farmer.gov.infarmer.gov.in/imagedefault/prospects_2017.pdfPulses in India Retrospect & Prospects...

Pulses in India Retrospect & Prospects -2017

PULSES IN INDIA : RETROSPECT AND PROSPECTS

Compiled & Edited by Dr. A.K. Tiwari, Director

& Dr. A. K. Shivhare, Assistant Director

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE & FARMERS WELFARE

(DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, COOPERATION AND FW) DIRECTORATE OF PULSES DEVELOPMENT

VINDHYACHAL BHAVAN, BHOPAL-462004, (M.P.)

2017


PREFACE

Food security and affordability top the Government's agenda as production stagnates and prices continue to be firm. The greatest challenge to the agriculture in the years to come is to provide adequate food to burgeoning population in order to combat with hunger and malnutrition. We will have to feed more people with scarce water resources, recurring droughts, global warming degrading lands and difficult access to energy. The agricultural technologies need a shift from production oriented to profit oriented sustainable farming system. A shift in crop preferences is visible since the 1990s. The farmers of Indo-Gangetic belt who grew pulses earlier, have shifted to wheat where yields ranges from 3,000 to 4,000 kg per hectare compared to only about 800 kg in case of pulses. Over the past two decades the production of pulses has largely shifted from northern India to central and southern part. Today, >90% of total pulses production is realized in 10 states namely, MP, MS, Rajasthan, UP, Karnataka, AP, Gujarat, Jharkhand, CG and Telangana. Both area and productivity of chickpea significantly increased over decades. The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for adult male and female is 60 g and 55 g per day. The per capita availability of pulses is @ 52 g per day. Pulses are chief source of vegetable protein in the human diet. The deficiency of protein in human diet often leads to Protein-Energy-Malnutrition (PEM) causing various forms of anemia. Besides, nutritive value of pulses in human diet, food legumes tend to fix atmospheric nitrogen to N- compounds to the tune of 72 to 350 kg per hectare per year and provide soil cover that helps to sustain soil health. India is the largest producer, 26% of world’s production, and consumer, 30% of total pulses of the world. The domestic production of about 23 million tones during 2016-17 shall be still less than the future estimated demand of 29-30 million tones. Studies on consumption pattern has revealed that in India only 8-10 million tons of pulses are used directly as a food item (Dal), the remaining 12 million tons being indirect actual consumption as processed/value added products such as snacks, fast food for domestic consumption and export. Thus the average gap of 06 MT is met through imports. In India, the share of pulses to gross cropped area and in total foodgrains basket is about 15 per cent and 8 per cent respectively. India’s outstanding contribution towards total global acreage and production of pulses at 36 per cent and 26 per cent respectively is credited to our strength. The three five year plans between Xth to XIIth exhibited an increasing yield trends, the highest being 779 kg/ha during 2016-17 as against the world’s average productivity of 909 kg/ha, is less than the demonstrated potential under the FLDs. The targeted production and productivity is possible by way of harnessing this yield gap by growing pulses in new niches, precision farming, quality inputs, soil test based INM and mechanized method of pulse cultivation complimented with generous Governmental Policies and appropriate funding support to implementing states/stake holders.


In India, pulses have always received due attentions both in terms of requirement by consumers and adequate programmatic support from the government at the production front. Besides the game changing efforts under the ‘Prime Minister’s Krishi Sinchayi Yojna’ pulse production has received adequate importance. The IT initiatives in extension/apps to access market, Soil Health Cards, INM, crop advisories and E-NAM, involvement of KVKs in seed hub, additional breeder seed production, strengthening Bio-fertilizer/Bio-control production units and FPOs etc., are other specific efforts. Creation of buffer stock, imposition of stock limits and offering pulses at low cost through mobile vans including encouraging Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in food processing etc., are the other policy interventions. Since Seventh Plan onwards, the NPDP (1985-90 to 2003-04) and ISOPOM (2004-05 to 2010-11) were the major CSS on Pulse Development in addition to NFSM-Pulses since Eleventh Plan. NSFM was lunched to increase the additional production of rice, wheat and pulses by 10, 08 and 02 million tons, respectively at the terminal year of XIth plan. XIIth Plan aims at additional production targets of 25 million tons of food grains comprising rice, wheat, pulses and coarse cereals at 10, 08, 04 and 03 million tons respectively. Efforts through compilation, have been made to have an access to most of the FAQs on pulses development, plan effort’s impacts, scenario, strategies, post harvest and processing aspects along-with the production technology. The Status Paper also provides information on various agencies/stake holders, operating in isolation, may work in a participatory mode. This Publication is inevitable and indispensable to highlight the past scenario, present status and the future prospects of this commodity in the country delineating the districts, as well. More emphasis has also been given on the proposed strategies beyond XIIth plan in the face of the National Nutritional Security. The strategies recommended would certainly cope with the limited and dwindling resources at hand. Various aspects of need-based pulse production and developmental programs associated, in line with the National Agricultural Policy, have been incorporated with their varying degrees of impacts during different areas. I hope, the Status Paper “Pulses in India : Retrospect and Prospects” brought out by DPD, Bhopal would not only benefit the intelligentsia, the farmers, the developmental organizations, processors/traders and all the readers, but a sense of motivation may be imbibed to all concerned in making the country self-sufficient and self- reliant in the Pulse sector. The book would certainly cast a new vista of hopes which may creep into the readers’ minds, keeping alive the core and intrinsic purpose of sustained pulse production in the long run. I am personally grateful to Shri. S. K. Pattanayak, Secretary, Govt. of India, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, (DAC&FW), Dr. S. K. Malhotra, Agriculture Commissioner and Dr. B. Rajender, Joint Secretary (Crops) for their sustained support, guidance and encouragement in bringing out the volume. Dr. A. K. Shivhare, Assistant Director and Ms. Ashwini, Technical Assistant deserve special mention for their sincere association, dedication and hard work for a pretty long period to accomplish the task.

(A.K. Tiwari) Director


ABOUT THE DIRECTORATE

1.0 The Directorate of Pulses Development (DPD), one of the eight Commodity Development Directorates (CDDs) viz Jute, Cotton, Wheat, Millets, Rice, Sugarcane and Oilseeds, under the crops division of the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW) ,was established in 1971 at Lucknow (U.P.) by merging the Regional Extension Unit , Ahmedabad (Gujarat). On the recommendations of "CDDs Re-organization Committee", in 1996, the National Head Quarter of pulses commodity was subsequently shifted to Madhya Pradesh , Bhopal.

2.0 The Directorate of Pulses Development is mandated to co-ordinate and monitor the implementation of all pulse related centrally sponsored/central sector schemes on crops development & research across the country .

3.0 With the bi-focal responsibilities for the assigned states of MP & CG at present, it coordinates and monitors all crop related schemes / programmes/ Missions in these states. At present National Food Security Mission (NFSM) – Pulses is operational in 29 States,638 districts in the Country and NFSM (Wheat, Pulses, Rice, Sugarcane, Cotton, Jute and Coarse Cereals),National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture ( NMSA),National Mission on Agricultural Extension & Technology (NMAET), National Mission on Oilseeds, Oilpalm ( NMOOP),Mission on Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH), Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) & Bringing Green Revolution In Eastern India( BGREI) etc.

4.0 The Directorate functions as Nodal/Regional office of DAC&FW,Govt of India, New Delhi for MP & CG states to represent in State Level Sanction Committees, Inter-Ministerial Central Teams & Task-force etc.

5.0 The Directorate has been instrumental in conceiving and coordinating the Plan interventions initiated since IVth Plan (1969-70 to 1973-74) onward followed by major CSS, the the National Pulses Development Project (NPDP) from VIIth Plan , implemented in 17 major states of the country.To supplement the efforts under NPDP, a Special Food Grain Production Program (SFPP) on Pulses was also operationalised during 1988-89 on a 100% Central assistance basis. Under the GOI-UNDP Co-operation (1997-2003), pulses were identified as priority sector, the ICAR-IIPR was given the project assistance.

6.0 In view of the spectacular achievement in Oilseeds Sector through TMO, pulses were brought within the ambit of TMOP in 1990. From 2004-05, the Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oilpalm and Maize (ISOPOM) was launched. The new technologies,


timely supply of inputs, extension supports, remunerative price, marketing infrastructure and post-harvest technologies were the focused area to increasing pulses production with the Mission Mode approach.

7.0 The DPD, Bhopal has been actively monitoring the programme implementation at the

national level, through National Monitoring Team/ field visits, allocation of Seed Minikits, interface with the Research and other stake holder organizations/ agencies in the country.

8.0 During XIth Plan (2007-08 Rabi)), in pursuance of the resolution adopted in

53rd meeting of National Development Council, a CSS on National Food Security Mission was launched. It was resolved to enhance the production of rice, wheat and pulses by 10, 8 and 2 million tonnes, respectively by the end of XI Plan. To further supplement the efforts to accelerate the pulses production, during XI Plan a centrally sponsored Accelerated Pulses Production Programme (A3P) (2010-11 to 2013-14)-as cluster demonstration approach; Special initiatives for pulses and oilseeds in dry land area (2010-11); and Integrated development of 60000 Pulses villages in Rainfed Areas (2011-12) both under RKVY and Special plan to achieve 19+ million tonnes of Pulses production during Kharif (2012-13) were also implemented, in addition to NFSM-Pulses. The implementation of the NFSM scheme is continued during XIIth Plan.

9.0 The DPD drafted the policy paper/ guidelines for NFSM -Pulses, Seed- Rolling Plan

,the draft paper proposed the strategy of area expansion and productivity enhancement in consultation with states and ICAR; restoring soil fertility and productivity; creating employment opportunities; and enhancing farm level economy to restore confidence of farmers of targeted districts. The basic strategies were implementation of interventions in a mission mode through active engagement of all the stake holders at various levels. These interventions include promotion and extension of improved technologies i.e., Seed, INM (micro-nutrient, soil amendments), IPM and resource conservation technologies (RCTs) and capacity building of farmers. Interventions proposed were integrated with the district plan and target for each identified district was fixed. Constant monitoring and concurrent evaluation were proposed for assessing the impact of the interventions for a result oriented approach by the implementing agencies.

10.0 NFSM-Pulses is operational beyond XIIth Plan (2012-13 to 2016-17 in 29 states

namely Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Goa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerela, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal.


11.0 The DPD, Bhopal recently organized two National Seminar/Workshops on: i) “Pulses Development: Challenges & Opportunities in Central & Southern States”

(CIAE, Bhopal :Feb 3rd - 4th,2016); “Promotion of Pulses in Non-traditional Niches: Summer Cultivation” (IIPR, Kanpur :Feb 9th-10th, 2016);

ii) Two skill development trainings (KVK, CRDE, Sehore: Oct. 7th-8th 2015), KVK, Raisen: Oct.28th-29th, 2015). In addition, conducted the NLMTs on BGREI, and NFSM, NMOOP in CG and MP states.

12.0 The Directorate accomplishes the task relating to analysis of Area ,Production and Productivity trends/impact of developmental programmes ; research areas and identification of bottlenecks and suggest measures for their rectification and also feedback to ICAR-IIPR through institutionalized mechanism of National Conference/Group Meets on Chickpea, Pigeonpea, MULLaRP, Arid Legumes and DAC-ICAR Interface; Interface with National and International Research Organizations and Stake holders on area of crop Research; fixing targets of production and suggest measures to achieve them; to co-ordinate in programmatic review of all CSSs, special packages (eg. Bundelkhand Package) and to organize and coordinate Seminar/Workshop/Conference /Review Meetings at state and national level.

13.0 Preparation of Weekly Weather Watch Report (WWWR), monitoring of weather/rainfall pattern/temp/coverage/market arrivals and prices of pulses at national level and for all agricultural crops in the nodal states for review of the Crop Tracking Committee meeting of the Ministry; crop tracking during growing season and production estimate forecast, formulation of Annual and Five year National plan, coordination in execution and monitoring of crop production programmes of pulses at national level, assisting states/UTs in initiation, planning, formulation and intensification of crop development programmes in consonance with the ongoing states programme/Contingency Planning/Crop diversification aspects& convergence and monitoring.

14.0 To assess the crop loss/damage to agricultural sector during Natural Calamities as

Member Inter-Ministerial Central Team (IMCT) representing the Govt. of India, Department of Agriculture Cooperation& F W;. to act as nodal agency for Technology Transfer/Technology Dissemination/Extension for Pulses Development across the country and to work out Human Resource Development needs at all clientele level and to attend and reply of the Parliament Questions.

15.0 The Other Existing Activities/ Functions include i) To monitor the NFSM funded project on Creation of Seed-Hub for Increasing Indigenous

Pulse Production in India”; “Enhancing Breeder Seed Production for increasing Indigenous Pulse Production in India”; Cluster FLDs on Pulses/ Oilseed undertaken by KVKs of MP and Chhattisgarh states under ATARI Zone-IX; to formulate and monitor the Seed Minikit Programme on Pulses at national level, “Establishment/ Strengthening of Bio-fertilizer and Bio-control Production Units for Increasing Pulse Production In India”, “National Demonstration Project and Value Chain Development of Pulses and


Millets in India”, CSS on MM-I on oilseeds and MM III on Tree Borne Oilseeds (TBOs) in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states, Mini Mission-II on Oilpalm in Chhattisgarh state under National Mission on Oilseeds and Oilpalm (NMOOP), Dry Land development activities, extension reforms (ATMA), mechanization etc. under NMSA, NMAE&T and RKVY interventions in the state of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.

ii) To prepare the Quarterly Progress Report and Annual Progress Report NFSM-Pulses,

BGREI (Chhattisgarh); NMOOP & RKVY schemes of assigned states.

iii) To act as Convener/Team Leader, National Level Monitoring Team (NLMT) for Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh under NFSM (Rice, Pulses, Wheat, Commercial Crops, Coarse Cereals) and Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India (BGREI);To liaise with the other Central Ministries ICAR institutes, SAUs, International Research Organizations, NGOs and other stake holders in the field of Agri. and allied sectors for better Research-Development interface. Also represent Department of Agriculture and Cooperation on their Committee/ events with a view to have direct interface for onward benefits to formulate farmer friendly schemes at national level with a unified approach for the overall development of agriculture sector as a whole; Build data base and maintain the flow of information and ideas between research and development.

iv) To provide crop specific advisories, technical inputs to extension agencies and to Extension Division of the Ministry of Agriculture for skill development, national policies and for the Plan year; To participate in the State Level Crop Training Programmes; Developing leaflets/ Literatures on training manuals;

v) To represent the Varietal Identification Committee (VIC) on pulses and evaluate the performance of the newly evolved/ released pulses varieties;


EXPLANATION TO ABBREVATIONS

ADO Agriculture Development Officer AES Agro-ecological situations AFC Agriculture Finance Commission AICRP All India Coordinated Research Project a.i. Active ingredient ‘A’ lines Male sterile lines ALP Aluminium Phosphate AMDP Accelerated Maize Development Programme A,P,Y Area, Production, Yield A.P Andhra Pradesh ATARI Agriculture Technology Application Research Institute ATMA Agriculture Technology Management Agency B Boron ‘B’ lines Maintainer lines BCMV Bean Curl Mosaic Virus BSP Breeder Seed Production BNF Biological nitrogen fixation BT Bacillus thuringenesis COPP Change over previous plan periods CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate CZ Central Zone C.G. Chhattisgarh CGMS Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility CEC Cation Exchange Capacity CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur (RJ) CZ Central Zone CPWD Central Public Work Department CIAE Central Institute of Agriculture Engineering, Bhopal (M.P.) CCL Cash Credit Limit CFTRI Central Food Technology Research Institute, Mysore (Karnataka) CWC Central Warehousing Corporation DAC Department of Agriculture,Cooperation & Farmers Welfare DAP Di-ammonium Phosphate DAS Days after sowing DFSMEC District Food Security Mission Executive Committee DGCI&S Director General of Commerce Intelligence and Statistics EC Emulsifying Concentrate ETL Economic Threshold Level EC Empowered Committee FAQ Fair Average Quality FFS Farmer’s Field School FOs Farmers Organizations FPOs Farmers Producers Organizations FIGs Farmers Interest Group FLD Front Line Demonstration FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FYM Farm Yard Manure


GOI Government of India GMS Genetic Male Sterility HDPE High Density Poly Ethylene HI Harvest Index HRD Human Resource Development HP Horse Power ITD Innovations in Technology Dissemination IFFCO Indian Farmers Fertilizer Co-operative Ltd. IPM Integrated Pest Management ISOPOM Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil palm and Maize IIPR Indian Institute of Pulse Research, Kanpur (UP) ICAR Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi INM Integrated Nutrient Management ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research KCl Potassium Chloride K Potassium K Kharif KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra KVIC Khadi Village Industries Commission KW Kilo Watt KRIBHCO Krishak Bharti Co-operative Ltd. LE Larval Extract MM-1 Mini-Mission 1 MSP Minimum Support Price Min. Minimum Max. Maximum Mo Molybdenum MP Madhya Pradesh MS Maharashtra NAT New Agriculture Technology NEPZ North East Plain Zone NWPZ North West Plain Zone NHZ North Hilly Zone N Nitrogen NPV Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus NATP National Agriculture Technology Project NCDC National Co-operative Development Cooperation NGOs Non-Government organization NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development NPDP National Pulses Development Project NLMT National Level Monitoring Team NUE Nutrient Use Efficiency NFSM National Food Security Mission NAFED National Agriculture Marketing Federation Ltd NBSS&LUP National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Utilisation Planning, Nagpur NWDPRA National Watershed Development project for Rural Agriculture NSC National Seed Corporation NAEP National Agriculture Extension Project NE North East


NWP North Western Parts OPDP Oil palm Development Project OILFED Oil Federation OPP Oilseed Production Programme PSHG Pulses Self Help Group PHT Post Harvest Technology PSB Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria PWD Public Work Department PGPR Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria PC Project Coordinator PAU Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana (PB) PDKV Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (MS) PFA Prevention of Food Adulteration PSS Price Support Scheme P Phosphorous Q Quintal RGK Rural Gram Kendra RBI Reserve Bank of India R Rabi ‘R’ lines Restorer Lines RAEO Rural Agriculture Extension Officer R&D Research Development SPPP Strategic Pulses Production Programme SVS Seed Village Scheme SES Socio-economic Status SBI State Bank of India SSP Single Super Phosphate SDA State Department of Agriculture SL Solubilite SRR Seed Replacement Rate SHGs Self Help Group SWCs State Warehousing Corporation SZ South Zone SFPP Special Food Grain Production Programme SSC State Seed Corporation SFCI State Farm Corporation of India SLMT State Level Monitoring Team ToT Transfer of Technology TMC Technology Mission on Cotton T&V Training and Visit TAC Technical Advisory Committee TE Triennium Ending TMO Technology Mission on Oilseed TN Tamil Nadu UK United Kingdom UNDP United Nations Development Programme USA United States of America UTs Union Territories UP Uttar Pradesh


W.B. West Bengal WSC Water Soluble Concentrate YI Yield Index YMV Yellow Mosaic Virus ZRS Zonal Research Station & And @ At the rate Ca Calcium Cm Centimetre 0C Degree Centigrade G Gram > Greater than Hr Hour Kg/ha Kilogram/ hectare Ml Milli litre mg Milli gram pH Potential Hydrogen % Percent m2 Square Meter Zn Zinc Mg Magnesium


