-fall lifeboats. Their performance can be assessed by means of numerical simulations to estimate accelerations loads on occupants, structural loads on the lifeboat hull, as well as forward speed after water-exit. These parameters strongly depend on the water entry conditions of the lifeboat, which in turn are very sensitive to the previous phases of the launch that starts on the skid. On floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) vessels in the Norwegian Sea, lifeboats are often installed on skids at the bow so that waves may induce large skid motions with typical extreme vertical amplitude of fifteen to twenty meters in a 100-year storm condition. Moreover, wave-induced motions may also cause trim and list of the skid, which initiates more complex six degrees-of-freedom trajectories during free-fall. In such conditions, a proper modelling of the lifeboat trajectory on the moving skid is necessary in order to assess the performance of the lifeboat with numerical simulations. This paper investigates the effects of the wave-induced skid motion on the launch of free-fall lifeboats from floating hosts. The first part of the paper describes the six-degrees-of-freedom numerical skid model used in MARINTEK’s lifeboat launch simulator VARUNA. The second part presents two model test campaigns aimed at validating the numerical skid model. The model test results are compared to those obtained from the numerical simulations. Finally, the importance of the skid motion on the lifeboat trajectory is discussed.

Launching Lifeboats Model tests Motion Numerical models

2015112589

Legal regulations in the function of ensuring ship safety. Pomorstovo, v 29 n 1, June 2015, p 30 [10 p, 29 ref] http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=206868 Grdinic, J.N. English

The existence and enforcement of legal regulations is imperative for maritime navigation. All legal regulations relating to maritime security and whose goal is securing the safety at sea, can be divided to regulations relating to navigable vessels, regulations relating to cargo carried by ships; regulations governing maintenance of waterways; regulations relating to human factor (regulations concerning education, schooling, training of naval personnel) and regulations relating to supervision, i.e. control of maritime security. In this paper, the author particularly analyses legal regulations relating to ship safety. First, the author defines the concept of maritime security and indicates its differentiation from similar concepts like safety of navigation, safe trade and maritime security. Then, the author discusses seaworthiness and the most common risks whose realization would lead to endangering ship safety, cargo and human lives. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the importance and necessity of exercising control over ships in order to verify compliance with the standards laid down by international conventions.

International conventions Regulations Safety

2015112590

Designing an autonomous collision avoidance controller respecting COLREG. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [6 p, 20 ref, 6 tab, 2 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Burmeister, H.-C., Bruhn, W. English

This paper aims to show how a ship controller is implemented within the MUNIN project complying with the rules for steering and sailing as per COLREG Part B. After a short introduction into the project and a review of current approaches with regards to collision avoidance at sea, this paper will

967 ABSTRACTS

introduce the current process of collision avoidance and COLREGs. Afterwards, the different functionalities and solution methods of the collision avoidance controller are described, before the paper concludes with the depiction of further research needs.

Collision avoidance Remote control Rules of the road

2015112591

An evaluation of evacuation systems for arctic waters. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [13 p, 19 ref, 3 tab, 8 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Staalesen, O.E., Ehlers, S. English

The increased exploration for new petroleum resources in the Barents Sea presents new challenges with regards to evacuation systems that can bring the crew to safety under arctic conditions. These systems will need to perform in waters where the presence of ice and sub-zero temperatures pose challenges that are difficult to fulfil with current solutions. This paper seeks to conduct an investigation on the requirements for an arctic evacuation system. Critical scenarios and hazardous conditions are identified by application of a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA), as well as a Failure Mode Effect and Criticality Analysis (FMECA). Supplementary design requirements to existing regulations are proposed, and relevant concepts are presented and evaluated according to these by ordered weight averaging. Results indicate that there are many considerations that need to be taken into account with consideration to designing an arctic survival vehicle. Launch systems, hull structure and manoeuvrability must be designed with consideration to the extreme environmental conditions. Further, the self-sustainability of the vessel needs to be improved in order to ensure crew comfort for long durations while awaiting rescue.

Arctic waters Evacuation Offshore platforms Platform safety

2015112592

Risk analysis of collision between passenger ferry and chemical tanker in the western zone of the Baltic Sea. Polish Maritime Research, v 22 n 2, 2015, p 3 [6 p, 6 ref, 2 tab, 10 fig] http://www.bg.pg.gda.pl/pmr/pdf/PMRes_2015_2.pdf Przywarty, M., Gucma, L., Et al English

This paper presents assumptions and process of the forming of a risk assessment model for collision between a passenger ferry departing from or approaching port of Świnoujście and a chemical tanker carrying a dangerous cargo. In order to assess navigational safety on the basis of data obtained from AIS system, were prepared probabilistic domains of ships, which made it possible to estimate number of navigational incidents as well as their spatial distribution , that consequently allowed to determine potentially dangerous areas. The next phase was formulation of a simulative model intended for the calculating of probability of collision between the ferry and chemical tanker as well as the determining of characteristic scenarios for such collision. This paper presents also an analysis of consequences of the collision with taking into consideration a damage of cargo tanks.

Collision risk Navigational safety Ship collisions

2.8 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

2015112593

Estimation of air pollution from the OGVs and its dispersion in a coastal area. Ocean Engineering, v 101, 1 June 2015, pp 275-284 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815000980 Pokhrel, R., Lee, H. English

The air quality of the Incheon area has been degraded recently, especially from the ocean going vessels (OGVs). PAQman©(Portal Air Quality management) system has been developed to estimate the air pollution from OGVs in a portal area by using field survey data, AIS (Automatic Identification System) data, activity data, etc. Atmospheric to Computational Fluid Dynamics (A2Cflow/A2Ct&d) was applied for simulating the coastal air flow and air pollution dispersion in the study domain. PAQman© was

ABSTRACTS 968

successful to estimate the emission from OGVs to 50 km far from the Incheon port where air emission amount is significantly higher at anchorage points (8 km, 14 km, and 24 km). The total amount of NOx, SO2, CO and PM10 emissions from OGVs are 42,933,187 kg/year, 33,547,238 kg/year, 3,364,604 kg/year and 597,351 kg/year, respectively, in 2005. Besides, sea and land breezes are frequently generated in Incheon coastal area where the penetration length of the sea and the land breeze are approximately 25–30 km and 15–20 km, respectively. The suction length of the sea and the land breeze were also estimated 15–20 km in a similar range. It is understood that the air pollution generated by OGVs up to 25 km from the Incheon harbour area would be transported to the inland area and plays a significant role to increase the air pollution level in Incheon coastal area.

Air pollution Coastal regions Emissions

2015112594

Sailing into a dilemma: An economic and legal analysis of an EU trading scheme for maritime emissions. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, v 78, August 2015, pp 34-53 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096585641500107X Hermeling, C., Klement, J.H., Et al English

On the basis of a joint economic and legal analysis, the author evaluate the effects of a “regional” (European) emission trading scheme aiming at reducing emissions of international shipping. The focus lies on the question which share of emissions from maritime transport activities to and from the EU can and should be included in such a system. The findings suggest that the attempt to implement an EU maritime ETS runs into a dilemma. It is not possible to design a system that achieves emission reductions in a cost efficient manner and is compatible with international law.

Economic analysis Emissions European Union Legal aspects

2015112595

Port-city exhaust emission model: An application to cruise and ferry operations in Las Palmas Port. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, v 78, August 2015, pp 347-360 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856415001573 Tichavska, M., Tovar, B. English

Exhaust emissions cause air pollution and climate change. The exhausts of shipboard fuel combustion are equally damaging particularly, so close to the environmentally sensitive mainland and island coasts, as well as at ports due to their urbanized character. This paper estimates, for the first time, exhaust pollutants related to cruise and ferry operations in Las Palmas Port and, in an island context. Emission assessment is based on a full bottom-up model and messages transmitted by the Automatic Identification System during 2011. Results are described as a breakdown of NOx, SOx, PM2.5, CO and CO2, according to ship classes, operative type and time, providing valuable information to environmental policy makers in port-city areas and islands under similar conditions. It is generally concluded that vessel traffic and passenger shipping in particular are a source of air pollution in Las Palmas Port. Emission maps confirm location of hot spots in quays assigned for cruise and ferry operations. Policy recommendations encourage regular monitoring of exhaust emissions and market-based incentives supported by details on polluting and operative profiles. On the other hand, feasibility studies are suggested for automated mooring, LNG bunkering facilities and also shore-side energy services, prioritizing berthing of shipping sectors (or sub-sectors) with the highest share of exhaust emissions once their local effects have been confirmed by a dispersion, exposure and impact assessment.

Emissions Environmental protection Passenger ships Ports

969 ABSTRACTS

2.9 GENERAL OPERATION

2015112596

Full-scale measurements of a polar supply and research vessel during manoeuvre tests in an ice field in the Baltic Sea. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4556-1. Volume 10: Polar and Arctic Science and Technology. Paper No. OMAE2014-24128 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912292 Bekker, A., Suominen, M., Et al English

Full-scale measurements were performed on the Polar Supply and Research Vessel, the S.A. Agulhas II during ice-trials in the Baltic Sea. Ice loads on the ship hull and propulsion system were measured concurrently with ice-thickness and whole-body vibration comfort for controlled manoeuvres in a level ice field. These measurements were aimed at establishing the links between ice-properties, hull- and shaft loads and the vibration feedback received by the operator of the vessel. Results indicate that manoeuvres significantly increase the frequency and magnitude of ice loads at the stern shoulder area as well as the ice impacts on the propellers. The number of ice impacts on the instrumented port side shaft line increased for turning manoeuvres in a starboard direction. Occupants on the Bridge did not receive feedback through vibration transmission from ice impacts on the hull as a time-history of discrete events. Instead, ice passage excites the global bending modes of the vessel. Blade impacts between ice debris and the propellers are however perceivably transmitted to vessel operators. Although vibration exposure on the bridge is increased by operations in ice subjective experiences of vibration did not reach levels that caused discomfort.

Full scale tests Ice fields Ice loads Vibration Research vessels

2015112597

Technology-based risk calculation methodology in coastal container liner shipping. Pomorstovo, v 29 n 1, June 2015, p 94 [6 p, 10 ref, 1 tab] http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=207010 Bukša, J., Frančić, V., Bukša, T. English

The methodology of business and technology risk evaluation and management in shipping is based on three key factors: the voyage duration, the detected spots of technological differences and the spots of consequence costs. The lowest costs of a vessel on a voyage or on a segment of a voyage are considered to be the optimal costs of a certain vessel on the voyage or on the segment of the voyage. Each cost that arises on a voyage or on a segment of a voyage which is higher than the lowest recorded cost is a consequence of a threat or a danger that has come to be. The initial value of the consequence cost is the lowest recorded cost or the optimal cost. The standard deviation is proposed to be the measure of the consequence cost i.e. of the degree of risk. The consequence cost that is higher than the ideal cost by two standard deviations is within the limits of the acceptable risk.

Coastal shipping Containerised shipping Costs Liner shipping Risk

2015112598

Measurement of radiated underwater noise from a small research vessel in shallow water. A Yücel Odabaşi Colloquium Series, 1st International Meeting - Propeller Noise & Vibration; 6-7 November 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Organised by Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. P 47 [9 p, 19 ref, 1 tab, 13 fig] http://www.ayocol.itu.edu.tr/files/AYOCOL_2014_Proceedings.pdf Brooker, A., Humphrey, V. English

The impact of man-made underwater noise on the marine environment has in recent years received increased attention from regulatory authorities, as evidenced by its inclusion in the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) of the European Union (EU). Radiated underwater noise from ships, primarily resulting from propeller cavitation, has for

ABSTRACTS 970

many years been understood to be one of the major contributors to ambient ocean noise. Civilian research in this area has to date been relatively limited; standards covering the measurement of radiated noise from ships in deep water and data analysis procedures have only recently been published by national and international standards institutes. Less attention has so far been paid to the measurement of radiated noise from ships in shallow water environments. This is of interest as shallow water areas are more likely to be used by civilian researchers due to the logistical problems involved in undertaking trials in deep water. The issue of shipping noise has been identified as one requiring further research, indicated by the recent funding of several large collaborative projects by the EU (for example the SILENV, AQUO and SONIC projects). This paper presents ship radiated noise data measured using a three hydrophone array during a recent sea trial undertaken as part of the SONIC project.

Measurement Noise Propeller cavitation Underwater acoustics

2015112599

Propeller cavitation noise and background noise. A Yücel Odabaşi Colloquium Series, 1st International Meeting – Propeller Noise & Vibration; 6-7 November 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Organised by Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. P 57 [6 p, 12 ref, 10 fig] http://www.ayocol.itu.edu.tr/files/AYOCOL_2014_Proceedings.pdf Wittekind, D., Schuster, M. English

Background noise in the sea due to shipping has increased continuously over the past decades and became a concern of environmentalists in particular concerning masking of communication calls of baleen whales. The cause of this low frequency noise is solely attributable to propeller cavitation at frequencies below 300 Hz. The noise spectrum features a characteristic maximum at around 50 Hz with most ships independent of type, size and speed. This spectrum and its cause are widely unexplained. This paper describes the observations made in full scale ships particularly with respect to the broad band part of the low frequency spectrum. A simple acoustic

ship model is presented and procedures to investigate into the physics of noise generation by cavitation are suggested and the possible influence on background noise in the sea be estimated.

Cavitation noise Propeller cavitation Underwater acoustics

2015112600

Underwater noise and marine wildlife: current and future implication and assessment. A Yücel Odabaşi Colloquium Series, 1st International Meeting – Propeller Noise & Vibration; 6-7 November 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Organised by Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. P 63 [7 p, 11 ref, 2 tab, 3 fig] http://www.ayocol.itu.edu.tr/files/AYOCOL_2014_Proceedings.pdf Kellett, P., Turan, O., Incecik, A. English

There has been growing concern regarding the potential impact of ship radiated underwater noise, and in particular propeller noise, on marine wildlife. Pressure from the US Government and conservation bodies has lead the IMO to establish a committee to further investigate this issue. The EU has also taken steps to further knowledge in this area, through funding of research projects such as the recently completed SILENV Project, and the currently ongoing AQUO and SONIC Projects. Whilst ship radiated underwater noise is not currently formally regulated for the majority of vessels, several bodies have taken steps to propose thresholds and limits for various purposes, including those proposed by the EU research projects. These have been derived in a variety of ways. There are also a number of directives and legal instruments which directly or indirectly address the subject. These have again arisen for a variety of different reasons. This paper explores the existing and potential future requirements placed upon ship designers, owners and also upon flag states, in particular in relation to underwater noise and its impact on marine wildlife. It then explores the need for methods of assessing the potential impact of a particular ship on wildlife within its operational area. Three different types of assessment are discussed, namely biologically-based, rules-based and goals-based approaches. The methods are demonstrated by way of a case study example. Finally, the paper looks

971 ABSTRACTS

at ways in which the proposed methods could be extended or adapted in response to future changes in regulation.

Noise effects Underwater acoustics

2015112601

Towards human-oriented norms: investigating the effects of noise exposure on board ships. A Yücel Odabaşi Colloquium Series, 1st International Meeting – Propeller Noise & Vibration; 6-7 November 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Organised by Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. P 71 [7 p, 25 ref, 9 tab, 10 fig] http://www.ayocol.itu.edu.tr/files/AYOCOL_2014_Proceedings.pdf Kurt, R.E., Helvacioglu, I.H., Turan, O. English

With current trends showing a decrease in crew numbers on board ships together with increased operational demands as well as increased paperwork, crew fatigue and comfort has become more critical and recently been given more importance. It is known that environmental factors have an effect on crew comfort and performance. The two outstanding environmental factors which exist in the shipboard environment are ship motions and noise, moreover, in these two areas the findings and lessons learnt from other industrial sectors are considered to be less relevant. Therefore, it was necessary to conduct research to understand the effects of these factors, so that, the lessons learnt can be integrated into design process in order to eliminate the adverse effects of the aforementioned two factors during operation. Due to having more obvious performance outcomes ship motions and motion sickness research attracted more interest where human response to noise have been neglected so far. Therefore, this paper reports the findings of research study which investigated the current levels of crew noise exposure through field studies. Furthermore, developed human response models to noise on board ships and SILENV green label noise standards are also introduced in comparison with current normative framework.

Human factors Noise effects Ship personnel

2015112602

A study on estimation methodology of GHG emission from vessels by using energy efficiency index and time series monitoring data. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [7 p, 11 ref, 5 tab, 5 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Kano, T., Namie, S. English

The National Maritime Research Institute of Japan (NMRI) has developed an Eco-Shipping Support System for domestic coastal shipping to provide energy saving navigation route and just-in-time speed plan. The operations by these services using weather routing are becoming a popular method combined with the rising fuel price. Accordingly, many simulation-based studies have been accomplished for comparative analysis. However, shipping company attempt to evaluate the effects of these operations based on actual data. The NMRI has developed methodologies to evaluate the amount of GHG emission reductions by using the speed plan services. One is based on Energy Efficiency Navigational Indicator (EENI), which is proposed to evaluate both loaded and unloaded conditions, in different size and speed of ships. The other is the estimate of operational performances of ship by using monitoring data. This paper presents applicability of these estimation methodologies to actual ships. Consequently, effectiveness and practical applicability was confirmed.

Emissions Estimating Fuel consumption Ship performance monitoring

2015112603

A pathway towards more sustainable shipping in 2050: A possible future for automation and remote operations. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [13 p, 21 ref, 1 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Manno, G. English

Developments in ICT will have a profound effect on

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the shipping industry, providing new ways to analyse ship functions to significantly improve efficiency and safety performance. Similarly, advances in automation will shape the ways ships are designed, built, and operated. Sensor technologies and monitoring systems, combined with seamless ship-shore connectivity and software-enabled decision support tools, will create a more data-centric, responsive and flexible industry that is fully integrated with global transportation networks. This paper describes briefly the state of the art on ship automation and remote operations and presents a possible future scenario for shipping where onshore control centres will be responsible for the management of the ship. Main drivers, barriers and business opportunities are investigated alongside with the possible changes these developments may impose on the current business models of the main stakeholders involved in ship design and operation.

Remote control Ship automation

2015112604

Ship retrofit solutions: Economic, energy and environmental impacts. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [10 p, 13 ref, 4 tab, 8 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Aronietis, R., Sys, C., Vanelslander, T. English

Retrofitting existing ships with “greener” technologies currently has become common practice due to different economic and environmental considerations. This research was sparked by the need for the policy makers and ship owners to evaluate the economic, emission and environmental performance of the different available retrofit solutions. For the policy makers, the choice of appropriate retrofit solutions to support is welfare-based, while for the ship owners the industrial-economic aspects are the most important. In practice, viable policies need to balance the interests of both sides. The research uses a three-stage approach to examine the performance of the retrofit solutions. In the first stage, an aggregate simulation model is developed. It allows testing various scenarios that simulate the introduction of retrofit solutions on the European scale. In the second

stage, the simulations are run to test the impacts of such currently often discussed technologies and practices as dual-fuel engines, wind propulsion, LNG-powered generators, speed reduction, variable speed operation of propeller, voyage optimisation, SCR systems and scrubber systems. The third stage of the research focuses on the assessment of the impacts. It allows comparing the different retrofit solutions based on economic, emission and energy performance. The comparison of the performance of different retrofit solutions enables the choice of the best-performing technological option. The results of this research are most relevant for the ship owners and for policy makers, but other stakeholders might be interested as well. For ship owners, this research shows which retrofit solutions are economically viable and worth considering. For policy makers, this research shows the welfare benefits and costs for ship owners of the tested retrofit solutions, which is applicable for development of efficient and viable policies.

Cost benefit analysis Emissions Retrofitting Ship performance

2015112605

Model and simulation of operational energy efficiency for inland river ships. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [6 p, 9 ref, 3 tab, 3 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Sun, X., Yan, X.P., Yin, Z. English

A greater understanding of energy efficiency of ships is vital to reduce CO2 emissions. Previous studies have put more emphasis on ocean ships than inland river ones. In order to analyse the operational energy efficiency of inland river ships, and based on the resistance characteristics of different navigation environment factors, a main engine operational energy efficiency model was developed using the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) as monitoring tool. The modelling and simulation, taking advantage of MATLAB/Simulink, were verified by the data onboard. The EEOI model was simulated under different navigation environment

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conditions. The results showed that the EEOI of the case ship is lower than its sea-going counterpart, and it varies with the main engine speed significantly, the simulation also showed how the EEOI is influenced by navigation environment such as wind, wave and water current.

Efficiency Energy consumption Inland waterways vessels Ship performance

2015112606

A generic modelling approach for heavy lifting marine operations. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [10 p, 15 ref, 1 tab, 17 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Xu, J., Halse, K.H. English

This paper introduces a generic modelling approach for heavy lifting marine operation based on modelling and simulation software 20-sim (Controllab 2014). The model is a multi-body dynamic system which can be divided into vessel, crane, cable, load, and control system. Physical entities are modelled either in bond graph or directly using 3D Mechanics toolbox and connected by interactive power port. All control schemes are modelled as signal flows separated from physical entities. The vessel is modelled as six Degrees of Freedom (DOF) bond graph and connected to the crane model inside 3D Mechanics unit. Crane model is controlled by outside manual/auto control scheme. Cable and load are modelled inside 3D Mechanics with hydrodynamic behaviour represented by actuators. The performance of each system is evaluated respectively by regulations and analysis. Examples of different combinations of sub-systems are given at the end. The project is aiming at developing a generic modelling method to serve as a multi-user training and design platform.

Heavy lift operations System modelling

2015112607

An approach towards the design of robust arctic maritime transport systems. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [8 p, 11 ref, 5 tab, 8 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Bergström, M., Ehlers, S., Erikstad, S.O. English

This paper describes a simulation-based approach towards the design of robust arctic maritime transport systems that are adaptable to uncertain future ice conditions. It makes it possible to simulate the performance of the transport system for various future ice scenarios and to compare various ice mitigation strategies in terms of cost. A case study is carried out to demonstrate how the approach could be applied in practice. The outcome from the case study indicates that the approach can provide valuable insights into the economics of an arctic maritime transport system and that its components can easily be modified or replaced for improved accuracy.

Arctic transportation Ice conditions Ice transiting vessels Simulation

2015112608

Defining operational criteria for offshore vessels. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [7 p, 8 ref, 4 tab, 8 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Berg, T.E., Selvik, Ø., Berge, B.O. English

Operational criteria for marine operations are traditionally specified in terms of maximum permissible significant wave heights. Motions of ships and offshore structures depend on their dynamic characteristics and the nature of the environmental excitation forces. These parameters should be reflected in how operating limits are defined. Particularly for vessels operating in harsh environments, where the quality of weather forecasts tends to be low, such as in open Arctic waters, operational criteria should be related to vessel motions and environmental conditions described by wave, current and wind parameters. This paper

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reviews previous work on parameters influencing operational performance for ships. A brief look at specification of operational limits for marine operations are given as background knowledge for a discussion of how operational limits could be developed for safe and efficient marine operations in open Arctic waters.

Offshore service vessels Ship operation Ship performance

2015112609

Ship port pre-arrival reporting and ship survey status as eMar services. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [10 p, 15 ref, 5 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Vanem, E., Yarmolenka, D., Koroday, G. English

This paper presents two pilot services that have been developed based on the Common Reporting Schema (CRS) for the maritime industries. Both pilot services demonstrate how existing services may be enhanced if they can be offered as XML Web services according to a standardized schema. The information provided by the web services can then be consumed by other services and also interpreted and processed programmatically in order to facilitate improved information exchange and communication between ship and shore and between different stakeholders within maritime transportation. The two basic pilot services presented in this paper are simplified ship to shore pre-arrival reporting and provision of ship certificate and survey status. It is noted that for both pilot services, further work may extend the functionalities of the pilot services, but it is demonstrated that the definitions in the CRS are sufficient for exchanging the necessary information.

Information exchange Ship to shore Ship surveys

2015112610

Concepts for ferry propulsion and emissions performance improvement. Journal of Ship Production and Design, v 31 n 3, August 2015, pp 170-180 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sname/jspd/2015/00000031/00000003/art00002 Lamb, T. English

As a result of budget pressure, ship owners are seeking ways to reduce fuel cost and meet emission requirements. This is especially true of ferry operators as a result of their continuous operation near land. This article proposes concepts in the areas of hull form, propulsors, and materials for hull and deckhouse structure that could provide the way to achieve improved performance in these areas and provide some additional important benefits.

Emissions Ferries Propulsive performance Ship performance

2015112611

Freight transport using short sea shipping. Journal of Shipping and Ocean Engineering, v 5 n 3, 2015, p 143 [8 p, 8 ref, 2 tab, 5 fig] http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/55a4846dadd57.pdf Ametller, X. English

The increasing imbalance between road and maritime transport has led to saturation of the terrestrial infrastructures. For this reason, the development and analysis of an intermodal freight transport which is safe, reliable and sustainable is the first step to a more balanced growth of other transport options. In this sense, Short Sea Shipping (SSS) is a real and efficient alternative to the land road-based transport as well as integrated to a door to door multimodal system for freight distribution. This paper aims to evaluate and identify all those parameters required to determine the characteristics of a SSS service under a theoretical approach. The increasing growth of the transport market demands to the maritime transport an adaptation effort to the redistribution space processes of production centers and consumption and, as a result of it, of the logistic flows and transport. For this reason, a specific methodology has been developed to model all those phases integrated in the logistic chain of SSS. The final purpose is to determine costs and time of each of them, for its later implementation in a

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heuristic algorithm of routing analysis. The main driving factors that determine under which conditions the SSS represents an effective and a feasible solution to road freight are also identified. Information regarding European Union programs to promote the SSS is also presented for a better understanding of the ways of funding sustainable freight transport projects. This investigation states an initial basis for evaluating the competitiveness of SSS concepts, and shows where market and environmental circumstances could be handled in order to enhance the competitiveness of SSS.