INDEX Preface About the Directorate

CONTENT PAGE NO. 1. PULSES OVERVIEW 1-21 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Pulses share to total foodgrain basket 2 1.2 Per capita availability of pulses in India 4 1.3 Projected demand (XIth & XIIth Plan) 5 1.4 Import/ Export & Availability 5-6 1.5 Vision-2030 7 1.6 Growth rate of total pulses 8 1.7 Production Trends 9-21 1.7.1 Global Scenario: Crop-Wise 9 1.7.2 Global Scenario: Total Pulses 10 1.7.3 National Scenario: Plan Periods (Total Pulses) 11 1.7.4 States’ Scenario: Plan Analysis (Xth –XIIth) 12 1.7.5 District Scenario (2012-13) – Potential Districts 15 1.8 National Scenario: Plan Periods (Kharif Pulses) 16 1.8.1 States’ Scenario: Plan Analysis (Xth –XIIth) 17 1.9 National Scenario: Plan Periods (Rabi Pulses) 20 1.9.1 States’ Scenario: Plan Analysis (Xth –XIIth) 21 1. Chickpea (Gram) 24-49 2.1 Economic Importance 24 2.2 Nutritive Value` 24 2.3 Growth Rate 24 2.4 Import/Export 26 2.5 Production Trends 27-33 2.5.1 Global Scenario 27 2.5.2 National Scenario: Plan Periods 29 2.5.3 States’ Scenario: Plan Analysis (Xth –XIIth) 30 2.5.4 District Scenario (2012-13) – Potential Districts 33 2.6 Chickpea Agronomy 34-40 2.6.1 Economic Classification 34 2.6.2 Botanical Description 35 2.6.3 Production Technology 35-37 2.6.4 Plant Protection Measures 38-40 2.7 Recommendation to achieve higher production 40


CONTENT PAGE NO. 2. Pigeonpea (Arhar) 50-79 3.1 Economic Importance 50 3.2 Nutritive Value 50 3.3 Growth Rate 50 3.4 Import/Export 52 3.5 Production Trends 53- 3.5.1 Global Scenario 53 3.5.2 National Scenario : Plan Periods 55 3.5.3 States’ Scenario: Plan Analysis (Xth –XIIth) 56 3.5.4 District Scenario (2012-13) – Potential Districts 59 3.6 Pigeonpea Agronomy 60-72 3.6.1 Economic Classification 60 3.6.2 Botanical Description 60-61 3.6.3 Production Technology 61-64 3.6.4 Plant Protection Measures 65-67 3.7 Recommendation to achieve higher production 67 3.8 Hybrid Pigeonpea 68-72 3.9 Situations/season of cultivation 72 3. Greengram (Mungbean) 80-97 4.1 Economic Importance 80 4.2 Nutritive Value 80 4.3 Growth Rate 80 4.4 Production Trends 82-86 4.4.1 National Scenario: Plan Periods 82 4.4.2 States’ Scenario: Plan Analysis (Xth –XIIth) 83 4.4.3 District Scenario (2013-14) –Potential Districts 86 4.5 Mungbean Agronomy 87-93 4.5.1 Botanical Description 87 4.5.2 Production Technology 88-90 4.5.3 Plant Protection Measures 91-93 4.6 Recommendation to achieve higher production 93 4. Blackgram (Urdbean) 98-113 5.1 Economic Importance 98 5.2 Nutritive Value 98 5.3 Growth Rate 98 5.4 Production Trends 100-104 5.4.1 National Scenario : Plan Periods 100 5.4.2 States’ Scenario: Plan Analysis (Xth –XIIth) 101 5.4.3 District Scenario (2012-13) – Potential Districts 104 5.5 Urdbean Agronomy 106-110


CONTENT PAGE NO. 5.5.1 Botanical Description 106 5.5.2 Production Technology 106-108 5.5.3 Plant Protection Measures 108-110 5.6 Recommendation to achieve higher production 110 5. Lentil (Masur) 114-128 6.1 Economic Importance 114 6.2 Nutritive Value 114 6.3 Growth Rate 114 6.4 Import/Export 116 6.5 Production Trends 117-123 6.5.1 Global Scenario 117 6.5.2 National Scenario : Plan Periods 119 6.5.3 States’ Scenario: Plan Analysis (Xth –XIIth) 120 6.5.4 District Scenario (2013-14) – Potential Districts 123 6.6 Lentil Agronomy 124-128 6.6.1 Botanical Description 124 6.6.2 Production Technology 126 6.6.3 Plant Protection Measures 127-128 6.7 Recommendation to achieve higher production 128 6. Fieldpea (Matar) 132-148 7.1 Economic Importance 132 7.2 Nutritive Value 132 7.3 Growth Rate 132 7.4 Import/Export 134 7.5 Production Trends 135- 7.5.1 Global Scenario 135 7.5.2 National Scenario: Plan Periods 137 7.5.3 States’ Scenario: Plan Analysis (Xth –XIIth) 138 7.5.4 District Scenario (2012-13) – Potential Districts 141 7.6 Fieldpea Agronomy 142-145 7.6.1 Botanical Description 142 7.6.2 Production Technology 142-144 7.6.3 Plant Protection Measures 144-145 7.7 Recommendation to achieve higher production 145 7. Mothbean (Moth) 149-156 8.1 Economic Importance 149 8.2 Nutritive Value 149 8.3 Production Trends 150-153 8.3.1 States’ Scenario: Plan Analysis (Xth –XIIth) 150


CONTENT PAGE NO. 8.3.2 District Scenario (2012-13) – Potential Districts 153 8.4 Mothbean Agronomy 154-156 8.4.1 Major Constraint in Production 154 8.4.2 Production Technology 154-156 8.4.3 Plant Protection Measures 156 8.5 Recommendation to achieve higher production 156 8. Horsegram (Kulthi) 157-163 9.1 Economic Importance 157 9.2 Nutritive Value 157 9.3 Production Trends 157-160 9.3.1 States’ Scenario: Plan Analysis (Xth –XIIth) 157 9.3.2 District Scenario (2012-13) – Potential Districts 160 9.4 Horsegram Agronomy 161 9.4.1 Botanical Description 161 9.4.2 Production Technology 161-162 9.4.3 Plant Protection Measures 162 9.5 Recommendation to achieve higher production 162 9. Lathyrus (Khesari) 164-172 10.1 Economic Importance 164 10.2 Nutritive Value 164 10.3 Background Policy on consumption /sale of Lathyrus 164-166 10.3.1 High Power Committee on Lathyrus 165-166 10.4 Production Trends 167-169 10.4.1 States’ Scenario: Plan Analysis (Xth –XIIth) 167 10.4.2 District Scenario (2012-13) – Potential Districts 169 10.5 Lathyrus Agronomy 170-172 10.5.1 Botanical Description 170 10.5.2 Production Technology 170-171 10.5.3 Plant Protection Measures 171 10.6 Recommendation to achieve higher production 172 10. Rajmash (French bean) 173-177 11.1 Economic Importance 173 11.2 Nutritive Value 173 11.3 Rajmash Agronomy 173-176 11.3.1 Botanical Description 173 11.3.2 Production Technology 173-175 11.3.3 Plant Protection Measures 175-176 11.4 Recommendation to achieve higher production 176


CONTENT PAGE NO. 11. Cowpea (Lobia) 178-184 12.1 Economic Importance 178 12.2 Nutritive Value 178 12.3 Crop Status 178 12.4 Cowpea Agronomy 179-182 12.4.1 Production Technology 179-181 12.4.2 Plant Protection Measures 181-182 12.5 Recommendation to achieve higher production 182 Minor pulses - A. Broad bean (Bakla) 185

- B. Rice bean 186 12. MARKET 187- 193 13 Market Scenario 187 13.1 Production Scenario- 2016-17: An Analysis 187 13.2 Availability Status: Total Pulses & Crop-Wise (2013-14 To 2016-17) 191 13.3 Market Prices/Rates and Arrivals 191 13.4 Factors Attributing to Lower Market Prices (Below MSP 195-196 13. SEED PRODUCTION 197-201 1. New initiative programme under NFSM-Pulses 197-198 2. Seed requirement 199 3. Seed Replacement 199 4. Class of seed and their production 199-201 14. POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT 202-213 1. Harvesting precautions 202 2. Grading 202 3. Storage/Packaging 202 4. Major stored grain pest 202- 203 5. Storage structure 203-205 6. Marketing channel 205 7. Processing and value addition 205-207 8. Processing technology 207-208 9. Domestic machineries developed 208 10. Milling methods of pulses 210-216 15. CONSTRAINTS AND SUGGESTIONS 217-225 Constraints in production Suggestions


CONTENT PAGE NO. 16. PRODUCTION TARGET AND STRATEGY TO AUGMENT PRODUCTION 226-242 1. Production Performance of XIIth Plan & Target 2017-18 226 2. Proposed strategy – Long term measures to increase Production of pulses 227-239 2.1 Productivity Enhancement 227 2.2 Increasing the area under cultivation 227-228 2.3 Comparative net return analysis of pulses 230 2.4 Plan for reducing crop duration 231 2.5 Agronomic strategies for area expansion in rice-fallows 231-232 2.6 General strategies for yield enhancement 232-233 2.7 Ensuring fertilizer efficiency 233-234 2.8 Market strategy/MSP 234-235 2.9 Value addition/strategy processing 236 2.10 Strategy related to research issues 237 2.11 Policy related strategies 241-242 17. POLICY INTERVENTION 243-248 1. Project/Programme on Pulses Development 243-246 2. Performance over-view– (First to twelfth plan) 249-251 2.1 Area Expansion 249 2.2 Production Enhancement 250 2.3 Productivity 250 2.4 Irrigation 250 2.5 Conclusion 251


LIST OF TABLES List of Tables Page No. 1. Total Pulses 2-22 1.0 Contribution of pulses to total foodgrain in India 2 1.1 Season-wise pulse contribution to total pulses 3 1.2 Per capita availability of pulses in India 4 1.3 Tentative demand/production and projected target 5 1.4 Availability status of pulses production, import and export 5 1.5 Pulse importing and exporting countries of major pulses 6 1.6 Total Pulses: Crop/season-wise contribution 7 1.7 Growth rate of total pulses 8 1.8 Global Ranking: Crop-Wise 9 1.9 Global Ranking: Total Pulses 10 1.10 Plan-Wise National Scenario - Total Pulses 11 1.11 Plan-Wise States’ Scenario – Total Pulses 13 1.12 Top Potential Districts (2012-13) – Total Pulses 15 1.13 Plan-Wise National Scenario - Kharif Pulses 16 1.14 Plan-Wise States’ Scenario - Major States 18 1.15 Plan-Wise National Scenario – Rabi Pulses 20 1.16 Plan-Wise States’ Scenario – Major States 22 2.0 Chickpea 2.1 Growth Rate of Chickpea 24-25 2.2 Percentage share to total pulses 25-26 2.3 Importing & Exporting Countries 27 2.4 Global Ranking: Major Countries 27 2.5 Plan-Wise National Scenario 29 2.6 Plan-Wise States’ Scenario - Major States 31 2.7 Top Potential Districts (2012-13) 33 2.8 State-Wise Yield Gap and Additional Return 34 2.9 Recommended varieties & their characteristics 41-50 3.0 Pigeonpea 3.1 Growth Rate of Pigeonpea 51 3.2 Percentage share to total pulses 52 3.3 Importing & Exporting Countries 53 3.4 Global Ranking : Major Countries 53 3.5 Plan-Wise National Scenario 55 3.6 Plan-Wise States’ Scenario - Major States 57 3.7 Top Potential Districts (2012-13) 59 3.8 State-Wise Yield Gap and Additional Return 60 3.9 Pigeonpea production technology for different zones 73 3.10 Agronomic recommendations of ICAR-IIPR for increased production under different cropping systems in the country

74-75

3.11 Recommended varieties & their characteristics 76-79


List of Tables Page No. 4.0 Greengram (Mungbean) 4.1 Growth Rate of Mungbean 80-81 4.2 Percentage share to total pulses 81-82 4.3 Plan-Wise National Scenario 82 4.4 Plan-Wise States’ Scenario- Major States 84 4.5 Top Potential Districts (2013-14) 86 4.6 State-Wise Yield Gap and Additional Return 87 4.7 Recommended varieties & their characteristics 94-97 5.0 Blackgram (Urdbean) 5.1 Growth Rate of Urdbean 98-99 5.2 Percentage share to total pulses 99 5.3 Plan-Wise National Scenario 100 5.4 Plan-Wise States’ Scenario- Major States 102 5.5 Top Potential Districts (2012-13) 104 5.6 State-Wise Yield Gap and Additional Return 105 5.6 Recommended varieties & their characteristics 111-113 6.0 Lentil 6.1 Growth Rate of Lentil 115 6.2 Percentage share to total pulses 115-116 6.3 Importing & Exporting Countries 116-117 6.4 Global Ranking : Major Countries 117 6.5 Plan-Wise National Scenario 119 6.6 Plan-Wise States’ Scenario- Major States 121 6.7 Top Potential Districts (2013-14) 123 6.8 State-Wise Yield Gap and Additional Return 124 6.9 Recommended varieties & their characteristics 129-131 7.0 Fieldpea 7.1 Growth Rate of Fieldpea 132-133 7.2 Percentage share to total pulses 133 7.3 Importing & Exporting Countries 134 7.4 Global Ranking: Major Countries 135 7.5 Plan-Wise National Scenario 137 7.6 Plan-Wise States’ Scenario- Major States 139 7.7 Top Potential Districts (2012-13) 141 7.8 State-Wise Yield Gap and Additional Return 142 7.9 Recommended varieties & their characteristics 146-148 8.0 Mothbean 8.1 Plan-Wise States’ Scenario: Major States 151 8.2 Top Potential Districts (2012-13) 153 8.3 Recommended varieties & their characteristics 156 Page No.


List of Tables 9.0 Horsegram 9.1 Plan-Wise States’ Scenario: Major States 158 9.2 Top Potential Districts (2012-13) 160 9.3 Recommended varieties & their characteristics 163 10.0 Lathyrus 10.1 Plan-Wise States’ Scenario: Major States 167 10.2 Top Potential Districts (2012-13) 169 10.3 Recommended varieties & their characteristics 172 11.0 Rajmash 11.1 Recommended varieties & their characteristics 177 12.0 Cowpea 183-184 12.1 Recommended varieties & their characteristics 13.0 MARKET 13.1 National Production of Pigeonpea, Urd, Mung & Lentil 188 I to V: State-Wise Area Production of Tur, Urd, Mung ,Gram & Lentil 188-190 13.2 Import, Export and Availability 191 I to VI: State-Wise Market Rates and Arrivals of Tur, Urd, Mung, Lentil & Gram 190-194 14.0 Seed Production 197-199 14.1 All India Crop-Wise Targets under EBSP 197 14.2 All India Crop-Wise Targets under Seed-Hub 198 14.3 Cluster FLD on Pulses/Oilseeds: 2017-18 198 14.4 Seed Requirement at 33% SRR – End of Twelfth Plan 199 15.0 Post-Harvest Technology and Management 15.1 Categories of storage structures 203 15.2 Processes of marketing of raw produce 205 15.3 Processing technology developed under R&D in PHT 209 16.0 Constraints and Suggestion 16.1. Technological (yield) gap exhibiting the production related constraints 217 16.2. Biotic & Abiotic Challenges of pulse production 218 16.3. Requirement and availability of certified seeds during 2015-16 219 16.4. Varietal release profile-notification during last 10 years (2006-2015) 219 16.5. Limited states varietal choice during last 10 years (2006-2015) 220 16.6. Poor varietal diversification (VRR) 220-221 16.7. Crop-wise potential districts with 20-30 % production share-All India 223 17.0 Production Target and Strategy to augment production 17.1. Crop-wise production target 226 17.2. Strategy for achieving desired production level 227 17.3. Area Expansion through Intercropping/Catch crop/Rice fallows 229 17.4. Comparative analysis of pulses vis-à-vis other cereals & MSP 230-231 17.5. Planning for reducing crop duration 231 17.6. Grade specification & MSP prescribed for PSS (FAQ Grade) 235


17.7. Minimum Support Price of Pulses 235 17.8. Crop Specific strategies/recommendation (var./plant protection) 237-241 18.0 Policy Intervention 18.1. Plan-wise intervention (VIIIth to XIIth Plan) 246 18.2. Intervention under NFSM Pulses 247 18.3. Summary of research project funded under of NFSM-Pulses in year 2017-18 248 18.4 Plan-wise trend of growth in pulses 249


DIAGRAM 1.1 Global scenario (2014) – Crop-wise Pulses Area 9 1.2 Global scenario (2014) – Crop-wise Pulses production 9 1.3 Global scenario (2014) – Total Pulses Area 10 1.4 Global scenario (2014) – Total Pulses production 10 1.5 Plan-Wise Scenario (Ist -XIIth): Total Pulses 11 1.6 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan) – Total Area 14 1.7 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan) – Total production 14 1.8 District scenario (APY): 2012-13–Total Pulses–Top ten districts 15 1.9 Plan-Wise Scenario (VIth -XIIth): Kharif Pulses 16 1.10 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan)) – Kharif Area 19 1.11 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan) – Kharif Production 19 1.12 Plan-Wise Scenario (VIth -XIIth): Rabi Pulses 20 1.13 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan)– Rabi Area 23 1.14 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan) – Rabi Production 23 2.1 Global scenario (2014) – Chickpea Area 28 2.2 Global scenario (2014) – Chickpea production 28 2.3 Plan-Wise Scenario (IVth -XIIth): Chickpea 29 2.4 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan) – Chickpea Area 32 2.5 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan) – Chickpea Production 32 2.6 District scenario (APY) :2012-13 Chickpea– Top ten districts 33 3.1 Global scenario (2014) - Pigeonpea Area 54 3.2 Global scenario (2014) – Pigeonpea production 54 3.3 Plan-Wise Scenario (VIth -XIIth): Pigeonpea 55 3.4 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan) – Pigeonpea Area 58 3.5 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan) – Pigeonpea Production 58 3.6 District scenario (2012-13) – Pigeonpea (APY) – Top ten districts 59 4.1 Plan-Wise Scenario (VIth -XIIth): Greengram 82 4.2 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan)– Greengram Area 85 4.3 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan)– Greengram Production 85 4.4 District scenario (APY) :2012-13 Greengram– Top ten districts 86 5.1 Plan-Wise Scenario (VIth -XIIth) – Blackgram 100 5.2 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan)– Blackgram Area 103 5.3 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan) – Blackgram Production 103 5.4 District scenario (APY) :2012-13 Blackgram– Top ten districts 104 6.1 Global scenario (2014) – Lentil Area 118 6.2 Global scenario (2014) – Lentil production 118 6.3 Plan-Wise Scenario (VIth -XIIth): Lentil 119 6.4 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan)– Lentil Area 122 6.5 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan)– Lentil Production 122 6.6 District scenario (APY) :2012-13 Lentil– Top ten districts 123


7.1 Global scenario (2014) - Peas Area 136 7.2 Global scenario (2014) - Peas Production 136 7.3 Plan-Wise Scenario (VIth -XIIth): Fieldpea 137 7.4 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan)– Peas Area 140 7.5 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan)– Peas Production 140 7.6 District scenario (APY) :2012-13 Peas– Top ten districts 141 8.1 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan)– Moth Area 152 8.2 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan)– Moth Production 152 8.3 District scenario (APY) :2012-13 Mothbean– Top ten districts 153 8.4 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan)– Horsegram Area 159 8.5 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan) – Horsegram Production 159 8.6 District scenario (APY) :2012-13 Horsegram – Top ten districts 160 9.1 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan) – Lathyrus Area 168 9.2 State’s scenario (XIIth Plan) – Lathyrus Production 168 9.3 District scenario (APY) :2012-13 Lathyrus – Top ten districts 169 9.4 Flow diagram of dry milling of pulses 211 9.5 Dehulling of tur – large scale (Wet Method) 212 9.6 Dehulling of tur-small scale (Dry Method) 212 9.7 Dehulling of tur- small scale (Wet Method) 213 9.8 Process for dehulling of Bengal gram 213 9.9 Dehulling of green gram 214 9.10 Green gram/black gram splits-flow chart 215 9.11 Process for dehulling peas 215 9.12 Process for milling of masoor (lentil) 216 9.13 Process for dehulling khesari pulse (lakh) 216


PULSES OVERVIEW 1.0 INTRODUCTION Pulses are an important commodity group of crops that provide high quality protein complementing cereal proteins for pre-dominantly substantial vegetarian population of the country. Although, being the largest pulse crop cultivating country in the World, pulses share to total foodgrain is production is only 6-7% in the country. The cultivation of pulses builds-up a mechanism to fix atmospheric nitrogen in their root nodules and thus meet their nitrogen requirements to a great extent.

In India, pulses can be produced with a minimum use of resources and hence, it becomes less costly even than animal protein. In comparison to other vegetables, pulses are rich in protein which are less expensive and can be cultivated as an inter-crop and also as mixed crop. Pulses are mostly cultivated under rainfed conditions and do not require intensive irrigation facility and this is the reason why pulses are grown in areas left after satisfying the demand for cereals/cash crops. Even in such conditions, pulses give better returns. Apart from this, pulses possess several other qualities such as they are rich in protein, improve soil fertility and physical structure, fit in mixed/inter-cropping system, crop rotations and dry farming and provide green pods for vegetable and nutritious fodder for cattle as well.

Although this crop group is more important from the nutritional point of view, there has not any significant increase in area and production during 1950-51 to 2009-10, however, significant growth in area and production has been recorded during the last five years (i.e. 2010-2011 to 2016-17). With the increase in infrastructural and irrigation facilities/resources, the pulses get the marginalized treatment pushing them to another poor and marginal land piece. The productivity of pulses has increased about 77% at 779 kg/ha during 2016-17 from the level of 441 kg/ha during 1950-51. It is imperative to mention that the New Agriculture Technology (NAT) introduced during mid-sixties has increased the production of food-grains from 50.82 million tonnes during 1950-51 to 275.68 million tonnes during 2016-17 with the increase in area from 97.32 million hectares to 128 million hectares. The productivity of food grains has also sharply increased to 2153 kg/ha during 2016-17 from the level of only 522 kg/ha during 1950-51.

The potential of pulses to help address future global food security, nutrition and environmental sustainability needs has been acknowledged through the UN declaration of the 2016 International Year of Pulses. Pulses are a Smart Food as these are critical for food basket (dal-roti, dal-chawal), important source of plant protein and help address obesity, diabetes etc. In addition pulses are highly water efficient, can grow in drought prone areas and help improve soil fertility by fixing soil nitrogen.

Pulses are grown in all three seasons. The three crop seasons for the commodity are: i. Kharif :Arhar (Tur), Urd (Blackgram), Moong (Greengram), Lobia (Cowpea), Kulthi

(Horsegram) and Moth; ii. Rabi :Gram, Lentil, Pea, Lathyrus and Rajmash; iii. Summer :Greengram, Blackgram and Cowpea.


1.1 PULSES SHARE TO TOTAL FOODGRAIN BASKET Per cent share of pulses to total food-grain basket in the country in terms of area and production was 19.62 and 16.55 per cent respectively during 1950-51. This trend continued till 1960-61 and started declaration from 1970-71 (after green revolution) due to no break-through in production technology of pulses in comparison to other commodities of foodgrains. At present, except the area stabilization, the production upto 2015-16 has gone down to 6.50 per cent due to stagnation in productivity of pulses as compared to other commodities of foodgrains. Deceleration of Per cent contribution of pulses to total foodgrains has prompted the Ministry of Agriculture to vigorously pursue the NFSM-Pulses during the Twelfth Plan (2012-13 to 2016-17), a centrally sponsored scheme, in addition to ongoing ISOPOM scheme for all 14 pulse potential states. Food grains cover almost 62% of total gross cropped area comprising cereals 51% and pulses in about 11% in India. Further, among total pulses, the area under gram is 4%, arhar 2% and the other pulses in about 5% of gross cropped area. The net irrigated area in the country is 47% while the remaining falls under rainfed ecology. The pulses under irrigation are cultivated in about 20% of the area while 80% of pulses are grown under rainfed conditions. Under pulses highest area under irrigation in gram i.e. 35%, remaining pulses irrigation below 10%. (TABLE–1.0): CONTRIBUTION OF PULSES TO TOTAL FOODGRAINS IN INDIA

{Area- Million ha, Production- Million Tonnes, Yield- kg/ha} Year Pulses Foodgrains Pulses % to Foodgrains

A P Y A P Y A P YI 1950-51 19.09 8.41 441 97.32 50.82 522 19.62 16.55 84.48 1960-61 23.56 12.70 539 115.58 82.02 710 20.38 15.48 75.92 1970-71 22.54 11.82 524 124.32 108.42 872 18.13 10.90 60.09 1980-81 22.46 10.63 473 126.67 129.59 1023 17.73 8.20 46.24 1990-91 24.66 14.26 578 127.84 176.39 1380 19.29 8.08 41.88 1995-96 22.28 12.31 552 121.01 180.42 1491 18.41 6.82 37.02 2000-01 20.35 11.08 544 121.05 196.81 1626 16.81 5.63 33.46 2001-02 22.01 13.37 607 122.78 212.85 1734 17.93 6.28 35.01 2002-03 20.50 11.13 543 113.86 174.77 1535 18.00 6.37 35.37 2003-04 23.46 14.91 635 123.45 213.19 1727 19.00 6.99 36.77 2004-05 22.76 13.13 577 120.00 198.36 1652 18.97 6.62 34.93 2005-06 23.39 13.39 598 121.60 208.60 1715 18.41 6.42 34.87 2006-07 23.76 14.11 594 124.07 211.78 1707 19.15 6.66 34.80 2007-08 23.63 14.76 625 124.07 230.78 1860 19.05 6.40 33.58 2008-09 22.09 14.57 660 122.83 234.47 1909 17.98 6.21 34.55 2009-10 23.28 14.66 630 121.33 218.11 1798 19.19 6.72 35.03 2010-11 26.40 18.24 691 126.67 244.49 1930 20.84 7.46 35.80 2011-12 24.46 17.09 699 124.76 259.32 2079 19.61 6.59 33.61 2012-13 23.25 18.34 789 120.77 257.12 2129 19.25 7.13 37.06 2013-14 25.21 19.25 764 125.04 265.04 2120 20.16 7.26 36.03 2014-15 23.10 17.16 743 122.07 252.67 2069 18.92 6.791 35.91 2015-16 24.91 16.35 656 123.22 251.57 2042 20.22 6.50 32.13 2016-17* 29.46 22.95 779 128.03 275.68 2153 23.01 8.32 36.18

Source: DES, 2016-17*- IVthAdvance Estimate


(TABLE - 1.1): SEASON-WISE PULSE CONTRIBUTION TO TOTAL PULSES {Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha}

Year Kharif Pulses % Cont. to Total Pulses Rabi Pulses % Cont. to Total Pulses Total Pulses A P Y A P YI A P Y A P YI A P Y

2000-01 106.58 44.48 417 52.4 40.2 77 96.90 66.27 684 47.6 59.8 126 203.48 110.75 544

2001-02 107.22 48.38 451 48.7 36.2 74 112.86 85.30 756 51.3 63.8 124 220.08 133.68 607

2002-03 99.50 41.51 417 48.5 37.3 77 105.46 69.74 661 51.5 62.7 122 204.96 111.25 543

2003-04 116.83 61.65 528 49.8 41.4 83 117.75 87.41 742 50.2 58.6 117 234.58 149.05 635

2004-05 113.17 47.17 417 49.7 35.9 72 114.46 84.12 735 50.3 64.1 127 227.63 131.30 577

2005-06 106.80 48.65 456 47.7 36.3 76 117.12 85.20 727 52.3 63.7 122 223.91 133.84 598

2006-07 106.76 47.95 449 46.0 33.8 73 125.16 94.02 751 54.0 66.2 123 231.92 141.98 612

2007-08 114.90 64.03 557 48.6 43.4 89 121.44 83.58 688 51.4 56.6 110 236.33 147.62 625

2008-09 98.09 46.86 478 44.4 32.2 72 122.85 98.80 804 55.6 67.8 122 220.94 145.66 659

2009-10 105.82 42.04 397 45.5 28.7 63 127.00 104.58 823 54.5 71.3 131 232.82 146.62 630

2010-11 123.20 71.20 578 46.7 39.0 84 140.82 111.21 790 53.3 61.0 114 264.02 182.41 691

2011-12 111.90 60.58 541 45.7 35.4 77 132.72 110.31 831 54.3 64.6 119 244.62 170.89 699

2012-13 99.54 59.16 594 42.8 32.3 75 133.03 124.27 934 57.2 67.7 118 232.57 183.42 789

2013-14 103.33 59.95 580 41.0 31.1 76 148.85 132.60 891 59.0 68.9 117 252.18 192.55 764

2014-15 99.98 57.31 573 42.4 33.4 79 135.55 114.22 843 57.6 66.6 116 235.53 171.52 728

2015-16 113.14 55.30 489 45.4 33.8 74 135.98 108.18 796 54.6 66.2 121 249.11 163.48 656

2016-17* 143.44 94.22 657 48.68 41.05 84 151.20 135.32 895 51.32 58.95 115 294.64 229.54 779 Source: DES, 2016-17*- IVth Advance Estimate

| Pulses in India: Retrospect & Prospects – 2017

1.2 PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF PULSES IN INDIA As a result of stagnant pulse production and continuous increase in population, the per capita availability of pulses has decreased considerably. The per capita per day availability of pulses in 1951 was 60 g that dwindled down to a provisional level of 47.2 g in the year 2014. The per capita per year availability shows the same decreasing trend from 22.1 kg in 1951 to 17.2 kg in 2014. However the increase trend shows during 2017 (P) both in per capita per day (52.9 g) and per capita per year (19.3 kg) respectively. This amply proves that increase in population growth affects the pulses availability on per capita basis (Table 1.2).

(TABLE- 1.2): PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF PULSES IN INDIA

Year Pulses Availability (g per capita per day) (kg per capita per year)

1951 60.7 22.1 1961 69.0 25.2 1971 51.2 18.7 1981 37.5 13.7 1991 41.6 15.2 1992 34.3 12.5 1993 36.2 13.2 1994 37.2 13.6 1995 37.8 13.8 1996 32.7 12.0 1997 37.1 13.5 1998 32.8 12.0 1999 36.5 13.3 2000 31.8 11.6 2001 30.0 10.9 2002 35.4 12.9 2003 29.1 10.6 2004 35.8 13.1 2005 31.5 11.5 2006 32.5 11.8 2007 35.5 12.9 2008 41.8 15.3 2009 37.0 13.5 2010 35.4 12.9 2011 43.0 15.7 2012 41.6 15.2

2013 43.3 15.8 2014 46.4 16.9 2015 43.8 16.0 2016 43.0 15.7

2017 (P*) 52.9 19.3 P - Provisional figures is based on IVthAdvance Estimates of production for 2016-17, Net Import for Jan. 2017and stock position as on 01.02.2017.Source: Agricultural statistics at a glance-2016.


1.3 PROJECTED DEMAND: (XIth& XIIthPLAN) (TABLE- 1.3): TENTATIVE DEMAND/PRODUCTION AND PROJECTED TARGET

(Qty: Million Tonnes) Year Demand * Production @ Gap Target

2007-08 16.77 13.61 -3.16 17.00 2008-09 17.51 13.65 -3.86 18.00 2009-10 18.29 13.68 -4.61 18.50 2010-11 19.08 13.72 -5.36 19.00 2011-12 19.91 13.75 -6.16 20.00 2012-13 19.00 18.34 -0.66 18.24 2013-14 20.00 19.25 -0.75 19.00 2014-15 21.00 17.15 -3.85 19.50 2015-16 21.00 16.35 -4.65 20.05 2016-17 23.00 22.95 2.20 20.75 2017-18 22.90

Note: *Demand includes seed, feed and wastage and based on behavioristic approach.The rate of growth of per capita disposable income is 4.8%. @ likely production is based on the CAGR of 0.25% for the period. Source: Projections of XII Plan working group (Planning Commission).

1.4 IMPORT/EXPORTAND AVAILABILITY The domestic production, and imports/exports and total availability from 2000-2001 to 2016-17 is given below (Table-1.4). (TABLE- 1.4): AVAILABILITY STATUS OF PULSES PRODUCTION, IMPORT AND EXPORT

(Quantity – Lakh Tonnes) Year Production Import Export Total availability

2000-01 110.80 3.50 2.44 111.86 2001-02 133.70 22.18 1.61 154.27 2002-03 111.30 19.92 1.48 129.74 2003-04 149.10 17.23 1.54 164.79 2004-05 131.30 13.39 2.71 141.98 2005-06 133.90 16.96 4.47 146.39 2006-07 142.30 22.56 2.47 162.39 2006-07 141.98 22.71 2.51 162.18 2007-08 147.62 28.35 1.64 174.33 2008-09 145.66 24.74 1.36 169.04 2009-10 146.62 35.10 1.00 180.72 2010-11 182.41 26.99 2.08 207.32 2011-12 170.89 33.65 1.74 202.80 2012-13 183.43 38.39 2.02 219.80 2013-14 192.53 36.44 3.46 225.51 2014-15 171.52 45.85 2.22 215.15 2015-16 163.48 57.98 2.56 218.90 2016-17* 229.54 66.09 1.37 294.26

Source: DGCI&S, Ministry of Commerce, Kolkata; Production- DES, 2016-17*- IVth Advance Estimate


IMPORT AND EXPORT IMPORT: The import of pulses in India during April, 2014 to March, 2015 was 45.85 lakh tonnes worth Rs.17062.94 crores against the value of Rs.17196.87 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.121319.02 crore for total agricultural imports and against Rs.2737086.58 crore for total National Import. The import during April, 2015 to March, 2016 was 57.98 lakh tonnes worth Rs.25619.06 crore against the import value of Rs. 26841.87 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.140288.69 crore for total agricultural import and Rs.2490298.08 crore for total National import respectively during this period. The share of Agricultural import to National import was 4.43% and 5.63% respectively during April, 2014 to March, 2015 and April, 2015 to March, 2016 {Dry Peas contributes the single largest share in India’s import basket of pulses registering in the total pulses import}. EXPORT:The pulses export of the country during April, 2014 to March, 2015 was 2.22 lakh tonnes worth Rs.1218.31 crore against the value of Rs. 59500.54 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.239681.04 crore for total agricultural exports and against Rs.1896445.47 crore for total National export.The export during April, 2015 to March, 2016 was 2.56 lakh tonnes worth Rs.1656.03 crore against the export value of Rs. 42622.29 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.215395.68 crore for total agricultural export and Rs.1716378.05 crore for total National export respectively during this period. The share of agricultural export to National export was 12.64% and 12.55% respectively during April, 2014 to March, 2015 and April, 2015 to March, 2016. {Chickpeas contributes the single largest share in India’s export basket of pulses registering 85.64% and 84.87% share in the total pulses export during 2014-15 and 2015-16 respectively}.

(TABLE-1.5): PULSE IMPORTING AND EXPORTING COUNTRIES OF MAJOR PULSES (2016-17)

Pulses Top 5 Export Destinations Top 5 Import Sources

Peas (PisumSativum)

Shri Lanka DSR (96.3%), Myanmar (1.6%), Bhutan (1.4%), Nepal (0.5%), U Arab EMTS (0.09%).

Canada (54.5%), Russia (10.3%), Luthuania (9.0%), France (6.8%), USA (6.4%)

Chickpeas (Garbanzos)

Pakistan (21.6%), U Arab EMTS (10.6%), Algeria (11.6%), Saudi Arab (9.5%), Sri Lanka (7.3%)

Australia (85.1%), Russia (4.7%), Tanzania (3.8%), USA (1.4%), Canada (0.91%),

Moong/Urad USA (39.96%), Sri Lanka (13.05%), UK (9.86%), Australia (7.77%), Malaysia (7.63%)

Myanmar (70.37%), Kenya (7.43%), Australia (6.32%), Tanzania (3.15%), Uzbekistan (2.60%).

Lentils (Masur) Sri Lanka DSR (43.39%), Bangladesh (18.11%), U Arab EMTS (8.35%), Egypt ARP (3.98%), USA (3.67%)

Canada (89.58%), USA (7.47%), Australia (2.88%), Turkey (0.03%), Mozambique (0.03%).

Pigeon Peas(Tur)

USA (40.79%), U Arab EMTS (18.28%), Canada (11.28%), UK (10.75%), Singapore (5.11%),

Myanmar (46.35%), Tanzania (18.71%), Mozambique (15.36%), Malawi (12.56%), Sudan (3.36%)

(%) figures in parenthesis indicates percentage share of global import/export


1.5 VISION FOR 2030 In order to meet the projected demand of 32 million tonnes of pulses by 2030, as per the Vision 2030 paper prepared by the Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, a growth rate of 4.2% has to be ensured. As in the case of cereals, there is scope for a lot of enhancement in pulses productivity. This will, however, require a paradigm shift in research, technology generation and dissemination, popularization of improved crop management practices and commercialization along with capacity building of the stakeholders in frontier areas of research. Genetic enhancement for yield and quality seed would be a critical factor in productivity. (TABLE -1.6): TOTAL PULSES: CROP/SEASON-WISE CONTRIBUTION

{Area-lakh ha, Production-lakh tonnes, Yield-kg/ha} Crop Season Area Production Productivity

Arhar Kharif 39.24 (37.17%) 28.44 (26.94%) 725

Urd Kharif 24.78 (23.48%) 12.87 (12.19%) 519

Rabi/Summer 7.85 (5.72%) 5.85 (4.26%) 745

Total 32.64 18.72 574

Moong Kharif 23.41 (22.17%) 9.70 (9.18%) 414

Rabi/Summer 9.26 (6.75%) 5.35 (3.90%) 577

Total 32.67 15.04 460

Horse gram Kharif 2.40 (2.28%) 1.10 (1.04%) 457

Rabi/Summer 2.20 (1.60%) 1.12 (0.82%) 509

Total 4.60 2.22 482

Moth Kharif 10.43 (9.88%) 3.37 (3.19%) 323

Chickpea Rabi 86.80 (63.25%) 80.90 (58.96%) 932

Lentil Rabi 14.14 (10.31%) 10.44 (7.61%) 738

Peas & Beans Rabi 8.72 (6.36%) 8.20 (5.98%) 940

Lathyrus Rabi 4.70 (3.43%) 3.65 (2.66%) 776

Other Pulses Kharif 5.30 (5.02%) 2.98 (2.82%) 562

Rabi/Summer 3.55 (2.58%) 2.40 (1.75%) 677

Total 8.84 5.38 608

Total Kharif 105.57 58.44 554

Rabi/Summer 137.22 117.91 859

Total Pulses 242.79 176.36 726

Source: DES, DAC&FW,ND (Normal- Avg. 2011-12 to 2015-16).(figures in parenthesis indicates % share of crop).