Short sea trades Short sea vessels

2015112612

Estimated index values of new ships. Published by CE Delft, The Netherlands, March 2015 [36 p, 4 ref, 14 tab, 14 fig] http://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2015%2005%20CE_Delft_7E50_Estimated_Index_Values_of_New_Ships_DEF.pdf Faber, J., Hoen, M., Et al English

As of January 1st 2013, all new ships have to meet a minimum value for their Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI). The EEDI value ships have to meet is a function of ship type and size of the ship. It is based on an empirical regression line of the efficiency of ships built between 1999 and 2009 which is called the reference line. The reference lines were calculated using publicly available data to construct a simplified version of the EEDI called the Estimated Index Value (EIV). There is little publicly available information on how the design efficiency of ships that have entered the fleet since 2009 has developed. The IMO has published the EEDI of a limited number of ships launched since 2012, but the sample of ships is small and the time period limited. The published data show clearly, however, that EIVs and EEDIs of ships are well correlated. This report analyses the EIV of over 9,000 new ships that have entered the fleet between January 2009 and July 2014. The detailed analysis of ship types shows many ships have an EIV 10% or more below the reference line. This is the case for about a fifth of tankers, gas carriers and combination carriers, over a quarter of bulk carriers, and over three quarters of container ships and general cargo ships that have entered the fleet since 2013. Taking into account that the EIV is an overestimation of the

EEDI, this result suggests many ships already exceed the EEDI required from 2015. The EIV improvements have, for a number of ship categories, coincided with increases in average design speed and decreases in main engine power. This suggests that hull or propulsion efficiency has been improved. These findings also suggest that, if design speeds were kept constant, even larger improvements in design efficiency would have been possible.

Efficiency Energy conservation Energy consumption Ships

2015112613

Historical trends in ship design efficiency. Published by CE Delft, The Netherlands, March 2015 [29 p, 10 ref, 4 tab, 19 fig] http://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/CE_Delft_7E50_Historical_trends_in_ship_design_efficiency_DEF.pdf Faber, J., Hoen, M. English

There is a growing interest in the fuel efficiency of ships because of fuel prices, climate change, and energy security issues. This has resulted in, amongst other things, a regulation governing the design efficiency of new ships (the Energy Efficiency Design Index or EEDI for short). As of 2013, new ships need to meet an EEDI target efficiency relative to a baseline constructed from the average design efficiency of ships that have entered the fleet in the period 1999-2008. The targets become more stringent over time. Currently, the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is reviewing the targets. One of the main questions being addressed is the feasibility of the targets. The historical development of design efficiency can provide relevant information to answer this question in three ways. First, it can elucidate how the design efficiency in the reference line period 1999–2008 compares to other periods. Second, it can show what the timeframe for market driven efficiency improvements has been. And third, it can show which design changes have resulted in efficiency changes. This study shows that, in general, the design efficiency of new ships improved significantly in the 1980s, was at its best in the 1990s and deteriorated after that. Figure 1 shows the best fit power curves for bulkers for five

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decades, including the decade in which the reference line was set. It shows that the design efficiency in the 1980s and 1990s was up to 10% better than in the period 1999–2008. A similar pattern can be observed for tankers and container ships.

Efficiency Fuel conservation Fuel consumption History Trends

2015112614

Relevance of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) for bulk shipping. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, v 78, August 2015, pp 337-346 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856415001561 Pierre, C., Olivier, F. English

Some scholars consider that today’s market conditions are in favour of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) rather than the Suez Canal Route (SCR). However, the number of bulk carriers using the NSR remains extremely limited, despite higher fuel prices since 2009 and subsequent significant fuel savings. In 2013, there were 53 transits via the Arctic, out of which 27 by oil tankers and 6 by bulk carriers. This article shows that this result might be attributable to a factor, which is not considered in most studies: the spot freight rate to fuel ratio which governs ship owners’ decisions regarding the sailing speed. Due to a low ratio since 2011, the speed of vessels on the SCR is at its lowest level, and potential NSR fuel savings are too limited to provide a viable alternative. It is further argued that, contrary to most studies, internalizing NSR environmental benefits marginally improves the attractiveness of the NSR.

Arctic waters Bulk shipping Routes Ship speed

3.1 GENERAL HYDRODYNAMICS, HYDRAULICS AND OCEANOGRAPHY

2015112615

Modelling of extreme waves related to stability research. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 7, p 210 [6 p, 5 ref, 7 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Hennig, J., Walrre, F. van English

The paper deals with several aspects of extreme wave modelling in model basins. The effects of directional spreading, steepness and distance from the wave maker on the probability of occurrence of extreme wave crest heights are shown and discussed. Next a method for calibration of directional waves is presented. Finally, the modelling of deterministic waves in a model basin is dealt with.

Extreme waves Model basins Wave models

2015112616

Deriving the linear-wave spectrum from a nonlinear spectrum. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 7, p 236 [6 p, 2 ref, 5 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Reed, A.M., Telste, J.G. English

In extreme nonlinear seas, one cannot directly use the measured spectra, ST (ω), from these seas in an analysis, or to derive a seakeeping prediction, but rather one must derive the underlying linear spectrum to describe the waves that should be simulated. At extreme wave heights theoretical spectra have nonlinear tails that are unrealizable in an

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experimental facility due to the breaking of high frequency waves. A technique for deriving the underlying realizable spectrum is described.

Wave spectra

2015112617

Hydroacoustic simulations using OpenFOAM. A Yücel Odabaşi Colloquium Series, 1st International Meeting – Propeller Noise & Vibration; 6-7 November 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Organised by Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. P 91 [4 p, 6 ref, 6 fig] http://www.ayocol.itu.edu.tr/files/AYOCOL_2014_Proceedings.pdf Ertinaz, F. English

Hydroacoustics is the area that focuses on the study of propagating sound in water. Sound may occur because of a wide variety of reasons. Theoretical basis for the analysis of sound generated by a body moving in a fluid is represented by the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FWH) equation, which can be derived from basic conservation laws of mass and momentum written in terms of generalized functions. In the scope of this project turbulent incompressible flow around cavitating propellers is investigated to predict the influence of cavitation on the noise waveforms. Therefore it is aimed to implement a transient multiphase hydroacoustics solver based on the FWH equation to determine the noise generated by ship propellers as well as to compute the influence of cavitation occurring. The nonlinear terms are included in the mathematical model because the results from recent studies show that neglecting the quadrupole terms does not yield sufficient enough results. The software of which this study is based is OpenFOAM, an Open Source object-oriented library for numerical simulations in continuum mechanics written in the C++ programming language. OpenFOAM framework is selected as the basis library for code development because of its flexibility in the development of customized numerical solvers.

Computational fluid dynamics Propeller cavitation Turbulent flow Underwater acoustics

2015112618

Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations of propeller wake effects on seabed. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [8 p, 11 ref, 1 tab, 12 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Nguyen, V.T., Nguyen, H.H., Et al English

During operations of propellers in restricted areas such as near port, coastal areas bounded by the seabed, propeller jets may cause seabed scouring as well as damage to port structures. This phenomena is also known as propeller wash, which strongly affects sediment dynamics in most navigable estuaries and rivers; causing other environmental impacts, such as sea bed erosions, sediment re-suspension, that damages corals and other water lives. In this work Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations is employed as a tool to investigate the dynamics of propeller jets under restricted operation conditions; thus shedding light on investigations of mechanism of sediment pick-up, re-suspension, scour as well as providing quantitative assessment of erosion and scour caused by propeller jets.

Computational fluid dynamics Propeller races Seabed Sediment transport

3.2 RESISTANCE AND PROPULSIVE PERFORMANCE

2015112619

Full scale wake prediction of an energy saving device by using computational fluid dynamics. Ocean Engineering, v 101, 1 June 2015, pp 254-263 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815000803 Park, S., Oh, G., Et al English

Recently interest on energy saving devices (ESDs) has increased with the enforcement of the energy efficiency design index (EEDI) verification proposed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Extension of propulsive performance results from model to full scale ships plays an important role in verification of ships with ESDs. The present study proposed a reliable and efficient propulsive

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performance prediction method for full scale ships with ESDs. The propulsive performance prediction in full scale KVLCC2 with pre-swirl stator (PSS) was conducted by the proposed method. Its results were then compared with those by the existing extension methods and by full scale CFD computations. From the results, it was confirmed that the proposed method could extend the model scale results to full scale ones with ESDs performance improvement effects. Unlike the existing methods, it takes into account of ESDs and consumes much less computational resources and time than full scale CFD computations.

Computational fluid dynamics Energy conservation Propulsive performance Stators Wakes

2015112620

Investigation on drag performance of anti-fouling painted flat plates in a cavitation tunnel. Ocean Engineering, v 101, 1 June 2015, pp 264-274 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001018 Paik, B-G., Kim, K-Y., Et al English

The flat plate coated with silicone-type Tin–free self-polishing co-polymer (SPC) or the conventional metal-type Tin-free SPC is prepared to investigate the drag performance of the anti-fouling SPC. The local skin friction of anti-fouling paints is evaluated by a flat plate model test method in the cavitation tunnel. The properties of the boundary layer and the drag performance are investigated by flow and force measurement techniques. The silicone-type SPC paint shows better drag performance than the metal-type paint in the high speed regime. The silicone-type SPC paints also show decreasing roughness function (ΔU+) with the increase of displacement thickness Reynolds number (Reδ) and roughness Reynolds number (Ks+). Even in the same silicone-type SPC paints with similar roughness function, drag performance appears differently. The different drag performance in the silicone-type SPC painted surfaces is considered to be affected by different turbulent vortical structures caused by the surface roughness. Y-directional peak position of streamwise turbulence intensity is utilized to estimate the

existence of vortical structure. To investigate the reason of the different drag performance in the silicone-type SPC painted surfaces, the POD analysis, extracting the most energetic flow fields, is adopted to find the effects of cross-flow velocity component caused by the turbulent vortical structure.

Antifouling coatings Drag Flat plates Skin friction

2015112621

Added resistance in waves of intact and damaged ship in the Adriatic Sea. Brodogradnja, v 66 n 2, June 2015, p 1 [14 p, 12 ref, 2 tab, 11 fig] http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=206661 Martić, I., Degiuli, N., Ćatipović, I. English

In this paper the ship added resistance in regular head waves and at different sea states in a certain frequency range at different forward speeds was calculated. Calculations were conducted using hydrodynamic software. Since after a maritime accident a damaged ship often has to be removed from the place where the accident occurred, the seakeeping characteristics of the damaged ship were also calculated. The response of the damaged ship was simulated using two models: damage simulated as an increase in the ship displacement mass and as a flooded tank within the midship area. Calculations are based on the linear potential flow theory and added resistance was determined by the wave drift force as the second order wave load. The quadratic transfer function QTF which describes low-frequency second order wave loads was approximated by its zeroth term only, i.e. by the drift load at incoming wave frequencies. The mean added resistance values of the intact and the damaged ship were compared. The calculation results show that added resistance in waves of the damaged ship with a flooded tank differs slightly from the added resistance in waves of the damaged ship with an increased displacement.

Added resistance in waves Drift forces Potential flow Transfer functions Wave loads

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2015112622

The procedure for calculation of the optimal carrying capacity of pushed convoy based on parameters obtained by experiments in actual navigating conditions. Brodogradnja, v 66 n 2, June 2015, p 15 [14 p, 19 ref, 6 tab, 9 fig] http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=206662 Škiljaica, I., Tanackov, I., Maraš, V. English

Exploitation and technical parameters of a ship are very important qualitative characteristics which determine the efficiency of the use of any kind of transportation vessels both for pushboats and for pushed convoys as a whole. Some of the most important exploitation and technical parameters are: parameter of transport efficiency, tonnage quality parameter, and thrust output of propeller. The complexity of these parameters can be seen from the fact that they present the values of achieved payload-distance during transportation of cargo in the unit of time per unit of installed (or effective) power of propelling engines of ships. The most reliable means for determining the transport efficiency is the method of testing in actual navigating conditions, which is conducted in order to determine exact technical characteristics of propelling engines of pushboats, and to determine drawbacks in their work and to increase their thrust and speed characteristics. This paper presents the process of choosing the size, shape, and number of barges in the convoy based on experiments conducted on a pushboat whose propelling engines have installed power 3×809.6 kW (3×1,100 HP). Obtained results are based on presumption that the total resistance of a pushed convoy is equal to the total thrust achieved by the ship’s propelling complex.

Propulsive efficiency Pusher tugs Thrust Tug barge systems

2015112623

An experimental and numerical prediction of marine propeller noise under cavitating and non-cavitating conditions. Brodogradnja, v 66 n 2, June 2015, p 29 [17 p, 26 ref, 3 tab, 17 fig] http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=206663 Bagheri, M.R., Mehdigholi, H., Et al English

In this study, the hydrodynamics and noise prediction of a five blade marine propeller were analysed through numerical and experimental methods under variety operational conditions. The hydrodynamics of the propeller was studied and the characteristic curves were presented in both numerical and experimental methods. Inception and development of sheet cavitation conditions are obtained in both numerical and experimental methods. The cavitation was started and developed by either increasing the propeller rotational speed in constant pressure or decreasing pressure, while the velocity was kept constant. Good agreements are observed between numerical and experimental results, qualitatively and quantitatively. The noise of the propeller was analysed through Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, based on the formulation of Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings (FW-H). Similarly, the experimental results collected from hydrophones were compared with numerical simulations. Finally, the effects of reflection in cavitation tunnel were obtained by considering overall sound pressure levels in numerical and experimental results.

Computational fluid dynamics Propeller cavitation Propeller noise

2015112624

Computational fluid dynamics simulation of cavitating open propeller and azimuth thruster with nozzle in open water. A Yücel Odabaşi Colloquium Series, 1st International Meeting – Propeller Noise & Vibration; 6-7 November 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Organised by Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. P 85 [5 p, 8 ref, 7 tab, 8 fig] http://www.ayocol.itu.edu.tr/files/AYOCOL_2014_Proceedings.pdf Huuva, T., Törnros, S. English

The purpose of this work is to investigate possibilities

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to study pressure pulses generated from a propeller under cavitation condition. This type of pressure pulses, at least at low order close to the blade rate frequency, can today relatively exactly be modelled using potential flow methods. These types of methods do however have physical limitations, preventing them to develop much further. With Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), on the other hand, some development is still needed to come to the same level as well validated potential flow codes. The possibilities to develop more advanced numerical models, also including higher order frequencies, are however much greater using CFD as compared to potential flow. In this work a RANS model cavitation modelling is used to study the cavitating flow on the Potsdam propeller Test Case (PPTC) and a propeller on a ducted Azimuth thruster. The result shows well predicted performance and cavitation extent, comparing with the experiments on the PPTC Propeller. The nozzle propeller shows good cavitation behaviour, including the unsteady phenomena arising from the interaction between the propeller and the azimuth gear-house and stem.

Computational fluid dynamics Propeller cavitation Unsteady flow

2015112625

Propeller noise investigations by means of middle size cavitation tunnel measurements. A Yücel Odabaşi Colloquium Series, 1st International Meeting – Propeller Noise & Vibration; 6-7 November 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Organised by Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. P 95 [5 p, 5 ref, 5 tab, 7 fig] http://www.ayocol.itu.edu.tr/files/AYOCOL_2014_Proceedings.pdf Kowalczyk, S., Hoffmann, P. English

The hydroacoustic characteristics of propellers under different loading condition have been investigated including both cavitating and non-cavitating conditions. The standard propeller has been investigated in model scale, using the cavitation tunnel. The knowledge of hydroacoustic characteristic allows designing silent propulsion systems with the minimal impact on the marine environment.

Propeller noise Underwater acoustics

2015112626

Outlook on marine propeller noise and cavitation modelling. A Yücel Odabaşi Colloquium Series, 1st International Meeting – Propeller Noise & Vibration; 6-7 November 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Organised by Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. P 101 [8 p, 25 ref, 2 tab, 10 fig] http://www.ayocol.itu.edu.tr/files/AYOCOL_2014_Proceedings.pdf Lidtke, A.K., Turnock, S.R., Humphrey, V.F. English

Two computational studies are presented in this paper. First, the Potsdam Propeller Test Case which is used to demonstrate the capabilities of mass transfer cavitation models, more precisely the model by Sauer and Schnerr, in tackling the problem of marine propeller cavitation. It is shown that the extents of the predicted cavitation regions agree well with the experiment but suffer from the fact that the tip vortices and the associated low pressure regions are under resolved when URANS is utilised. Next, preliminary results from the study of cavitation noise modelling attempt are presented for a NACA 0009 section, used as a simplified representation of a propeller blade. Large Eddy Simulation and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings porous acoustic analogy are used in order to estimate the cavitation-induced noise. Results indicate that the discussed approach provides the means for identifying low-frequency noise generation mechanisms in the flow, yielding sound pressure levels of the order of 40 dB re 20 mPa, but does not allow for fine scale bubble dynamics to be resolved. One may conclude that the discussed approach is a viable option to predict large parts of marine propeller noise spectra but further work is needed in order to account for the high frequency components.

Numerical models Propeller cavitation Propeller noise

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2015112627

The usage of propeller tunnels for higher efficiency and lower vibration. A Yücel Odabaşi Colloquium Series, 1st International Meeting – Propeller Noise & Vibration; 6-7 November 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Organised by Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. P 109 [4 p, 10 ref, 4 tab, 5 fig] http://www.ayocol.itu.edu.tr/files/AYOCOL_2014_Proceedings.pdf Şamşul, M.B., Görener, N. English

Most of the vessels have their propellers and shaft equipment below the keel. Propellers in tunnels are an alternative to conventional systems; hereby reducing the draft of the craft is the main objective of the tunnels. Moreover designers forced to use small diameter propellers in order to reduce vessel draft but these solutions bring other inefficiencies such as cavitation and poor propulsive efficiency. Tunnel design provides reducing in shaft angle and decreasing in draft, at the same time propellers which have large diameters become available by using propeller tunnels. In order to get advantages of the propeller tunnels, propeller and tunnel geometry must be designed together. According to the experimental results, propeller tunnels do not bring a negative effect on propeller efficiency. Moreover, an optimum tunnel-propeller design may increase efficiency. Small tip clearance, for an optimum tunnel-propeller design, generates higher efficiency than open-water. Reduced clearance provides the propeller to operate with increased efficiency by the help of reduced tip losses. But higher efficiency and lower draft are not the only advantages of the propeller tunnels. By the usage of the propeller pockets which are shallow tunnels, propeller induced vibrations become lower. On conventional installations without tunnels, minimum clearance should be minimum 15 percent of the propeller diameter between the propeller tip and the hull; otherwise excessive vibration will occur. But tunnel usage gives flexibility to reduce the clearance to 5 percent and with an optimum design nearly zero clearance is possible without vibration. This allows a larger propeller diameter, higher efficiency, lower cavitation without vibration. In this study; a specified motor yacht hull and a propeller is analysed without

tunnel and with tunnel geometry by using CFD solver. Propeller induced vibrations and efficiencies are compared for each condition in order to determine the advantages of the propeller tunnels.

Computational fluid dynamics Motor yachts Propeller efficiency Tunnels Vibration

2015112628

On Stokes’ coefficients and the wave resistance of a towed body. 30th International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies; 12-15 April 2015; Bristol, UK. [4 p, 8 ref, 3 fig] http://www.iwwwfb.org/Abstracts/iwwwfb30/iwwwfb30_34.pdf Maklakov, D.V., Petrov, A.G. English

In this work the authors have deduced an infinite system of quadratic equations with respect to the Stokes coefficients which define the periodic progressive waves in water of finite depth. The system has a compact form and has been derived by means of a new variational equation for steady periodic flows above a level bottom. By solving the system the authors have constructed an analytical ten-termed expansion in the amplitude for the wave resistance of a two-dimensional body that creates the waves. The coefficients of the expansion depend only on the mean depth of the waves. The obtained expansion has been compared with Kelvin’s one-termed formula and with an accurate numerical solution.

Coefficients Towed bodies Wave resistance

2015112629

On the prediction of wave-added resistance with empirical methods. Journal of Ship Production and Design, v 31 n 3, August 2015, pp 181-191 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sname/jspd/2015/00000031/00000003/art00003 Grin, R. English

There is continuous research on analytical, numerical, and (semi)empirical methods to predict wave-added

ABSTRACTS 982

resistance. Most of this research focuses on a particular area, like motion-induced wave added resistance, wave-added resistance in short waves, or is limited to head seas only. The practical application of most methods is therefore often limited. Moreover, most methods require detailed information on hull lines and results are rather sensitive to the discretization of those hull lines. Since 2006, MARIN has been investigating the feasibility of empirical methods that do not have those limitations. They only require the main particulars to predict wave-added resistance. Within the Sea Trial Analysis Joint Industry Project (STA-JIP), a method was developed for the correction of wave-added resistance in head seas covering both the motion-induced and the wave reflection-induced component. This method was further refined and extended to all wave directions within the service performance analysis JIP (SPA-JIP) in 2008. This article presents the results of the comparison between the prediction methods and model tests for almost 50 different ships, comprising more than 1500 tests in regular and irregular seas.

Added resistance in waves Sea trials Seakeeping Speed loss

2015112630

A hydrodynamic methodology and CFD analysis for performance prediction of stepped planing hulls. Polish Maritime Research, v 22 n 2, 2015, p 23 [9 p, 13 ref, 4 tab, 20 fig] http://www.bg.pg.gda.pl/pmr/pdf/PMRes_2015_2.pdf Ghassemi, H., Kamarlouei, M., Et al English

Nowadays all efforts in planing hull research are focused on resistance reduction for achieving the highest speed in fast planing crafts. Furthermore, many fruitful research projects have been carried out on marine coatings, planing equipment, and optimisation of propeller and hull form, which revolutionized high-speed craft and made them an efficient survival vehicle in coastal areas and rivers. In this paper the hydrodynamic performance of planing hulls are investigated by means of a modified Savitsky model for both non-stepped and stepped bodies. Meanwhile, in order to meet this goal

reasonably, effective geometrical parameters of planing hull are investigated and then operational hydrodynamic characteristics of the craft are predicted by using a computational program. Finally, the calculation results are verified by means of a CFD- analysis model.

Computational fluid dynamics Planing hulls Propulsive performance

2015112631

Ship propulsion in waves by actively controlled flapping foils. Applied Ocean Research, v 52, August 2015, pp 1-11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118715000541 Belibassakis, K.A., Filippas, E.S. English

Flapping wings located beneath or to the side of the hull of the ship are investigated as unsteady thrusters, augmenting ship propulsion in waves. The main arrangement consists of horizontal wing(s) in vertical oscillatory motion which is induced by ship heave and pitch, while rotation about the wing pivot axis is actively controlled. This work investigates the energy extraction by the system operating in irregular wave conditions and its performance concerning direct conversion to propulsive thrust. More specifically, the authors consider operation of the flapping foil in waves characterised by a spectrum, corresponding to specific sea state, taking into account the coupling between the hull and the flapping foil dynamics. The effect of the wavy free surface is accounted for through the satisfaction of the corresponding boundary conditions and the consideration of the wave velocity on the formation of the incident flow. Numerical results concerning thrust and power coefficients are presented, indicating that significant thrust can be produced under general operating conditions. This work can be exploited for the design and optimum control of such systems extracting energy from sea waves for augmenting marine propulsion in rough seas, with simultaneous reduction of ship responses offering also dynamic stabilisation.

Flaps (control surfaces) Foils Hull appendages Propulsive efficiency

983 ABSTRACTS

2015112632

A boundary element method for motions and added resistance of ships in waves. Transaction of FAMENA, v 39 n 2, 2015, p1 [12 p, 21 ref, 1 tab, 6 fig] http://www.journals4free.com/link.jsp?l=25406675 Ageno, E., Begovic, E., Et al English

The accurate prediction of ship resistance in waves is nowadays of increased importance since it greatly influences ship performance regarding sustainable service speed and fuel consumption in seaways. Added resistance is considered as the longitudinal component of the second order mean force acting on a ship in waves and can be calculated from the first order ship motions by integrating the corresponding second-order pressure on the body surface. The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for the prediction of motions and added resistance by a three dimensional Rankine panel method and to discuss and validate its results by comparing them with experimental data. The prediction in the short wave range, where forces due to wave reflection dominate, has been made applying semi-empirical corrections proposed by Kuroda. Experimental data for the heave, pitch, and added resistance of an ITTC benchmark KRISO container ship have been compared with numerical ones, and the applicability of the proposed method is discussed.

Added resistance in waves Boundary element method Ship motions

3.3 MOTION, SEAKEEPING AND MANOEUVRING

2015112633

Calculation scheme for wave pressure with autoregression method. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 4, p 135 [5 p, 7 ref, 2 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Degtyarev, A., Gankevich, I. English

In the problem of simulation of marine object behaviour in a seaway determination of pressures exerted on the object is often done on assumption of

ocean wave amplitudes being small compared to wave height, however, this is not the best approach for real ocean waves. This was done due to underlying wind wave models (such as Longuet-Higgins model) lacking ability to produce large amplitude waves. The other option is to use alternative autoregressive model which is capable of producing real ocean waves, but in this approach pressure calculation scheme should be extended to cover large-amplitude wave case. It is possible to obtain analytical solutions for both two- and three-dimensional problem and it was found that corresponding numerical algorithms are simple and have efficient implementations compared to small amplitude case where the calculation is done by transforming partial differential equations into numerical schemes. In the numerical experiment it was proved that obtained formulae work for waves of arbitrary amplitudes whereas existing solutions work in small-amplitude case and diverge in large amplitude case.

Autoregression Hydrodynamic forces Wind waves

2015112634

Example of validation of statistical extrapolation. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 4, p 140 [4 p, 10 ref, 1 tab, 1 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Smith, T. English

Statistical extrapolation is a method to predict extreme, rare events from smaller, more common events using relatively short duration data sets. The validation of such methods requires a multi-tier validation approach consistent with the true value data structure. This paper provides a full demonstration of the multi-tier validation approach using roll ship motion with the Generalized Pareto Distribution.

Extrapolation Ship motions Validation

ABSTRACTS 984

2015112635

Critical distance on a phase plane as a metric for the likelihood of surf-riding in irregular waves. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 4, p 144 [5 p, 7 ref, 6 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Belenky, V., Spyrou, K., Weems, K. English

The paper addresses the formulation of a metric for the likelihood of surf-riding in irregular waves. This likelihood is a critical element of the split-time method that allows the inclusion of physics in statistical extrapolation. The candidate metric is the distance on the phase plane between the current position and the instantaneous boundary of attraction to the stable surf-riding equilibrium. The distance is measured along the line connecting the position of the dynamical system and the stable surf-riding equilibrium at the initial moment.

Equilibrium Irregular waves Mathematical models Stability

2015112636

On the application of the generalized Pareto distribution for statistical extrapolation in the assessment of dynamic stability in irregular waves. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 4, p 149 [5 p, 10 ref, 4 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Campbell, B., Belenky, V., Pipiras, V. English

Stability failures of intact ships can be characterized as the exceedance of some critical level of roll, pitch, and accelerations. The events that need to be characterized for a probabilistic assessment generally have a level of rarity so that they cannot be observed in a reasonable amount of model test runs or simulations. The Peaks Over Threshold (POT) method is a promising technique in the assessment of these rare stability failures. POT methods model the tail of the distribution of peaks as a Generalized Pareto Distribution, which is formally derived from

the Generalized Extreme Value distribution. Using Generalized Pareto Distribution in a POT framework allows for the assessment of the probability (with confidence intervals) of these rare events through statistical extrapolation.