1.6 GROWTH RATE From 1950-51 to 2006-07, the total acreage under pulses has almost been stagnated but for 1990-91 (24.66 million ha), however, the maximum growth rate in area was recorded between the period from 2002-03 to 2003-04 at 14%. Maximum production growth rate of 34% and maximum yield growth rate of 17% were also observed during the same period. The highest production (23 million tonnes) & yield (767 kg/ha) was recorded during 2016-17 followed by 19 & 18 million tones during 2013-14 & 2012-13 (Table-1.7). (TABLE-1.7): GROWTH RATE OF TOTAL PULSES

(A- Million ha, P- Million tones, Y-kg/ha, Growth Rate (GR)-%) Year Area GR Prod. GR Yield GR % coverage under

irrigation 1950-51 19.09 8.41 441 9.4

1955-56 23.22 4.3 11.04 6.3 476 1.6 8.4 1960-61 23.56 0.3 12.7 3.0 539 2.6 8 1965-66 22.72 -0.7 9.94 -4.3 438 -3.7 9.4 1967-68* 22.65 -0.1 12.1 4.3 534 4.4 8.7 1970-71 22.54 -0.1 11.82 -0.5 524 -0.4 8.8 1975-76 24.45 1.7 13.04 2.1 533 0.3 7.9 1980-81 22.46 -1.6 10.63 -3.7 473 -2.3 9.0 1985-86 24.42 1.7 13.36 5.1 547 3.1 8.5 1990-91 24.66 0.2 14.26 1.3 578 1.1 10.5 1995-96 22.28 -1.9 12.31 -2.7 552 -0.9 12.9 1996-97 22.45 0.2 14.24 3.1 635 3.0 12.7 1997-98 22.87 0.4 12.98 -1.8 567 -2.1 11.3 1998-99 23.5 0.6 14.91 3.0 634 2.4 12.1 1999-00 21.12 -2.0 13.42 -2.0 635 0.0 16.1 2000-01 20.35 -0.7 11.08 -3.5 544 -2.9 12.5 2001-02 22.01 1.6 13.37 4.1 607 2.3 13.3 2002-03 20.50 -1.4 11.13 -3.4 543 -2.1 14.4 2003-04 23.46 2.9 14.91 6.8 635 3.4 13.6 2004-05 22.76 -0.6 13.13 -2.4 577 -1.8 13.9 2005-06 22.39 -0.3 13.39 0.4 598 0.7 15 2006-07** 23.76 1.2 14.11 1.1 594 -0.1 15.4 2007-08 23.63 -0.1 14.76 0.9 625 1.0 16.2 2008-09 22.09 -1.3 14.57 -0.3 660 1.1 16 2009-10 23.28 1.1 14.66 0.1 630 -0.9 16.2 2010-11 26.4 2.7 18.24 4.9 691 1.9 14.8 2011-12 24.46 -1.5 17.09 -1.3 699 0.2 16.1 2012-13 23.26 -1 18.34 1.5 788 2.5 18.6 2013-14 25.23 8.5 19.27 5.1 764 -3.1 19.70 2014-15 23.55 -6.7 17.15 -11.0 728 -4.7 NA 2015-16 24.91 5.8 16.35 -4.7 656 -9.9 NA 2016-17* 29.46 18.20 22.95 40.36 779 18.7 NA

Note: The yield rates given above have been worked out on the basis of production & area figure taken in ‘000 units. ** Green Revolution period, N.A.- Not available. 2016-17*- IVth Advance Estimate.

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2016.Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry ofAgriculture& FW, Govt. of India (Website http://www.dacnet.nic.in/ean.


1.7 PRODUCTION TRENDS 1.7.1 GLOBAL SCENARIO: CROP-WISE The total world acreage under pulses as recorded during 2014 is about 851.91 lakh ha with production at 774.73 lakh tones and productivity 909 kg/ha (Table -1.8). In the world, pulses are grown by 198 countries. Beansdry was cultivated by 152 countries, which contributed about 35.93 % area to total world area, Chickpea by 58 contributed about 16.41%, Peasdry by 98 contributed 8.14%, Pigeonpea by 23 contributed 8.26 %, Lentil by 56 contributed by 5.31% and others 25.95%. The share to World production of Beans dry was 31.64% followed by Chickpea 17.72%, Peasdry 14.44%, Pigeonpea 6.31%, Lentil 6.23% & others 23.66%.

(TABLE-1.8): GLOBAL RANKING: CROP-WISE {Area-lakh ha, Production-lakh tonnes, Yield-kg/ha}

Crop Area % to Total Production % to Total Productivity Chickpea 139.81 16.41 137.31 17.72 982 Lentil 45.24 5.31 48.27 6.23 1067 Pigeon pea 70.33 8.26 48.90 6.31 695 Pea 69.32 8.14 111.86 14.44 1614 Beans 306.13 35.93 245.16 31.64 801 Total Pulses 851.91 774.73 909

Source: FAO Statistics 2014.

Chickpea22%

Lentil7%

Pigeon pea11%

Pea11%

Beans49%

GLOBAL: PULSES AREA

Chickpea23%

Lentil8%

Pigeon pea8%Pea

19%

Beans42%

GLOBAL : PULSES PRODUCTION


1.7.2 GLOBAL SCENARIO: TOTAL PULSES The total world acreage under pulses as recorded during 2014 is about 851.91 lakh ha with

production at 774.73 lakh tones and productivity 909 kg/ha. It reveals that the India ranked first in area and production with 35% and 25% respectively of world area and production. However, in case of productively Bahrain stood first with 18485 kg/ha.Thus it is also evident that the country’s productivity at 660 kg/ha is far below the world average productivity of 909 kg/ha (Table 1.9).

(TABLE–1.9): GLOBAL RANKING: TOTAL PULSES

{Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha} Country Area % cont. Country Prod. % cont. Country Yield India 303.09 35.58 India 199.8 25.79 Bahrain 18485 Niger 54.7 6.42 Myanmar 59.77 7.72 Ireland 5886 Myanmar 42.03 4.93 Canada 58.28 7.52 Israel 5576 Nigeria 38.49 4.52 China 41.13 5.31 Belgium 4445 Brazil 32.09 3.77 Brazil 33.06 4.27 Tajikistan 3985 Canada 28.7 3.37 Ethiopia 26.13 3.37 Denmark 3952 China 23.85 2.80 USA 23.95 3.09 Trinidad &Tobago 3919 Tanzania 20.68 2.43 Russian Fed. 22.94 2.96 United Kingdom 3755 Mexico 18.35 2.15 Australia 22.47 2.9 Netherlands 3639 Kenya 17.19 2.02 Nigeria 22.05 2.85 Switzerland 3638 Others 272.74 32.02 Others 265.15 34.22 Others 1068

World 851.91

World 774.73 World

909 India 660

Source: FAO Statistics 2014.

India 36%

Niger 6%

Myanmar 5%

Nigeria 5%Brazil 4%Canada 3%China 3%

Tanzania 2%

Mexico 2%

Kenya 2%

Others 32%

TOTAL PULSES:AREA

India26%

Myanmar8%

Canada8%

China5%

Brazil4%

Ethiopia3%

USA3%Russian

Fed.3%

Australia3%

Nigeria3%

Others34%

TOTAL PULSES: PRODUCTION


1.7.3 NATIONAL SCENARIO: PLAN PERIODS (TOTAL PULSES) A visit to different plan periods records a slight growth in total production and productivity from VIIIth Plan 1992-97 with 7% & 9% respectively. The area remained almost stagnant, stabilized up-till Xth plan. However, the XIIth plan analysis shows that the increasing per cent change trend under area (+ 5%) and production (+18%) of total pulses over previous plan periods (COPP) is given at (Table-1.10). (TABLE-1.10): PLAN-WISE NATIONAL SCENARIO- TOTAL PULSES

(Area-Mha, Production-MTonnes, Yield-kg/ha) Plan Area % COPP Prod. % COPP Productivity % COPP First Plan (1951-56) 21.09 10.04 476 Second Plan (1956-61) 23.71 12.42 11.75 17.03 496 4.10 Third Plan (1961-66) 23.86 0.63 11.14 -5.19 467 -5.79 Fourth Plan (1969-74) 22.21 -6.92 10.90 -2.15 491 5.11 Fifth Plan (1974-79) 23.32 5.00 11.71 7.43 502 2.32 Sixth Plan (1980-85) 23.08 -1.03 11.77 0.51 510 1.56 Seventh Plan (1985-90) 23.08 0.00 12.55 6.63 544 6.63 Eighth Plan (1992-97) 22.47 -2.64 13.34 6.29 594 9.18 Ninth Plan (1997-02) 21.97 -2.23 13.15 -1.42 599 0.82 Tenth Plan (2002-07) 22.44 2.14 13.35 1.52 595 -0.61 Eleventh Plan (2007-2012) 23.97 6.80 15.85 18.73 662 11.19 Twelfth Plan (2012-2017)* 25.28 5.47 18.81 18.68 744 12.40 Source: DES, Twelfth Plan (2012-2017)*& 2016-17 APY is the IVth Advance Estimate; % COPP is percentage change Over previous plan.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

21.09

23.71 23.8622.21

23.32 23.08 23.08 22.47 21.97 22.4423.97

25.28

10.0411.75 11.14 10.9 11.71 11.77 12.55 13.34 13.15 13.35

15.85

18.81

Plan-wise Scenario : Total Pulses

Area (Lakh ha) Prod. (Lakh Tones)


1.7.4 STATES’ SCENARIO : PLAN ANALYSIS(Xth –XIIth) Tenth Plan (2002-2007): The total pulse area in the country during the Tenth plan was 224.60 lakh hectares with a total production of 133.48 lakh tonnes. The same trend of pulses scenario was observed during the Tenth plan Madhya Pradesh ranked first in area (43.27 lakh hectares or 19.27 %) with a total production of 31.46 lakh tonnes or (23.57 % of the total production). While, Maharashtra was placed second with respect of area and its production 35.32 lakh hectares (15.73 %) and 19.98 lakh tonnes (14.97 %) followed by Rajasthan 31.77 lakh hectares (14.15 %) & 12.96 lakh tonnes ( 9.71 %). Eleventh Plan (2007-2012): During Eleventh plan period the total pulses area and production were 239.75 lakh ha and 139.82 lakh tonnes respectively. Out of 239.75 lakh hectares about 53 % area under rabi and 46 % area under kharif were covered. However, approx. 59 % share of rabi production and 41 % share of kharif production exhibited in total pulse production in the country which explained the productivity of Rabi pulses is much higher than the kharif pulses. The state-wise analysis exhibited first rank to Madhya Pradesh, both in area and production with 47.75 lakh hectares and 35.98 lakh tonnes which was 19.92 % and 25.73 % respectively. Rajasthan ranked second in coverage with 16.90 % (40.51 lakh hectares) while at production front, state of Maharashtra ranked at second with 17.76 % (24.84 lakh tonnes) followed by Uttar Pradesh with 14.19 % (19.83 lakh tonnes). Maharashtra ranked third in area with 14.87% and Rajasthan ranked fourth in production with 14.00% (19.57 lakh hectares) of country’s production while in area, Karnataka stood at IVth rank with 10.05 % of country coverage during that XIth plan. Twelfth plan (2012-2017): In India, total pulse area and production irrespective of Twelfth Plan was 252.43 lakh hectares and 187.00 lakh tonnes respectively. Out of the total area, 57.03 lakh hectares is confined to Madhya Pradesh alone, earning a good pulse status and position contributing a remarkable 22.59 % of the country’s total area and a production of 52.02 lakh tonnes, thereby ranking first both in area and production followed by Rajasthan in area (39.37 lakh hectares, 15.60% of the total area). While Rajasthan ranked third in production with 12.15% of the total pulse production and Maharashtra which ranked second (25.48 lakh tonnes or 13.63 % of the total production); Uttar Pradesh was hardly placed at the forth rank in production (17.60 lakh tonnes or 9.41 % of the total production).While Karnataka is on the forth rank in respect of area (25.71 lakh ha or 10.19 %). The overall area, production and productivity increasing trend during the last three plan period.


(TABLE-1.11):PLAN-WISE STATES’ SCENARIO–MAJOR STATES {Area-lakh ha, Production-lakh tonnes, Yield-kg/ha}

States Tenth Plan % to Country

Eleventh Plan % to Country

*Twelfth Plan % to Country

A.P

A 19.71 8.78 19.76 8.24 12.79 5.07 P 12.09 9.05 14.49 10.36 10.86 5.80 Y 613 733 849

Bihar

A 6.50 2.90 5.79 2.42 5.17 2.05 P 4.95 3.71 4.98 3.56 4.82 2.58 Y 761 859 931

Chhattisgarh

A 9.06 4.03 8.52 3.55 8.72 3.46 P 4.52 3.39 5.12 3.66 5.98 3.20 Y 499 601 685

Gujarat

A 8.04 3.58 8.49 3.54 7.19 2.85 P 5.14 3.85 6.74 4.82 6.49 3.47 Y 639 794 902

Haryana

A 1.74 0.77 1.68 0.70 1.33 0.53 P 1.26 0.94 1.33 0.95 0.99 0.53 Y 725 792 742

Jharkhand

A 2.74 1.22 4.01 1.67 6.12 2.42 P 1.72 1.29 3.10 2.21 6.08 3.25 Y 626 772 994

Karnataka

A 20.78 9.25 24.09 10.05 25.71 10.19 P 7.82 5.86 12.11 8.66 13.75 7.36 Y 376 503 535

Madhya Pradesh

A 43.27 19.27 47.75 19.92 57.03 22.59 P 31.46 23.57 35.98 25.73 52.02 27.82 Y 727 754 912

Maharashtra

A 35.32 15.73 35.65 14.87 37.56 14.88 P 19.98 14.97 24.84 17.76 25.48 13.63 Y 566 697 679

Orissa

A 7.01 3.12 8.28 3.45 7.88 3.12 P 2.81 2.11 3.88 2.78 4.09 2.19 Y 401 469 519

Punjab

A 0.39 0.17 0.23 0.09 0.53 0.21 P 0.32 0.24 0.19 0.14 0.46 0.25 Y 811 858 871

Rajasthan

A 31.77 14.15 40.51 16.90 39.37 15.60 P 12.96 9.71 19.57 14.00 22.72 12.15 Y 408 483 577

Tamil Nadu

A 5.45 2.43 5.97 2.49 7.79 3.09 P 2.19 1.64 2.34 1.67 5.47 2.93 Y 402 391 702

U.P.

A 27.31 12.16 23.58 9.84 22.86 9.05 P 22.37 16.76 19.83 14.19 17.60 9.41 Y 819 841 770

West Bengal

A 2.32 1.03 1.86 0.78 2.96 1.17 P 1.75 1.31 1.47 1.05 2.73 1.46 Y 754 787 922

All India

A 224.60 239.75 252.43 P 133.48 139.82 187.00 Y 594 583 741

*Twelfth plan is the Ave. of 2012-13 to 2016-17 & 2016-17 APY is the IIIrd Adv. Estimates.


M.P.22%

Raj.16%

MS15%

Karnataka10%

U.P.9%

A.P5%

CG3%

Orissa3%

TN3%

Others13%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan) Total Pulses: Area

MP28%

MS14%

Raj.12%

U.P.9%

Karnataka7%

A.P6%

Gujarat4%

Jharkhand3%

CG3%

Others14%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan)Total Pulses : Production


1.7.5 DISTRICT SCENARIO (2012-13) – POTENTIAL DISTRICTS The micro analysis at district level was also carried out and presented in (Table 1.12). The intra-state analysis revealed that Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh had the highest production with 0.50 per cent share to India followed by Dewas of MP (0.49%) and Rajgarh of MP (0.47%). Inrespect of area coverage, District-wise area, production and yield of top ten districts of India in respect of production are presented below which contributed 3.07% and 4.81% of area and production of the country. The yield levels of potential district are also above the national average yield level except Mahoba district of UP.Out of ten potential districts seven districts was belongs to Madhya Pradesh State during 2012-13 & rest of the other were two from Uttar Pradesh and one of Andhra Pradesh.

(TABLE-1.12): TOP POTENTIAL DISTRICTS (2012-13) –TOTAL PULSES {Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha}

Name of District

State Area Production Yield Area % to India Prod. % to India Yield YI

Raisen M.P. 1.172 0.50 1.909 1.04 1629 207 Dewas M.P. 1.129 0.49 1.707 0.93 1511 192 Rajgarh M.P. 1.083 0.47 1.355 0.74 1251 159 Dhar M.P. 0.965 0.42 1.177 0.64 1220 155 Vidisha M.P. 0.738 0.32 0.808 0.44 1094 139 Guntur A.P. 0.505 0.22 0.540 0.29 1068 136 Panna M.P. 0.497 0.21 0.461 0.25 926 118 Bahraich U.P. 0.420 0.18 0.392 0.21 935 119 Mahoba U.P. 0.366 0.16 0.253 0.14 690 88 Betul M.P. 0.257 0.11 0.202 0.11 788 100 Total Above 7.133 3.07 8.804 4.81 1234 157 All India 232.32 183.15 788

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2016.DES, Ministry of Agri.&FW(DAC&FW), Govt. of India.

0.002.004.006.008.00

10.0012.0014.0016.0018.00

Raisen Dewas Rajgarh Dhar Vidisha Guntur Panna Bahraich Mahoba Betul

District Scenario (2012-13) : Total Pulses - Top Ten district

Area(lakh ha) Prod.(lakh Tonnes) Yield (Qtls/ha)


1.8 NATIONAL SCENARIO: PLAN PERIODS (KHARIF PULSES)

A visit to different plan periods records a slight growth in total Area and production from Xth Plan 2002-07 with 4.3% and 4.8% respectively. Highly variability seen like sudden growh with area (+54%) and production (+47%) during VIIth plan and decreasing trend for area (-35%) and production (-33%) during IXth plan is given at (Table-1.13).

(TABLE-1.13): PLAN-WISE NATIONAL SCENARIO - KHARIF PULSES (Area-Million ha, Production-Million Tonnes, Yield-kg/ha)

Plan Area % COPP Prod. % COPP Productivity % COPP

Sixth Plan (1980-85) 10.53 4.48 425 Seventh Plan (1985-90) 16.32 54.99 6.63 47.99 406 -4.51 Eighth Plan (1992-97) 16.10 -1.35 7.10 7.09 441 8.55 Ninth Plan (1997-02) 10.41 -35.34 4.71 -33.66 452 2.60 Tenth Plan (2002-07) 10.86 4.32 4.94 4.88 455 0.54 Eleventh Plan (2007-2012) 11.08 2.03 5.69 15.18 514 12.90 Twelfth Plan (2012-2017)* 11.19 0.99 9.42 65.56 585 13.81

Source: DES, Twelfth Plan (2012-2017)*& 2016-17 APY is the IVth Advance Estimate; % COPP is percentage change over previous plan.

0

2468

10

12141618

VIth Plan (1980-85)

VIIth Plan (1985-90)

VIIIth Plan (1992-97)

IXth Plan (1997-02)

Xth Plan (2002-07)

XIth Plan (2007-2012)

XIIth Plan (2012-2017)

10.53

16.32 16.1

10.41 10.86 11.08 11.19

4.48

6.63 7.1

4.71 4.94 5.69

9.42

Plan-Wise Scenario: Kharif Pulses



1.8.1 STATES’ SCENARIO: PLAN ANALYSIS (Xth –XIIth)

Tenth Plan (2002-2007): With a total coverage of 108.61 lakh hectares and a total production of 49.38 lakh tonnes, In area and production, Maharashtra ranked first with 24.58 lakh hectares (22.63%) and 13.54 lakh tonnes (27.42%) of the total area and production under kharif pulses in the country. Rajasthan trailed to second in area (21.97 lakh hectares) with 20.23% of the total kharif area. Rajasthan was the second largest producer with 6.06 lakh tonnes (12.27%) while Karnataka third in acreage of 13.59 lakh hectares (12.51 %) during the plan period with a mere 4.81 lakh tonnes of production (9.74%), placed at third rank. The highest yield was recorded by the state of Bihar (910 kg/ha) followed by Punjab (778 kg/ha) and Haryana (645 kg/ha). Lowest yield observed in Rajasthan only (276 kg/ha). Eleventh Plan (2007-2012): The area and production under kharif pulses during twelfth plan were 110.78 lakh hectares and 56.94 lakh tonnes respectively. The state-wise contribution to total kharif pulses exhibited that the state stands first in acrerage were Rajasthan with 26.91 lakh ha (24.29%) followed by Maharashtra (19.85%), Karnataka (12.83%) and Madhya Pradesh (9.28%). While at production front, Maharashtra ranked first with 14.08 lakh tonnes which are 24.73% of country’s total kharif production. Karnataka stands third position with respect to production 6.43 lakh tones with (11.29%) followed by Madhya Pradesh (8.31%). The highest yield was recorded by the state of Bihar (1014 kg/ha) followed by Punjab (813 kg/ha) and Haryana (780 kg/ha) with the over all National yield average of (514 kg/ha). Lowest yield was observed in C.G. i.e., 342 kg/ha only. Twelfth plan (2012-2017):The total area coverage and production of Kharif Pulses in India during the Twelft plan was 111.88 lakh hectares and 64.57 lakh tonnes respectively, out of which Rajasthan ranked first (25.04 lakh hectares) and contributed 22.38% of total area while in production Maharashtra ranked first with 20.13% (13.00 lakh tonnes) and ranked second in area accounting for 18.79% (21.02 lakh hectares) of the total area. Madhya Pradesh ranked second with 16.41 % of the country’s production (10.60 lakh tonnes) and stands third in area with 14.00% (15.66 lakh hectares) and Rajasthan stood third in production which accounted for 15.36% (9.92 lakh tonnes) of the total Kharif pulses during the period. In case of productivity, state of Bihar ranked first with (1174 kg/ha) followed by Jharkhand (921 kg/ha) and Gujarat (826 kg/ha). Lowest yield was observed in the state of Rajasthan (396 kg/ha). Overall trend of area, production and yield of last three plan periods have shown increasing trend in production and productivity.


(TABLE-1.14): PLAN-WISE STATES’ SCENARIO - MAJOR STATES {Area-lakh ha, Production-lakh tonnes, Yield-kg/ha}

*Twelfth plan is the Ave. of 2012-13 to 2016-17 & 2016-17 APY is the IIIrd Adv. Estimates

States Xth Plan % to AI XIth Plan % to AI XIIth Plan % to AI A.P

A 9.08 8.36 7.21 6.51 2.99 2.67 P 3.89 7.87 3.23 5.67 1.67 2.58 Y 428 448 558

Bihar

A 0.89 0.82 0.69 0.62 0.57 0.51 P 0.81 1.63 0.70 1.23 0.67 1.04 Y 910 1014 1174

Chhattisgarh

A 2.35 2.17 2.22 2.00 2.08 1.86 P 0.79 1.60 0.76 1.33 0.83 1.29 Y 336 342 399

Gujarat

A 6.31 5.81 6.13 5.53 4.86 4.34 P 3.79 7.67 4.48 7.87 4.01 6.21 Y 601 731 826

Haryana

A 0.62 0.57 0.50 0.45 0.26 0.23 P 0.4 0.81 0.39 0.68 0.18 0.28 Y 645 780 697

Jharkhand

A 2.08 1.92 2.48 2.24 3.56 3.18 P 1.22 2.46 1.67 2.93 3.28 5.07 Y 587 673 921

Karnataka

A 13.59 12.51 14.21 12.83 13.71 12.25 P 4.81 9.74 6.43 11.29 6.98 10.81 Y 354 452 509

Madhya Pradesh

A 9.5 8.75 10.28 9.28 15.66 14.00 P 4.45 9.00 4.73 8.31 10.60 16.41 Y 468 460 677

Maharashtra

A 24.58 22.63 21.99 19.85 21.02 18.79 P 13.54 27.42 14.08 24.73 13.00 20.13 Y 551 640 618

Odisha

A 4.9 4.51 5.06 4.57 4.45 3.98 P 1.92 3.89 2.38 4.18 2.37 3.67 Y 392 470 533

Punjab

A 0.27 0.25 0.16 0.14 0.10 0.09 P 0.21 0.43 0.13 0.23 0.08 0.12 Y 778 813 770

Rajasthan

A 21.97 20.23 26.91 24.29 25.04 22.38 P 6.06 12.27 9.66 16.97 9.92 15.36 Y 276 359 396

Tamilnadu

A 1.88 1.73 1.61 1.45 2.31 2.07 P 0.77 1.56 0.79 1.39 1.56 2.42 Y 410 491 676

Telangana

A 4.79 4.33 4.23 3.78 P 1.93 3.39 2.26 3.50 Y 402 534

U.P.

A 8.8 8.10 8.47 7.65 8.82 7.89 P 5.59 11.31 5.74 10.08 5.49 8.50 Y 635 678 622

West Bengal

A 0.54 0.50 0.49 0.44 0.82 0.73 P 0.35 0.71 0.33 0.58 0.48 0.75 Y 648 673 591

All India

A 108.61 110.78 111.88 P 49.39 56.94 64.57 Y 455 514 577


Raj.22%

MS19%

MP14%

Karnataka12%

U.P.8%

Gujarat4%

Odisha4%

Telangana4%

Jharkhand3%

A.P3%

Other7%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan) : Kharif Area

MS20%

MP16%

Raj.15%

Karnataka11%

U.P.8%

Gujarat6%

Jharkhand5%

Odisha4%

Telangana4%

A.P3%

Other8%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan) : Kharif Production


1.9 NATIONAL SCENARIO: PLAN PERIODS (RABI PULSES) A visit to different plan periods records a growth in VIIth, XIth, & XIIth Plan for area (32%, 11% & 9% and for production (36%, 21% & 21%). The area remained almost stagnant, stabilized up-till XIIth plan. However, the XIIth plan analysis shows that the increasing per cent change trend under area (+ 9%) and production (+21%) of total pulses over previous plan periods (COPP) is given at (Table-1.15). Decreasing trend seen only during VIIIth to IXth Plan.

(TABLE-1.15): PLAN-WISE NATIONAL SCENARIO – RABI PULSES

(Area-Million ha, Production-Million Tonnes, Yield-kg/ha) Plan Area % COPP Prod. % COPP Productivity % COPP Sixth Plan (1980-85) 12.62 7.33 581 Seventh Plan (1985-90) 16.72 32.49 10.03 36.83 600 3.28 Eighth Plan (1992-97) 15.25 -8.79 10.32 2.89 677 12.81 Ninth Plan (1997-02) 11.55 -24.26 8.43 -18.31 730 7.85 Tenth Plan (2002-07) 11.58 0.26 8.39 -0.47 725 -0.73 Eleventh Plan (2007-2012) 12.88 11.23 10.15 20.98 788 8.77 Twelfth Plan (2012-2017)* 14.09 9.39 12.29 21.08 872 10.66


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

VIth Plan (1980-85)



IXth Plan (1997-02)

Xth Plan (2002-07)

XIth Plan (2007-2012)


12.62

16.72

15.25

11.55 11.5812.88

14.09

7.33

10.03 10.32

8.43 8.39

10.15

12.29

Plan-wise Scenario : Rabi Pulses




Tenth Plan (2002-2007): Total area of (115.99 lakh hectares) and production of 84.10 lakh tonnes of Rabi pulses were observed during the Tenth plan in India. Out of these, 29.11% of area (33.77 lakh hectares) and 32.12% of production (27.01 lakh tonnes) were contributed by Madhya Pradesh alone which ranked first followed by Uttar Pradesh ranked second, could cover 15.96% of the total area (18.52 lakh hectares) and produce 19.95% of production (16.78 lakh tonnes) while with respect to area Maharashtra at third place could hardly cover 9.26% (10.74 lakh hectares) and in production Andhra Pradesh is in third position with 9.75% (8.20 lakh tones) of the country’s total Rabi pulse during the plan period. The highest state average yield exhibited in Punjab (917 kg/ha) followed by Uttar Pradesh (906 kg/ha) and Madhya Pradesh (800 kg/ha) has been above the National average yield of 725 kg/ha. The lowest yield and the plan period was recorded in Tamilnadu (398 kg/ha) followed by Karnataka (418 kg/ha) and Odisha (420 kg/ha). Eleventh plan (2007-2012): The total area and production under Rabi pulses during the Eleventh plan were 128.84 lakh hectares and 101.55 lakh tonnes respectively. Madhya Pradesh ranked first both in area and production with 37.47 lakh hectares and 31.24 lakh tonnes which are 29.08% and 37.77% of the country’s total rabi pulse acreage and production respectively followed by Uttar Pradesh with 11.73 % and 13.88% (15.11 lakh hectares and 14.10 lakh tonnes) and Maharashtra was placed third in area & Production both as 10.60% (13.66 lakh hectares) and 10.59% (10.75 lakh tonnes) of the total Rabi pulses during the period. The highest state average yield exhibited in Punjab (1063 kg/ha) followed by Gujarat (960 kg/ha) and Andhra Pradesh (937 kg/ha) has been above the National average yield of 788 kg/ha. The lowest yield was recorded on the state of Tamilnadu 356 kg/ha followed by Odisha (466 kg/ha) and Karnataka (574 kg/ha). Twelfth plan (2012-17): All India Rabi pulse acreage and production has been recorded at 140.55 lakh hectares and 122.42 lakh tonnes. Madhya Pradesh stood at first in area and production, covering 41.37 lakh hectares (29.44%) with a production of 41.42 lakh tonnes (33.84%). Maharashtra ranked second with 16.54 lakh hectares of area (11.77%), Rajasthan with third position which covered 14.33 lakh hectares of area (10.19 %) and UP shared the fourth rank having an area of 14.03 lakh hectare (9.98 %). However, Rajasthan stood second in terms of production contributing 12.80 lakh tonnes (10.46%), Maharshtra in third position with a production of 12.49 lakh tonnes (10.20%) and UP in fourth position 12.10 lakh tonnes (9.89 %), (Table 1.16). The highest productivity was recorded in plan period in Telangana (1302 kg/ha) followed by Jharkhand (1095 kg/ha) and Gujarat (1060 kg/ha). The lowest yield was noticed in the state of Odisha (500 kg/ha). Overall trend of area, production and yield of last three plan periods have shown increasing trend in area however, production and productivity declined during XIth plan period from Xth plan period and significantly increased during XIIth plan period.


(TABLE-1.16): PLAN-WISE STATES’ SCENARIO–MAJOR STATES {Area-lakh ha, Production-lakh tonnes, Yield-kg/ha}

States Xth Plan % to AI XIth Plan % to AI XIIth Plan % to AI A.P A 10.63 9.16 10.99 8.53 9.80 6.97

P 8.20 9.75 10.31 10.15 9.19 7.50 Y 771 937 938

Bihar A 5.61 4.84 5.10 3.96 4.60 3.27 P 4.15 4.93 4.28 4.21 4.14 3.39 Y 740 839 901

Chhattisgarh A 6.70 5.78 6.30 4.89 6.64 4.73 P 3.73 4.44 4.36 4.29 5.15 4.20 Y 557 692 774

Gujarat A 1.73 1.49 2.36 1.83 2.34 1.66 P 1.35 1.61 2.27 2.23 2.48 2.02 Y 780 960 1060

Haryana A 1.12 0.97 1.18 0.91 1.07 0.76 P 0.86 1.02 0.94 0.93 0.81 0.66 Y 768 798 752

Jharkhand A 0.66 0.57 1.53 1.19 2.56 1.82 P 0.50 0.6 1.42 1.40 2.80 2.29 Y 758 931 1095

Karnataka A 7.20 6.21 9.88 7.67 12.00 8.54 P 3.01 3.58 5.67 5.59 6.78 5.53 Y 418 574 565

Madhya Prd. A 33.77 29.11 37.47 29.08 41.37 29.44 P 27.01 32.12 31.24 30.77 41.42 33.84 Y 800 834 1001

Maharashtra A 10.74 9.26 13.66 10.60 16.54 11.77 P 6.44 7.66 10.75 10.59 12.49 10.20 Y 600 787 755

Odisha A 2.12 1.83 3.22 2.50 3.43 2.44 P 0.89 1.06 1.50 1.48 1.72 1.40 Y 420 466 500

Punjab A 0.12 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.42 0.30 P 0.11 0.13 0.07 0.07 0.38 0.31 Y 917 1063 896

Rajasthan A 9.81 8.46 13.60 10.55 14.33 10.19 P 6.90 8.21 9.91 9.76 12.80 10.46 Y 703 729 894

Tamilnadu A 3.57 3.08 4.36 3.39 5.48 3.90 P 1.42 1.69 1.55 1.53 3.91 3.20 Y 398 356 714

Telangana A 1.49 1.15 1.27 0.91 P 1.42 1.40 1.66 1.35 Y 957 1302

U.P. A 18.52 15.96 15.11 11.73 14.03 9.98 P 16.78 19.95 14.10 13.88 12.10 9.89 Y 906 933 863

West Bengal A 1.78 1.54 1.38 1.07 2.14 1.52 P 1.40 1.66 1.13 1.12 2.24 1.83 Y 787 822 1048

All India A 115.99 128.84 140.55 P 84.10 101.55 122.42 Y 725 788 871



MP29%

MS12%

Raj.10%

U.P.10%

Karnataka9%

A.P7%

CG5%

TN4%

Bihar3%

Odisha2%

Others9%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan) : Rabi Area

MP34%

Raj.11%

MS10%

U.P.10%

A.P8%

Karnataka6%

CG4%

Bihar3%

TN3%

Jharkhand2%

Others9%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan) : Rabi Production


CHICKPEA (GRAM) Botanical Name : Cicer arietinum L. Synonym : Chickpea, Bengalgram, Chana and Gram Origin : South West Asia – probably Afganisthan and/or Persia Chromosome nos.: 2n = 16 2.1 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:In India chickpea is the most important pulse crop and mostly grown under rainfed conditions (65%), remaining 35% with critical irrigation support. During XIIth Plan (2012-2017), it was grown in > 35 per cent of total pulse area (252.43 Lha) contributing to about 45% of total pulse production. It is mainly consumed as ‘Dal’ (split cotyledons) and chole. Many attractive dishes viz.,– sweets, snacks and namkeen are also prepared from its flour called besan. Also eaten as whole fried or boiled and salted. Fresh green leaves (sag) are used as vegetables and green grains as hare chole or cholia. Straw of gram is an excellent fodder while both husk and bits of ‘Dal’ are valuable cattle feed. Leaves consist of mallic and citric acid and are very useful for stomach ailments and blood purifier. 2.2 NUTRITIVE VALUE

Protein 18-22% Calcium 280 mg/100 g Carbohydrate 61-62% Iron 12.3 mg/100 g Fat 4.5 % Phosphorus 301 mg/100 Fibre 22-23% Calorific value 368-396 Kcal/100 g

AGRONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE: Leaving about 30-50 kg N/ha for successive crops, especially cereals. Intercrop cereals also get benefited through ‘N’ supplied by way of fixation in gram. 2.3 GROWTH RATE From 1980-81 to 2009-10, the total acreage under pulses has almost slightly (+) being showed, however, the maximum growth rate in area was recorded during 2013-14 and 2016-17 with growth rate of 16% & 13%. Maximum production growth rate of 28% and maximum yield growth rate of 13% were also observed during 2016-17. The highest area (9.93 million ha) and production (9.53 million tonnes) was recorded during 2013-14 followed by 9.53 million ha & 9.08 million tonnes during 2016-17 (Table 2.1).

(TABLE-2.1): GROWTH RATE OF CHICKPEA

(A- Million ha, P- Million tones, Y-kg/ha, Growth Rate (GR) - %)

Year Chickpea Area GR Production GR Yield GR

1980-81 4.33 6.58 1522 1985-86 5.79 33.7 7.80 18.5 1348 -11.4 1990-91 5.36 -7.5 7.52 -3.6 1404 4.1 1995-96 4.98 -7.0 7.12 -5.4 1429 1.8 1996-97 6.85 37.5 5.57 -21.7 814 -43.1 1997-98 7.56 10.5 6.13 10.1 811 -0.3 1998-99 8.47 12.0 6.80 10.9 803 -1.0


(A- Million ha, P- Million tones, Y-kg/ha, Growth Rate (GR) - %)


(TABLE-2.2): PER CENT SHARE TO TOTAL PULSES (Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha)

Year Gram Total Pulses % Share to Total Pulses A P Y A P Y A P YI

1980-81 43.28 65.85 1522 224.45 106.24 473 19.3 62.0 321

1990-91 53.56 75.21 1404 372.55 203.68 547 14.4 36.9 257

1995-96 49.79 71.16 1429 331.77 170.10 513 15.0 41.8 279

2000-01 51.85 38.55 744 203.48 110.75 544 25.5 34.8 137

2001-02 64.16 54.73 853 220.08 133.68 607 29.2 40.9 140

2002-03 59.06 42.37 717 204.96 111.25 543 28.8 38.1 132

2003-04 70.48 57.18 811 234.58 149.05 635 30.0 38.4 128

2004-05 67.15 54.69 815 227.63 131.30 577 29.5 41.7 141

2005-06 69.26 56.00 808 223.91 133.84 598 30.9 41.8 135

2006-07 74.94 63.34 845 231.92 141.98 612 32.3 44.6 138

Year Chickpea Area GR Production GR Yield GR

1999-00 6.15 -27.4 5.12 -24.7 833 3.7 2000-01 5.19 -15.6 3.86 -24.7 744 -10.7 2001-02 6.42 23.7 5.47 42.0 853 14.7 2002-03 5.91 -7.9 4.24 -22.6 717 -15.9 2003-04 7.05 19.3 5.72 34.9 811 13.1 2004-05 6.71 -4.7 5.47 -4.3 815 0.4 2005-06 6.93 3.2 5.60 2.4 808 -0.7 2006-07** 7.49 8.2 6.33 13.1 845 4.5 2007-08 7.54 0.7 5.75 -9.2 762 -9.8 2008-09 7.89 4.6 7.06 22.8 895 17.4 2009-10 8.17 3.5 7.48 5.9 915 2.3 2010-11 9.19 12.4 8.22 10.0 895 -2.2 2011-12 8.30 -9.7 7.70 -6.3 928 3.7 2012-13 8.52 2.7 8.83 14.7 1036 11.7 2013-14 9.93 16.5 9.53 7.9 960 -7.4 2014-15 8.25 -16.9 7.33 -23.0 889 -7.4 2015-16 8.40 1.8 7.06 -3.7 840 -5.4 2016-17 9.54 13.6 9.08 28.6 951 13.2


(Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha)

Year Gram Total Pulses % Share to Total Pulses A P Y A P Y A P YI

2007-08 75.44 57.49 762 236.33 147.62 625 31.9 38.9 122

2008-09 78.93 70.6 895 220.94 145.66 659 35.7 48.5 136

2009-10 81.69 74.76 915 232.82 146.62 630 35.1 51.0 145

2010-11 91.86 82.21 895 264.02 182.41 691 34.8 45.1 130

2011-12 82.99 77.02 928 244.62 170.89 699 33.9 45.1 133

2012-13 85.22 88.32 1036 232.57 183.42 789 36.6 48.2 131

2013-14 99.27 95.26 960 252.18 192.55 764 39.4 49.5 126

2014-15 82.51 73.32 889 235.53 171.52 728 35.0 42.7 122

2015-16 83.99 70.58 840 249.11 163.48 656 33.7 43.2 128

2016-17 95.84 93.26 973 294.64 229.54 779 32.53 40.63 125 Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2016.DES, Ministry of Agri.&FW(DAC&FW), Govt. of India.

2.4 IMPORT/EXPORT

IMPORT: The import of pulses in India during April, 2014 to March, 2015 was 4.19 lakh tonnes worth Rs.1334.96 crores against the value of Rs.17196.87 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.121319.02 crore for total agricultural imports and against Rs.2737086.58 crore for total National Import. The import during April, 2015 to March, 2016 was 10.31 lakh tonnes worth Rs.4453.72 crore against the import value of Rs. 26841.87 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.140288.69 crore for total agricultural import and Rs.2490298.08 crore for total National import respectively during this period. The share of Chickpea import to Agricultural import was 1.10% and 3.17% respectively during April, 2014 to March, 2015 and April, 2015 to March, 2016.