Irregular waves Probability distribution functions Stability

2015112637

An experimental investigation on reduction of list angle of a semi-submersible platform in head sea. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 5, p 157 [7 p, 16 ref, 2 tab, 11 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Kim, N.W., Nam, B.W., Et al English

In this study, an experimental investigation has been made to investigate reduction of second-order roll motion of a semi-submersible platform in head sea condition by adding hull damping. The second-order heave drift force and roll drift moment are known as main triggers inducing the list angle (Hong et al., 2010). Hong et al. (2013) showed the possibility of reduction of list angle by changing pontoon shape and adding damping device on the hull by numerical calculations. One of their findings was that the reduction of the list angle due to increasing pontoon surface damping is significant. A series of model tests with a 1:50 scaled model of semi-submersible were carried out in a wave basin. It was experimentally found that adding damping on hull surface is effective for suppression of list angle.

Model tests Offshore platforms Rolling Semisubmersibles

985 ABSTRACTS

2015112638

A numerical study on manoeuvrability under steady equilibrium condition in waves for free-running model ship. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 6, p 167 [7 p, 16 ref, 2 tab. 11 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Suzuki, R., Ueno, M., Tsukada, Y. English

Authors developed a method; rudder effectiveness and speed correction (RSC), which makes both speed response in waves and rudder response of free-running model ships similar to those of full scale ships by using an auxiliary thruster. In this paper, the speed and the manoeuvring responses of free-running model ships applied RSC in waves on steady straight-running equilibrium condition and those of full scale ships are compared by numerical simulations. As the result, authors revealed that the speed decrease in waves as well as the manoeuvring response of free-running model ships applied RSC are able to be precisely similar to those of actual full scale ships. In addition, they also revealed the applicability of RSC in extreme severe seas and showed possibility to evaluate speed decrease and manoeuvrability for full scale ships in these seas experimentally.

Equilibrium Free running models Manoeuvrability

2015112639

Criteria for minimum powering and manoeuvrability in adverse weather conditions. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 6, p 174 [11 p, 17 ref, 8 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Shigunov, V., Papanikolaou, A. English

The 2012 guidelines on the method of calculation of the attained Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new ships, MEPC.212(63), represent a major step forward in implementing energy efficiency regulations for ships, MEPC.203(62), through the introduction of specifications for calculating the

EEDI for various types of ships. There are, however, concerns regarding the sufficiency of propulsion power and steering devices to maintain manoeuvrability of ships in adverse conditions, hence safety of ships, if the EEDI requirements are achieved by simply reducing the installed engine power. In the frame of a review of current EEDI provisions, the paper discusses possible criteria required to ensure ship’s manoeuvrability and safety under adverse conditions and proposes a way ahead regarding the implementation of these criteria by numerical methods and model tests.

Heavy weather Manoeuvrability Power requirements

2015112640

The inertia contributions due to floodwater mass. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 7, p 199 [5 p, 3 ref, 2 tab, 3 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Lee, G.J., Reed, A.M., Et al English

The Stability in Waves committee of the 27th ITTC investigated how to deal with the ship inertia contributions due to floodwater mass from three points of view: (1) floodwater domain, (2) floodwater inertia itself, (3) floodwater entering the ship. The committee suggested three criteria indicating the concept of how to deal with floodwater and providing clues on what to consider as floodwater when examining damaged ships: (1) whether the water is moving with the ship and the mass of that volume of water, (2) whether there is a significant pressure jump across the compartment boundary, and (3) whether the dynamics of water can be solved separately. For floodwater inertia, the committee divided this into the partially flooded case and fully flooded case, and investigated the properties and showed how to deal with floodwater inertia for each case. For the case of the floodwater entering the ship, the treatment of the inertia change due to floodwater was derived using the momentum change principle. The related ITTC procedure was updated reflecting this work.

Flooding Inertia

ABSTRACTS 986

2015112641

Numerical estimation and validation of shallow draft effect on roll damping. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 7, p 204 [6 p, 9 ref, 3 tab, 8 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Katayama, T., Yildiz, B., Umeda, J. English

It is difficult to calculate roll damping of ships theoretically due to the effects of viscosity. Therefore, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has become a powerful tool for the prediction of roll damping recently. For ship roll damping, the bilge keel component accounts for the greatest part of the total roll damping. However, bilge keels are most effective when they are fully submerged and the contribution of bilge keel to the total roll damping decrease when the draft is shallow. In this paper, the flow around a forced rolling two dimensional body is analysed to see the shallow draft effect on roll damping by using CFD code Fluent. In order to validate the CFD calculations, the results are compared with both the forced roll test results that were carried out by Katayama et al. (2010) and Ikeda’s estimation method. This study seeks to assess if the CFD code can correctly predict roll damping coefficients of a rolling vessel.

Bilge keels Computational fluid dynamics Damping Rolling

2015112642

An analysis of bilge keel effects using RANS with overset grids method. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 7, p 216 [13 p, 13 ref, 5 tab, 17 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Araki, M., Ohashi, K., Hirata, N. English

Roll damping effects due to bilge keels are one of the important topics for roll damping prediction. Since the mechanisms of the bilge keel effects are highly related to viscous phenomena, the roll decay with

forward speed simulation of the US navy combatant DTMB5415 is conducted with URANS solver. Here the attached bilge keel is reproduced by using an overset grids method. The computed results show not quantitative but qualitative agreements with the experimental results. Moreover the CFD forced roll motion without bilge keels is simulated to analyse the bilge keel effects. From the comparison of the roll moment between these computed results, the model with bilge keels has larger roll rate component and smaller roll acceleration component than those of the model without bilge keel. The larger roll rate component could be caused by vortex shedding at the bilge keel tips and smaller roll acceleration component might be caused by interfering the accelerated flow around the body.

Bilge keels Computational fluid dynamics Damping Rolling

2015112643

Numerical investigation into ship stability failure events in quartering seas based on time domain weakly nonlinear unified mode. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 7, p 229 [7 p, 19 ref, 2 tab, 9 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Yu, L., Ma, N., Gu, X. English

A 6-DOF weakly nonlinear unified model considering seakeeping motion at low frequency, manoeuvring motion and rudder propeller hydrodynamics is developed for the numerical analysis of ship stability failure events in quartering seas. In the model, the manoeuvring and seakeeping models are solved in different time scale and combined together based on the Unified theory. The model is applied to the ITTC ship A2 fishing vessel. Motions in regular astern waves with possible stability failure are simulated and compared with experiment results obtained from the literature. Results show that the weakly nonlinear model is capable of reproducing stability failure events like steady surf-riding, capsizing due to broaching and capsizing without broaching. However the quantitative agreement between simulation and experiment results of the ITTC ship A2 are not good enough at the moment. The present model seems to

987 ABSTRACTS

overestimate the possibility of stability failure somewhat and the reasons are discussed consequently.

Broaching Manoeuvring Mathematical models Seakeeping Stability

2015112644

A study on spinout phenomena of planing craft in high speed turning with a radio control model. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 8, p 249 [5 p, 3 ref, 2 tab, 11 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Katayama, T., Ohashi, S. English

In this study, a free running model test system for measuring unstable phenomena of planing craft, which is an 1m radio controlled planing hull model including measurement devices and whose max speed is 12m/sec, is developed to inspect safely and easily the occurrence of instabilities instead of a real-craft test. And, by using the system, the occurrence running condition, the characteristics of motion and the mechanism of occurrence of Spinout phenomenon is investigated.

Free running models High speed vessels Planing hulls Stability

2015112645

Stability analysis of hybrid catamaran fishing vessel. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 8, p 254 [8 p, 39 ref, 4 tab, 8 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Santosa, P.I., Utama, K.A.P., Aryawan, W.D. English

The successful development of the catamaran mode as passenger vessels has been extended to the

development of catamaran fishing vessel. This study is concerned with the development of hybrid power of the catamaran fishing vessel in order to minimize the use of fossil fuel and hence reduce greenhouse gas effect. A combination of power by using diesel engine, solar panels and sail is investigated. The study is focused on stability analysis with restriction to maintain its function as a fishing vessel.

Catamarans Fishing vessels Hybrid propulsion Stability

2015112646

Selecting monohull, catamaran and trimaran as suitable passenger vessels based on stability and seakeeping criteria. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 8, p 262 [5 p, 10 ref,7 tab, 7 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Luhulima, R.B., Utama, K.A.P., Setawan, D. English

This paper describes the selection of monohull, catamaran and trimaran in order to operate as a passenger vessel for calm water and oblique wave conditions. The three modes were built and modified based on the previous models developed at ITS which was applied for river and coastal areas. The analysis is focused on the evaluation of stability and seakeeping criteria. The stability criterion is based on IMO regulation and the seakeeping criterion is solved using Maxsurf and CFD analysis. The whole results are compared each other together with comparative analysis with published data in order to find out the most suitable vessel mode for the indicative seawaters.

Catamarans Monohulls Passenger ships Seakeeping Trimarans

ABSTRACTS 988

2015112647

Application second generation IMO Intact Stability Criteria to medium-sized fishing vessels. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 9, p 269 [9 p, 18 ref,7 tab, 2 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur González, M.M., Casás, V.D., Et al English

In this work, a sample application of the draft criteria proposed in SLF 55/WP.3 for assessing pure loss of stability, parametric roll and broaching failure modes to medium sized fishing vessels, is presented. The sampled vessels consist of seven ships, including trawlers, longliners and purse seiners, with lengths between 20 and 70 meters. This sample can be representative of the mid-sized Spanish current fishing fleet, including ships with quite different operative profiles and which are supposed to be safe from the static stability point of view (as they all comply with Torremolinos Protocol Requirements). On them, both loss of stability and parametric roll level 1 and 2 checks and broaching level 1 check have been carried out, analysing the vulnerability of the different typologies to the three failure modes. Moreover, some comments regarding the applicability of these criteria to these types of ships and their use as a design tool to improve fishing vessels safety are included.

Broaching Fishing vessels Rolling Stability Standards

2015112648

An initial investigation toward understanding scale effects in dynamic stability predictions. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. [8 p, 6 ref, 1 tab, 11 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/files/Proceedings/ISSW/ISSW_2014_Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia/Papers/ISSW_2014_sX-p02.pdf Belknap, W.F., Reed, A.M., Hughes, M.J. English

In order to further the dynamic stability community’s

understanding of direct assessment results and to inform development and validation of simulation tools, an argument is made to pursue a study of scale effects on large amplitude ship motions. Results are presented of a very limited numerical simulation study that tests the effect on motion response in high sea states when the resistance force, wake fraction, rudder lift behaviour, and hull cross-flow drag are modelled at model scale and full scale. Small differences in predicted motion responses were observed for steep seas, but not lower-period seaways of the same significant wave height. It is concluded that further study and discussion of scale effects in dynamic stability should continue.

Manoeuvring Scale effect Simulation Stability

2015112649

Dynamic stability of a wing in ground effect craft. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. [8 p, 12 ref, 1 tab, 8 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/files/Proceedings/ISSW/ISSW_2014_Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia/Papers/ISSW_2014_sX-p03.pdf Rahimuddin, Maimun, A., Et al English

Analysis of dynamic stability is practically very important where the critical condition might occur during take-off of a Wing in Ground (WIG) craft. The change of hull resistance from the water to the air can make a sudden reduction in resistance. It is also strongly influenced by the pressure on the lower wing boundary layer which becomes greater due to air pressure reflections from the ground or water surface to the wings. The change of the pressure and resistance influenced the stability of the WIG significantly. In this research, dynamic stability of WIG craft during cruise and time domain analysis during take-off is conducted to study the WIG performance. A mathematical model was developed in time-domain (incorporating heave, pitch and surge motions) with varying parameters to analyse the WIG responses at the critical situation during take-off.

Stability Time domain Wing in ground effect craft

989 ABSTRACTS

2015112650

A study on the short and long-term analysis of nonlinear hydrodynamic force on an Energy Saving Device. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 79 [9 p, 7 ref, 7 tab, 21 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Lee, D-B., Kim, H-J., Jang, B-S. English

In this paper, a new procedure for hydrodynamic load assessment of Energy Saving Devices (ESD) is proposed. The procedure consists of three main parts, seakeeping analysis, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis and long-term analysis. In sea-keeping analysis, Response Amplitude Operators (RAO) and response spectrums of vertical velocity at ESD are calculated. In CFD analysis, hydrodynamic force is calculated for pre-defined regular waves and a neural network is trained for the data. In order to consider the randomness of the irregularity, twenty different irregular time histories are generated from the response spectrums. Then, each time history of vertical velocity is converted to hydrodynamic force using the neural network. Gumbel distribution is used to fit the hydrodynamic force and long-term response is calculated. An approximate long-term calculation is made using contribution coefficient method that enables to perform time domain analysis for a few sea states that have dominant contributions to long-term response.

Computational fluid dynamics Energy conservation Fins Hydrodynamic forces Seakeeping

2015112651

Comparison of single and overset grid techniques for CFD simulations of a surface effect ship. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4540-0. Volume 2: CFD and VIV. Paper No. OMAE2014-24207 [7 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911530 Clark, C.G., Lyons, D.G., Neu, W.L. English

Overset, or Chimera meshes are used to discretize the

governing equations within a computational domain using multiple meshes that overlap in an arbitrary manner. The overset mesh technique is most applicable to problems dealing with multiple or moving bodies. In order to extend existing full craft CFD (RANS) simulations of a surface effect ship (SES) into shallow water and manoeuvring cases, an overset mesh is needed. Deep water simulations were carried out using both single and overset grid techniques for evaluation of the overset grid application. The single grid technique applies a hexahedral mesh to the fluid domain and SES geometry. An adequate mesh resolution was determined by performing a grid convergence study on a series of systematically refined meshes. An overset mesh of the same resolution was then constructed and was fixed to the body. Drag and pitch results are compared among the two simulations. Free surface elevations around the craft and under the air cushion for simulations with the single and overset meshes are compared. Steady-state simulations using the overset mesh and the single mesh show general similarities in drag, pitch, and free surface elevations.

Computational fluid dynamics Manoeuvring Shallow water Surface effect ships

2015112652

Viscous damping effects on heading stability of turret-moored ships. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4550-9. Volume 8A: Ocean Engineering. Paper No. OMAE2014-23638 [7 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912064 Zangeneh, R., Thiagarajan, K.P., Et al English

Tankers used for offshore oil production and storage are kept in station by turret mooring systems, enabling the vessels to weathervane in the direction of the dominant environmental loads. These passive weathervaning systems have been observed in model experiments to be ineffective in swell-dominated long wave conditions. Over a range of wavelengths from 0.6 < λ/L < 2 (L – ship length), the vessel was observed to lose heading control in head sea condition, due to a pitchfork bifurcation that is initiated at a critical wavelength of 0.73L. A notable feature of poor heading stability is the existence of a

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stable equilibrium at a large heading angle (50–60°) with respect to the direction of oncoming waves. With lack of heading control, the ship motions, principally roll, can increase thus affecting onboard operations. Time domain analysis conducted with no added viscous damping shows reasonable agreement with experimental data for the final heading angle. Further numerical tests reported in a previous paper by the authors showed that small to moderate viscous damping in sway and yaw did not alter the final heading, while the role played by viscous damping in other modes (heave, roll and pitch) needed further investigation. This paper reports on a parametric study on the heading stability of a turret moored tanker using time domain tools. Viscous damping is systematically varied in different modes of motion and its effect on final heading equilibrium is assessed. It is shown that effects of pitch damping are stronger than heave or roll, and can eliminate heading instability altogether.

Moored vessels Stability Viscous damping

2015112653

Stability of a tumblehome hull under the dead ship condition. Journal of Hydrodynamics, Series B, v 27 n 3, June 2015, pp 452-457 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001605815605030 Gu, M., Lu, J., Wang, T-h. English

Some methods for direct stability assessment under the dead ship condition were currently developed by the international maritime organization (IMO) under the Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria. Model tests and simulations are carried out to validate the numerical methods used in assessing the stability under the dead ship condition. This is done in three stages. Firstly, the uncoupled roll mathematical model (1 DOF) is adopted to calculate the roll motion based on the irregular beam waves and the steady wind. Secondly, a drift free experiment is conducted to measure the roll motion under irregular beam waves with zero speed, and then two restrained experiments with counter weights and four springs are performed under the same condition. Finally, the effects of the drift and sway motions on stability

under the dead ship condition are then verified by experimental results, and the results of the numerical methods are compared to the results of the model experiments. It is concluded that more accurate numerical methods could be developed for assessing the direct stability under the dead ship condition.

Irregular waves Mathematical models Model tests Shutdown Stability

2015112654

Experimental study of two large-scale models’ seakeeping performance in coastal waves. Brodogradnja, v 66 n 2, June 2015, p 47 [17 p, 26 ref, 3 tab, 17 fig] http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=206664 Sun, S-z., Ren, H-l., Et al English

Actual sea waves and vessel motion are an unsteady nonlinear random process. The currently adopted test to simulate wave impact of vessel models in a tank can't fully reveal the impact of real sea waves on vessel swing motion. In this paper the buoy wave height meter is adopted to carry out measurements and analyses of the coastal wave environment. The correlation between the coastal wave spectra and the ocean wave spectra is analysed. The test system is established for remote control and telemetry self-propelled vessel models suitable for the experiment conducted in the coastal areas. The seakeeping performance test is conducted for the same tonnage of round bilge vessel model and the deep-V hybrid monohull of large-scale vessel model under the coastal wave conditions. The experimental results are compared with the test results of small-scale vessel model in the towing tank. The experimental results show that the seakeeping performance of the deep-V hybrid monohull is improved by a wide margin in contrast to that of the round bilge model, and there is a marked difference between the motion characteristics of large-scale vessel models in the coastal wave environment and that of small-scale vessel models in tank.

Coastal regions Model tests Seakeeping Wave spectra

991 ABSTRACTS

2015112655

Estimation of Dynamic Positioning performance by time-domain simulations - a step toward safer operations. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [8 p, 123 ref, 2 tab, 10 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Nguyen, D.T., Pivano, L., Smogeli, Ø. English

The importance of Dynamic Positioning (DP) capability is steadily increasing as the industry is moving into harsher environments, and focus on risk management and Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) is increasing. It is thus essential that the vessel operators can rely on realistic estimates of the vessel DP capability to determine the operational weather window. The current industry standard for computing the DP capability has been proven non-conservative. It has been also shown that by including the complete vessel dynamics the results are much closer to reality. This paper investigates which dynamics are important to be accounted for when calculating DP capabilities by analysing the sensitivity of the vessel station-keeping capability to different dynamic effects.

Dynamic positioning Stationkeeping

2015112656

Sea trials for validation of shiphandling simulation models -a case study. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [6 p, 5 ref, 4 tab, 7 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Selvik, Ø., Berg, T.E., Gavrilin, S. English

Shiphandling simulation models are used for a number of purposes such as prediction of a ship’s manoeuvring characteristics, verification of port and fairway design and training for pilots, masters and deck officers in shiphandling. The quality of the simulation model may vary, depending on the particular application of the model. Most training simulators utilise generic models for different types and sizes of vessel. Such models will not have the quality needed for studies of the manoeuvring performance of a specific vessel or for the

investigation of collisions or groundings. In general, the validation process for simulation models used by the maritime community has tended to be neglected by simulator operators. This paper offers an overview of validation processes for simulation models and describes how the validation process has been specified and performed for the research vessel “R/V Gunnerus”, which is owned by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Sea trials were performed in order to document IMO standard manoeuvres as well as low-speed manoeuvring tests specified by the master of the case vessel in collaboration with MARINTEK research staff. The quality and repeatability of sea trial measurements is discussed and illustrated by the outcomes of the IMO zig-zag tests. The final part of the paper describes how experience from the “RV Gunnerus” tests can be employed in further validation studies of sea-going vessels.

Sea trials Ship simulators Shiphandling Zig zag tests

2015112657

Uncertainty assessment for ship manoeuvring mathematical model. International Shipbuilding Progress, v 62 n 1-2, 2015, pp 57-111 http://content.iospress.com/articles/international-shipbuilding-progress/isp117 Dash, A.K., Nagarajan, V., Sha, O.P. English

An 8 DoF ship Manoeuvring motion model for a twin-propeller twin-rudder high-speed hull form is developed from captive model experiment data available from literatures. The degrees of freedom considered are surge, sway, yaw, roll, rudder rate and propeller rate. Besides manoeuvring motion model, variation of port/starboard propeller thrust and torque and port/starboard rudder normal force and rudder torque are also included in the model. An uncertainty analysis computation for the mathematical model is carried out. Uncertainties in the experimental data and the polynomial curve fitting during modelling are included in the computation. It is shown that the mathematical model uncertainty is higher than the experimental uncertainty. Uncertainty is propagated to full-scale zigzag manoeuvre using the conventional Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The uncertainty analysis results will be useful for further improvement of mathematical model, validation of CFD simulation results of appended hull

ABSTRACTS 992

manoeuvring tests, etc. The authors have also shown the utility of asymmetric operations of the twin-propeller and twin-rudder by carrying out full-scale simulation a zigzag manoeuvre and showing the variation of the rudder normal force and torque.

Manoeuvring Mathematical models Uncertainty

2015112658

Benchmark of CFD modelling of TLP free motion in extreme wave event. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4540-0. Volume 2: CFD and VIV. Paper No. OMAE2014-24658 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911548 Wu, G., Jan, H., Et al English

In this study, a numerical wave tank was set up to simulate the free motion of a Tension Leg Platform (TLP) in extreme wave event. For better computational efficiency, a nonlinear potential flow solver is coupled with a CFD software, with the former to simulate the far-field wave domain and the latter to simulate the near-field wave domain and platform motion. In order to benchmark against model test, a five-minute time window of interest was selected from the extreme sea state in model test. The incoming irregular wave was firstly reconstructed from the measured wave time history using the nonlinear potential flow solver and then applied as input to CFD simulations for two different headings to the platform. Static offset tests and free decay tests were simulated in CFD initially to confirm that the platform and tendon properties were properly modelled. The 6-DOF platform motions were then obtained from the CFD simulations and the time histories of motion, air gap, and tendon tension were compared with model test measurements. Good agreements were achieved except for the initial transient period and low-frequency motions. In

particular, the air gap or relative wave elevation compared well for all the locations around the platform. The high frequency response in tendon tension and the different tension characteristics of weather side tendons and leeside tendons were also well captured.

Computational fluid dynamics Extreme waves Platform motions Tension leg platforms

2015112659

Prediction of ship responses in large amplitude waves using a body nonlinear time domain method with 2nd order Froude-Krylov pressure. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4549-3. Volume 7: Ocean Space Utilization; Professor Emeritus J. Randolph Paulling Honouring Symposium on Ocean Technology. Paper No. OMAE2014-24698 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912001 Rajendran, S., Fonseca, N., Guedes Soares, C. English

The paper analyses the effect of 2nd order waves on the vertical ship responses in extreme seas. The numerical simulations are carried out using a body nonlinear time domain code based on strip theory. The radiation, diffraction, Froude-Krylov and hydrostatic forces are calculated for the exact wetted surface area of the ship for each time step. A practical engineering approach is followed to calculate the body nonlinear radiation and diffraction forces. First order Froude Krylov pressures are replaced with a second order model for the present study. The 2nd order Froude-Krylov pressures are integrated up to the exact wetted surface area for each time instant. The ship responses in regular waves with varying steepness are analysed. Finally, the vertical ship responses are compared with the responses in design waves measured in the wave tank.

Extreme waves Ship response Time domain

993 ABSTRACTS

2015112660

Wind induced nonlinear response of coupled spar platform. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4550-9. Volume 8A: Ocean Engineering. Paper No. OMAE2014-23779 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912071 Jameel, M., Ahmad, S., Et al English

Several Spar platforms installed in the Gulf of Mexico and North Sea proves its suitability for deep water exploration. Accurate prediction of motions of a Spar hull is very important for the integrity and associated costs of the riser/mooring line. The most common approach for solving the dynamics of Spar platform is to employ a decoupled quasi-static method, which ignores all or part of the interaction effects between the platform, mooring lines and risers. Coupled analysis, which includes the mooring lines, risers and platform in a single model, is the only way to capture the damping from mooring lines and risers in a consistent manner. The present coupling is capable in matching the forces, displacement, velocities and acceleration for mooring line with Spar hull at the fairlead position and riser with Spar hull at the riser keel connection. It can handle possible significant nonlinearities. The output from such analyses will be platform motions as well as a detailed mooring line and riser responses. In actual field problems hydrodynamic and aerodynamic loads act simultaneously on Spar platform, mooring lines and risers. In finite element model, the entire structure acts as a continuum. This model can handle all nonlinearities, loading and boundary conditions. The selected configuration of Spar platform is analysed under wave force together with wind loading and its structural response behaviour in steady state is studied. An automatic Newmark-β time incremental approach in ABAQUS/AQUA environment has been implemented to conduct the analysis in time domain. The wind force acting on the exposed part of the platform encompasses mean and

fluctuating wind components. The frontal region includes the topside assembly and the spar hull portion above the sea level. High degree of nonlinearities makes the solutions convergence sensitive and it requires large number of iterations, at each time station. Spar responses in surge, heave and pitch along with top tension in moorings are computed. The coupled Spar experiences significant lateral shift along wave direction due to wind loading. Increase in standard deviation shows the participation of wind loading giving higher fluctuations. The CML tension increases for wind loading but the extent of the tension fluctuations under wind loading is not much due to high pretension of mooring line.

Platform motions Wave forces on structures Wind forces on structures

2015112661

Thruster and FPSO hull interaction. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4551-6. Volume 8B: Ocean Engineering. Paper No. OMAE2014-24442 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912125 Ye, T., Kinnas, A. English

A hybrid method which couples a Vortex-Lattice Method (VLM) solver and a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver is applied to simulate the interaction between a Dynamic Positioning (DP) thruster and an FPSO hull. The hybrid method could significantly reduce the number of cells to fifth of that in a full blown RANS simulation and thus greatly enhance the computational efficiency. The numerical results are first validated with available experimental data, and then used to assess the significance of the thruster/hull interaction in DP systems.

Dynamic positioning FPSOs Hulls Interactions Thrusters

ABSTRACTS 994

2015112662

Numerical evaluation of the straight-line stability of a VLCC-tanker using computational fluid dynamics. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4551-6. Volume 8B: Ocean Engineering. Paper No. OMAE2014-24476 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912128 Lamas, F., Fernandes, A.C. English

The main objective of this work is to propose a methodology to evaluate the directional stability index of a displacement ship using Computational Fluid Dynamics to evaluate its linear hydrodynamic derivatives. The first step is the review of the ship’s equations of motion, followed by the formulation of the straight-line stability problem, which depends basically on the evaluation of the ship’s linear hydrodynamic derivatives. After this, the experimental methods that are normally used to evaluate these characteristics during ship design are presented, since they will be simulated in a numerical environment. Having reviewed the common experimental methods applied to determine the straight-line stability of a ship, the numerical code used to evaluate it in this work is presented, in order to show how the physical constitution of the experimental apparatus is adapted to a computational environment. Together with this will be presented the KVLCC2 model used or the computations, together with the numerical mesh where the computations were carried out. With this, it becomes possible to show the numerical results obtained in this work. The last part of this paper consists in comparing the numerical results obtained in the step before with the Clarke statistical correlations in order to assess or not the accuracy of the methodology proposed.

Computational fluid dynamics Stability VLCCs

2015112663

Effects of passing ship with a drift angle on a moored ship. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4551-6. Volume 8B: Ocean Engineering. Paper No. OMAE2014-24515 [7 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912129 Zhou, M., Roelvink, D., Et al English

When a ship sailing at low speed passes a moored ship with a drift angle due to wind effect, the flow field around the ships is very different to the flow field without a drift angle and will cause larger hydrodynamic forces on the moored ship, compared with those without a drift angle. In this paper, a flow model in XBeach is applied to study the effects of a passing ship at low speed with various drift angles on the moored ship. This method is based on the non-hydrostatic shallow water equations. Simulations are carried out for a 12500 TEU container ship passing a moored Panamax ship by using XBeach. The water level depression, return current and hydrodynamic forces on the moored ship are obtained and compared with the measurement data. Then the results at positive and negative drift angles are compared with the results at zero drift angle, respectively. The influence of the drift angle on the passing ship effects is analysed and the most serious situation for the moored ship, when the passing ship has different drift angles, is indicated. Finally, conclusions concerning the effects of a passing ship with a drift angle on a moored ship are drawn.

Moored vessels Passing vessels

995 ABSTRACTS

2015112664

Predicting the second-order resonant roll motions of an FPSO. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4551-6. Volume 8B: Ocean Engineering. Paper No. OMAE2014-24530 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912130 Matsumoto, F.T., Simos, A.N. English

This paper aims at summarizing the results obtained in a recent research project concerning the prediction of wave-induced resonant behaviour of new FPSO concepts. The analysis was based on a conceptual hull designed to operate in deep water fields off the Brazilian coast. Throughout this project, several configurations of the hull were proposed, some of them leading to relatively large natural periods. As a consequence, the resonant behaviour of roll motions induced by second-order wave effects was clearly observed in small-scale model tests performed with some of these configurations, providing also good results for the verification and validation of numerical models that aim at predicting such wave forces. From the numerical standpoint, the hydrodynamic excitation forces can be estimated using well-established techniques for solving the second order diffraction problem, usually adopting a BEM approach. In terms of the computational time required for this analysis, however, this procedure is not so trivial since, in principle, the contribution of all pair of frequencies used to represent the wave spectrum must be computed. In face of the large computational effort that is required and depending on the characteristics of the resonant problem, some approximations are consolidated and largely used by designers. One example is the approximation used to model the horizontal drift of the vessel, based on the very low natural frequencies that characterize the problem. Taking advantage of the asymptotic behaviour of the second order horizontal force, good results can be obtained by computing the QTF (Quadratic Transfer Function) only in zero frequency. For the present case, however, this kind of approximation is not so effective. Even though the roll natural frequency of the FPSO is certainly lower than the usual values, it is not low enough for considering this asymptotic behaviour. On the other hand, some other approximations can be envisaged and tested aiming at reducing the computational burden. In fact, the low viscous damping leads to a narrow-band transfer function for the roll motion and

therefore enables modelling the resonant roll dynamics by means of a white-noise approach. In this case, the second order force spectrum needs to be computed only for one particular difference frequency, which is equal to the natural period of roll. This approach was investigated for different waves and draft conditions and the numerical results compared to those measured in the wave basin. Important aspects such as the influence of the viscous damping on the computation of the second-order wave forces and the change in the bandwidth of the response spectrum with the vessel draft are also discussed in the analysis, in view of the experimental results.

FPSOs Resonance Rolling

2015112665

Seakeeping analysis of two medium-speed twin-hull models. Journal of Ship Production and Design, v 31 n 3, August 2015, pp 192-200 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sname/jspd/2015/00000031/00000003/art00004 Zaraphonitis, G., Grigoropoulos, G.J., Et al English

The use of twin-hull ships for high-speed passenger and car-passenger transportation is widespread, whereas their potential use for high-speed cargo transportation was estimated as limited. The present article discusses the seakeeping performance of two twin-hull models of an innovative medium-speed container ship design. Their hull form was the result of a thorough hydrodynamic optimisation performed at the School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering of NTUA aiming to minimize the calm water resistance within the EU-funded project “EU-CargoXpress.” The seakeeping analysis was performed by applying numerical tools and also by performing a series of experiments in the towing tank of NTUA and MARINTEK. The obtained results are presented and discussed.

Catamarans Containerships Model tests Numerical analysis Seakeeping

ABSTRACTS 996

3.4 FLUID STRUCTURE INTERACTION

2015112666

Influence of hinged conditions on the hydroelastic response of compound floating structures. Ocean Engineering, v 101, 1 June 2015, pp 12-24 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815000967 Zhao, C., Hao, X., Et al English

Based on the Mindlin plate theory and Wiener–Hopf technique, a solution for hydroelastic responses of 2D floating plates with hinge connection is presented under the action of different periods of monochromatic incident waves on a fluid of finite depth. The flow is assumed to be irrotational and unbounded. The floating structure is simplified as an isotropic elastic floating plate. The joints between two modules, such as the condition of the weld joint and hinged connection, are simplified as torsion springs with different torsional stiffness. The aim of solution is mainly against the velocity potential of the potential flow. According to the boundary conditions of various regions in the flow field, the mixed problems of boundary conditions and higher-order derivative are effectively solved by the Wiener–Hopf technique. Furthermore, the problems of a system of integral equations of fluid–structure interaction are deduced, which can be further simplified to a set of linear algebraic equations in the complex domain. The effects of hinged conditions on the hydroelastic response of compound floating structures, including their displacement and bending moments, are studied to provide information regarding the optimal design of such structures.

Floating structures Hinges Hydroelasticity Thick plates

2015112667

Dynamic response analysis of a floating offshore structure subjected to the hydrodynamic pressures induced from seaquakes. Ocean Engineering, v 101, 1 June 2015, pp 25-39 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815000852 Lee, J.H., Kim, J.K. English

A seismic analysis method for a floating offshore structure subjected to the hydrodynamic pressures

induced from seaquakes is developed. The hydrodynamic pressure exerted on the structure by the ocean water, modelled as compressible non-viscous ideal fluid, is calculated taking into account the fluid–structure interaction, the energy absorption by the seabed, and the energy radiation into infinity. From the hydrodynamic pressure, the added mass and the effective load, resulting from the hydrodynamic pressure, are obtained. They are combined with the finite element model of the structure, resulting in a numerical model for the entire coupled system. For validation of the numerical model, the hydrodynamic pressures induced by the vertical motion of the seabed at free field, and due to the vertical vibration of a floating massless rigid disk, are calculated and compared with exact analytical solutions. The developed method is applied to seismic analysis of a simplified support structure for floating offshore wind turbines subjected to the hydrodynamic pressures induced from seaquakes. Analysis results show that dynamic response of a floating offshore structure induced by the vertical seismic motion of the ocean bed can be greatly influenced by the compressibility of sea water and the energy absorption capacity of the seabed.

Dynamic response Floating structures Fluid structure interaction Seismic waves

2015112668

Prediction of planing hull side forces in yaw using slender body oblique impact theory. Ocean Engineering, v 101, 1 June 2015, pp 47-57 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002980181500089X Morabito, M.G. English

Recent advances in the slender body theory and computational methods have enabled the study of asymmetric and oblique impacts of wedges on a flat free surface. These two-dimensional oblique impact predictions are often used for studies of wave slam loadings, as well as observations of the asymmetric formation of the spray jets. In the present study, an existing zero gravity, inviscid two-dimensional oblique impact model is applied to the three-dimensional planing case using slender body theory, producing estimates of planing hull side force as a function of yaw angle. Plots are generated to predict the side force generated by planing surfaces as a function of speed, beam, wetted length, trim angle and yaw angle. The resulting predictions are

997 ABSTRACTS

compared with previously published and new measurements of planing hull side forces during steady drift tests. The comparisons are used to establish recommended limitations of the method and provide insight into future work.

Impact loads Planing hulls Slender body theory Water entry Yawing

2015112669

A desingularized Rankine source method for nonlinear wave–body interaction problems. Ocean Engineering, v 101, 1 June 2015, pp 131-141 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815000773 Feng, A., Chen, Z-M., Price, W.G. English

A two-dimensional nonlinear wave–body interaction problem is solved by a desingularized integral method in combination with a mixed Euler–Lagrange method. A special treatment of the intersection point singularity is introduced by employing an optimal technique to smooth the wave elevation around the intersection point and the utilization of a free surface control point distribution. By this means the nonlinear boundary effects arising from body surface and free surface are taken into consideration in addition to the development of a free surface Rankine source distribution method. A Lagrangian formulation is applied to capture the time-dependent motion of the control points and source points to describe the body and free surface nonlinear boundary conditions. The validation of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing findings with a selection of existing numerical and experimental data.

Fluid structure interaction Numerical analysis

2015112670

Vortex induced vibrations of deep water risers: sensitivity to current profile, shear and directionality. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4540-0. Volume 2: CFD and VIV. Paper No. OMAE2014-24141 [11 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911527 Schiller, R.V., Caire, M., Et al English

Slender offshore structures such as risers experience vortex induced vibrations (VIV) when they are exposed to currents and accumulate significant fatigue damage through that process. VIV will depend on several structural properties of the riser and on the current profile that the structure is exposed to. In deep water regions, risers will be subject to intricate circulation systems that impose currents profiles which may vary in intensity, shear and direction throughout the water column. The increased complexity of currents will make the prediction of VIV more difficult and represents a clear challenge to the oil and gas industry. The objective of this study is to investigate how selected properties of a current profile affect the development and excitation of VIV for a deep water tensioned riser. A semi-empirical frequency-domain program is employed to perform a series of numerical sensitivity analyses where the riser model is subject to current profiles that vary in complexity and include uniform profiles, linearly-sheared profiles and more realistic profiles that represent offshore boundary current regimes from SE Brazil. The sensitivity of the VIV response to current intensity, shear and directionality is addressed. The results demonstrate that those properties of the current profile have significant influence on the range of VIV modes that are excited and on the VIV response. Overall, uniform profiles produced the largest responses and the linearly-sheared profiles demonstrated the large range of VIV modes that can be excited. The realistic profiles also excited a broad range of VIV modes and variations between the profiles produced changes in the VIV response. This study highlights the need to further understand how complex current profiles in the offshore region affect VIV development in comparison to simpler profiles that are recurrent in model test conditions.

Risers Vortex induced vibration

ABSTRACTS 998

2015112671

Experimental analysis of a vertical and flexible cylinder in water: response to top motion excitation and parametric resonance. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4540-0. Volume 2: CFD and VIV. Paper No. OMAE2014-24178 [14 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911528 Franzini, G.R., Pesce, C.P., Et al English

Experiments with a flexible and submerged cylinder were carried out to investigate fundamental aspects of risers dynamics subjected to harmonic excitation at the top. The flexible model was designed aiming a high level of dynamic similarity with a real riser. Vertical motion, with amplitude of 1% of the unstretched length, was imposed with a device driven by a servomotor. Four values of the ratio between the exciting frequencies and the first Eigen frequency were investigated, namely ft: fN,1 = 1 : 3; 1 : 1; 2 : 1 and 3 : 1. Cartesian coordinates of 43 monitored points positioned all along the span were experimentally acquired by using an optical tracking system. A simple Galerkin’s scheme applied for modal decomposition, combined with standard Mathieu chart analysis, led to the identification of parametric resonances. A curious finding of this paper is that the Mathieu instability may simultaneously occur in more than one mode, leading to interesting dynamic behaviours, also revealed through standard power spectra analysis and displacement scalograms.

Cylindrical bodies Experimentation Flexible structures Resonance

2015112672

On the prediction of fatigue damage from VIV. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4540-0. Volume 2: CFD and VIV. Paper No. OMAE2014-24217 [14 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911532 Passano, E., Larsen, C.M., Wu, J. English

Empirical methods for calculation of response from

vortex shedding are based on a set of coefficients that determines response frequencies, excitation force and damping, but also how competing frequencies will appear in time and along a structure. It is easy to formulate a mathematical model for Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV), but the key challenges are to find the necessary hydrodynamic coefficients and a model for how the active frequencies appear in time and space. Since the original version of VIVANA was released more than ten years ago, new information has been become available through new test techniques, as well as from new methods for analysis of old tests. In this study, recent re-examination of the results of the NDP 38 m tests is presented. The observed response behaviour is compared to predicted VIV response and fatigue. The consequences of assuming that response frequencies will be active concurrently or consecutively are investigated and predicted response and fatigue are compared to results based on the measurements. Another method that has provided valuable information has been inverse analysis, by which forces on a flexible beam are estimated from measured strains and/or accelerations. When forces are known, the underlying coefficients can be calculated from the standard equations. Inverse analysis has been carried out from a set of experiments, and a new set of coefficients has been estimated for use in coefficient based programs such as VIVANA. Initial comparisons between measured and predicted response show that the new coefficients give an improved agreement with regard to amplitudes and frequency composition.

Fatigue (materials) Vortex induced vibration

2015112673

Mode shape variation for a low-mode number flexible cylinder subject to vortex-induced vibrations. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4540-0. Volume 2: CFD and VIV. Paper No. OMAE2014-24232 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911533 Gedikli, E.D., Dahl, J.M. English

The excitation of two low-mode number, flexible cylinders in uniform-flow is investigated to determine effects of structural mode shape on vortex-induced vibrations. Experiments are performed in a re-

999 ABSTRACTS

circulating flow channel and in a small flow visualization tank using object tracking and digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) to measure the excitation of the cylinder, to estimate forces acting on the structure, and to observe the wake of the structure under the observed body motions. Previous research has focused on understanding the effect of in-line to cross-flow natural frequency ratio on the excitation of the structure in an attempt to model the excitation of multiple structural modes on long, flexible bodies. The current research investigates the impact of structural mode shape on this relationship by holding the in-line to cross-flow natural frequency constant and attempting to excite a specific structural mode shape. It is found that the combination of an odd mode shape excited in the cross-flow direction with an even mode shape in the in-line direction results in an incompatible synchronization condition, where the dominant forcing frequency in-line may experience a frequency equal to the cross-flow forcing frequency, a condition only observed in rigid cylinder experiments when the natural frequency ratio is less than one. This is consistent with the first mode being excited in both in-line and cross-flow directions, however this leads to an asymmetric wake. The wake is observed using DPIV on a rigid cylinder with forced motions equivalent to the flexible body. A case of mode switching is also observed where the even in-line mode exhibits an excitation at twice the cross-flow frequency; however the spatial mode shape in-line appears similar to the first structural mode shape. It is hypothesized that this situation is possible due to variation in the effective added mass along the length of the cylinder.

Cylindrical bodies Vortex induced vibration

2015112674

Numerical simulation of vortex-induced motion with free surface by Lattice Boltzmann method. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4540-0. Volume 2: CFD and VIV. Paper No. OMAE2014-24302 [6 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911535 Miyamura, A., Hirabayashi, S., Suzuki, H. English

In this study, numerical simulation of the fluid flow by using lattice Boltzmann method is carried out and the vortex-induced motion (VIM) of a cylindrical floating structure is calculated. The way of calculate

the fluid flow, fluid force and floating body’s movement is introduced. The fluid flow with free surface is also calculated. The height change of water surface exerts the effect to the evaluation of hydrostatic pressure and wave resistance. In this study, the method to express the movement of free surface is introduced.

Computational fluid dynamics Cylindrical bodies Floating structures Fluid flow Vortices

2015112675

Numerical simulation of piggyback risers under steady current loading. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4540-0. Volume 2: CFD and VIV. Paper No. OMAE2014-24341 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911536 Srinivasan, V., Agrawal, M. English

With elevated interest in offshore drilling, transportation of production fluid to surface facilities are under heavy scrutiny. Particularly, design of marine risers either in standalone or in a piggyback configuration continues to dominate the focus of the research community in assessing the influence of hydrodynamic drag on its operation. In this study, full three dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to estimate the flow induced drag on piggyback risers under steady current configurations. The turbulent structures generated in the flow domain are resolved using SST k-omega turbulence modelling approach. Effect of flow velocities and circumferential position of the smaller cylinder with respect to the larger cylinder, were investigated on drag coefficient. Two different piggyback riser models, with varying cylinder diameters were considered. The predicted drag coefficients under a wide range of Reynolds number were in good agreement with the experimental data. The effect of diameter ratio of the two cylinders and the position of smaller cylinder were identified to play an important role in the generation of flow structures within the domain. Numerical simulations identify and capture key hydrodynamics interference such as drag reduction and vortex shedding patterns that are critical in the design of piggyback riser configurations. For example, the drag coefficient of

ABSTRACTS 1000

the largest cylinder is lowest value when it is placed in the wake of the smaller cylinder and the drag on the small cylinder depends significantly on the diameter ratio of the cylinders and their relative position. Further, detailed discussions pertaining to vortex shedding patterns under various model configurations are elaborated. This study clearly demonstrated the applicability of numerical tools to gain insight into the hydrodynamic interaction between two cylinders placed under close proximity.

Computational fluid dynamics Current forces Multibody systems Risers

2015112676

Numerical simulation of fluid resonance in narrow gap of two bodies in close proximity. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4540-0. Volume 2: CFD and VIV. Paper No. OMAE2014-24348 [7 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911537 Moradi, N., Zhou, T., Cheng, L. English

The resonant behaviour of the fluid trapped in the narrow gap between a floating LNG and an LNG carrier in a side-by-side offloading operation is investigated in this study employing a numerical wave flume. The wave flume is based on the finite volume solution of the Navier-Stokes equations to account for the viscous dissipation. The waveFoam toolbox, a modified version of the standard OpenFOAM multiphase flow solver interFoam developed by Jacobson et al (2011) has been used for the purpose of wave generation and relaxation inside the computational domain. This method has a quite high efficiency as it takes advantage of the potential flow theory for wave generation purpose and the viscous flow theory for inside the wave tank, respectively. The volume of fluid (VOF) method first introduced by Hirt and Nichols (1981) is used to capture the free surface oscillations at the air and water interface. Water waves are generated at a reasonable distance from the inlet boundary and two rectangular relaxation zones at the inlet and outlet boundaries of the domain have been implemented to suppress wave reflection at the outer boundaries as well as waves reflected internally in the computational domain. The influence of incident wave frequency on resonance wave height and

frequency is examined. Numerical results of free surface evolution at different incident wave frequency seem to agree well with the experimental results of Saitoh et al (2006) and numerical results of Lu et al (2008). In order to justify the effect of bilge keels on flow separation at the bottom corner of the ship, four different corner configurations have been investigated and compared to the base sharp edged case. It is observed that the magnitude of the free surface elevation at the resonance frequency increases significantly by about 10 times the incoming wave height while the peak of resonant frequency curves shifts to higher frequencies in the higher curvature modes compared with the base case.

Computational fluid dynamics Multibody systems Resonance

2015112677

Experimental study of structural responses of a ship with multi-segments and variable cross-section beams. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4543-1. Volume 4B: Structures, Safety and Reliability. Paper No. OMAE2014-24702 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911712 Ding, J., Tian, C., Et al English

The motion and structural response to wave loading are studied experimentally for a large ship modelled with multiple segments and beams of variable cross-sections. As opposed to the traditional method with small number of segments and beams of uniform cross-section, the multi-segmented model with beams of variable cross-sections can more accurately simulate some of the hull properties that will otherwise be neglected. In this paper, the design method for the multi-segmented model is presented, and the model test results for the multi-segmented model with variable cross-section beams are compared with the traditional uniform beams and less segmented model for calm water, regular and irregular wave conditions. The influences of the segment number, variable cross-section, vessel speed and wave height are investigated using the load forecasting methods based on the rigid body and hydroelastic theories. It has been found that using variable cross-section beams can simulate hull stiffness of each section more accurately, and with the

1001 ABSTRACTS

increase of the segment number in the ship model, the high frequency characteristics of the bending response are better reflected. Furthermore, the calculation results agree well with the experimental data, and the hydroelastic theory is found to be able to predict the higher frequencies of the hull structural responses. At the same time, with the increase of the vessel speed and wave height, the bending moment and wave height show an obvious nonlinear relationship. The methods and results presented in this paper have a certain guiding significance for the tank model tests and design of large ship structures.

Experimentation Ship motions Structural response Wave loads on ships

2015112678

Analysis of shock encountered by a ship in north east Japan. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4550-9. Volume 8A: Ocean Engineering. Paper No. OMAE2014-23650 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912065 Shiotani, S., Sasa, K. English

In general, earthquake motion experienced by a navigable vessel is called a sea shock (or seaquake). Sea shock is assumed that the vertical ground motion of the sea floor propagates as a compressional (longitudinal) wave in water. Seaquakes are sudden, unexpected phenomena that are induced by undersea earthquakes. There are almost no examples of their systematic measurement and the phenomenon of seaquakes is said to not be thoroughly understood. The effect of seaquakes was studied theoretically during the 1990s, during research on the wave response of structures for the construction of VLFS. However, There are a few experimental studies on the effect of seaquakes on floating bodies because of the problem of reproducibility. The authors measured ship motion caused by sea shocks by examining seabed oscillation. Such measurements provided very valuable data. The conclusions obtained in the present

study are that ship motion caused by sea shocks has high-frequency oscillation. In particular, the acceleration in the z direction is remarkable.

Ship motions Shock waves

2015112679

The effect of bending stiffness on hydroelastic response of VLFS. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4550-9. Volume 8A: Ocean Engineering. Paper No. OMAE2014-23710 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912069 Wei, W., Fu, S., Et al English

Owing to the flexibility of ocean structures with large dimension, the hydroelastic theory is more applicable than traditional method of treating the floating structure as a rigid body. To study the factors that influence the hydroelastic responses, a very large floating structure (namely, VLFS) model is chosen to conduct numerical calculations in regular waves with the aid of three dimensional linear hydroelastic code concerning varied bending stiffness and wave frequency. It is found that bending stiffness and wave frequency have a critical but complex influence on relevant hydroelastic results, including generalized displacement, vertical response amplitude and bending moment. More specifically, the effect of bending stiffness on hydroelastic parameters above can be categorized into different phases, and quite different tendencies are observed in each phase.

Floating structures Hydroelasticity Large size Stiffness

2015112680

Numerical simulation of water entry of wedges based on the CIP method. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Taiwan, v 23 n 2, 2015, p 142 [9 p, 21 ref, 1 tab, 12 fig] http://jmst.ntou.edu.tw/marine/23-2/142-150.pdf Wei, Z-Y., Xiao, H-y., Et al English

The hydrodynamic problems for water entry of

ABSTRACTS 1002

wedges are studied by a constrained interpolation profile (CIP) based on Cartesian grid method. The CIP scheme was applied to the Cartesian grid based on flow solver, which was first described. The tangent of hyperbola for interface capturing (THINC) scheme was applied to capture the free surface. The CIP method was extended to capture the dynamics in the water entry approach. The simulations were performed in three aspects. First, pressure distributions for the wedges entering into water with constant speed were predicted, and the results were compared with the similarity solutions by the boundary element method (BEM). Then simulations were conducted for the free-falling wedges entering into water with one degree of freedom. The results were compared with the published experimental data. Finally, the impact of a wedge on the water surface in a free fall motion with an initial heel angle was studied. The motion of the wedge was subjected to three degrees of freedom, and the results were also compared with those of experiments.

Numerical analysis Water entry Wedges

2015112681

Towards efficient generalized Wagner solvers for slamming in oblique seas. 30th International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies; 12-15 April 2015; Bristol, UK. [4 p, 4 ref, 2 fig] http://www.iwwwfb.org/Abstracts/iwwwfb30/iwwwfb30_22.pdf Helmers, J.B., Sun, H. English

Ships operating in steep sea states may encounter critical loads due to wave slamming. In order to account for slamming loads in design, it is important to consider the frequency of occurrence for various load levels. As a consequence it is paramount to establish fast solvers for assessing a large number of impacts scenarios. The Generalized Wagner model first presented by Zhao et al. (1996) has previously been validated as a practical method in this context. Based on full scale observations the largest slamming loads often occur in bow quartering seas. Most theoretical studies in this field have been focused on vertical impact of symmetric bodies. To some degree also for vertical impact of non-symmetric objects. Recently Lauzon (2014) presented a desingularized boundary element method for dealing with non-vertical impact velocity. Towards impact simulation in oblique seas the authors will develop an efficient

two-dimensional Generalized Wagner model applicable for beam sea calculations. In order to study important differences compared to the classical vertical drop tests, pure sway velocity in calm water is considered. By superposition of harmonic solutions this method can be combined with the theory of vertical impact models in order to handle general impact velocities. In this study only the spatial problem is considered. The target of this development is to establish a method suitable to be included in time domain seakeeping programs. Without loss of accuracy the theory is designed for exploiting pre-processor capabilities for efficient time domain calculations. As a consequence the spatial flow field needs to be accurately described by a very small number of parameters.