{Chickpeas contribute the single largest share in India’s export basket of pulses registering 85.64%and

84.87% share in the total pulses export during 2014-15 and 2015-16 respectively}.

EXPORT:The pulses export of the country during April, 2014 to March, 2015 was 1.90 lakh tonnes worth Rs.1021.57 crore against the value of Rs. 59500.54 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.239681.04 crore for total agricultural exports and against Rs.1896445.47 crore for total National export.The export during April, 2015 to March, 2016 was 2.17 lakh tonnes worth Rs.1337.64 crore against the export value of Rs. 42622.29 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.215395.68 crore for total agricultural export and Rs.1716378.05 crore for total National export respectively during this period. The share of Chickpea export to Agricultural export was 0.43% and 0.62% respectively during April, 2014 to March, 2015 and April, 2015 to March, 2016.


(TABLE-2.3): IMPORTING & EXPORTING COUNTRIES (Quantity-Thousand Tonnes)

S.No. Import Export

Country Aveg.* % Share Country Aveg.* % Share 1 Australia 376.61 53.73 Pakistan IR 63.45 31.00 2 Austria 131.79 18.80 Algeria 32.91 16.08 3 Russia 76.87 10.97 Turkey 24.70 12.07 4 Sri Lanka DSR 32.49 4.64 Sri Lanka DSR 14.77 7.21 5 Tanzania Rep 18.11 2.58 U Arab EMTS 11.26 5.50 6 Thailand 12.63 1.80 Saudi Arab 9.00 4.40 7 Mexico 12.23 1.74 Spain 5.40 2.64 8 U S A 6.89 0.98 Tunisia 5.31 2.59 9 Myanmar 6.31 0.90 Egypt ARP 4.48 2.19

10 Ethiopia 5.72 0.82 Libya 3.94 1.92 11 Canada 4.96 0.71 Iraq 3.43 1.67 12 Argentina 2.30 0.33 Kuwait 2.99 1.46 13 Mozambique 2.15 0.31 Malaysia 2.17 1.06 14 Sudan 2.14 0.31 Jordan 1.99 0.97 15 Uzbekistan 1.95 0.28 France 1.88 0.92 16 El Salvador 1.93 0.27 Iran 1.79 0.88 17 Ukraine 1.91 0.27 Vietnam Soc. Rep 1.75 0.85 18 Others 10.78 1.54 Others 5.27 2.57

Total 700.95 Total 204.70

Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry; Aveg.*- 2012-13 to 2016-17

2.5 PRODUCTION TRENDS 2.5.1 GLOBAL SCENARIO India ranks Ist in area and production in the world, followed by Pakistan, Iran and Australia. The highest productivity of 3759 kg/ha is observed in China followed by Israel, Repbl. of Moldova and Bosnia &Herzegovina.India’s productivity was 995 kg/ha. (TABLE–2.4) GLOBAL RANKING: MAJOR COUNTRIES

{Area- Lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tonnes, Yield-kg/ha} Country Area % Cont. Country Prod. % Cont. Country Yield India 99.27 71.00 India 98.80 71.95 China 3759 Pakistan 9.50 6.79 Australia 6.29 4.58 Israel 3559 Iran 5.94 4.25 Myanmar 5.62 4.09 Repbl of Moldova 3556 Australia 5.08 3.63 Ethiopia 4.59 3.34 Bosnia &Herzegovina 3204 Turkey 3.88 2.78 Turkey 4.50 3.28 Yemen 3093 Myanmar 3.84 2.75 Pakistan 3.99 2.91 Jordan 2632 Ethiopia 2.40 1.71 Iran 2.62 1.91 Hungary 2250 Uni. Rep. Tanzania

1.16 0.83 Mexico 1.72 1.25 Uzbekistan 2192

Malawi 1.15 0.82 USA 1.27 0.93 Egypt 2124 World 139.81 World 137.31 World 982 India 995 Source: FAO Statistics 2014.


India71%

Pakistan7%

Iran4%

Australia3%Turkey

3%Myanmar

3%

Ethiopia2%Uni. Rep.

Tanzania1%

Malawi1%

Others5%

GLOBAL SCENARIO : CHICKPEA AREA

India72%

Australia5%

Myanmar4%

Ethiopia3%Turkey

3%Pakistan

3%

Iran 2%

Mexico1%

USA1%

Others6%

GLOBAL SCENARIO : CHICKPEA PRODUCTION

| Pulses in India Retrospect & Prospects -2017

2.5.2 NATIONAL SCENARIO : PLAN PERIODS Plan-wise performance revelaed, the highest area and production increased during XIth plan over the previous plan period. The details plan-wise performance is given below:

(TABLE-2.5): PLAN-WISE NATIONAL SCENARIO

(Area-Million ha, Production-Million Tonnes, Yield-kg/ha) Plan Area % COPP Prod. % COPP Yield % COPP Fourth Plan (1969-74) 7.65 4.89 639 Fifth Plan (1974-79) 6.71 -12.29 5.52 12.88 823 28.70 Sixth Plan (1980-85) 7.18 7.00 4.71 -14.67 656 -20.26 Seventh Plan (1985-90) 6.73 -6.27 4.66 -1.06 692 5.55 Eighth Plan (1992-97) 6.86 1.93 5.28 13.30 770 11.16 Ninth Plan (1997-02) 6.76 -1.46 5.48 3.79 811 5.32 Tenth Plan (2002-07) 6.82 0.89 5.47 -0.18 802 -1.06 Eleventh Plan (2007-2012) 8.22 20.53 7.24 32.36 881 9.82 Twelfth Plan (2012-2017)* 8.94 8.76 8.48 17.13 949 7.72

Source: DES, Twelfth Plan (2012-2017)*& 2016-17 APY is the IVth Advance Estimate; % COPP is percentage change over previous plan

0123456789

7.65

6.717.18

6.73 6.86 6.76 6.82

8.228.94

4.895.52

4.71 4.665.28 5.48 5.47

7.24

8.48

Plan-Wise Scenario: Chickpea



2.5.3 STATE’S SCENARIO: PLAN ANALYSIS (Xth –XIIth)

Tenth Plan (2002-2007): A total of 68.18 lakh ha of area and 54.72 lakh tonnes of gram production were observed in the country during the plan. Madhya Pradesh ranked first in terms of area and production (38.23% and 42.52%) followed by Maharashtra with 13.93% and 10.84% and Rajasthan with 13.77% and 11.60%, respectively. Andhra Pradesh has recorded and yield of 1147 kg/ha followed by Bihar with 913 kg/ha. The lowest yield observed in Karnataka (479 kg/ha) followed by Maharashtra (624 kg/ha) and Odisha (645 kg/ha). Eleventh plan (2007-12):The total area and production of gram in the country were 82.18 lakh hectares and 72.42 lakh tonnes respectively.Madhya Pradesh outstanding position in area coverage and production of gram (35.34% and 38.12%) of the total area and production of the country), followed by Rajasthan (16.04% and 13.12%) and Maharashtra (15.27 % and 14.14%) respectively. The highest productivity was recorded in plan period in Andhra Pradesh (1270 kg/ha) followed by Bihar (1067 kg/ha) and Gujarat (1048 kg/ha). The lowest yield was noticed in the state of Karnataka (600 kg/ha). Twelfth Plan (2012-2017): The total area and production of gram during twelfth Plan was 89.28 lakh hectares and 83.65 lakh tonnes respectively. Madhya Pradesh ranked first contributing an area of (34.46% and 40.62% of total area and production of country). Maharashtra is on the second rank for area 15.41 lakh ha (17.26%) and third for production 11.98 lakh tones (14.32%).Whereas, Rajasthan stood second in production (14.47%) and third in area (15.37%). The highest yield was recorded in the state of Telangana (1459 kg/ha) followed by Gujarat (1201 kg/ha) and West Bengal (1163 kg/ha). The lowest yield was recorded in Karnataka (578 kg/ha).

Chickpea is a major pulse in India which contributed about 35% of area & 45% of total pulse production.Overall trend of area, production and yield for the last three plan periods has shown a significant increase.


(TABLE-2.6): PLAN-WISE STATES’ SCENARIO: MAJOR STATES

{Area- Lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tonnes, Yield-kg/ha} State Xth Plan % to AI XIth Plan % to AI XIIth Plan % to AI

Andhra Pradesh A 4.30 6.30 6.07 7.38 4.49 5.03 P 4.93 9.01 7.71 10.65 5.04 6.02 Y 1147 1270 1122

Bihar A 0.69 1.01 0.60 0.72 0.60 0.68 P 0.63 1.15 0.64 0.88 0.66 0.79 Y 913 1067 1098


Gujarat A 1.49 2.18 1.88 2.28 1.73 1.94 P 1.23 2.25 1.97 2.72 2.08 2.48 Y 826 1048 1201

Haryana A 1.05 1.53 1.01 1.23 0.59 0.66 P 0.79 1.44 0.85 1.18 0.49 0.58 Y 752 842 824

Karnataka A 4.95 7.26 8.13 9.89 10.60 11.87 P 2.37 4.33 4.88 6.74 6.13 7.33 Y 479 600 578

Madhya Pradesh A 26.06 38.23 29.04 35.34 30.76 34.46 P 23.26 42.52 27.60 38.12 33.98 40.62 Y 893 950 1105

Maharashtra A 9.50 13.93 12.55 15.27 15.41 17.26 P 5.93 10.84 10.24 14.14 11.98 14.32 Y 624 816 777

Odisha A 0.31 0.45 0.40 0.49 0.43 0.48 P 0.20 0.36 0.29 0.41 0.33 0.39 Y 645 725 766

Rajasthan A 9.39 13.77 13.18 16.04 13.72 15.37 P 6.35 11.60 9.50 13.12 12.10 14.47 Y 676 721 882

Tamilnadu A 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.07 P 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.05 Y 667 714 649

Telangana A 0.97 0.91 1.02 P 1.10 1.33 1.59 Y 1135 1459

Uttar Pradesh A 7.57 11.11 5.65 6.87 5.14 5.75 P 6.80 12.43 5.32 7.35 4.63 5.54 Y 898 942 901

West Bengal A 0.41 0.60 0.23 0.28 0.27 0.31 P 0.37 0.67 0.24 0.33 0.32 0.38 Y 902 1043 1163

All India A 68.18 82.18 89.28 P 54.72 72.42 83.65 Y 803 881 937



MP35%

MS17%

Raj.15%

Karnataka12%

UP6%

AP5%

CG3%

Gujarat2% Telangana

1% Others4%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan)- Chickpea Area

MP41%

Raj.15%

MS14%

Karnataka7%

AP6%

UP6%

CG3%

Gujarat2%

Telangana2% Others

4%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan)-Chickpea Production


2.5.4 DISTRICT SCENARIO (2012-13) – POTENTIAL DISTRICTS The intra-regional analysis at the district level as depicted in (Table-2.7)revealed the highest contribution in production of Kurnool, AP (2.56%) followed by Vidisha (2.07%) and Sagar (1.99%) of M.P. State. District-wise area, production and yield of top ten district of India in respect of production are presented below which contributed 15.24 per cent and 18.86 per cent of total area and production of chickpea in the country. The yield was revealed that the potential districts yield is higher than the National average yield (1036 kg/ha). Out of Ten potential districts nine belongs to Madhya Pradesh whereas, only one district belongs to Andhra Pradesh.

(TABLE–2.7): TOP POTENTIAL DISTRICTS (2012-13) {Area-Lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tonnes, Yield-kg/ha}

S. No. Name of District State

Area Production Yield Area % to India Prod. % to India Yield YI

I Kurnool A.P. 2.182 2.56 2.320 2.63 1063 103 II Vidisha M.P. 1.768 2.07 2.106 2.38 1191 115 III Sagar M.P. 1.700 1.99 2.181 2.47 1283 124 IV Raisen M.P. 1.172 1.38 1.909 2.16 1629 157 V Ashok nagar M.P. 1.165 1.37 1.769 2.00 1518 146 VI Dewas M.P. 1.129 1.33 1.707 1.93 1511 146 VII Rajgarh M.P. 1.083 1.27 1.355 1.53 1251 121 VIII Dhar M.P. 0.965 1.13 1.177 1.33 1220 118 IX Chhatarpur M.P. 0.924 1.08 1.174 1.33 1271 123 X Panna M.P. 0.901 1.06 0.964 1.09 1070 103

Total above 12.99 15.24 16.66 18.86 1283 124 All India 85.22 88.32 1036

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2016.DES, Ministry of Agri. & FW (DAC&FW), Govt. of India.

0.000.200.40

0.600.801.001.20

1.401.601.80

District Scenario (2012-13): Top Ten Districts

Area (Thousand ha) Production (Thousand Tones) Yield (Tones/ha)


(TABLE-2.8): STATE-WISE YIELD GAP AND ADDITIONAL RETURN (Yield: kg/ha; Return: Rs./ha.)

State Yield (kg/ha) Gap over FP Gap over SAY Yield 2016-17*

Additional return by

bridging yield gap (Rs/ha)

IP FP SAY Actual % Actual % FP SAY AP 1651 1553 1085 98 6 566 52 1107 3920 22640 Assam 1082 749 692 333 44 390 56 1000 13320 15600 Bihar 2063 1798 1159 265 15 904 78 986 10600 36160 Haryana 2135 1803 848 332 18 1287 152 810 13280 51480 UP 1518 1522 916 -4 0 602 66 1125 -160 24080 Maharashtra 1441 1125 752 316 28 689 92 869 12640 27560 Gujarat 1620 1379 1179 241 17 441 37 1235 9640 17640 Uttarakhand 2000 1552 868 448 29 1132 130 1000 17920 45280 Tamil Nadu 887 741 648 146 20 239 37 648 5840 9560 Rajasthan 1690 1446 842 244 17 848 101 930 9760 33920 Chhattisgarh 981 911 912 70 8 69 8 1027 2800 2760 Manipur 1142 814 895 328 40 247 28 0.0 13120 9880 MP 1432 1052 1100 380 36 332 30 1101 15200 13280 Karnataka 1459 1231 619 228 19 840 136 380 9120 33600 Punjab 1598 1453 1191 145 10 407 34 1300 5800 16280 J & K 794 619 558 175 28 236 42 0 7000 9440 WB 2033 1402 1157 631 45 876 76 1100 25240 35040 Average 1502 1244 907 257 21 594 66 860 10296 23776 Rice fallow chickpea Assam 1257 901 692 356 40 565 82 1000 14240 22600 Bihar 1346 1037 1159 309 30 187 16 986 12669 7667 Manipur 1298 950 895 348 37 403 45 0 14616 16926 West Bengal

1198 950 1157 248 26 41 4 1100 10664 1763

Average 1275 960 976 315 33 299 31 772 13871 13145 Source-Annual Report- 2016-17, GoI, DPD, Bhopal (Ave. 2013-14 to 2015-16). State Average Yield - E&S (Ave. 2011-12 to 2015-16) *Third Advance Estimates 2016-17. IP: Improved Practise FP: Farmers Practise SAY: State Avergae Yield.

2.6 CHICKPEA AGRONOMY

2.6.1 ECONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

• Desi or brown gram (C arietinum L.): Colour of seed coat ranges yellow to dark brown, usually small in seed size but some large size varieties are also found. Plants are small with good branching ability, especially suited for late sown and rice fallow areas (Ch.No. 2n = 14, 16). Most widely cultivated group in India (90% of total world).

• Kabuli or white gram (C. Kabuli anum): Colour of seed coat white with bold and attractive seed size. Plants are taller than desi and stand more or less erect. Yield potential is poor on account of poor branching as compare to ‘desi’. (Ch.No. 2n = 16). Some small seeded white coloured grain also comes under this category.


2.6.2 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION It is a small herbaceous branched plant with maximum height of 45-60 cm. Roots include a strong central tap root with extensive lateral branches spread out in all directions in upper soil layers. There are numerous bacterial nodules found on primary and secondary roots, used as a site of atmospheric ‘N’ fixation. Stem is branched with numerous granular hairs on it. Flowers are typical Papilionaceous consisting of five sepals, five petals (consists of one standard, two wings and two keels), ten stamens (nine fused to form one staminal column and one free) and a carpel with the style borne laterally on the ovary. They are singly, axillary, racemes usually solitary having pink or white colour with pink or blue shades. Anthesis takes place between 9 am to 3 pm. Self- fertilization before opening is the rule but cross pollination upto 5-10% extent also takes place by insect. Pods are rectangular, swollen structure, about 2 cm long and usually contain 2 seed in them. A single plant produces 50-150 pods. Seeds are spherical in shape, wrinkled or smooth with a pointed beak. Its head is similar to chicken’s head with a characteristic ‘beak’ hence called as chickpea.

2.6.3 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

• Climate: Being a winter season legume, it requires fairly cold and dry climate. However, severe cold and frost, especially at flowering/pod initiation stage, are injurious for developing flowers into seed. The crop is well suited to the areas having 600-900 mm rainfall. Excessive rains, soon after sowing or at flowering and fruiting or hailstorms at ripening, cause heavy losses.

• Soil &Field preparation: Grown in a wide range of soils viz light sandy loam to moderately heavy loam in north to black cotton soils of Central Plateau. However, sandy loams to clay loam soil, free from excessive salt and neutral in reaction with drainage facility, are best for gram. Soils having >8.5 PH. It requires clodded and rough seed bed for good aeration in root zone, obtained by one deep ploughing and a cross harrowing.

• Sowing time: Rainfed – Ist fortnight of October in central and south India and IInd fortnight of October in North India. Irrigated– Ist fortnight of November in North India and IInd fortnight of October in central and southern India; Late sowing– Ist week of December in rice fallows of NEPZ or in irrigated conditions, where field are vacated very late by kharif crops.

• Seed Rate& Spacing: Small seeded–50-60 kg/ha; Bold seeded and late sowing–80-90 kg/ha (Small seeded varieties are recommended for late sown conditions). Rainfed– 30cm x 10cm; Irrigated– 45cm x 10cm; Late sowing – 25 cm x 10 cm.

• Seed treatment: Treat the seed with thiram or carbendazim @ 2 g/kg of seed before 3 days of sowing followed by seed inoculation with a solution/jaggery having dual culture of Rhizobium and PSB. One packet of both the culture is enough for 10 kg seed. Seed treatment with rhizobium @ 5 g per kg seed and soil inoculation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria @ 500 g per ha by mixing with 50 kg well decompose FYM just at the time of sowing improves the FUE. For correcting Zn deficiency, foliar spray of 0.5 kg ZnSO4

with 0.25 kg lime or soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg per ha to one crop on Zn deficient


soils is helpful to both the crop of pulse based cropping system. Mo deficiency can be corrected by applying 1 kg sodium molybdate per ha and for boron deficient soils foliar spray of B @ 1.0 – 1.5 kg B per ha or soil application of 4 kg borax. Spray 1.0 per cent FeSO4 to recoup the crop from Fe deficiency.