Beam seas Slamming

2015112682

The interaction of waves with a submerged very large elastic plate. 30th International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies; 12-15 April 2015; Bristol, UK. [4 p, 6 ref, 7 fig] http://www.iwwwfb.org/Abstracts/iwwwfb30/iwwwfb30_23.pdf Hermans, A.J. English

Last year at the IWWWFB in Osaka, Porter et al discussed the phenomenon of cloaking. Among others results for a stiff plate underneath the free surface was considered. For a flexible plate underneath the free surface could the same phenomenon be observed? This presentation extends the ’mode’ method as derived for flexible plates at the free surface. It is well known, see for instance Hermans (2007), that at certain frequencies the transmission coefficient may have an absolute value equal to unity jTj=1. Numerical calculations check whether at such a point the phase shift equals zero, hence T=1. In Hermans (2007) a small phase shift is present at the frequency where jTj=1. The existing ’mode’ method is extended to the submerged flexible plate situation. First a flexible plate is considered and then a fixed rigid plate.

Elastic plates Fluid structure interaction

1003 ABSTRACTS

2015112683

Wave drift force on floating bodies of cloaking configuration and associated wave patterns. 30th International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies; 12-15 April 2015; Bristol, UK. [4 p, 3 ref, 2 tab, 7 fig] http://www.iwwwfb.org/Abstracts/iwwwfb30/iwwwfb30_26.pdf Kashiwagi, M., Iida, T., Miki, M. English

With a semi-analytical accurate computation method and model experiment, a study is made on the phenomenon of cloaking a floating cylinder by surrounding it with a finite number of smaller circular cylinders uniformly spaced on a circle concentric with the inner cylinder. It is shown that when the optimisation of the geometrical parameters of surrounding cylinders is realized to minimize the total scattered-wave energy, the wave drift force reduces to nearly zero not only on the entire bodies but also on the inner cylinder and outer surrounding cylinders individually.

Cylindrical bodies Drift forces Fluid structure interaction Wave patterns

2015112684

Hydrodynamic interaction of two bodies in waves. 30th International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies; 12-15 April 2015; Bristol, UK. [4 p, 6 ref, 2 tab, 9 fig] http://www.iwwwfb.org/Abstracts/iwwwfb30/iwwwfb30_43.pdf Peng, H., Ashim Ali, Md., Qiu, W. English

This paper presents the preliminary numerical and experimental studies of wave elevations between two bodies in close proximity with an objective to quantify the contribution of viscosity. Model tests were carried out to two identical box-like bodies with round corner in waves. Motions of the bodies and wave elevations in the gap between the two bodies were measured. CFD methods solving RANS equations, based on OpenFoam and Star-CCM+, were applied to simulate the hydrodynamic interaction of the two bodies in head seas. A panel-free method

based seakeeping program, MAPS0, was also used for the prediction of motions and wave elevations. The computed motions and wave elevations by CFD and MAPS0 were compared with experimental data and the solutions by the potential flow code, WAMIT.

Computational fluid dynamics Floating bodies Interactions Model tests Multibody systems

2015112685

Retrofitting of offshore cylindrical structures with different geometrical configuration of perforated outer cover. International Shipbuilding Progress, v 62 n 1-2, 2015, pp 43-56 http://content.iospress.com/articles/international-shipbuilding-progress/isp116 Chandrasekaran, S., Madhavi, N. English

The presence of perforated members in ocean structures reduces the wave force on the damaged member because of the wave structure interaction; breakwaters with perforated members are classical examples of such kind. While retrofitting and rehabilitation is usually related to strengthening of members, the presented concept is a novel attempt as it addresses decrease in the encountered forces on the members. This study attempts to numerically quantify the force reduction on ocean structures encompassed by perforated outer covers with different geometric configuration of outer cylinder. The study highlights the reduction of hydrodynamic response of perforated members under regular waves using numerical simulation. Hydrodynamic responses of cylinders with and without perforated cover are estimated for different sea states which are categorized as low, medium and steep wave steepness index. Based on the studies carried out, it is shown that there is average force reduction of about 60% is seen for the chosen geometric configuration. For this study the orientation of the structure under regular waves are also considered.

Coverings Cylindrical bodies Offshore structures Retrofitting Wave forces on structures

ABSTRACTS 1004

2015112686

Effects of strake coverage and marine growth on flexible cylinder VIV. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4540-0. Volume 2: CFD and VIV. Paper No. OMAE2014-24462 [11 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911539 Resvanis, T.L., Rao, Z., Vandiver, J.K. English

This paper presents some results from the recent SHELL tests at the MARINTEK basin. The tests involved towing densely instrumented flexible cylinders at Reynolds numbers up to 220,000. The main objective is to present the experimental results describing the effectiveness of different amounts of strake coverage and to explore the influence of simulated marine growth. The data is presented in terms of CF response amplitudes and rainflow-counted damage rates due to the combined CF and IL bending stresses. All results are compared with the bare cylinder cases which will be used as a reference to determine how effective the strakes are in suppressing VIV and how this effectiveness can be affected by marine growth. The results show that even small bare sections (missing strakes) can lead to significant VIV response. It is also observed that moderate amounts of marine growth can quickly negate any suppression coming from the strakes.

Cylindrical bodies Suppression Vortex induced vibration

2015112687

Viscous flow past a circular cylinder below a free surface. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4540-0. Volume 2: CFD and VIV. Paper No. OMAE2014-24488 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911542 Bouscasse, B., Colagrossi, A., Et al English

Flow past a circular cylinder close to a free surface at low Reynolds and large Froude numbers is investigated numerically using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics model. This meshless method allows for a non-diffusive computation of the free surface

evolution, even while breaking and fragmentation may occur. The distance of the cylinder to the free surface, submergence, is varied in order to investigate the detached flow patterns dependence with this factor. Vorticity shed by the cylinder, vortex generation due to free surface breaking, mixing processes, and drag and lift coefficients behaviour are discussed. It has been found that, for small submergences, the classical Von Karman vortex shedding from the cylinder does not take place. In turn, moderate vortex shedding occurs, departing not from the cylinder but from vorticity generated at the free surface. This shedding takes places simultaneously with the transport of free surface fluid elements into the bulk of the fluid. It has been also found that for even smaller depth ratios, a vorticity layer remains spatially localized between the cylinder and the free surface, and a stagnation recirculating area develops behind the cylinder. Results are compared with literature finding reasonable qualitatively agreement with experimental works conducted with similar geometrical configuration but larger Reynolds number.

Cylindrical bodies Free surfaces Viscous flow Vortex shedding

2015112688

Analysis of vertical bending moment on an ultra large containership induced by extreme head seas. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4551-6. Volume 8B: Ocean Engineering. Paper No. OMAE2014-24602 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912131 Rajendran, S., Fonseca, N., Guedes Soares, C. English

This paper discusses the numerical analysis of an ultra large containership model in severe head seas. A body nonlinear time domain code based on the strip theory is used for the calculation of the rigid body response of the vessel. The radiation, diffraction, Froude-Krylov and hydrostatic forces are calculated for the exact wetted surface area of the ship at each time step. A practical engineering approach is followed to calculate the body nonlinear radiation and diffraction forces. The numerical vertical bending moment is compared with the experimental results. The experiment was conducted on a flexible model in

1005 ABSTRACTS

both regular and irregular waves. The model comprised six segments that were joined with an aluminium backbone of variable stiffness characteristics in order to replicate the hydroelastic behaviour of the real ship. The model was tested for two ship speeds, 15 and 22 knots. For the first three harmonic values of the vertical bending moment, a good agreement between the numerical and the experimental results are found. However, higher harmonics significantly contributed to the total experimental vertical bending moment, in regular waves with 8m wave height and a ship speed of 15 knots. Similarly, the value of the fourth harmonic was 32% of the first harmonic values when the ship encountered a 5m regular wave with 22 knots speed. On comparison of the rigid body response in irregular seas, the hydroelastic loads resulted in 49% increase in the maximum value of the vertical bending moment.

Bending moments Containerships Extreme waves Numerical analysis Wave forces on ships

2015112689

Second-order Taylor expansion boundary element method for the second-order wave radiation problem. Applied Ocean Research, v 52, August 2015, pp 12-26 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118715000565 Duan, W.Y., Chen, J.K., Zhao, B.B. English

A novel Boundary Element Method (BEM) named the second-order Taylor Expansion Boundary Element Method (the 2nd order TEBEM) is developed for the solution of the second-order wave radiation velocity potential and sum-frequency wave loads for floating bodies. The radiation condition is enforced by a hybrid method of the multi-transmitting formula and damping zone. For the interior domain problem of a cube and a sphere, numerical results demonstrate that the 2nd order TEBEM can accurately solve the first and second-order gradients of velocity potential on the no-smoothed and

smoothed boundary compared to the low-order BEM. The double frequency forces acting on the truncated cylinder are calculated under finite water depth. The agreement between the 2nd order TEBEM and other numerical results is good. Moreover, all of the singular integrals in the 2nd order TEBEM can be solved analytically, so its implementation is much easier compared to the high-order BEM.

Boundary element method Floating bodies Wave loads Wave radiation

2015112690

A practical approach to predicting cross-flow and in-line VIV response for deepwater risers. Applied Ocean Research, v 52, August 2015, pp 92-101 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118715000681 Xue, H., Wang, K., Tang, W. English

In this study, a practical model is proposed to predict cross-flow (CF) and in-line (IL) vortex-induced vibrations of a flexible riser in time domain. The hydrodynamic force as a function of non-dimensional amplitude and frequency is obtained from the forced vibration experimental data of a two-dimensional cylinder. An empirical nonlinear damping model is used to simulate the hydrodynamic damping outside the experiment's range. Coupling effect of CF and IL-VIV is taken into account by implanting a magnification model for the IL hydrodynamic force associated with CF amplitude, and by increasing the non-dimensional amplitude corresponding to the IL hydrodynamic coefficient in the second excitation region. The experimental models of flexible riser under the uniform and sheared current are simulated to validate the proposed model. The predicted displacement, curvatures, excited modes and fatigue damage show reasonable agreement with the measured data.

Crossflow Risers Vortex induced vibration

ABSTRACTS 1006

2015112691

Hydroelastic analysis of floating structures with liquid tanks and comparison with experimental tests. Applied Ocean Research, v 52, August 2015, pp 167-187 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118715000760 Lee, K-H., Cho, S., Et al English

In this study, the authors develop a numerical method for a 3D linear hydroelastic analysis of floating structures with liquid tanks subjected to surface regular water waves and compare the numerical results with experimental tests. Considering direct couplings among structural motion, sloshing, and water waves, a mathematical formulation and a numerical method extended from a recent work are developed. The finite element method is employed for the floating structure and internal fluid in tanks, and the boundary element method is used for the external fluid. The resulting formulation completely incorporates all the interaction terms including hydrostatic stiffness and the irregular frequency effect is removed by introducing the extended boundary integral equations. Through various numerical tests, the proposed numerical method is verified. 3D hydroelastic experimental tests of a floating production unit model in an ocean basin were also performed. The measured dynamic motions are compared with the numerical results obtained using the proposed method.

Floating structures Fluid structure interaction Hydroelasticity Numerical analysis Sloshing

2015112692

Linear irregular wave generation in a numerical wave tank. Applied Ocean Research, v 52, August 2015, pp 188-200 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118715000802 Finnegan, W., Goggins, J. English

In the design of any floating or fixed marine structure, it is vital to test models in order to understand the fluid/structure interaction involved. A relatively inexpensive method, compared to physical model testing, of achieving this is to numerically

model the structure and the wave conditions in a numerical wave tank. In this paper, a methodology for accurately replicating measured ocean waves in a numerical model at full scale is detailed. A Fourier analysis of the measured record allows the wave to be defined as a summation of linear waves and, therefore, Airy's linear wave theory may be used to input the wave elevation and associated water particle velocities. Furthermore, a structure is introduced into the model to display the ability of the model to accurately predict wave–structure interaction. A case study of three individual measured waves, which are recorded at the Atlantic marine energy test site, off the west coast of Ireland, is also presented. The accuracy of the model to replicate the measured waves and perform wave–structure interaction is found to be very high. Additionally, the absolute water particle velocity profile below the wave from the numerical model is compared to a filtered analytical approximation of the measured wave at a number of time-steps and is in very good agreement.

Fluid structure interaction Irregular waves Numerical models Wave energy

2015112693

Interaction of gravity waves with bottom-standing submerged structures having perforated outer-layer placed on a sloping bed. Applied Ocean Research, v 52, August 2015, pp 245-260 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118715000772 Koley, S., Sarkar, A., Sahoo, T. English

This study deals with the interaction of oblique surface gravity waves by bottom-standing submerged structures having perforated outer-layers with the structure being placed on a sloping sea bed. Both the cases of wave scattering by a submerged structure and wave trapping by a submerged structure located near a wall are studied in water of finite depth under the assumption of small amplitude water wave theory. Sollitt and Cross model is used to analyse the wave motion within the perforated layer of the structure. The mathematical model of the physical problem is handled for solutions using a suitable combination of the Eigen function expansion method and the boundary element method. Various aspects of structural configurations and wave characteristics on scattering and trapping of surface gravity waves are analysed from the computed results on the reflection

1007 ABSTRACTS

and transmission coefficients and the hydrodynamic forces acting on the structure and the rigid wall. It is observed that suitable configurations and location of the submerged structure can provide long-term and cost-effective solutions for creating a tranquility zone and in protecting various marine facilities from wave attack during extreme wave climate. Further, the outer perforated layer of the structure plays a significant role in reducing the wave forces on the submerged structure by dissipating a part of the wave energy, which in turn increases the service life of the structure as a wave barrier. The method does not require the solution of the complex dispersion relation and can be applied to analyse a large class of complex wave-structure interaction problems of practical interest in ocean engineering and other branches of mathematical physics.

Fluid structure interaction Gravity waves Porous materials Underwater structures

3.5 AERODYNAMICS AND WIND ENGINEERING

2015112694

Numerical investigation of the aerodynamic performance for a Wells-type turbine in a wave energy converter. MARINE 2015, 6th International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering; 15-17 June 2015; Rome, Italy. Published by CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain. ISBN 978-84-943928-6-3, p 802 [12 p, 27 ref, 1 tab, 6 fig] http://congress.cimne.com/marine2015/frontal/doc/Ebook%20Marine15.pdf Stipcich, G., Ramezani, A., Et al English

Ocean waves constitute an extensive energy resource, whose extraction has been the subject of intense research activity in the last three decades. Among the different variants of Wave Energy Converters, the principle of the Oscillating Water Column (OWC) is one of the most promising ones. An OWC comprises two key elements: a collector chamber, which transfers the wave oscillations’ energy to the air within the chamber by back and forth displacement and a power take off system, which converts the

pneumatic power into electricity or some other usable form. The Wells turbine is a self-rectifying air turbine, a suitable solution for energy extraction from reciprocating air flow in an OWC. In this work, the steady state, inviscid flow in the Wells turbine is investigated by numerical simulations. The relatively novel Virtual Multiple Reference Frame technique is used to account for the rotary motion of the turbine, and the overall performance is compared with results in the literature.

Aerodynamics Computational fluid dynamics Turbines Wave energy conversion

3.6 FUNDAMENTAL FLUID MECHANICS

2015112695

Design and construction of computer experiments in fluid mechanics and ship stability. ISSW 2014, 14th International Ship Stability Workshop; 29 September-1 October 2014; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Organised by Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Session 7, p 187 [12 p, 25 ref, 1 fig] http://www.shipstab.org/index.php/conference-workshop-proceedings/issw2014-kuala-lumpur Degtyarev, A., Khramushin, V., Mareev, V. English

The paper considers a generalized functional and algorithmic construction of direct computational experiments in fluid dynamics. Tensor mathematics naturally embedded in the finite- operation in the construction of numerical schemes. As an elementary computing object large fluid particle which has a finite size, its own weight, internal displacement and deformation is considered. The proposed approach focuses on the use of explicit numerical schemes. The numerical solution of the problem is divided into several stages that are a combination of Lagrange and Euler methods.

Hydromechanics Mathematical models

ABSTRACTS 1008

4.1 STRUCTURAL RESPONSE

2015112696

Study on the structural monitoring and early warning conditions of aging jacket platforms. Ocean Engineering, v 101, 1 June 2015, pp 152-160 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815000864 Tang, Y., Qing, Z., Et al English

In this paper, the structural monitoring methods and early warning conditions were proposed based on the characteristics of the aging jacket offshore platforms, including the monitoring and early warning condition of the displacement, the bearing loads of pile end and the platform subsidence. On the basis of pushover analysis, the curves of base shear force versus deck displacement were drawn. Furthermore, the anticipated risks were classified into three levels due to different deformations in the collapse process; the three level early warning conditions were established. A method of the monitoring of the bearing loads of pile end was put forward, with the calculating of the load transmission function. The early warning condition that the bearing loads of pile end should not exceed half of the ultimate pile capacity was provided based on API RP 2A-WSD. The long-term monitoring method of the platform subsidence was presented based on the calculating of the difference of elevation between any two pile tops. The early warning conditions considering the stress and tilt requirements were established. The monitoring method has been applied to a jacket offshore platform on the South China Sea, and the result illustrates the feasibility of this method.

Offshore platforms Jacket structures Structural monitoring

2015112697

A fracture mechanics based approach for the analysis of crack growth at weld joints of ship structures. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 33 [7 p, 15 ref, 3 tab,11 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Lou, B., Zhang, S., Et al English

Existing spectral fatigue analysis techniques used for the assessment of fatigue life of ship structures are based on the S-N curve approach. Such methods do not distinguish between the crack initiation and propagation stages and therefore they do not account for the influence of the size and growth of crack defects on local structural details. The application of fracture mechanics concepts could offer a meaningful alternative as they allow for the estimation of the residual fatigue life once cracks are identified. As a first step toward the pragmatic use of such methods this paper introduces a semi-analytical approach which leads to the derivation of analytical stress intensity factors by combining hybrid fracture mechanics theory with FEA. The potential of the method is demonstrated by studying the crack propagation effects on the fatigue life of typical joint idealization.

Crack propagation Fracture mechanics Ship structures Stress intensity factors Welded joints

2015112698

A study on the effect of hull girder vibration on the fatigue strength. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 34 [8 p, 15 ref, 1 tab,6 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Oka, M., Niwa, T., Takagi, K. English

The effects of superposed elastic vibrations on linear wave loads in the fatigue life estimation were researched. Using created time history of vertical bending stress, numerical simulations for fatigue damage of a post-panamax container ship has been

1009 ABSTRACTS

conducted. Random stress time history is created using a storm-model, and a high frequency stress is proposed taking the effects of the hull girder vibration into account. Fatigue crack propagation which simulates the nonlinear retardation phenomena and Miner’s Law were applied. In a period of the maximum storm during ship’s life in the North Atlantic show that the fatigue crack length has a similar trend as the damage factor calculated by Miner’s Law. The difference of fatigue damage between RAW and Low Frequency waveform (LF) is remarkable, e.g. 50%–100%. The difference between RAW and envelope waveform (ENV) is relatively small, e.g. 0.1–2.0%.

Fatigue strength Hull vibration

2015112699

Application of wave models to fatigue assessment of offshore floating structures. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 38 [6 p, 15 ref, 3 tab, 4 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Zou, T., Kaminski, M.L., Jiang, X.L. English

Offshore floating structure design requires long-term sea states data in order to make fatigue assessments. However, measured wave data may be limited at the designated sea area. The development of measurement and hindcast technology has enhanced long-term atmospheric data availability in most sea areas. This paper couples a wave model-SWAN to the atmospheric model of the ERA-interim project. Sable field wind data from ERA-interim project is combined to produce six-hourly sea states which permits fatigue assessments for FPSO-Glas Dowr. Validating this methodology requires comparing this fatigue assessment results to the fatigue damages which are calculated based on the sea states from the wave model of ERA-interim and buoy-measurement. The result indicates that this methodology has merits, but still requires further improvement.

Damage Fatigue (materials) Floating structures Offshore structures Wave models

2015112700

A simplified FE model for the non-linear analysis of container stacks subject to inertial loads due to ship motions. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 39 [9 p, 10 ref, 1 tab, 9 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Brocco, E., Moro, L., Biot, M. English

On board ships, cargo-related failure conditions are strongly dependent on cargo and lashing systems. This study presents a procedure for achieving an effective FE structural model of a container stack for carrying out the numerical simulations with the aim to define a numerical model that accurately simulates the actual deformation of a stack, making it as simple as possible in order to decrease the computational cost of the simulations. Using this model, a series of numerical analyses can be carried out for a huge amount of loading conditions obtained by non-linear numerical simulations of ship motions.

Container stowage Finite element method Numerical analysis Stacking Structural analysis

2015112701

Structural Health Monitoring of marine structures by using inverse Finite Element Method. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 40 [9 p, 22 ref, 17 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Kefa, A., Oterkus, E. English

A new state-of-the art methodology named as inverse Finite Element Method (iFEM) is adopted to solve the inverse problem of real-time reconstruction of full-field structural displacements, strains, and stresses. iFEM has shown to be precise, robust, and fast enough to reconstruct the three dimensional displacement field of structures in real-time by utilizing surface strain measurements obtained from strain sensors embedded on the structure. The numerical implementation of the iFEM methodology is done by considering four-node inverse quadrilateral

ABSTRACTS 1010

shell element. Two demonstration cases are presented including a quadrilateral plate subjected to bending force and a stiffened plate under bending loading. Finally, the effect of sensor locations, number of sensors and the discretization of the geometry are examined on solution accuracy.

Finite element method Marine structures Structural monitoring

2015112702

Dynamic analysis of ring stiffened conical-cylindrical shell combinations with general coupling and boundary conditions. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 43 [9 p, 12 ref, 1 tab, 4 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Ma, X.L., Jin, G.Y., Et al English

Conical and cylindrical shell combinations reinforced by ring stiffeners are widely utilized in practical marine engineering owing to their outstanding mechanical and physical properties. In the paper, dynamic behaviours of ring stiffened conical-cylindrical shell combinations with general elastic coupling and boundary conditions are studied using a modified Fourier series-Ritz method. Under the framework, the non-uniform ring stiffeners are considered as discrete elements while each displacement of the cylindrical and conical shell components is invariantly expressed as the modified Fourier series composed of a standard Fourier series and closed form auxiliary functions in order to satisfy arbitrary elastic coupling conditions between these two components as well as the boundary conditions at the ends. All the series expansion coefficients are determined by Rayleigh-Ritz procedure as generalized coordinates. The convergence of the present method is validated by a number of numerical examples, and also good agreement of results between present method and FEM method confirms the accuracy. The effects of the number and axial position of the stiffeners and the boundary conditions on vibration behaviour of the coupled system are

investigated. Less computational cost in the calculation demonstrates the effectiveness of the present method compared to the conventional finite element method.

Cylindrical shells Dynamic analysis Stiffened shells

2015112703

The determination of ice-induced loads on the ship hull from shear strain measurements. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 44 [9 p, 13 ref, 1 tab, 7 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Suominen, M., Romanoff, J., Et al English

This paper focuses on the determination of ice-induced loading on the ship hull based on strain measurements by implementing a classical beam theory and an influence coefficient matrix. It is shown in the paper that the total loading affecting the frame structure can be determined accurately from the measured shear strains with both methods in an ideal loading case (i.e. calibration pull). However, it is shown that the load location have a significant impact on the determined loading with both methods. The total loading affecting the structure can be severely underestimated or overestimated depending on the load location with respect to the instrumented side of the structure.

Hulls Ice loads Shear strain Strain measurement

2015112704

A study of cross deck effects on warping stresses in large container ships. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 45 [9 p, 10 ref, 2 tab, 18 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Villavicencio, R., Zhang, S., Tong, J. English

The cross deck structures of container ships suffer

1011 ABSTRACTS

diagonal deformations when subjected to torsional moments in waves. This type of deformation provokes concentrated tensile and compressive warping stresses fore and aft of the deck strips, and thus the distribution of these stresses along the ship length is represented as an oscillatory response which may increase the stress range required to evaluate the fatigue strength of the ship structural details. Therefore, the paper presents a simple method to estimate the magnitude of the ‘fluctuation’ of the warping stresses for longitudinal’ end connections in the proximities of the torsion box and within the cargo hold area where the ship cross section remains constant. The method is based on finite element results and uses the rule hydrodynamic torque and hydrodynamic finite element data for its validation. The finite element model represents a constant cross section closed at the fore and aft ends with scantlings and principal dimensions similar to those of an 8,500 TEU Class Container Ship. The approach determines warping coefficients which can be used to evaluate the warping stress fluctuation resulting from wave-induced torsion considering different amplitudes of torsional loadings, phase angles, and wave frequencies so as to account for the variety of loads provided by hydrodynamic analyses.

Containerships Stresses Torsion

2015112705

Analysis on influence of spherical bulkhead reinforcement on stability. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 46 [5 p, 4 ref, 5 tab, 5 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Yuan, S., Miao, X., Luo, B. English

The spherical structure, when applied on submarines, is propitious to maintaining weight and improving bearing capacity, thus meeting the requirement of large-depth operation of the submarine. However, the spherical convexity is prone to have flexion due to loss of stability under external pressure. Therefore, the spherical bulkhead convexity stability is a factor that must be considered for submarine structure designers. This thesis aims at the problem of loss of stability under pressure for the spherical bulkhead convexity and brings forward reinforcement method for different spherical bulkheads. Through finite

element and external pressure tests, it is proved that the reinforcement can effectively improve the stability of spherical bulkhead. This method can thus be applied to the calculation in designing of submarine structures.

Bulkheads Reinforcement (structures) Spherical shells Submarines

2015112706

Structural capacity of an aging box girder accounting for the presence of a dent. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 47 [12 p, 20 ref, 6 tab, 19 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Saad-Eldeen, S., Garbatov, Y., Guedes Soares, C. English

This work deals with the evaluation of the structural capacity of corroded box girders accounting for a presence of a dent and subjected to uniform vertical bending moment. A series of static nonlinear finite element analyses are conducted. The structural damage is modelled as an indentation, where several locations on deck panel are considered with different dent depths. The effect of the presence of the indentation (location and depth) as a result of a dropping object on the ultimate bending moment and flexural rigidity is investigated. The effect of the boundary conditions as free and constrained torque is explored. The collapse modes are analysed and the effect of the dent damage on changing the final collapse mode is identified. Several observations and conclusions are derived, which benefit repair and maintenance planning and may be used as an input for the global strength assessment of aging and damaged structures.

Collapse Defects Hull girders Ultimate strength

ABSTRACTS 1012

2015112707

Strength analysis of ship shaped structures subjected to asymmetrical bending moment. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 48 [9 p, 24 ref, 2 tab, 15 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Tekgoz, M., Garbatov, Y., Guedes Soares, C. English

The ultimate load carrying capacity of ship shaped structures subjected to asymmetrical longitudinal bending moments is analysed here. The analysis is performed by the finite element method and by the approach stipulated by the Common Structural Rules. The effect of the shape of initial imperfections and of the transverse net section on the ultimate strength is evaluated for five different net sections. An update on the existing progressive collapse analysis on the cross-section subjected to asymmetrical bending and a new interaction curve accounting for the asymmetric response of the studied structures are proposed.