• Varieties: Selection of the varieties should be as per the adaptability to the region, availability of resources, time of sowing. etc. Short duration varieties like JG 16, JG 11, JAKI 9218, JG 14, Vijay, Vikas, Vishal, JGK-1, KAK 2 etc. are popular/helped in expanding chickpea area in southern and central part of the country. The yield potential of these early varieties remained almost similar to long duration varieties. The ofther recent released varieties of short durations namely Rajas, Pusa 547, RVG 202, RVG 203, JAKI 9218, JGK 1, KAK 2, Shubhra may be grown for better yield. A number of Fusarium wilt resistant varieties which helps to reduce losses due to diseases and stabilise chickpea yield like GNG 1581, CSJ 515, RVG 202, JGK 5, JG 6, JG 16, Digvijay, Gujarat Gram 3, BG 391, Ujjawal, GLK 26155, HK 05-169, BDNG 797, RSG 991 etc may be adopted by the farmers. The varieties for specific situations such as Kabuli – KAK-2 (>40 g/100seeds); Pusa Chamatkar (BG-1053), ICCV-2, Pusa Kabuli 1003 (BG-1003),JGK-1, Haryana Kabuli Chana-1; Rice-Chickpea cropping system (late sown up to end of December) – Udai (KPG-59), Pusa-372, RSG-963, PBG-1, Pant G-186 and JG-74;mild saline soil – Karnal Chana 1 (CSG-8962);drought prone areas–RSG-888, Annegiri;high fertile and high rainfall/irrigated areas – DCP-92-3 are also recommended.

• Cropping system: Gram in rotation with cereal crops helps in controlling soil-borne diseases. The most common cropping system based on chickpea are as follows- Rotation: - Kharif fallow – Gram, Paddy – Gram, Maize – Gram, Bajra – Gram and Jowar – Gram; Inter cropping: Chickpea + Mustard (2:1 to 4:1); Chickpea + Linseed (2:2); chickpea + wheat/ Barley (2:2), Chickpea + Safflower (2:2) and Chickpea + Coriander (2:2).

• Water management:‘Gram’ grown as rainfed crop in general in India, invariably suffers from moisture stress as ‘terminal drought, at most critical pod development stage due to high atmospheric and soil temperature coupled with high wind velocity. So, to minimize transpiration loss and conserving residual soil moisture for longer time, a foliar spray of 2% KCl is giving promising results. However, under assured irrigation, one irrigation each at maximum branching and pod development resulted in 25-70% increase in yield in absence of winter rain. In no case, irrigation should be given earlier than four weeks after sowing and during active flowering because earlier situation is harmful for maximum ‘N’ fixation as the Rhizobial bacteria work only in aerobic conditions and later, excess irrigation may reverse the crop again to vegetative phase with severe depression in yield due to ultimately shorter reproductive phase.


• Plant Nutrient Management: About 5 tonnes FYM or compost or biogas spent slurry with 50 % recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) plus rhizobium inoculation for better yields and FUE. Recommended fertilizer dose is 15-20 kg N and 40kg P2O5 per ha as basal dressing in separate furrow bands before sowing chickpea. Application of fertilizer is based on soil testing. In late sown chickpea after rice, apply 40 kg N per ha as basal dose. On S deficient soils, use 20 kg S as gypsum, iron pyrites or single super phosphate to meet the S demands of chickpea. Application of 25 kg zinc sulphate and 10 kg borax per ha has positive effect on root growth, BNF and yield.

• Weed management: Major weeds infestation in gram are Chenopodium spp. (Bathua), Fumaria parviflora (gajri), Lathyrus aphaca (Chatri matri), Vicia sativa (ankari), Crisium arvense (Kateli), Melilotus alba (senji), Asphodelus enuifolius (jungli piaji), Convolvulus arvensis (Krishan neel), Phalaris minor and Avena ludoviciana. Being a dwarf stature crop, gram suffers adversely by heavy weed infestation up to 30-45 days after sowing (DAS), the critical period. One hand weeding/inter culture with hand hoe or wheel hoe at 30 DAS and another at 55-60 DAS, if second flush of weeds appear heavily other-wise crop will suppress the weed by it self. A mechanical operation is always better than the herbicide based as later also provides aeration to the roots for maximum efficacy of ‘N’ fixing bacteria as well as soil moisture conservation for its longer availability by breaking soil capillaries and creating dust mulch. However, an alternate Integrated weed management practice is application of either of Fluchoralin (Basalin) as pre plant incorporation or Pendimethalin (Stomp) as Pre emergence @ 0.75-1.0 kg a.i./ha and one hand weeding in between 30-45 DAS. Also application of Oxyflourfen 100-125 g a.i. /ha or 400 to 500 g or ml /ha at 0-3 DAS controls wide spectrum of weeds in the crop.

• Harvesting and threshing: Crop become ready for harvest when leaves begin to fall, stem and pod turn brown or straw in colour and seeds are hard and rattle (most important) with 15% moisture inside them. Over ripening may lead to fall of pods as well as shattering and seed cracking if seed moisture falls below 10% due to delay in harvesting. The crop is allowed to dry for 2-4 days on threshing floor (depending on situation) and threshed by manually or bullock/power drawn thresher followed by winnowing. The clean seed should be sun dried for 3-4 days to bring their moisture content at 9-10%. Now they should be safely stored in appropriate bins and fumigated to protect them from bruchids.

• Yield: By adopting good management practices, an average yield of 15-20 Q/ha can easily be obtained.


2.6.4 PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES A. Disease The important disease of Chickpea are Collarrot, Sclerotinia stemrot, Botrytis Grey Mold,wilt, Dry root rot. Symptoms of these disease and their suitable control measures are given below:

i) Collor Rot Symptoms: The collar region of plant is constricted and begins to rot. White mycelia strands with minute mustard seed-sized sclerotial bodies are seen over the affected tissue.The affected seedlings turn yellow and wilt. It may be seen in seedling & vegetative growth stage. Control Measures i ) Application of calcium fertilizer; ii) Seed treatment with fungicide carboxin @ 3 g /kgofseed; iii) Crop rotations with cereals such as wheat, sorghum and millets, and remove undecomposed debris from the field before sowing.

ii) Dry root rot

Symptoms:The whole plant dries upand turns straw-colored.Roots become black and brittle and have only a few lateral roots eat all. It may be seen in flowering & podding stage.

Control Measures i) Seed treatment with Tricoderma viride @ 4g /kg seed or Thiram(2g)+ Carbandizm(1g) @ 3 g per kg of seed or Carbendazim@g/kgof seed; ii) Follow crop rotation; iii) Timely sowing to avoid post-flowering drought and heat stresses, which aggravate the disease.

iii) Wilt Symptoms: The main cause of this disease is a fungus (Fusarium oxysporum). Plant become yellowish and finally dry out. Roots turn black and ultimately decompose. It may be seen in seedling stage & advance stage of plant growth. Control Measures i) Seed treatment with Tricoderma viride @ 4g /kg seed or Thiram (2g + Carbandizm (1g) @ 3 g per kg of seed or Carbendazim@ 2 g/kgof seed; ii) Sowing should be during third week of October; iii) Deep Planting (8-10 cm) in light soil; iv) In case of heavy incidence avoid cultivation for 03 to 04 years; v) Grow resistant varieties: Desi- JG 315, JG 322, JG 16, JG 11, JG 12, JSC 37, JSC 55, JAKI 9218; Kabuli- JGK 1, JGK 2, JGK 3 (Gulabi)- JGG 1.


iv) Sclerotinia stemrot Symptoms: It’sinitial stage is visible on the stemnear the ground. Brown colour spots may be seen on affected stem which later girdle it White cottony growth of the fungus with hard, black colored sclerotia may be seen on these spots on the stem. Control Measures i) Use of disease free seed; ii) Grow resistant varieties like G-543, Gaurav, Pusa-261; iii)Deep summer ploughing &avoid flood irrigation iv) Spraying chlorothalonil @ 2 g/ liter of water ; v) After harvest, the diseased plants should not be allowed to stand in the field but should be destroyed by burning.

v) Botrytis Grey Mold Symptoms: Brown necrotic spots appear on twigs, petioles, leaves and flowers. The affected stem finally breaks and the plant dies. In humid weather, the fungus grows rapidly. Control Measures i) Use disease free seed; ii) Seed treatment; iii) Grow resistant varieties like Pusa-1003, K-551, BG 276, GL 92162, IPCK 2004-29; iv) Adopt late sowing (first fortnight of November) and wider row spacing; v) Spray the crop with carbendazim (Bavistin) @ 1.5 g/liter or mancozeb @ 3g/liter of water.

B. INSECT-PEST i) Cutworm Nature of Damage: Serious pest in low lying areas where fields are cloddy. The larvae remains hidden under these clods during the day time & cause damage during night. It may be seen in Seedling, vegetative growth stage & reproductive stage.The caterpillar cut the plants at ground level. Larvae feed on leaves, stems and roots. Control Measures

i) Summer deep ploughing; ii) Crop rotation; iii) Intercropping with wheator linseed or mustard; iv) Grow marigold on bunds; v) Apply phorate 10 G @ 10 kg/ ha before sowing; vi) Spray insecticides like quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml /liter or Profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml /liter. ii) Gram Pod Borer Nature of Damage: It damages almost all the pods in and causes nearly 20-30% annual yield losses in India. The eggs (1 mm diameter) are laid singly on the leaflets, flowers, immature pods and stem. Larvae can be green, brown, yellow, or pink, but are usually striped, irrespective of their colour.Larvae feed on leaves during the vegetative phase and on flowers and pods during the reproductive phase; ii) Large larvae cut round holes in the pod wall and devour the seed inside.


Control Measures i) Earlysowing, grow short duration varieties; ii) Intercropping with coriander, linseed, marigold, mustard, sunflower orwheat; iii) Use moderate resistant cultivars like ICCV10, Vijay,ICCV-7and ICCL-86103, PBG-3; iv) Install bird perches@ 40-50 /ha; v) Spray neem seed extract (5%);vi) Apply HaNPV@250LE/haor Sprayindoxacarb@1 ml/lit or Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.2 g /lit of water at10-15days interval if needed.

2.7 RECOMMENDATION TO ACHIEVE HIGHER PRODUCTION

To bridge the yield gap of 1014 kg/ha between the potential and realized yield following technologies are recommended: • Deep summer ploughing once in 3 years to eliminate dormant pupae. • Application of fertilizer based on soil test value. • Seed treatment with Trichoderma (6 g/kg) and Carboxin (Vitavax) (1g/kg). • Grow wilt resistant/ tolerant varieties of the region: JG 315, JG 12, JG 11, JAKI 9218,

JGK-1, JGK-2, JGK-3, KAK2 etc. • Install bird perches @ 50/ha at flowering stage and remove the perches at grain ripening

stage. • Nipping should be done when crop is at 15-20 cm height. • Two irrigations first at branching and second at pod initiation stage. • Weed control should be done at right time. • Seed treatment with Ammonium Molybdate @ 1g/kg of seed in the areas of chickpea-

soybean cropping system. • Spray of crude NSKE 5% or Azadirachtin 0.03% (300 ppm), Neem oil based WSP 2500-

5000 ml/ha at pre-flowering stage at 15 days interval.


(TABLE–2.9): RECOMMENDED VARIETIES & THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Variety Source Release/ Notification

Year

Area of adoption (Zone/State)

Ave. yield

(q/ha)

Days to maturity

Special characteristics

RSG-44 RAU, Durgapura 1991 Rajasthan 20-23 135-150 Tol. to drought and frost, double podded KPG-59 (Uday)

CASUAT 1992 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, North Rajasthan & West U.P., Bihar & West Bengal).

20.0 135-140 Tolerant to root rot & wilt stunt. Tolerant to pod borer. Bold seeded.(late sown)

Bharati (ICCV-10)

ICRISAT 1992 SZ (A.P., Karnataka, Odisha & Tamilnadu) CZ (MP, Maharashtra, Gujarat).

18-20 95/-100 Resistant to Fusarium wilt & dry root rot.

Sadabahar CSAUAT 1992 Uttar Pradesh 21-23 145-150 Tolerant to wilt. Pusa-372 (BG-372)

IARI 1993 NEPZ (East UP, Bihar, WB). NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan CZ (MS & Gujarat). (late sown)

21-23 14.0 14-15

135-150 Moderately resistant to wilt, blight & root rot., Small seed, light brown

Sweta (ICCV-2)

ICRISAT 1993 Maharashtra, A.P 12-13 80-90 Kabuli gram variety. Resistant to wilt & Botrytis grey mould.

Pusa 329 IARI 1993 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, North Rajasthan & West U.P).

21-23 145-155 Moderately resistant to Wilt, bold seeded

Vijay (Phule G-81-1-1)

MPKV 1994 CZ (MP, Maharashtra, Gujarat). 19-21 105-110 Resistant to wilt, Tolerant to terminal moisture stress.

Pragati (K-3256)

CSAUAT 1994 Uttar Pradesh. 17-20 140-150 Tolerant to wilt.

Vardan (GNG-663)

RAU, Sriganga-nagar

1995 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, North Rajasthan & West U.P).

22-25 150-155 Resistant to wilt.

GPF-2 (GF-89-36)

PAU 1995 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, North Rajasthan & West U.P).

21-23 152 Resistant to wilt & tolerant to Ascochyta blight. Seed yellowish brown


(Conti……) Variety Source Release/

Notification Year


Ave. yield

(q/ha)

Days to maturity


Pusa-362 (BG-362)

IARI 1995 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, North Rajasthan & West U.P).

23-24 145-150 Tolerant to wilt, Bold seeded.

KWR-108 CSAUAT 1996 NEPZ (East Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal).

20-23 130-135 Resistant to wilt, Seeds are dark brown and small.

JG-218 JNKVV 1996 Madhya Pradesh. 18-19 115-120 Early maturing, Tolerant to wilt. Vishal (Phule G-87207)

MPKV 1996 CZ (MP,Maharashtra,Gujarat). 20.00 110-115 Resistant to wilt, Tolerant to pod borer, Early maturing.

Alok ( KGD-1168)

CSAUAT 1996 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, North Rajasthan & West U.P).

19-21 140-150 Med. Bold, Res. to Wilt & Root rot

Pant G-186 GBPUAT 1996 Uttar Pradesh 18-20 135-140 Tolerant to wilt & late sown. Small seeded

Hirwa Chaffa (AKGS-1)

PKV 1996 Maharashtra 15-17 105-110 Green seeded

Samrat (GNG-469)

RAU, Sriganga-nagar


20-22 145-150 Res.to Ascochyta blight. Tol. to wilt and root rot. Suitable for rainfed and irrigated areas.

Pusa-391 (BG-391)

IARI 1997 CZ (MP, Maharashtra, Gujarat). 17-18 110-120 Moderately resistant to wilt & root rot. Bold seeded. Light brown

PDG-3 (GF 89-133)

PAU, Ludhiyana

1997 Punjab 15-17 160-165 Tolerant to pod borer.

Karnal Chana-1 (CSG 8962)

CSSRI, Karnal


22-25 140-147 Recommended for salt affected areas; Wilt resistant.

DCP-92-3 IIPR 1997 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, North Rajasthan & West U.P).

19-20 145-150 Lodging and wilt resistant. Yellowish brown and medium bold seeds. Suitable for high fertility and excessive moisture conditions.



Notification Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


JGG-1 JNKVV 1997 Madhya Pradesh 13-15 120-125 Seed pink (BG-1003) (Pusa Kabuli)

IARI 1999 NEPZ (East Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal).

17-19 140-150 White bold seeded, tolerant to wilt.

JG-11 ICRISAT/ PKV/JNKVV

1999 SZ (Odisha, Karnataka, A.P. & Tamilnadu)

15-17 95-100 Resistant to wilt, moderately resistant to root rot. Bold seeded

Guj. Gram-1 GAU 1999 CZ (MP,Maharashtra,Gujarat) 17-22 115-120 Wilt resistant, Dark brown, medium bold.

Dharwad Pragati (BGD-72)

IARI 1999 CZ (MP,Maharashtra,Gujarat) 25-30 115-120 Resistant to wilt & root rot, bold seeded

CO-3 TNAU 1999 Tamilnadu 9-11 80-85 Bold seeded, Resistant to wilt & Collar rot

CO-4 TNAU 1999 Tamilnadu 9-11 80-85 Bold seeded JG-322 JNKVV 1999 Madhya Pradesh 18-20 110-115 Suitable for wilt prone areas. WCG-2 (Surya) Meerut Uni. 1999 Uttar Pradesh 20-25 135-150 Res.to rot, tol. to stunt & dry root rot L-551(Kabuli) PAU 1999 Punjab 18-20 135-140 Wilt tolerant. Gujarat Gram 2 (GCP-107)

GAU 1999 Gujarat 22-24 95-100 Tolerant to wilt and bold seeded

Pusa Chamatkar (G 1053) kabuli

IARI 1999 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, North Rajasthan & West U.P)

17-19 140-150 Tolerant to wilt

Gujarat Gram-4 (GCP-105)

GAU 2000 NEPZ (East U.P., Bihar, West Bengal).

18-20 135-130 Resistant to wilt. Seeds are dark brown.

PKV Kabuli-2 (KAK 2)

PKV 2000 CZ (MP, CG, MS, Gujarat) 17-18 125-130 Bold seeded

SAKI-9516 (Jawahar G-16)

JNKVV 2001 CZ (MP, Maharashtra, Gujarat) 18-20 110-120 Resistant to wilt.



Notification Year


Ave. yield

(q/ha)

Days to maturity


Vaibhav (RG 2918)

IGKV 2001 Chhattisgarh 14-15 110-115 Seeds wrinkled and bold

Kranti (ICCC-37)

ICRISAT 2001 Andhra Pradesh 16-20 90-100 Resistance to Wilt & Dry root rot

WCG-10 (Pant G-10)

GBPUAT 2001 Maharashtra, Haryana, U.P. 21-25 147 Resistant to root rot, Mod. Resis. To stunt virus, wilt and dry root rot

Haryana Kabuli 1 (HK- 89-131)

CSSHAU 2002 Haryana 20 142 Resistant to wilt

Virat (Kabuli) MPKV 2002 Maharashtra 20 108-118 Resistant to wilt JG-130 JNKVV 2002 Madhya Pradesh 15-16 110-115 Bold, Res.to wilt. Jawahar Gram-1(JGK 1)

JNKVV 2002 CZ- M.P., Maharashtra, Gujarat, Bundel khand region of U.P.

15-18 110-115 Mod. Resistant to wilt

Vihar(Phule G-95311) MPKV 2002 Karnataka, A.P., TN, Odisha 16-18 90-100 Seed Bold, Resistant to wilt Anubhav (RSG 888)

RAU 2003 Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, North Rajasthan & WestU.P).

20-22 130-135 For rainfed, Moderately resistant to wilt & root rot

Pusa 1088 IARI 2003 Delhi 25-30 Med. early Res. to wilt and root rots diseases. Pusa 1103 IARI 2004 Delhi 19-23 Early Resistant to root diseases. Pusa 1105 IARI 2004 Delhi 25-30 Med.early Mod. Resistant to root diseases. Anuradha Research

station, Berhanpur

2004 West Bengal 22-25 120-130 Mod. Resistant to wilt.

Haryana Kabuli Chana 2 (HK 94 134)

CCS HAU 2004 U.P and Bihar 14 138 Resistant to wilt, Collor rot, dry root rot.


(Conti……)


Year


Ave. yield

(q/ha)

Days to maturity


Asha (RSG 945) ARS, Duragapura

2005 Rajasthan 17 75-80 Mod. Res. to dry root rot and wilt.

PGC-1 (Pratap Channa-1)

ARS, Banswara

2005 Rajasthan 12-14 90-95 Mod. Resistant to wilt & pod borer.

Arpita (RSG-895)

RAU, Bikaner

2005 Rajasthan 14 125-130 Mod. Res. to dry root rot, wilt & B.G.M.

Haryana Chana-5 (H 96-99)

HAU, Hisar 2005 Haryana 20 Medium Res. to Fusarium wilt and root rots

Aadhar (RSG-963)

ARS, Duragapura

2005 Raj, Hary, Punjab, Delhi parts of J& K, Uttrakhand and U.P

16-17 125-130 Mod. Resis. To Wilt, Dry root rot, B.G.M. & Collor rot, pod borer, & Nematodes

Himachal G-2 CSKHPKVV 2006 CZ 19 187 Resis. to Wilt, root rot & color rot, tolerant to Ascochyta Blight

JAKI -9218 PDKV, Akola

2006 CZ 18-20 93-125 Resistant to wilt, root rot, color rot

Abha (RSG-973) ARS Durgapura

2006 Rajasthan 15-16 120-125 Moderate resistant to wilt, dry root rot

Abha (RSG-807) ARS Durgapura

2006 Rajasthan 18 120-125 Moderate resistant to dry root rot

Himachal chana-2 (HK-94-134)

CSK HP 2006 Himachal Pradesh 19 Medium Resistant to wilt, Moderately resistant to root rot & collar rots, tolerant to ascochyta blight

Digvijay MPKV 2006 Maharashtra 19 105-110 Resistant to fusarium wilt JG-63 JNKVV 2006 MP 20-25 110-120 Resistance to Wilt, Dry root rot & Mod.