Bending moments Collapse Ship structures Ultimate strength

2015112708

A study on the effect of lateral loads on the hull girder ultimate strength of bulk carriers. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 49 [9 p, 16 ref, 6 tab, 10 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Toh, K., Yoshikawa, T. English

In the Harmonized Common Structural Rules, which comes into force on 1st July 2015, the partial safety factor for the vertical hull girder ultimate bending capacity, γDB, will be introduced for bulk carriers and oil tankers to take account the effect of double bottom bending under lateral loading. In this paper, in order to examine the effect of lateral loads on the hull girder ultimate strength of bulk carriers, a series of nonlinear calculation is performed using the finite

element analysis code, LS-DYNA. In addition, the hull girder ultimate strength is also calculated utilizing the simplified calculation program based on the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers, which is a kind of the Smith’s method. The calculation results obtained by this simplified method are compared with FEA results to verify the validity of γDB.

Bulk carriers Hull girders Lateral loads Ultimate strength

2015112709

Ultimate strength of stiffened plates subjected to longitudinal compression and lateral pressure. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4543-1. Volume 4B: Structures, Safety and Reliability. Paper No. OMAE2014-24637 [11 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911703 Doshi, K., Vhanmane, S. English

This paper presents a non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) and subsequent formula development for ultimate strength of stiffened panels of ship structures. A review of studies on ultimate strength of ship plating subjected to lateral pressure was carried out. The present work takes into account, the influence due to the lateral pressure on the ultimate strength of stiffened plates with initial imperfections subject to longitudinal compressive loads. ANSYS non-linear FE software was used for non-linear finite element analyses of stiffened panels (864 cases) considering VLCC hull. Based on regression analysis, a set of semi-analytical formulae were proposed and described. It is observed that depending upon the failure mode, scantlings of the stiffened panel and magnitude of lateral pressure, ultimate strength of the stiffened panels in compression is affected.

Compression Finite element method Ship structures Stiffened plates Ultimate strength

1013 ABSTRACTS

2015112710

Experimental evaluation of the ultimate bending moment of a thin box girder. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4543-1. Volume 4B: Structures, Safety and Reliability. Paper No. OMAE2014-24645 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911705 Gordo, J.M., Guedes Soares, C. English

The results of a four points bending test on a box girder are presented. The experiment is part of series of tests with similar configuration but different thickness and span between frames. The present work refers to the slenderest plate box girder with a plate’s thickness of 2 mm but with a short span between frames. The experiment includes initial loading cycles allowing for residual stresses relief. The moment curvature relationship is established for a large range of curvature. The ultimate bending moment of the box is evaluated and compared with the first yield moment and the plastic moment allowing the evaluation of the efficiency of the structure. The post buckling behaviour and collapse mode are characterized. Comparison of the experiment with a progressive collapse method is made taking into consideration the effect of residual stresses on envelop of the moment curvature curve of the structure.

Bending moments Experimentation Girders

2015112711

Structural optimisation for the ice-resistance platform in Bohai Bay. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4550-9. Volume 8A: Ocean Engineering. Paper No. OMAE2014-23607 [6 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912061 Jinlin, H., Weidong, S. English

Bohai Bay is a major offshore oil and gas production area in China, a number of oil and gas fields are located there. The offshore facilities in this area are

subject to ice loads in the winter, and the ice loads on the platform are one of the major concerns in the structural design in this area. The loads include ice impact, ice-induced-vibration and floating ice influence to the offshore operations. Compared to the loads combination of wind, wave and current, the ice load may be the governing loading condition in the structural design. The ice induced vibration to the production facilities and the living quarters may also seriously affect safety and the health of the operating personnel. This paper briefly introduces the development history of the ice-resistance platform design in Bohai Bay, and based on previous experience, the ice loads calculation method, the structure configuration of primary steel, the appurtenance arrangement and the conical structure at ice abrasive zones are discussed to optimise the ice-resistance capability. The material selection and different vibration mitigation methods are also discussed in this paper. Although significant progress has been made on the ice-resistance platform design, the problems still remain such as the floating ice accumulation around well slots. Further study on ice-induced vibration is necessary. This paper summarizes the main issues and challenges in the ice-resistance platforms and proposes the key points for future development. This paper also provides helpful references to the design and optimisation of the offshore platform in an ice active environment.

Ice loads Ice resistance Offshore platforms

2015112712

Ultimate strength of stiffened plates with a transverse crack under uniaxial compression. Ships and Offshore Structures, v 10 n 4, 2015, pp 416-425 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445302.2014.942078#abstract Rahbar-Ranji, A., Zarookian, A. English

Old steel structures are more vulnerable to buckling, yielding and fracture due crack and corrosion. Predicting residual ultimate strength of plates with crack damage is of crucial importance for health monitoring and condition assessment of aged structures. In this work a series of nonlinear finite-element method is employed for an ultimate strength analysis of steel stiffened plates with a transverse crack. Influential parameters, including plate thickness, type and size of stiffeners, crack length and longitudinal/transverse positions of crack are varied

ABSTRACTS 1014

and more than 240 models are studied. It is found that presence of a transverse crack in a thick stiffened plate is more crucial than a thin plate and longitudinal position of centre crack has not a considerable influence on ultimate strength reduction. For thin plate, ultimate strength reduction in edge crack is more than centre crack. Size of stiffeners, thickness of plate and type of stiffeners has no influence on reduction of ultimate strength.

Compression Cracks Finite element method Stiffened plates Ultimate strength

2015112713

Which sea states are dimensioning for container vessels when whipping is included? OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4551-6. Volume 8B: Ocean Engineering. Paper No. OMAE2014-24398 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912121 Storhaug, G. English

Four container vessels have broken in two during the last four decades. There may not be one single cause explaining these severe accidents. They all broke in moderate storms, but they did not break in extreme storms in terms of extreme wave heights. How could this happen? This paper addresses one possible contributing effect to all of these accidents, i.e. whipping, and how whipping contribute in different sea states. Whipping, as a sudden hull girder vibration caused by bow flare impacts, can contribute significantly to increase the vertical hull girder bending moments of container vessels, which have high design speeds and pronounced bow flare. Model tests have been carried out based on modern container ship designs covering one Panamax vessel, one Post Panamax vessel and one Ultra Large Container Ship. The tests have been carried out primarily in head seas. The whipping contribution depends on the vessel speed, and the tests have been carried out using realistic speed in each sea state. Lower sea states are more frequent than higher sea states, and lower sea states are associated with higher speeds. Does this

speed dependence give other dimensioning sea states when whipping is considered? For all three vessel designs, it is not the highest sea states, which define the dimensioning wave moments when whipping is included. Actually, realistic encountered storms can produce the dimensioning wave bending with whipping. These sea states differ considerably from the sea states, which produce the maximum wave moment without whipping. It is also demonstrated how different trades affect the dimensioning wave bending with whipping. The industry seems most concerned about the effect of whipping for the largest vessels. These model tests demonstrate that the dimensioning moment with whipping for the largest vessel is not the main concern. The tests suggest that the bow flare angle is most important, and these may be high for Post Panamax vessels. The speed is well known to be important, while size in terms of length is not particularly important from these tests.

Containerships Model tests Sea state Whipping

2015112714

Model test on the ultimate longitudinal strength of a damaged box girder. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 50 [7 p, 20 ref, 17 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Yamada, Y., Takami, T. English

In this study, in order to investigate basic collapse mechanism of a damaged hull structure as well as to validate numerical/analytical analysis, a large-scale bending collapse test was carried out with a box girder with a hole at one side shell, which is assumed to be damage due to ship-ship collision. The box girder has a simplified cross section with deck stiffeners and a double bottom which is designed to represent double bottom tanker. The model is quasi-statically loaded by 4 points bending moment, and collapsed from a midship of a box girder. Load, strain, displacement are measured, and compared with those estimated by explicit non-linear finite element analysis. Accuracies of numerical results are discussed with considering material modelling,

1015 ABSTRACTS

boundary condition and so on. Due to side damage hole, stress distribution at damaged side is not linear but non-linear. Higher stress observed around a damaged hole is discussed with stress distribution.

Collapse Hull damage Hull girders Longitudinal strength Model tests

2015112715

Influence of shear-induced secondary bending on buckling of web-core sandwich panels. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 51 [8 p, 20 ref, 11 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Jelovica, J., Romanoff, J. English

Sandwich panels with uni-directional stiffeners in the core are lightweight structures. When the voids between the stiffeners are empty, the global bending of the panel is accompanied by the secondary bending of the faces between the stiffeners. This study investigates the effect of the secondary bending on local buckling of the sandwich panel. Web-core steel sandwich panel is analysed with finite element method using shell elements. The panel is studied under uni-axial loading in the direction of the stiffeners. The results show that the local buckling strength is higher at the unloaded edges where the secondary bending deformation is larger. This has a positive effect on the strength of the panel since it postpones the reduction of the load-carrying capacity. Local buckling occurs first in the centre of the panel. The buckles have atypical shape with the wave-length significantly smaller than the width of the face plate between the stiffeners.

Bending Buckling Sandwich structures

2015112716

Influence of lateral pressure on load-shortening behaviour of stiffened panels under combined loads. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 52 [10 p, 11 ref, 7 tab, 11 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Jiang, L., Zhang, S. English

During the operations of ship and ship-shaped offshore structures, they are subjected to combined lateral pressure and in-plane stresses. However, the effect of the lateral pressure is often ignored in ultimate strength assessments, particularly in the hull girder ultimate strength analysis. This paper presents a systematic numerical investigation on the influence of the lateral pressure on nonlinear collapse behaviour of stiffened panels subjected to combined in-plane stresses. The present results indicated that the effects of pressure on the ultimate strength depend on the ratio of the longitudinal and transverse stresses and the collapse loads are more sensitive to pressure when the external loads are dominated by longitudinal stress. Numerical examples and findings from this study are discussed.

Combined loads Pressure Stiffened plates

2015112717

Elastic shear buckling capacity of the longitudinally stiffened flat panels. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 53 [9 p, 6 ref, 2 tab, 9 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Kitarovic, S., Andric, J., Piric, K. English

Various feasible approaches to the increase of the flat plate elastic shear buckling capacity are investigated. Based on derived theoretical envelopes of the considered approaches, stiffening parallel to the longer plate edges is identified as the most effective approach to the considered problem. An accompanying analytical formulation is approximated in a form convenient for utilization in structural analysis and design of the plated structures. All

ABSTRACTS 1016

derived conclusions and proposed formulations are based on results of the numerous rationally designed numerical simulations utilizing the finite element method.

Buckling Shear stress Stiffened plates

2015112718

Strength of aluminium alloy ship plating under combined shear and compression/tension. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 54 [9 p, 17 ref,17 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Syrigou, M.S., Benson, S.D., Dow, R.S. English

This study investigates the failure modes, ultimate strength and post collapse behaviour of unstiffened aluminium plates under combined loads of shear and axial compression/tension. A nonlinear finite element method is used to model simply supported plates with restrained and unrestrained edges. The generated stress/strain curves and the interaction diagrams for combined shear and axial compression/tension loads are presented for a range of different plate slenderness ratios and two marine grade aluminium alloys: 5083-H116 and 6082-T6. This study has been carried out with the aim of incorporating the effect of shear and torsion into the simplified progressive collapse method, which is a well established approach for assessing the ultimate strength of a hull girder. The existing method is applied to ship hull girders under an assumed pure longitudinal hogging and sagging bending moment. Extending this method to incorporate the effects of shear and torsion will improve its capability for the analysis of intact and damaged ship structures built from steel and aluminium where shear and torsion may be significant.

Aluminium alloys Combined loads Plates Ultimate strength

2015112719

Effects of initial imperfection shapes on plate ultimate strength under combined loads. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 55 [5 p, 10 ref, 1 tab, 10 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Zhang, S., Jiang, L. English

It is a normal practice in structural engineering of ships and offshore structures, to perform non-linear finite element analysis to assess the structure’s capacity for design or evaluation purposes. However, experience and studies have shown that the initial imperfections have significant effects on the ultimate strength, particularly when the plate is subjected to complicated combined loads. Appropriate initial imperfections should be applied, otherwise the results may lead to a wrong conclusion or design. This paper has done systematic investigations on the topic and provides a guideline for such structural collapse analysis of plates under combined loads. Analysis examples are provided in the paper for reference and discussions.

Collapse Combined loads Plates Ultimate strength

2015112720

Statistics of still water bending moment of damaged ships. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 56 [7 p, 13 ref,7 tab, 17 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Primorac, B.B., Ćorak, M., Parunov, J. English

The aim of the paper is to develop statistical model of still water bending moment of double hull oil tanker damaged in collision or grounding accident. Monte Carlo simulation is employed to generate plausible damage scenarios according to IMO Resolution MEPC.110 (49) from 2003. For each damage scenario, maximum bending moment is calculated by commercial hydrostatic software. Histogram of maximum bending moments is then created and appropriate probability distribution fitted. The results

1017 ABSTRACTS

are treated in a way to take into account correlation between damage location and maximum bending load. The purpose of developed probabilistic models is application in structural reliability studies of damaged ship.

Bending moments Damage Still water Structural reliability

2015112721

Overview of structural life assessment and reliability, part III: impact, grounding, and reliability of ships under extreme loading. Journal of Ship Production and Design, v 31 n 3, August 2015, pp 137-169 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sname/jspd/2015/00000031/00000003/art00001 Ibrahim, R.A. English

The main results reported in the literature pertaining to ship structural damage assessments resulting from to slamming loads, liquid sloshing impact loads of liquefied natural gas in ship tankers, and ship grounding accidents and collision with solid bodies are discussed. Under such extreme loadings, structural reliability will be the major issue in the design stage of ocean structures. The treatment of extreme loading on ship structures significantly differs from those approaches developed by dynamicists. Environmental effects on ship structures play a major factor in the life assessment of ocean systems. In particular, these effects include corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement.

Extreme loads Impact loads Ship structures Structural reliability Structural response

2015112722

A simplified method to predict grounding damage of double bottom tankers. Marine Structures, v 43, October 2015, pp 22-43 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951833915000350 Heinvee, M., Tabri, K. English

This paper presents a set of analytical expressions for the calculation of damage opening sizes in tanker

groundings. The simplified formulas were given for the grounding force, longitudinal structural damage and the opening width in the inner and outer plating of a tanker's double bottom. The simplified formulas derived are based on a set of numerical simulations conducted with tankers of different dimensions- 120, 190 and 260 m in length. The simulations were performed for five penetration depths and for several rock/ground topologies. The formula for the horizontal grounding force was derived provided the grounding force is proportional to the contact area and the contact pressure. By use of regression analysis it was shown that the contact pressure for any combination of ship and rock size can be expressed with a single normalized polynomial. The actual contact pressure was found by scaling the normalized pressure with the structural resistance coefficient. Given the formulation for the normalized contact pressure, the actual contact force for a ship can be found as a product of average contact pressure and the contact area. The longitudinal length of the damage was evaluated based on the average contact force and the kinetic energy of the ship. The damage opening widths in the outer and inner bottom of the ship were derived separately for two ranges of relative rock sizes as they have strong influence on the deformation mode. The damage widths were given as a function of rock size, penetration depth and double bottom height. To improve the prediction of the onset of the inner bottom failure, a critical relative penetration depth as a function of the ratio of the rock size and the ship breadth was established. Comparison to the numerical simulations showed that the derived simplified approach describes the horizontal grounding force and the damage length well for the penetration depths above 0.5 m. For the range of specified relative rock sizes, the damage width in the inner and outer bottom deviates from numerical simulations approximately up to 25%, which was considered sufficient for the analyses where rapid damage assessment is needed. Comparison was also made to real accidental damage data and to the results of several simplified formulas.

Damage Double bottoms Groundings Tankers

ABSTRACTS 1018

2015112723

Progressive collapse of intact and damaged stiffened panels. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 58 [8 p, 10 ref, 9 tab, 18 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Leelachai, A., Benson, S.D., Dow, R.S. English

This paper presents the strength of a series of large scale stiffened steel panels in both intact and damage conditions. The non-linear finite element method is used to simulate damage and calculate the load carrying behaviour of the damaged structure. Damage is represented as a circular cut out at different locations on the panel. The extent of the damage is represented as proportion of the panel width and panels with different slenderness ratios are considered with appropriate representation of stresses and initial distortions. The aims of this paper are to produce simplified methods which will enable a better representation of damage in the evaluation of the global strength of the ship structure.

Collapse Damage Stiffened plates

2015112724

Comparative analysis of HCSR based on ultimate strength of intact ships and residual strength in damaged condition. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 59 [7 p, 6 ref, 9 tab, 10 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Lei, W., Quan, W.Z., Hao, H.J. English

Safety factors are modified in the computation of ultimate strength and hull girder loads the Harmonized Common Structural Rules (HCSR) released in 2013. Calculations and checks of hull girder residual strength are newly added in Chapter 5 Hull Girder Strength. According to the rules for hull girder loads and the calculation process of ultimate strength in HCSR released in 2013, calculation procedures for hull ultimate strength are developed applying the program design language FORTRAN based on Smith’s method, considering properties of

material yielding, buckling and post-buckling of structural elements. The ultimate strength of a 76000 ton bulk carrier is calculated, and the residual strength of the damaged ship in the collision and grounding condition is evaluated. The vertical hull girder ultimate bending capacity is checked. Compared with models in collision and grounding condition in ABS and DnV rules, safety factors specified in criteria for residual strength and computational formulas of hull girder loads in HCSR set higher requirements.

Classification society rules Hull strength Ultimate strength

2015112725

Structural life expectancy of marine vessels: ultimate strength, corrosion, fatigue, fracture and systems. ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part B: Mechanical Engineering, v 1 n 1, March 2015, Paper No. RISK-14-1001 [13 p] http://risk.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=2020878 Ayyub, B.M., Stambaugh, K.A., Et al English

This paper provides a methodology for the structural reliability analysis of marine vessels based on failure modes of their hull girders, stiffened panels including buckling, fatigue, and fracture and corresponding life predictions at the component and system levels. Factors affecting structural integrity such as operational environment and structural response entail uncertainties requiring the use of probabilistic methods to estimate reliabilities associated with various alternatives being considered for design, maintenance, and repair. Variability of corrosion experienced on marine vessels is a specific example of factors affecting structural integrity requiring probabilistic methods. The Structural Life Assessment of Ship Hulls (SLASH) methodology developed in this paper produces time-dependent reliability functions for hull girders, stiffened panels, fatigue details, and fracture at the component and system levels. The methodology was implemented as a web-enabled, cloud-computing-based tool with a database for managing vessels analysed with associated stations, components, details, and results, and users. Innovative numerical and simulation

1019 ABSTRACTS

methods were developed for reliability predictions with the use of conditional expectation. Examples are provided to illustrate the computations.

Corrosion Fatigue life Fracture Structural reliability Ultimate strength

2015112726

Probabilistic models of reduction in ultimate strength of a damaged ship. Transaction of FAMENA, v 39 n 1, 2015, p 55 [20 p, 24 ref, 5 tab, 14 fig] http://www.journals4free.com/link.jsp?l=25406675 Primorac, B.B., Parunov, J. English

The aim of this paper is to develop a probabilistic model of the reduction in the bending moment capacity of an oil tanker following grounding and collision accidents. The approach is based on the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation using the probability distributions of damage parameters proposed by the International Maritime Organization. The reduction in ultimate strength in the case of grounding is calculated by applying existing design equations using the concept of the grounding damage index (GDI) and assuming grounding on a conically shaped rock. Design equations for collision damage are originally developed in the present paper by assuming rectangular box damage. The modified Paik-Mansour method is employed for residual strength assessment when developing the design equations. A case study is presented for an Aframax tanker resulting in the Weibull probability distributions fitted to the histograms of residual strength obtained with MC simulations. The obtained probability distributions are intended for structural reliability assessment of damaged ships.

Damage Probabilistic methods Tankers Ultimate strength

4.2 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

2015112727

Ultimate strength of steel brackets in ship structures. Ocean Engineering, v 101, 1 June 2015, pp 182-200 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001055 Lee, S.E., Thayamballi, A.K., Paik, J.K. English

Steel brackets are customarily used to prevent sideways deformation or lateral-torsional buckling in the supporting components of structures such as ships and offshore platforms. The aims of this study are to undertake nonlinear finite element analysis to examine the ultimate-strength characteristics of steel brackets, and to develop a simple design formula to predict the ultimate strength of a steel bracket. The structural features of steel brackets in real ship structures are investigated. Finite element modelling techniques are developed to compute the ultimate-strength behaviour of steel brackets with different design variables, such as material type and breadth to height ratio. The findings of the research and the above-mentioned design formula have the potential to enhance the structural design and safety assessment of steel brackets in ship structures.

Brackets Finite element method Ship structures Steel Ultimate strength

2015112728

Investigation of weld root fatigue of single-sided welded T-joints. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 36 [7 p, 13 ref, 2 tab,15 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Sundermeyer, W., Fricke, W., Paetzold, H. English

Several welded joints in ship and offshore structures can be performed only from one side, e.g. tubular connections in offshore structures. Full penetration is usually aimed at, but sometimes partial penetration occurs, either unintended or intended in order to reduce the welding effort. Such welds are assessed with the lowest fatigue class in the nominal stress

ABSTRACTS 1020

approach. However, weld root failures are rarely known although fabrication is frequently performed under unfavourable conditions regarding welding position and gap width. Therefore, fatigue tests were performed with T-joints subjected to bending to investigate weld root fatigue and possibly optimise the welds. 25 mm thick plates were joined with single sided welds having full and partial penetration (HV and HY-welds), partly performed without and with gap. The results are assessed using the nominal, structural hot-spot and effective notch stress approaches with the aim to rationally consider the actual weld throat thickness of partial penetration welds.

Fatigue tests Tubular joints Welded joints

2015112729

Fatigue data of High-Frequency Mechanical Impact (HFMI) improved welded joints subjected to overloads. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 37 [6 p, 20 ref, 4 tab, 7 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Yildrim, H.C., Marquis, G. English

In the past decade, High Frequency Mechanical Impact (HFMI) has significantly developed as a reliable, effective and user-friendly method for post-weld fatigue strength improvement technique for welded steel structures. The evaluation and features of developing guideline within the International Institute of Welding (IIW) for the design of structures improved using HFMI is briefly discussed. So far, the extra fatigue strength benefit for HFMI-treated high strength steels has been mostly shown for constant amplitude loading. This paper reports 68 available HFMI-improved welds subjected to overloads or pre-fatigue loads at various loading conditions prior to fatigue testing. These loading conditions are often seen for marine structures.

Fatigue strength Overloads Welded joints

2015112730

On the ultimate compressive strength of transversely cracked plates. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4543-1. Volume 4B: Structures, Safety and Reliability. Paper No. OMAE2014-24668 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911708 Bayatfar, A., Pire, T., Rigo, P. English

This paper aims to numerically analyse the ultimate strength of transversely cracked steel plates under longitudinal compressive loading, considering the effect of initial distortion as well. The main objective of this study is to investigate the ultimate compressive strength characteristics of an unstiffened steel plate due to transverse cracking damages located in the middle (i.e. centre cracks and edge cracks). To achieve that, a series of non-linear finite element (FE) analyses are carried out using ANSYS commercial finite element code. The obtained FE results are discussed to indicate the amount of crack influence, in terms of its length and location, on the ultimate compressive strength of a steel plate element with different thicknesses.

Compressive strength Cracks Plates Steel structures

2015112731

Elastic tubular joint element for modelling of multi-brace, uni-planar tubular connections. Ships and Offshore Structures, v 10 n 4, 2015, pp 404-415 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445302.2014.942077#abstract Alanjari, P., Asgarian, B., Salari, N. English

Traditionally, an analytical model of an offshore structure is composed of beam-column elements rigidly interconnected. However, considerable flexibility exists at the joints where chord outer wall deforms locally, and produces flexibility. In this paper, a new elastic joint element is introduced to consider the local flexibilities for TY- and K-type tubular joints. The element is developed on the basis of flexibility matrix and it is implemented in a finite-element programme to account for local joint

1021 ABSTRACTS

flexibility effects in numerical models of steel structures made from tubular members. The element is suitable for modelling of multi-brace, uni-planar tubular joints. The results are validated by more sophisticated model using multi-purpose programmes and compared against conventional rigid-joint models. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that incorporating the effects of joint flexibility results in more realistic response prediction of offshore structures.

Deformation Flexibility Offshore structures Tubular joints

2015112732

Advanced materials in oil and gas production. DNV GL Strategic Research & Innovation Position Paper 2-2014 [32 p, 35 ref, 1 tab, 18 fig] http://production.presstogo.com/fileroot7/gallery/dnvgl/files/original/167d264776834f6f86963dff62b66f24/167d264776834f6f86963dff62b66f24_low.pdf Cao, L., Sridhar, N., Gui, F. English

The oil and gas industry is exploring in deeper waters and at greater depths beneath the ocean floor, both of which will require the development of new technologies and materials as well as extending the operation limits of existing materials. Although the industry has developed a considerable knowledge regarding the performance of various conventional metallic alloys, more systematic procedures for materials selection are required to accelerate their application and to reduce the safety risk and environmental impact of deep and ultra-deep deployments. This document looks into the different challenges and the most promising emerging materials technologies associated with drilling and production of oil and natural gas from ultra-deep reservoirs, with a focus on down-hole systems.

Materials Mechanical properties Offshore drilling

2015112733

Strength analysis of fillet welds under longitudinal and transverse shear conditions. Marine Structures, v 43, October 2015, pp 87-106 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951833915000453 Lu, H., Dong, P., Boppudi, S. English

In support of the development of improved fillet weld sizing criteria for lightweight shipboard structures, a comprehensive static strength test program using longitudinal and transverse shear specimens according to AWS B4.0 Standards has been conducted. This test program covers base material with strength ranging from 71 ksi (490 MPa) to 96 ksi (660 MPa) and weld size ranging from 1/8″ (3 mm) to 3/8″ (10 mm). This paper focuses on a traction stress based analysis of the test data as an effort to establish a unified shear strength definition for load-carrying fillet weld specimens regardless of shear loading conditions. The proposed shear strength definition proves to be effective in correlating the fillet weld strength test data of the longitudinal and transverse shear specimens. The results of this investigation demonstrate that existing shear strength definitions used by various weld sizing criteria such as those given by Class Societies have two major limitations: (1) it cannot be related to a critical stress state on experimentally observed failure plane in transverse shear specimens; (2) it underestimates shear stress at failure due to severe stress concentration at weld end in typical longitudinal shear specimens. These two limitations have been shown to be the major cause for having two significantly different shear strength values: one is transverse shear strength obtained from transverse shear specimens and the other is longitudinal shear strength obtained from longitudinal shear specimens.

Fillet welds Shear strength Weld strength

ABSTRACTS 1022

2015112734

Research on mechanics of ship-launching airbags I - Material constitutive relations by numerical and experimental approaches. Applied Ocean Research, v 52, August 2015, pp 222-233 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118715000826 Yu, L., Li, Y., Et al English

Ship-launching airbags are widely used in small- and medium-scale Chinese shipyards as a cost-effective substitute for slipways; they are capable of handling launching ship with weights of up to 70,000 tons. However, throughout the 30-year history of these airbags, the safety of the launching process has depended on the high bearing capacity of the airbags and the operators’ experience. Very little theoretical research has been conducted on the ship-launching airbags, and no material constitutive model has yet been established for a ship-launching airbag, especially one that addresses the sandwiched hyperelastic membrane. This study, therefore established a constitutive model for an airbag membrane with reinforcement, through both uniaxial tensile tests and numerical simulations. Isotropic and orthotropic models were developed and compared. The obtained results were found to be in good agreement with the actual test data. Another different size tensile test has also been carried out for eliminating uncertainty of the test. Finally, model-scale data for loaded ship-launching airbags were modelled and computed both theoretically and by Finite Element analysis. The stress and strain results were compared with pressing test data to demonstrate the applicability of the constitutive model to the prediction of safety of using airbags for launching a ship.

Launching Membranes Physical properties Tensile tests

4.3 CORROSION AND FOULING

2015112735

Proven benefits from foul release coatings. A Yücel Odabaşi Colloquium Series, 1st International Meeting – Propeller Noise & Vibration; 6-7 November 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Organised by Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. P 79 [6 p, 9 ref, 1 tab, 10 fig] http://www.ayocol.itu.edu.tr/files/AYOCOL_2014_Proceedings.pdf Solomon, T. English

Foul release coatings have been commercially available for a number of years and give the unambiguous environmental benefit of releasing no biocides into the environment whilst controlling the growth of fouling organisms which can contribute to the poor performance of a vessel in service. Over recent years, foul release coatings have contributed more to environmental protection through the actual reduction in fuel consumption and the resultant environmental pollutants that come from burning fossil fuels, i.e. carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides and sulphur oxides. This paper explores the use of foul release coatings, their developments over time and the evidence that exists to prove the fuel and emission saving potential of the technology.

Antifouling coatings Frictional resistance Fuel conservation Ship performance

2015112736

Anti-corrosion method for marine steel structure by the calcareous deposits. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [5 p, 11 ref, 9 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Iwamoto, T., Suzuki, Y., Et al English

The authors have developed an original anti-corrosion system for repair of marine steel structures using calcareous deposits. Experiments were performed under the actual environment in Singapore. As a result, by cathodic electrolysis tests in the actual environment, it was verified that the calcareous deposits could be formed as the laboratory tests.

1023 ABSTRACTS

Moreover, it was found that the calcareous deposits are effective for anti-corrosion, this process is a prospective economic anti-corrosion method for repair of marine steel structures.

Calcareous deposits Cathodic protection Steel structures

2015112737

Grooming using rotating brushes as a proactive method to control ship hull fouling. Biofouling, v 31 n 4, 2015, pp 309-319 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08927014.2015.1041021#abstract Tribou, M., Swain, G. English

Grooming may be defined as the frequent and gentle cleaning of a ship hull coating, when it is in port or idle, to prevent the establishment of fouling. This study assessed the effectiveness of grooming with a five-headed rotating brush system on epoxy, ablative copper and two silicone fouling release (FR) coatings. These coatings were placed under static immersion at Port Canaveral, FL on a weekly and biweekly frequency. The results showed that grooming reduced fouling on all surfaces and was able to prevent fouling on the ablative copper and FR coatings when performed weekly. It was concluded that the grooming tool used for these tests was sufficient to remove biofilm and most hard fouling. However, when fouling pressure increased or when grooming was performed less frequently, insufficient forces were imparted by the brush to remove all of the established hard fouling organisms.

Adhesion Antifouling coatings Cleaning Fouling

5 NAVAL VESSELS AND DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY

2015112738

Underwater radiated noise prediction for a submarine propeller in different flow conditions. A Yücel Odabaşi Colloquium Series, 1st International Meeting – Propeller Noise & Vibration; 6-7 November 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Organised by Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. P 113 [10 p, 24 ref, 4 tab, 25 fig] http://www.ayocol.itu.edu.tr/files/AYOCOL_2014_Proceedings.pdf Özden, M.C., Gürkan, A.Y., Et al English

The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and other bodies have been trying to set-up regulations to reduce/limit noise levels at sea which influence marine environment particularly marine mammals and fish varieties. Ships with low noise characteristics will be a must in the near future for almost all ship types, however for special ships, such as naval surface vessels, fisheries, submarines, etc. this has already been an issue for their missions. The propeller is one of the main sources of underwater noise generated by ships and it is important to predict and control the underwater noise characteristics of propellers. Within this respect, the main objective of this study is to calculate numerically the propeller radiated noise. Therefore, propeller noise is investigated numerically for the INSEAN E1619 submarine propeller in open water and behind a generic DARPA suboff submarine at non-cavitating conditions due to their deeply submerged operations. Flow around the propeller is solved with a commercial CFD software using Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS), while hydro-acoustic analysis is performed using a model based on Ffowcs Williams-Hawking equation. This paper reports on the preliminary results of the study. The paper includes the details of the bodies and study, and discusses further improvement of the methodology.

Propeller noise Submarines Underwater acoustics

ABSTRACTS 1024

2015112739

Genetic algorithm-based counter-flooding decision model for damaged warship. International Shipbuilding Progress, v 62 n 1-2, 2015, pp 1-15 http://content.iospress.com/articles/international-shipbuilding-progress/isp114 Hu, L-f., Tian, Z., Et al English

A good counter-flooding strategy is vital to the decision maker in case of emergency, but how to evaluate the scheme is still lack of a definite function. To establish a definite evaluation standard, this paper presents a counter-flooding decision model for scheme evaluation and decision support in shipboard flooding emergency. It adopts genetic algorithm to solve the proposed optimisation model, which involves the combination of counter-flooding tanks that should be filled or evacuation in order to achieve an optimal response to a flooding accident. The genetic algorithm is developed with roulette wheel selection, one-point crossover, mutation, and iterative process continues until terminating condition is encountered. The stopping criterion proposed in this paper is the tilt angle, also the heeling angle is another terminate rule. The computational results validate the effectiveness of proposed optimisation model and genetic algorithm.

Decision making Flooding Genetic algorithms Naval vessels

2015112740

Evaluation and forecasting of elapsed fatigue life of ship structures by analysing data from full scale ship structural monitoring. Journal of Shipping and Ocean Engineering, v 5 n 2, 2015, p 59 [16 p, 7 ref, 2 tab, 26 fig] http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/5579868856a3b.pdf Cusano, G., La Marca, S. English

This paper describes the activities carried out by CETENA in collaboration with the Italian Navy to assess the behaviour of new FREMM frigates by means of an automatic hull monitoring system and to

predict the expected fatigue life of ship structure by analysing recorded data through a specifically developed post-processing tool.

Fatigue life Naval vessels Ship structures Structural monitoring

2015112741

Survivability of an ocean patrol vessel - Analysis approach and uncertainty treatment. Marine Structures, v 43, October 2015, pp 1-21 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951833915000349 Liwång, H. English

Military ocean patrol vessels (OPVs) are today an increasingly common type of naval ship. To facilitate the wide range of tasks with small crews, OPVs represent several ship design compromises between, for example, survivability, redundancy and technical endurance, and some of these compromises are new to military ships. The aim of this study is to examine how the design risk control-options in relation to survivability, redundancy and technical endurance can be linked to the operational risk in a patrol and surveillance scenario. The ship operation for a generic OPV, including the actions of the threat, is modelled with a Bayesian network describing the scenario and the dependency among different influences. The scenario is described with expert data collected from subject matter experts. The approach includes an analysis of uncertainty using Monte Carlo analysis and numerical derivative analysis. The results show that it is possible to link the performance of specific ship design features to the operational risk. Being able to propagate the epistemic uncertainties through the model is important to understand how the uncertainty in the input affects the output and the output uncertainty for the studied case is small relative to the input uncertainty. The study shows that linking different ship design features for aspects such as survivability, redundancy and technical endurance to the operational risk gives important information for the ship design decision-making process.

Patrol craft Risk Ship design Ship survivability Uncertainty

1025 ABSTRACTS

2015112742

CARABINIERE. Tecnologie Trasporti Mare, v 46 n 3, May-June 2015, p 32 [4 p, 5 fig] http://edicoladigitale.ttmweb.it/secoloxix/singol/ttm/index.html No author given Italian

Fincantieri has delivered the frigate CARBINIERE within the international Italian-French program to Italian Navy. The frigate is the fourth vessel of the FREMM (Multi Mission European Frigate) program. Orizzonte Sistemi Navali (51% Fincantieri and 49% Finmeccanica) is the Italian prime contractor for the FREMM program, which has planned to build 10 units, all already ordered. The FREMM frigates are 144m long and displace at full load of approximately 6,700 tonnes and they are designed to reach a maximum speed of 27 knots. The frigates can also accommodate a maximum of 200 crew.

Frigates Naval vessels Vessel descriptions

2015112743

Shipboard power management using constrained nonlinear model predictive control. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 1-7 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157853&filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29 Stone, P., Opila, D.F., Et al English

Both new and existing naval vessels of all sizes face ever-increasing power supply requirements to support advanced mission loads including high power sensors, weapons, and launchers. Adding additional conventional generators to support these loads is infeasible given size and weight constraints and given the pulsed nature of those new loads. Instead, an optimisation-based Power Management Controller (PMC) is used to dynamically control power system sources and loads in real time in order to serve system needs with a minimal amount of power supply equipment. In this paper, a Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach is used to dynamically coordinate sources and loads based on future demand. A cost

function is used to prioritize various ship goals and objectives, and constraints are added to reflect hardware limitations. A Constrained Nonlinear MPC algorithm is then used to minimize the cost over a finite future horizon and generate control commands in real-time. The PMC is demonstrated to successfully control and improve system performance on a hardware test bed for ship power system research.

Control Electric power Naval vessels Power requirements

2015112744

Power system and energy storage models for laser integration on naval platforms. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 173-180 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157884&punumber%3D7147633%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29%26pageNumber%3D2 Gattozzi, A.L., Herbst, J.D., Et al English

High power solid state laser systems are being developed for advanced weapons and sensors for a variety of US Department of Defense applications including naval surface combatants. The transient power and cooling requirements of these emerging technologies present significant challenges to the electric power distribution and thermal management systems, particularly for applications requiring back fit of the new systems onto existing platforms with limited electric power generation and cooling capacities. The University of Texas Center for Electromechanics and the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) have collaborated in the development of simulation models of ship power systems to evaluate and help guide the integration of pulsed laser loads onto existing ship platforms. Key to the success of these efforts is the definition of a suitable energy storage system to handle the effect of the transient load. This paper reports on the progress of detailed MatLab/Simulink models of a destroyer class ship service electric power distribution system that have been developed to evaluate the performance of battery, flywheel, and capacitor energy storage in

ABSTRACTS 1026

support of laser weapons. The models allow the user to develop comparative studies of the three energy storage systems in regard to several relevant metrics that can be used for their discrimination. Examples of some of these results based on the simulations are given.

Electric power distribution Naval vessels Ship electric power systems

2015112745

Adding simulation capability to early-stage ship design. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 207-212 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157889&punumber%3D7147633%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29%26pageNumber%3D2 Ferrante, M., Chalfant, J., Et al English

The US Navy's early-stage ship design tools do not currently include an inherent simulation capability. Under Navy direction, the Electric Ship Research and Development Consortium (ESRDC) has worked to develop a simulation tool that can be used to determine functionality of ship systems at the early stages of design. This paper describes the current capabilities of the simulation tool and the process and status of the efforts to integrate this tool with the Navy's design tools.

Naval vessels Ship design Simulation

2015112746

Operational vignette-based electric warship load demand. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 213-218 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157890&punumber%3D7147633%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29%26pageNumber%3D2 Stevens, J.D., Opila, D.F., Et al English

The design and control of electric warship power systems is a complex, challenging problem and numerous power system architectures, technologies, algorithms, and control schemes have been proposed. Instead of a quantitative assessment of these ideas based on ideal, steady-state conditions, a set of representative operational vignettes that span the entire electric warship mission package is introduced in order to obtain true results. This paper describes a set of realistic test cases that provide load demand dynamics based on a variety of unique scenarios, mission load characteristics, and human-in-the-loop decision-making. Stochastic and deterministic power profiles are established for individual ship systems and mission loads, which are then combined together for a particular scenario. These test cases can be applied to early-stage design trade studies as well as design tool development. For example, various control methods can be benchmarked against the same test cases. In addition to the established test cases, the method used here enables operators to communicate to design engineers how they intend to use the ship (not the other way around).

Electrical loads Naval vessels Ship electric power systems

1027 ABSTRACTS

6 MISCELLANEOUS

2015112747

Ontology based management of maritime rules and compliance. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [7 p, 7 ref, 5 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Hagaseth, M., Rødseth, Ø.J., Et al English

This paper presents the current status of an ongoing project to develop a new knowledge management system for maritime rules and legislation. This includes a number of use cases, a preliminary system architecture as well as a first version of a new ontological framework for modelling the rules. The management system will use the ontology to guide semantic search in and lexical annotation of the legal texts as well as to define more accurate search criteria for the annotated rules texts. This will significantly simplify the rule creation as well as the compliance processes. The long term objective of the project is to use the ontology directly in rule creation, rule compliance and rule enforcement to ensure full unambiguity and consistency in management and use of rules through exact annotation and automatic processing of new rules. The project will also investigate ontological approaches to classification of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), check-lists and other tools that can be used in rule compliance.

Databases Information systems Maritime legislation Rules

2015112748

Maritime Single Windows: Lessons learned from the eMAR Project. MTEC 2014, International Maritime and Port Technology and Development Conference; 27-29 October 2014; Trondheim, Norway. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 9781315731629 [8 p, 11 ref, 1 tab, 5 fig] http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781315731629 Koliousis, I., Koliousis, P., Katsoulakos, T. English

This paper addresses the maritime transport administrative complexities and reports the lessons learned from developing and implementing an

innovative single window solution for maritime transport. The European Commission (EC) is supporting Maritime Single Windows (MSW) through different policies, as a solution to simplify and facilitate ship reporting formalities. The e-Maritime Strategic Framework and Simulation based Validation (eMAR) Project, a 3 Year EU funded project, develops and implements a Single Window that will be used seamlessly and efficiently by different stakeholders. In this context, the paper describes a conceptual model of the key features that a successfully user driven MSW should incorporate in addition to reporting feedback from the implementation process as well as identifying the key drivers that facilitate the implementation.

Information exchange Management Maritime industries

2015112749

Factors influencing the formation of freight rates on maritime shipping markets. Pomorstvo, v 29 n 1, June 2015, p 30 [10 p, 29 ref] http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=206873 Jugović, A., Komadina, N., Hadžić, A.P. English

Maritime shipping has a significant role in maritime policies and overall economic development of every maritime country. The fact that 2/3 of the total world trade of goods is done by maritime routes and that the sea is the least expensive trade route is enough to see the importance of its existence for every maritime country. The whole world and overall world trade, in maritime and other sectors, are defined by the relationship between supply and demand and prices on the market. Precisely for this reason it is important to well understand these relations and their mutual impacts. Therefore, in order to present the changeable state of shipping markets, this paper uses the supply and demand model which is connected to the freight rate i.e. the price of maritime transport service, which through its influence on the shipper and the

ABSTRACTS 1028

shipowner balances the supply and demand. The aim of this paper is to point out the factors which influence the maritime shipping markets. The paper indicates and analyses ten main factors; five influencing the demand, and five influencing the supply on the maritime transport market.

Demand (economics) Freight rates Shipping Supply (economics)

2015112750

Current state and perspectives of the Croatian shipbuilding industry. Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, v 12 n 1, June 2015, p 33 [10 p, 17 ref, 7 tab, 5 fig] http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/JNAME/article/view/21759 Hadžić, N., Tomić, M., Et al English

Shipbuilding is one of the most important manufacturing industries in Croatia involved in ships and offshore units’ production, maintenance, repair and installation with a significant impact on Croatian economy and society. The current state of the Croatian shipbuilding industry is presented, based on the most recent available data on global and domestic shipbuilding activities and important conclusions and recommendations for its future development are drawn considering current state of the world shipping and shipbuilding databases. Future perspectives are addressed through analysis of current negotiation potential of suppliers and buyers as well as with respect to the rivalry among competitors. An importance of stable financial background and development of the domestic industrial surroundings is pointed out. Along with that, current Croatian industrial 2020 strategy is addressed in order to enhance its application within the existing shipbuilding infrastructure as well as within Croatian economy. Finally, energy, food and entertainment market sectors are pointed out as the most perspective sectors capable of influencing future Croatian society, economy, science and technology.

Croatia Shipbuilding industry

AUTHOR INDEX A-1

Author Name Abstract No.

Abdelwahed, S. 2015112547 Abrahamson, E. 2015112568 Æsøy, V. 2015112556 Ageno, E. 2015112632 Agrawal, M. 2015112675 Ahmad, S. 2015112660 Alanjari, P. 2015112731 Ametller, X. 2015112611 Ammar, N.R. 2015112542 Andric, J. 2015112717 Andrus, M. 2015112537 Angelelli, E. 2015112578 Antão, E.M. 2015112565 Antonini, A. 2015112575 Araki, M. 2015112642 Arapostathis, A. 2015112546 Aronietis, R. 2015112604 Aryawan, W.D. 2015112645 Asgarian, B. 2015112731 Ashim Ali, Md. 2015112684 Ayyub, B.M. 2015112725 Babaei, M. 2015112548 Bagheri, M.R. 2015112623 Baso, S. 2015112533 Bayatfar, A. 2015112730 Begovic, E. 2015112632 Bekker, A. 2015112596 Belenky, V. 2015112635 2015112636 Belibassakis, K.A. 2015112631 Belknap, W.F. 2015112648 Benson, S.D. 2015112718 2015112723 Berg, T.E. 2015112608 2015112656 Berge, B.O. 2015112608 Bergström, M. 2015112607 Biot, M. 2015112700 Boppudi, S. 2015112733 Boulougouris, E. 2015112586 Bouscasse, B. 2015112687 Brinks, H. 2015112544 Brocco, E. 2015112700 Broderick, D. 2015112539 Bronsart, R. 2015112532 Brooker, A. 2015112598 Bruhn, W. 2015112590 Bukša, J. 2015112597 Bukša, T. 2015112597 Burmeister, H.-C. 2015112590 Caire, M. 2015112670 Campbell, B. 2015112636 Camponogara, E. 2015112558 Campora, U. 2015112543

Cao, L. 2015112732 Capelli, M. 2015112543 Cariou, P. 2015112564 Casás, V.D. 2015112647 Ćatipović, I. 2015112621 Chalfant, J. 2015112745 Chandrasekaran, S. 2015112685 Chen, J.K. 2015112689 Chen, Z. 2015112541 2015112541 Chen, Z-M. 2015112669 Cheng, L. 2015112676 Cho, S. 2015112691 Chryssakis, C. 2015112544 Clark, C.G. 2015112651 Colagrossi, A. 2015112687 Constantinides, Y. 2015112572 Ćorak, M. 2015112720 Corson, D. 2015112572 Cosgrove, S. 2015112572 Costello, R. 2015112581 Cusano, G. 2015112740 Dahl, J.M. 2015112673 Dash, A.K. 2015112657 De Andrés, A.D. 2015112576 Degiuli, N. 2015112621 Degtyarev, A. 2015112633 2015112695 Ding, J. 2015112677 Dong, P. 2015112733 Dong, Y. 2015112557 Doshi, K. 2015112709 Dow, R.S. 2015112718 2015112723 Duan, W.Y. 2015112689 Dubey, A. 2015112546 Edessa, D.M. 2015112532 Ehlers, S. 2015112571 2015112591 2015112607 El Gohary, M.M. 2015112542 Erikstad, S.O. 2015112607 Ertinaz, F. 2015112617 Faber, J. 2015112612 2015112613 Fafandjel, N. 2015112538 Feng, A. 2015112669 Fernandes, A.C. 2015112662 Ferrant, P. 2015112582 Ferrante, M. 2015112745 Figueiredo De Oliveira, G. 2015112564 Filippas, E.S. 2015112631 Finnegan, W. 2015112692 Fonseca, N. 2015112659

A-2 AUTHOR INDEX

Fonseca, N. 2015112688 Frančić, V. 2015112597 Frangopol, D.M. 2015112557 Franzini, G.R. 2015112671 Fricke, W. 2015112728 Fu, S. 2015112679 Fukaya, Y. 2015112577 Fukuda, I. 2015112561 Gankevich, I. 2015112633 Garbatov, Y. 2015112706 2015112707 Gargari, M.M. 2015112560 Gattozzi, A.L. 2015112744 Gavrilin, S. 2015112656 Gedikli, E.D. 2015112673 Ghassemi, H. 2015112630 Goggins, J. 2015112692 González, M.M. 2015112647 Gordo, J.M. 2015112710 Görener, N. 2015112627 Grdinic, J.N. 2015112589 Grigoropoulos, G.J. 2015112665 Grin, R. 2015112629 Grotle, E.L. 2015112556 Gu, M. 2015112653 Gu, X. 2015112643 Guanche, R. 2015112576 Gucma, L. 2015112592 Guedes Soares, C. 2015112565 2015112659 2015112688 2015112706 2015112707 2015112710 Gui, F. 2015112732 Gürkan, A.Y. 2015112738 Hadjina, M. 2015112538 Hadžić, A.P. 2015112749 Hadžić, N. 2015112750 Hagaseth, M. 2015112747 Halse, K.H. 2015112606 Han, Y. 2015112535 Hao, H.J. 2015112724 Hao, X. 2015112666 Heinvee, M. 2015112722 Helmers, J.B. 2015112681 Helvacioglu, I.H. 2015112601 Hennig, J. 2015112615 Herbst, J.D. 2015112744 Hermans, A.J. 2015112682 Hermeling, C. 2015112594 Higo, Y. 2015112577 Hirabayashi, S. 2015112674 Hirata, N. 2015112642 Hoen, M. 2015112612 2015112613

Hoffmann, P. 2015112625 Hu, L-f. 2015112739 Hughes, M.J. 2015112648 Humphrey, V. 2015112598 Humphrey, V.F. 2015112626 Huuva, T. 2015112624 Ibrahim, R.A. 2015112721 Iida, T. 2015112683 Incecik, A. 2015112600 Iwamoto, T. 2015112736 Jameel, M. 2015112660 Jan, H. 2015112658 Jang, B-S. 2015112650 Janutėniene, J. 2015112550 Jelovica, J. 2015112715 Jepsen, M.S. 2015112579 Jiang, L. 2015112716 2015112719 Jiang, X.L. 2015112699 Jin, G.Y. 2015112702 Jinlin, H. 2015112711 Jo, C-h. 2015112580 Jordan, J. 2015112530 Jugović, A. 2015112749 Kaiser, M.J. 2015112569 Kamarlouei, M. 2015112630 Kaminski, M.L. 2015112699 Kano, T. 2015112602 Kar, A.R. 2015112528 Kashiwagi, M. 2015112683 Kasugai, Y. 2015112561 Katayama, T. 2015112641 2015112644 Katsoulakos, T. 2015112748 Kattan, R. 2015112539 Kefa, A. 2015112701 Kellett, P. 2015112600 Khramushin, V. 2015112695 Kim, D-y. 2015112580 Kim, H-J. 2015112650 Kim, J.K. 2015112667 Kim, K-Y. 2015112620 Kim, N.W. 2015112637 Kinnas, A. 2015112661 Kitarovic, S. 2015112717 Klement, J.H. 2015112594 Kobayakawa, H. 2015112552 Koley, S. 2015112693 Koliousis, I. 2015112748 Koliousis, P. 2015112748 Komadina, N. 2015112749 Koroday, G. 2015112609 Kowalczyk, S. 2015112625 Kowalski, J. 2015112540 Kozak, J. 2015112540 Kuhnle, T.I. 2015112570

AUTHOR INDEX A-3

Kurt, R.E. 2015112601 Kusumoto, H. 2015112552 La Marca, S. 2015112740 Låg, S. 2015112553 Lamas, F. 2015112662 Lamb, T. 2015112610 Larsen, C.M. 2015112672 Lavidas, G. 2015112583 Lee, D-B. 2015112650 Lee, G.J. 2015112640 Lee, H. 2015112593 Lee, J.H. 2015112667 Lee, K-H. 2015112691 Lee, S.E. 2015112727 Leelachai, A. 2015112723 Lei, W. 2015112724 Letournel, L. 2015112582 Li, Y. 2015112734 Lidtke, A.K. 2015112626 Ling, N. 2015112536 Liu, M. 2015112569 Liwång, H. 2015112741 Lodewijks, G. 2015112562 Lou, B. 2015112697 Lu, H. 2015112733 Lu, J. 2015112653 Luhulima, R.B. 2015112646 Luo, B. 2015112705 Luppes, R. 2015112567 Luxcey, N. 2015112588 Lyons, D.G. 2015112651 Ma, N. 2015112643 Ma, X.L. 2015112702 Macadam, T. 2015112529 MacKay, J.R. 2015112529 Madhavi, N. 2015112685 Maimun, A. 2015112649 Maklakov, D.V. 2015112628 Manno, G. 2015112603 Maraš, V. 2015112622 Mareev, V. 2015112695 Marquis, G. 2015112729 Martić, I. 2015112621 Matsumoto, F.T. 2015112664 Matulja, T. 2015112538 Mehdigholi, H. 2015112623 Miao, X. 2015112705 Miki, M. 2015112683 Milaković, A.-S. 2015112571 Miquel, A.M. 2015112575 Miyamura, A. 2015112674 Morabito, M.G. 2015112668 Moradi, N. 2015112676 Moro, L. 2015112700 Murphy, J. 2015112574 Myhrvold, T. 2015112570

Nagarajan, V. 2015112657 Nagata, Y. 2015112551 Nam, B.W. 2015112637 Namie, S. 2015112602 Nandan, H. 2015112568 Negenborn, R.R. 2015112562 Neu, W.L. 2015112651 Nguyen, D.T. 2015112655 Nguyen, H.H. 2015112618 Nguyen, V.T. 2015112618 Niasar, M.S.F. 2015112560 Niwa, T. 2015112698 O’Sullivan, K. 2015112574 Ogawa, Y. 2015112585 Oh, G. 2015112619 Ohashi, K. 2015112642 Ohashi, S. 2015112644 Oka, M. 2015112698 Okamoto, T. 2015112577 Olivier, F. 2015112614 Opila, D.F. 2015112743 2015112746 Oterkus, E. 2015112701 Ottens, H. 2015112566 Özden, M.C. 2015112738 Padeletti, D. 2015112581 Paetzold, H. 2015112728 Paik, B-G. 2015112620 Paik, J.K. 2015112727 Papanikolaou, A. 2015112639 Park, S. 2015112619 Parunov, J. 2015112720 2015112726 Passano, E. 2015112672 Pedersen, E. 2015112556 Peng, H. 2015112684 Pesce, C.P. 2015112671 Petrov, A.G. 2015112628 Pierre, C. 2015112614 Pipiras, V. 2015112636 Pire, T. 2015112730 Piric, K. 2015112717 Pistidda, A. 2015112566 Pivano, L. 2015112655 Plucenio, A. 2015112558 Pokhrel, R. 2015112593 Price, W.G. 2015112669 Primorac, B.B. 2015112720 2015112726 Przywarty, M. 2015112592 Qing, Z. 2015112696 Qiu, W. 2015112684 Quan, W.Z. 2015112724 Rahbar-Ranji, A. 2015112712 Rahimuddin 2015112649 Rajendran, S. 2015112659

A-4 AUTHOR INDEX

Rajendran, S. 2015112688 Ramezani, A. 2015112694 Rao, Z. 2015112686 Reed, A.M. 2015112616 2015112640 2015112648 Reinholdtsen, S-A. 2015112588 Ren, H-l. 2015112654 Resvanis, T.L. 2015112686 Rho, Y-H. 2015112580 Rialland, A. 2015112563 Rigo, P. 2015112730 Ringwood, J.V. 2015112581 Rødseth, Ø.J. 2015112531 2015112747 Roelvink, D. 2015112663 Romanoff, J. 2015112703 2015112715 Rosenlöcher, T. 2015112554 Saadat, S. 2015112545 Saad-Eldeen, S. 2015112706 Sahoo, T. 2015112693 Salari, N. 2015112731 Şamşul, M.B. 2015112627 Santosa, P.I. 2015112645 Santoso, S. 2015112546 Sarkar, A. 2015112693 Sasa, K. 2015112678 Šateikiene, D. 2015112550 Schiller, R.V. 2015112670 Schjølberg, I. 2015112584 Schlecht, B. 2015112554 Schuster, M. 2015112599 Seddiek, I.S. 2015112542 Selvik, Ø. 2015112608 2015112656 Setawan, D. 2015112646 Sfakianakis, K. 2015112549 Sha, O.P. 2015112657 Shenoi, R.A. 2015112541 Shi, J. 2015112547 2015112548 Shigunov, V. 2015112639 Shiotani, S. 2015112678 Simos, A.N. 2015112664 Škiljaica, I. 2015112622 Smith, M.J. 2015112529 Smith, T. 2015112634 Smogeli, Ø. 2015112655 Solomon, T. 2015112735 Soman, R.R. 2015112537 Spyrou, K. 2015112635 Sridhar, N. 2015112732 Srinivasan, V. 2015112675 Staalesen, O.E. 2015112591 Stambaugh, K.A. 2015112725

Stavrou, D.I. 2015112559 Stevens, J.D. 2015112746 Stipcich, G. 2015112694 Stone, P. 2015112743 Storhaug, G. 2015112713 Sun, H. 2015112681 Sun, S-z. 2015112654 Sun, X. 2015112605 Sundermeyer, W. 2015112728 Suominen, M. 2015112596 2015112703 Suwedy, W. 2015112533 Suzuki, H. 2015112674 Suzuki, R. 2015112638 Suzuki, Y. 2015112736 Swain, G. 2015112737 Syrigou, M.S. 2015112718 Sys, C. 2015112604 Tabri, K. 2015112722 Tagg, R. 2015112587 Takagi, K. 2015112698 Takahashi, K. 2015112561 Takami, T. 2015112714 Tanackov, I. 2015112622 Tang, W. 2015112690 Tang, Y. 2015112696 Tanoue, A. 2015112551 Tekgoz, M. 2015112707 Telste, J.G. 2015112616 Thayamballi, A.K. 2015112727 Thepsithar, P. 2015112555 Thiagarajan, K.P. 2015112652 Tian, C. 2015112677 Tian, Z. 2015112739 Tichavska, M. 2015112595 Tinsley, D. 2015112509 Tjahjowidodo, T. 2015112555 Tjora, Å. 2015112531 2015112563 Toh, K. 2015112708 Tomić, M. 2015112750 Tong, J. 2015112704 Törnros, S. 2015112624 Tovar, B. 2015112595 Toyoda, M. 2015112552 Tribou, M. 2015112737 Tsukada, Y. 2015112638 Turan, O. 2015112600 2015112601 Turnock, S.R. 2015112626 Ueno, M. 2015112638 Umeda, J. 2015112641 Utama, K.A.P. 2015112645 2015112646 Utne, I.B. 2015112584 Vandiver, J.K. 2015112686

AUTHOR INDEX A-5

Vanelslander, T. 2015112604 Vanem, E. 2015112573 2015112609 Vassalos, D. 2015112549 2015112586 Veldman, A.E.P. 2015112567 Ventikos, N.P. 2015112559 Venugopal, V. 2015112583 Vhanmane, S. 2015112709 Villavicencio, R. 2015112704 Vinnem, J.E. 2015112584 Walrre, F. van 2015112615 Wang, K. 2015112690 Wang, T-h. 2015112653 Wang, Z. 2015112535 Weems, K. 2015112635 Wei, W. 2015112679 Wei, Z-Y. 2015112680 Weidong, S. 2015112711 Wijaya, T. 2015112555 Wittekind, D. 2015112599 Wu, G. 2015112658 Wu, J. 2015112672 Xiao, H-y. 2015112680 Xu, J. 2015112606 Xue, H. 2015112690 Yamada, Y. 2015112714 Yan, X.P. 2015112605 Yang, Y. 2015112534 Yarmolenka, D. 2015112609 Yazami, R. 2015112545 Ye, T. 2015112661 Yildiz, B. 2015112641 Yildrim, H.C. 2015112729 Yin, X. 2015112536 Yin, Z. 2015112605 Yoshikawa, T. 2015112708 Yu, L. 2015112643 2015112734 Yuan, S. 2015112705 Yuzui, T. 2015112585 Zangeneh, R. 2015112652 Zanuttigh, B. 2015112578 Zaraphonitis, G. 2015112665 Zarookian, A. 2015112712 Zha, J. 2015112534 Zhang, L. 2015112534 Zhang, S. 2015112697 2015112704 2015112716 2015112719 Zhao, B.B. 2015112689 Zhao, C. 2015112666 Zheng, H. 2015112562 Zhou, M. 2015112663 Zhou, T. 2015112676

Zou, T. 2015112699 Zurkinden, A.S. 2015112579

SHIP AND STRUCTURE NAME INDEX S-1

Ship/Structure Name Abstract No.

Emerald Sky 2015112501 Excelerate Experience 2015112502 F.A. Gautier 2015112503 Framura 2015112504 Gas Star 2015112505 Golar Eskimo 2015112506 Helen Mary 2015112509 Jolly Titanio 2015112507 Kyo-Ei 2015112510 Le Lyrial 2015112520 Linda Oldendorff 2015112511 Lock Seaforth 2015112512 Mein Schiff 3 2015112513 MOL Bravo 2015112514 Orange Phoenix 2015112515 Pegasus Tera 2015112516 Pegasus Voyager 2015112517 Pierre de Fermat 2015112518 Pirgos 2015112521 Q Anastasia 2015112522 San Sha 1 Hao 2015112523 Seishu Maru 2015112524 SITC Shandong 2015112525 Tachibana-Maru 2015112526 Thermopylae 2015112527 Viking Star 2015112519

KEYWORD INDEX K-1

Keyword Abstract No.

Added resistance in waves 2015112533 2015112621 2015112629 2015112632 Adhesion 2015112737 Aerodynamics 2015112694 Aging ships 2015112585 Air pollution 2015112593 Alternative energy sources 2015112544 Alternative fuels 2015112544 Aluminium alloys 2015112718 Antifouling coatings 2015112620 2015112735 2015112737 Arctic environment 2015112571 Arctic transportation 2015112607 Arctic waters 2015112591 2015112614 Automation 2015112562 Autoregression 2015112633 Ballast water 2015112550 Beam seas 2015112681 Bending 2015112715 Bending moments 2015112688 2015112707 2015112710 2015112720 Bilge keels 2015112641 2015112642 Boundary element method 2015112632 2015112689 Brackets 2015112727 Broaching 2015112643 2015112647 Buckling 2015112715 2015112717 Bulk carriers 2015112504 2015112511 2015112515 2015112522 2015112534 2015112536 2015112708 Bulk shipping 2015112614 Bulkheads 2015112705 Cable ships 2015112518 Calcareous deposits 2015112736 Calibration 2015112583 Car carriers 2015112527 Cargo handling 2015112559 Catamarans 2015112645 2015112646 2015112665 Cathodes 2015112545

Cathodic protection 2015112736 Cavitation noise 2015112599 Classification society rules 2015112724 Cleaning 2015112737 Climate 2015112573 Coastal regions 2015112593 2015112654 Coastal shipping 2015112597 Coating processes 2015112539 Coefficients 2015112628 Collapse 2015112706 2015112707 2015112714 2015112719 2015112723 Collision avoidance 2015112590 Collision risk 2015112584 2015112592 Combined loads 2015112716 2015112718 2015112719 Communicating 2015112563 Competition 2015112564 Compression 2015112709 2015112712 Compressive strength 2015112730 Computational fluid dynamics 2015112530 2015112534 2015112566 2015112567 2015112572 2015112617 2015112618 2015112619 2015112623 2015112624 2015112627 2015112630 2015112641 2015112642 2015112650 2015112651 2015112658 2015112662 2015112674 2015112675 2015112676 2015112684 2015112694 Computer-aided design 2015112530 Computer-aided ship design 2015112535 Computer simulation 2015112538 Container stowage 2015112700 Container terminals 2015112560

K-2 KEYWORD INDEX

Container terminals 2015112564 Containerised shipping 2015112597 Containerships 2015112507 2015112514 2015112516 2015112525 2015112551 2015112665 2015112688 2015112704 2015112713 Control 2015112743 Control systems 2015112531 Corrosion 2015112557 2015112725 Cost benefit analysis 2015112604 Cost estimates 2015112569 Costs 2015112577 2015112597 Coverings 2015112685 Crack propagation 2015112697 Cracks 2015112712 2015112730 Croatia 2015112750 Crossflow 2015112690 Cruise ships 2015112501 2015112513 2015112519 2015112520 Current forces 2015112675 Cylindrical bodies 2015112671 2015112673 2015112674 2015112683 2015112685 2015112686 2015112687 Cylindrical shells 2015112702 Damage 2015112568 2015112699 2015112720 2015112722 2015112723 2015112726 Damage prevention 2015112561 Damage stability 2015112585 2015112586 2015112587 Damping 2015112641 2015112642 Databases 2015112747 Decision making 2015112538 2015112739 Decision support systems 2015112584 Deepwater 2015112569 Defects 2015112706

Deformation 2015112540 2015112731 Demand (economics) 2015112749 Design 2015112529 2015112577 Design criteria 2015112537 Design loads 2015112554 Diagnostics 2015112543 Distortion 2015112540 2015112541 Double bottoms 2015112722 Drag 2015112620 Drift forces 2015112621 2015112683 Drives 2015112554 Dynamic analysis 2015112702 Dynamic positioning 2015112655 2015112661 Dynamic response 2015112667 Earthquake resistance 2015112561 Economic analysis 2015112594 Efficiency 2015112549 2015112605 2015112612 2015112613 Elastic plates 2015112682 Electric batteries 2015112545 Electric power 2015112743 Electric power distribution 2015112546 2015112744 Electrical loads 2015112746 Electrochemistry 2015112545 Emissions 2015112593 2015112594 2015112595 2015112602 2015112604 2015112610 Energy conservation 2015112612 2015112619 2015112650 Energy consumption 2015112605 2015112612 Environmental protection 2015112595 Equilibrium 2015112635 2015112638 Estimating 2015112602 European Union 2015112594 Evacuation 2015112591 Exhaust gases 2015112555 Experimentation 2015112578 2015112671 2015112677 2015112710 Extrapolation 2015112634 Extreme loads 2015112721

KEYWORD INDEX K-3

Extreme values 2015112573 Extreme waves 2015112615 2015112658 2015112659 2015112688 Fairings 2015112572 Fatigue (materials) 2015112672 2015112699 Fatigue life 2015112557 2015112725 2015112740 Fatigue strength 2015112698 2015112729 Fatigue tests 2015112728 Ferries 2015112503 2015112512 2015112523 2015112533 2015112610 Fillet welds 2015112733 Finite element method 2015112700 2015112701 2015112709 2015112712 2015112727 Fins 2015112650 Fishing vessels 2015112645 2015112647 Flaps (control surfaces) 2015112631 Flat plates 2015112620 Flexibility 2015112731 Flexible structures 2015112671 Floating bodies 2015112684 2015112689 Floating structures 2015112666 2015112667 2015112674 2015112679 2015112691 2015112699 Flooding 2015112586 2015112640 2015112739 Fluid flow 2015112567 2015112674 Fluid structure interaction 2015112667 2015112669 2015112682 2015112683 2015112691 2015112692 2015112693 Foils 2015112631 Fouling 2015112737 FPSOs 2015112584 2015112661

FPSOs 2015112664 Fracture 2015112725 Fracture mechanics 2015112697 Free running models 2015112638 2015112644 Free surfaces 2015112567 2015112687 Freight rates 2015112749 Frictional resistance 2015112735 Frigates 2015112742 Fuel cells 2015112542 Fuel conservation 2015112613 2015112735 Fuel consumption 2015112602 2015112613 Fuel systems 2015112556 Fuel tanks 2015112551 2015112552 Full scale tests 2015112596 Gas carriers 2015112502 Gas turbines 2015112543 Gaseous fuels 2015112556 General cargo vessels 2015112521 Genetic algorithms 2015112739 Girders 2015112710 Gravity waves 2015112693 Groundings 2015112528 2015112722 Heavy lift operations 2015112606 Heavy weather 2015112639 High speed vessels 2015112644 Hinges 2015112666 History 2015112613 Hull appendages 2015112631 Hull damage 2015112714 Hull form 2015112532 2015112533 2015112534 2015112535 2015112536 Hull girders 2015112706 2015112708 2015112714 Hull strength 2015112724 Hull vibration 2015112698 Hulls 2015112661 2015112703 Human factors 2015112601 Hybrid propulsion 2015112645 Hydrodynamic forces 2015112633 2015112650 Hydrodynamics 2015112574 Hydroelasticity 2015112666 2015112679 2015112691 Hydromechanics 2015112695

K-4 KEYWORD INDEX

Hydrostatics 2015112579 Ice conditions 2015112607 Ice fields 2015112596 Ice loads 2015112596 2015112703 2015112711 Ice resistance 2015112711 Ice transiting vessels 2015112607 Impact loads 2015112668 2015112721 Inertia 2015112640 Information exchange 2015112609 2015112748 Information systems 2015112747 Inland waterways vessels 2015112605 Interactions 2015112661 2015112684 International conventions 2015112589 Irregular waves 2015112635 2015112636 2015112653 2015112692 Jacket structures 2015112696 Large size 2015112679 Lateral loads 2015112708 Launching 2015112588 2015112734 Legal aspects 2015112594 Lifeboats 2015112588 Liner shipping 2015112597 Liquefied natural gas 2015112551 2015112552 2015112556 LNG carriers 2015112506 2015112524 LNG tanks 2015112556 Longitudinal strength 2015112714 LPG carriers 2015112505 Management 2015112748 Manoeuvrability 2015112638 2015112639 Manoeuvring 2015112643 2015112648 2015112651 2015112657 Marine structures 2015112701 Maritime industries 2015112748 Maritime legislation 2015112747 Materials 2015112732 Mathematical models 2015112548 2015112635 2015112643 2015112653 2015112657 2015112695 Measurement 2015112598

Mechanical properties 2015112732 Membranes 2015112734 Model basins 2015112615 Model tests 2015112534 2015112588 2015112637 2015112653 2015112654 2015112665 2015112684 2015112713 2015112714 Monitoring 2015112543 2015112555 Monohulls 2015112646 Moonpools 2015112566 Moored vessels 2015112652 2015112663 Mooring forces 2015112578 Mooring systems 2015112580 Motion 2015112588 Motor yachts 2015112627 Multibody systems 2015112581 2015112675 2015112676 2015112684 Naval vessels 2015112739 2015112740 2015112742 2015112743 2015112744 2015112745 2015112746 Navigational safety 2015112592 Neural networks 2015112543 Noise 2015112598 Noise effects 2015112600 2015112601 Numerical analysis 2015112541 2015112582 2015112665 2015112669 2015112680 2015112688 2015112691 2015112700 Numerical models 2015112549 2015112578 2015112579 2015112583 2015112588 2015112626 2015112692 Ocean engineering 2015112567 Ocean waves 2015112573 Offshore drilling 2015112570

KEYWORD INDEX K-5

Offshore drilling 2015112571 2015112732 Offshore platforms 2015112568 2015112591 2015112637 2015112696 2015112711 Offshore service vessels 2015112608 Offshore structures 2015112685 2015112699 2015112731 Oil recovery vessels 2015112508 Oil transfer 2015112558 Optimisation 2015112534 2015112536 2015112577 2015112580 Overloads 2015112729 Passenger cargo ships 2015112526 Passenger ships 2015112586 2015112595 2015112646 Passing vessels 2015112663 Patrol craft 2015112741 Physical properties 2015112734 Planing hulls 2015112630 2015112644 2015112668 Plates 2015112718 2015112719 2015112730 Platform motions 2015112658 2015112660 Platform removal 2015112569 Platform safety 2015112591 Porous materials 2015112693 Port facilities 2015112561 Port operations 2015112560 Port performance 2015112562 2015112563 2015112564 Port planning and development 2015112561 Ports 2015112595 Potential flow 2015112582 2015112621 Power requirements 2015112547 2015112639 2015112743 Pressure 2015112552 2015112716 Probabilistic methods 2015112726 Probability density functions 2015112565 Probability distribution functions 2015112636 Processing 2015112570 Production 2015112538 Propeller cavitation 2015112598

Propeller cavitation 2015112599 2015112617 2015112623 2015112624 2015112626 Propeller efficiency 2015112627 Propeller noise 2015112623 2015112625 2015112626 2015112738 Propeller races 2015112618 Propulsive efficiency 2015112536 2015112622 2015112631 Propulsive performance 2015112610 2015112619 2015112630 Pusher tugs 2015112622 Radio communication 2015112553 Real time 2015112555 Regasification plants 2015112502 Regulations 2015112589 Reinforcement (structures) 2015112561 2015112705 Reliability 2015112546 Remote control 2015112590 2015112603 Research vessels 2015112596 Resistance 2015112533 2015112536 Resonance 2015112664 2015112671 2015112676 Retrofitting 2015112604 2015112685 Risers 2015112670 2015112675 2015112690 Risk 2015112597 2015112741 Risk analysis 2015112531 2015112557 2015112559 2015112585 River vessels 2015112501 Ro/ro ships 2015112507 2015112512 2015112523 2015112527 2015112586 Rolling 2015112637 2015112641 2015112642 2015112664 2015112647 Routes 2015112614

K-6 KEYWORD INDEX

Rules 2015112747 Rules of the road 2015112590 Safety 2015112589 Sandwich structures 2015112715 Satellite communication 2015112553 Scale effect 2015112648 Scheduling 2015112558 Sea state 2015112713 Sea trials 2015112629 2015112656 Seabed 2015112618 Seakeeping 2015112629 2015112643 2015112646 2015112650 2015112654 2015112665 Sediment transport 2015112618 Seismic waves 2015112667 Semisubmersibles 2015112637 Sensors 2015112555 2015112568 Shallow water 2015112651 Shear strain 2015112703 Shear strength 2015112733 Shear stress 2015112717 Ship automation 2015112603 Ship collisions 2015112592 Ship design 2015112528 2015112531 2015112532 2015112537 2015112741 2015112745 Ship electric power systems 2015112546 2015112547 2015112548 2015112549 2015112744 2015112746 Ship maintenance 2015112557 Ship motions 2015112632 2015112533 2015112634 2015112677 2015112678 Ship operation 2015112608 Ship performance 2015112604 2015112605 2015112608 2015112610 2015112735 Ship performance monitoring 2015112602 Ship personnel 2015112601 Ship response 2015112659 Ship simulators 2015112656

Ship speed 2015112614 Ship structures 2015112697 2015112707 2015112709 2015112721 2015112727 2015112740 Ship surveys 2015112609 Ship survivability 2015112586 2015112587 2015112741 Ship to ship 2015112559 Ship to shore 2015112609 Shipboard systems 2015112537 Shipbuilding 2015112538 Shipbuilding industry 2015112750 Shiphandling 2015112656 Shipping 2015112749 Ships 2015112612 Shipyard work 2015112539 Shock waves 2015112678 Short sea trades 2015112611 Short sea vessels 2015112611 Shutdown 2015112653 Shuttle tankers 2015112558 2015112584 Simulation 2015112543 2015112607 2015112648 2015112745 Skin friction 2015112620 Slamming 2015112681 Slender body theory 2015112668 Sloshing 2015112552 2015112691 SOLAS Convention 2015112585 2015112587 Speed loss 2015112629 Spherical shells 2015112705 Stability 2015112528 2015112635 2015112636 2015112643 2015112644 2015112645 2015112647 2015112648 2015112649 2015112652 2015112653 2015112662 Stacking 2015112700 Standards 2015112647 State of the art 2015112553 Stationkeeping 2015112655 Stators 2015112619

KEYWORD INDEX K-7

Steel 2015112727 Steel structures 2015112730 2015112736 Stiffened plates 2015112541 2015112709 2015112712 2015112716 2015112717 2015112723 Stiffened shells 2015112702 Stiffness 2015112679 Still water 2015112720 Strain measurement 2015112703 Stress intensity factors 2015112697 Stresses 2015112704 Structural analysis 2015112529 2015112574 2015112700 Structural monitoring 2015112568 2015112696 2015112701 2015112740 Structural reliability 2015112720 2015112721 2015112725 Structural response 2015112579 2015112677 2015112721 Submarines 2015112529 2015112705 2015112738 Supply (economics) 2015112749 Supplying 2015112571 Suppression 2015112686 Surface effect ships 2015112651 Surges 2015112575 System modelling 2015112606 Tankers 2015112517 2015112722 2015112726 Telecommunication 2015112553 Tensile tests 2015112734 Tension leg platforms 2015112658 Thick plates 2015112666 Thrust 2015112622 Thrusters 2015112554 2015112661 Tidal power 2015112580 Time domain 2015112649 2015112659 Torsion 2015112704 Towed bodies 2015112628 Transfer functions 2015112621 Transferring 2015112559 Trends 2015112553 2015112613

Trimarans 2015112646 Tubular joints 2015112540 2015112728 2015112731 Tug barge systems 2015112622 Tugs 2015112509 Tuning 2015112576 Tunnels 2015112627 Turbines 2015112580 2015112694 Turbulence 2015112567 Turbulent flow 2015112617 Ultimate strength 2015112706 2015112707 2015112708 2015112709 2015112712 2015112718 2015112719 2015112724 2015112725 2015112726 2015112727 Uncertainty 2015112657 2015112741 Underwater 2015112570 Underwater acoustics 2015112598 2015112599 2015112600 2015112617 2015112625 2015112738 Underwater structures 2015112693 Underwater vehicles 2015112529 Unmanned vehicles 2015112531 2015112562 Unsteady flow 2015112624 Validation 2015112634 Vessel descriptions 2015112501 2015112502 2015112503 2015112504 2015112505 2015112506 2015112507 2015112508 2015112509 2015112510 2015112511 2015112512 2015112513 2015112514 2015112515 2015112516 2015112517 2015112518

K-8 KEYWORD INDEX

Vessel descriptions 2015112519 2015112520 2015112521 2015112522 2015112523 2015112524 2015112525 2015112526 2015112527 2015112742 Vessel inspection 2015112557 Vibration 2015112596 2015112627 Viscous damping 2015112652 Viscous flow 2015112687 VLCCs 2015112510 2015112662 Vortex induced vibration 2015112670 2015112672 2015112673 2015112686 2015112690 Vortex shedding 2015112687 Vortices 2015112674 Wakes 2015112619 Water entry 2015112668 2015112680 Water jets 2015112530 Water treatment 2015112550 Wave climate 2015112573 Wave energy 2015112583 2015112692 Wave energy conversion 2015112574 2015112575 2015112576 2015112577 2015112578 2015112579 2015112581 2015112582 2015112694 Wave forces on ships 2015112688 Wave forces on structures 2015112660 2015112685 Wave height 2015112565 Wave loads 2015112621 2015112689 Wave loads on ships 2015112677 Wave models 2015112615 2015112699 Wave patterns 2015112683 Wave periods 2015112565 Wave radiation 2015112689 Wave resistance 2015112628 Wave spectra 2015112616 2015112654

Wave steepness 2015112565 Wedges 2015112680 Weld strength 2015112733 Welded joints 2015112540 2015112697 2015112728 2015112729 Welding 2015112541 Whipping 2015112713 Wind 2015112583 Wind forces on structures 2015112660 Wind waves 2015112633 Wing in ground effect craft 2015112649 Workboats 2015112509 Yawing 2015112668 Zig zag tests 2015112656

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