Resis. To Collor rot &Helicoverpa Species. Akash (BDNG-797)

MPKV 2007 Maharashtra 15-16 102 Resistant to wilt, tolerant to pod borer



Notification Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


Rajas (Phule-G-9425-9)

MPKV 2007 Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Rajasthan and Jammu

18 136 Resistant to fusarium wilt

JGK-2 JNKVV 2007 M.P. 15 95-110 Resistant to collar rot, root rot, Mod. Res.to wilt and dry root rot

Lam shanaya(LBeG 7)

ANGRAU 2007 M.P. 20-25 90 Tolerant to Wilt and rot condition

JGK-3 (JGK 19) JNKVV 2007 M.P. 14-15 92-121 Resistant to wilt Jawahar Gram 226 (JG 226)

JNKVV 2007 M.P. 112-115 Resistant to wilt and root rot complex

GNG 421 (Gauri)

ARS, Sri Ganga Nagar

2007 Rajasthan 18 127-160 Tolerant to dry root rot, stunt and wilt

GNG 1488 (Sangam)


2007 Rajasthan 18 99-157 Tol .to dry root rot and stunt

RSG-991(Aparna)

ARS, Duragapura

2007 Rajasthan 12-15 130-135 Mod. Res. to dry root rot, wilt, collar rot

RSG-896 (Arpan)

ARS, Duragapura

2007 Rajasthan 12-15 130-135 Mod. Res. to dry root rot, wilt, pod borer

RSG-902 (Aruna)

ARS, Duragapura

2007 Rajasthan 15-20 130-135 Mod. Res. to dry root rot, wilt, pod borer

JAKI 9218 PDKV

2008 Maharashtra 18-20 93-125

Resistant to fusarium wilt, root rot and collar rot

GNG 1581 (Ganguar)

ARS, Srigan-ganagar

2008 NWPZ 24.00 127-177 Resistant to water logging condition



Notification Year


Ave. yield

(q/ha)

Days to maturity


WCG 3 (vallabh colour chana )

SVBPUAT, Meerut

2008 Uttar Pradesh 19-21 175 Bold seeded, protein content 22.8 %.

JG 6 JNKVV 2008 M.P. 20.00 103-132 Resistant to fusarium wilt and moderate resistant to dry root, Tolerantto pod borer

Pusa 2024 IARI 2008 Delhi 25-28 145 Moderately resistant against soil borne diseases and drought

BGD 103 UAS 2009 Karnataka 11-13 95-100 Resistant to fusarium wilt JG 14 JNKVV 2009 M.P. 20-25 113 Moderate resistant to wilt, dry root and pod

borer Shubra (IPCK 2004-29)

IIPR 2009 CZ 21.00 104-108 Moderate resistant to wilt, escape terminal moisture stress and heat

Ujjawal (IPCK 2004-29)

IIPR 2010 CZ 20.00 103-111 Moderate resistant to wilt and tolerant to BGM, escape terminal moisture stress and heat

Phule G 0517 MPKV 2010 M.S., M.P., Karnataka 18.00 105-110 Tolerant to fusarium wilt, 59.4g/100 seed weight

Pant Kabuli chana 1

GPBUAT, Pantnagar

2010 Uttarakhand 30.00 120-122 Resistant to Botrytis grey mould

PKV Kabuli 4 PDKV 2010 Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh

15-16 100-110 Moderately resistant to fusarium wilt dry rot and Botrytis grey mould

Gujarat Junagarh Gram 3 (GJG 0207)

JAU, Junagarh

2010 Gujarat 15.00 98-100 Moderately resistant to wilt and tolerant to pod borer

GPF 2 PAU 2010 NWPZ 22.00 134-163 Plants grow erect with thick stem resistant in lodging



Notification Year


Ave. yield

(q/ha)

Days to maturity


MNK 1 UAS, Raichur 2011 Karnataka, A.P., Odisha, and Tamil Nadu

13.00 95-110 Moderately resistant to wilt

RSG 974 (Abhilasha)

ARS,Duragapura 2010 Rajasthan 130-135 Moderately resistant to wilt, dry root rot BGM and sterility mosaic

Raj Vijay Kabuli gram 101 (JSC 42)

RVSKVV 2012 Madhya Pradesh 15-20 90-110 Resistant to fusarium wilt and moderate tolerant to pod borer

Raj Vijay gram 201 (JSC 40 )

RVSKVV 2012 Madhya Pradesh 20-25 95-113 Resistant to fusarium wilt

HK 4 (HK 05-169) CCSHAU 2012 NEPZ 15.00 136 Resistant to wilt, bold seeded Raj Vijay Kabuli gram 202

RVSKVV 2012 CZ 18-20 105 Suitable for late sown condition in paddy/cotton/soyabean-chickpea cropping system

Raj Vijay Kabuli gram 203 (RVG-203)

RVSKVV 2012 CZ 19-20 100 Moderately resistant to wilt, dry root rot

PBG -5 PAU, Ludhiana 2012 Punjab 17.00 160-165 Resistant to ascochyta blight disease PKV harita (AKG 9303-12)

PDKV 2012 Vidarbha region of Maharashtra

12-18 106-110 Bold seeded, tolerant to wilt and drought, useful for culinary purpose

GJG 0809 Junagarh 2013 NHZ 16.0 157 Irrigated, medium brown colour attractive seed (21.5 g/100 seed), mod. Resistant to wilt & stunt, root rot & tolerant to ascochyta blight.



Notification Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


GNG 1958 Sriganga nagar

2013 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, North Rajasthan, West U.P).

26.8 145 Irrigated, suitable for normal sown irrigated condition. It matures in 145 days. It has brown seed colour with 25.4 g average 100-seed wt.

GNG 1969 Sriganga nagar

2013 NWPZ 22.0 146 Irrigated, suitable for normal sown irrigated condition. It posses creamy beige seed colour with 26.2 g/100 seeds.

CSJ 515 Durgapura 2013 NWPZ 24.0 135 Irrigated, small brown colour seed (17.0 g/100 seed), mod. Resis. to dry root rot, and tolerant to ascochyta blight and BGM.

GLK 28127 Ludhiana 2013 NWPZ 21.0 149 Irrigated, large seeds (36.0 g/100 seeds), light yellow or creamy colour with irregular owl head.

Raj Vijay Kabuli gram 202 (RVG 202)

RVSKVV, Gwalior

2014 CZ 18-20 105 Late sown condition in paddy/cotton/soyabean-chickpea cropping system.

NHZ-North Hilly Zone (H.P.,J.K & U.P.hills), CZ- Central Zone (MP.,Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat) , SZ- South Zone (A.P., Karnataka, Tamil nadu, Odisha) NEPZ-North East plane Zone (East Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal).NWPZ- North West Plane Zone (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP & North Rajasthan) , Res.= Resistant, Tol.= Tolerant, Mod.= Moderately, BGM- Botrytis grey mould.


PIGEONPEA

Botanical Name : Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Synonym : Red gram, Tur Origin : Africa Chromosomes :2n = 22

3.1 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:In India pigeonpea (Arhar), the IIndimportant pulse crop after chickpea, is largely cultivated under rainfed conditions (95%), remaining 5% is grown with critical irrigation support. India ranks Ist in area and production in the world with 80% and 67% of world’s acreage and production respectively (FAO Stats.,2014).During XIIth Plan this crop occupied16.6% of the total pulse area contributing to 17% of the total pulse production. It is mainly consumed in split form as ‘dal’ and is a preferential pulse for Indians. Seeds are also rich in iron, iodine, essential amino acids like lycine, tyrocene, cystine and arginine. The outer seed layer along with the kernel part provides a valuable feed/concentrate to milch cattle. The husk of pods and leaves constitute a valuable cattle fodder. The dry sticks of the plant are used for fuel, thatches, storage bins (baskets) making etc. 3.2 NUTRITIVE VALUE

Protein 22.3 % Calcium 73 mg/100 g Fat 1.7 % Phosphorus 304 mg/100 g Minerals 3.5 % Iron 5.8 mg/100 g Dietary Fiber 1.5 % Calorific value 335 Kcal/100 g Carbohydrate 57.6 % Moisture 13.4%

AGRONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE:It is favoured legume as component crop in mixed/intercropping, hedge crop on the rice bunds/ vegetable crops. Pigeonpea is a choice crop for improving soil characteristics due to deep tap root system with valuable properties and bed of fallen leaves besides restorer of nitrogen to the tune of 6-69 kg N/ha in a long duration pigeonpea over a period of 40 weeks (Kumar Rao and Dart., 1987, ICRISAT).

3.3 GROWTH RATE From 1980-81 to 2009-10, the total acreage under pulses has almost slightly (+) being showed, however, the maximum growth rate in area and producton was recorded with 35% & 79% during 2016-17. The highest area (5.39 million ha), production (4.60 million tonnes) and productivity (854 kg/ha) was also recorded during the same period. (Table 3.1).


(TABLE-3.1): GROWTH RATE OF PIGEONPEA (A- Million ha, P- Million tones, Y-kg/ha, Growth Rate (GR)- %)


Year Pigeonpea Area GR Production GR Yield GR

1980-81 2.84

1.96

689

1985-86 3.18 12.0 2.44 24.7 767 11.3

1990-91 3.59 12.8 2.42 -1.0 673 -12.3

1995-96 3.45 -4.1 2.31 -4.4 670 -0.4

1996-97 3.51 1.9 2.66 15.2 757 13.0

1997-98 3.36 -4.4 1.85 -30.5 551 -27.3

1998-99 3.44 2.4 2.71 46.4 787 43.0

1999-00 3.43 -0.4 2.69 -0.5 786 -0.2

2000-01 3.63 6.0 2.25 -16.6 618 -21.3

2001-02 3.33 -8.4 2.26 0.6 679 9.8

2002-03 3.36 0.9 2.19 -3.3 651 -4.2

2003-04 3.52 4.7 2.36 7.8 670 3.0

2004-05 3.52 0.1 2.35 -0.4 667 -0.5

2005-06 3.58 1.8 2.74 16.7 765 14.6

2006-07** 3.56 -0.5 2.31 -15.5 650 -15.0

2007-08 3.73 4.6 3.08 32.9 826 27.1

2008-09 3.38 -9.3 2.27 -26.3 671 -18.8

2009-10 3.47 2.6 2.46 8.8 711 6.0

2010-11 4.37 26.0 2.86 16.1 655 -7.9

2011-12 4.01 -8.2 2.65 -7.2 662 1.1

2012-13 3.89 -2.9 3.02 13.9 776 17.2

2013-14 3.90 0.3 3.17 5.0 813 4.7

2014-15 3.85 -1.3 2.81 -11.6 729 -10.4

2015-16 3.96 2.8 2.56 -8.8 646 -11.3

2016-17 5.39 35.9 4.60 79.6 854 32.1


(TABLE-3.2): PER CENT SHARE TO TOTAL PULSES (Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha)

Year

Tur Total Pulses % Share to Total Pulses A P Y A P Y A P YI

1980-81 28.42 19.57 689 224.45 106.24 473 12.7 18.4 145 1990-91 35.93 24.17 673 372.55 203.68 547 9.6 11.9 123 1995-96 34.47 23.09 670 331.77 170.10 513 10.4 13.6 131 2000-01 36.32 22.46 618 203.48 110.75 544 17.8 20.3 114 2001-02 33.28 22.6 679 220.08 133.68 607 15.1 16.9 112 2002-03 33.59 21.86 651 204.96 111.25 543 16.4 19.6 120 2003-04 35.16 23.56 670 234.58 149.05 635 15.0 15.8 105 2004-05 35.19 23.47 667 227.63 131.30 577 15.5 17.9 116 2005-06 35.81 27.38 765 223.91 133.84 598 16.0 20.5 128 2006-07 35.62 23.14 650 231.92 141.98 612 15.4 16.3 106 2007-08 37.26 30.76 826 236.33 147.62 625 15.8 20.8 132 2008-09 33.78 22.66 671 220.94 145.66 659 15.3 15.6 102 2009-10 34.66 24.65 711 232.82 146.62 630 14.9 16.8 113 2010-11 43.67 28.61 655 264.02 182.41 691 16.5 15.7 95 2011-12 40.07 26.54 662 244.62 170.89 699 16.4 15.5 95 2012-13 38.93 30.23 776 232.57 183.42 789 16.7 16.5 98 2013-14 39.04 31.74 813 252.18 192.55 764 15.5 16.5 106 2014-15 38.54 28.07 729 235.53 171.52 728 16.4 16.4 100 2015-16 39.63 25.61 646 249.11 163.48 656 15.9 15.7 98 2016-17 53.87 45.99 854 292.77 224.01 765 18.4 20.5 112


3.4 IMPORT/EXPORT IMPORT:The import of pulses in India during April, 2014 to March, 2015 was 5.75 lakh tonnes worth Rs.2635.85 croreagainst the value of Rs.17196.87 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.121319.02 crore fortotal agricultural imports and against Rs.2737086.58 crore for total National Import. The import during April, 2015 to March, 2016 was 4.63 lakh tonnes worth Rs.3318.23 crore against the import value of Rs. 26841.87 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.140288.69 crore for total agricultural import and Rs.2490298.08 crore for total National import respectively. The share of Pigeonpea import to Agricultural import was 2.17% and 2.37% respectively during April, 2014 to March, 2015 and April, 2015 to March, 2016. EXPORT:The pulses export of the country during April, 2014 to March, 2015 was 0.012 lakh tonnes worth Rs.8.82 crore against the value of Rs. 59500.54 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.239681.04 crore for total agricultural exports and against Rs.1896445.47 crore for total National export.The export during April, 2015 to March, 2016 was 0.040 lakh tonnes worth Rs.52.55 crore against the export value of Rs. 42622.29 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.215395.68 crore for total agricultural export and Rs.1716378.05 crore for total National export respectively during this period. The share of Pigeonpea export to Agricultural export was 0.004% and 0.024% respectively during April, 2014 to March, 2015 and April, 2015 to March, 2016.


(TABLE-3.3): IMPORTING & EXPORTING COUNTRIES (Quantity-Thousand Tonnes)

S.No. IMPORT EXPORT

Country Avg.* % Share Country Avg.* % Share

1 Myanmar 235.51 44.05 U S A 0.90 25.50 2 Tanzania Rep 131.21 24.54 U K 0.62 17.54 3 Mozambique 94.70 17.71 U Arab EMTS 0.50 14.17 4 Malawi 38.39 7.18 Canada 0.41 11.64 5 Sudan 17.00 3.18 Singapore 0.21 5.98 6 Kenya 11.15 2.09 Mozambique 0.16 4.60 7 Uganda 4.38 0.82 Thailand 0.16 4.58 8 Nigeria 1.26 0.23 Brunei 0.11 3.20 9 Benin 0.22 0.04 Malaysia 0.09 2.67 10 Afghanistan Tis 0.21 0.04 Saudi Arab 0.07 1.86 11 Canada 0.18 0.03 Australia 0.06 1.76 12 Australia 0.12 0.02 Angola 0.04 1.26 13 Malaysia 0.10 0.02 Sri Lanka DSR 0.04 1.16 14 Sri Lanka Dsr 0.09 0.02 Kuwait 0.03 0.75 15 Ethiopia 0.06 0.01 Tanzania Rep 0.02 0.57 16 U Arab Emts 0.03 0.01 Korea RP 0.02 0.43 17 U S A 0.03 0.005 New Zealand 0.01 0.33 18

Qatar 0.01 0.31 19 Congo D Rep. 0.01 0.25 20 Others 0.05 1.42

Total 534.62

Total 3.53

Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry; Aveg.*- 2012-13 to 2016-17.

3.5 PRODUCTION TRENDS 3.5.1 GLOBAL SCENARIO India rank first in area (79%) and production (67%) at Global level. Mynmar stands second position in area (8.70 %) followed by Kenya (3.93 %) respectively. Tanzania occupy forth position in area (3.56 %) and 5th position in production (2.48%). In productivity, Saint Vincent & Grenadines ranked first with 7926 kg/ha followed by Trinidad &Tobago(4103 kg/ha) and Malawi (4100 kg/ha). While, India’s productivity is only 587 kg/ha. (TABLE–3.4): GLOBAL RANKING: MAJOR COUNTIES

(Area-Lakh ha, Production-Lakh tonnes, Yield- kg/ha) Country Area %Cont. Country Prod. %Cont. Country Yield India 56.02 79.65 India 32.90 67.28 Saint Vincent & Grenadines 7926 Myanmar 6.12 8.70 Myanmar 5.75 11.76 Trinidad & Tobago 4103 Kenya 2.76 3.93 Malawi 3.35 6.85 Malawi 4100 Tanzania 2.51 3.56 Kenya 2.75 5.61 Bangladesh 2500 Haiti 1.11 1.57 Tanzania 2.48 5.07 Philippines 1664 Malawi 0.82 1.16 Haiti 0.90 1.84 Grenada 1451 World 70.33 World 48.90 World 695 India 587

Source: FAO, Statistics 2014


India80%

Myanmar9%

Kenya4%

Tanzania3%

Haiti2%

Malawi1% Others

1%

PIGEONPEA AREA

India67%

Myanmar12%

Malawi7%

Kenya5%

Tanzania5%

Haiti2% Others

2%

PIGEONPEA PRODUCTION


3.5.2 NATIONAL SCENARIO: PLAN PERIODS Plan-wise performance revelaed, the highest area and production increased during XIIth plan over the previous plan period. The details plan-wise performance is given below:


(Area-Million ha, Production-Million Tonnes, Yield-kg/ha) Plan Area %COPP Prod. % COPP Productivity %COPP

Sixth Plan (1980-85) 3.03 2.27 749

Seventh Plan (1985-90) 3.35 10.61 2.49 9.83 744 -0.71

Eighth Plan (1992-97) 3.48 3.75 2.43 -2.59 698 -6.12

Ninth Plan (1997-02) 3.44 -1.13 2.35 -3.12 684 -2.01

Tenth Plan (2002-07) 3.51 2.04 2.39 1.56 681 -0.47

Eleventh Plan (2007-2012) 3.79 8.03 2.66 11.56 703 3.26

Twelfth Plan (2012-2017)* 4.20 10.86 3.23 21.34 770 9.45

Source: DES, Twelfth Plan (2012-2017)*& 2016-17 APY is the IVth Advance Estimate; % COPP is percentage Change over previous plan

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

VIth Plan (1980-85)



IXth Plan (1997-02)

Xth Plan (2002-07)

XIth Plan (2007-2012)


3.03

3.353.48 3.44 3.51

3.79

4.20

2.272.49 2.43 2.35 2.39

2.66

3.23

Plan-wise Scenario : Pigeonpea



3.5.3 STATES’ SCENARIO:PLAN ANALYSIS (Xth –XIIth)

Tenth Plan (2002-2007): The country’s total area coverage and production of tur were

35.07 lakh hectares and 23.88 lakh tonnes respectively. The state-wise trend shows that

Maharashtra ranked first both in respect of area and production (30.87% and 31.30%)

followed by Karnataka (16.00% and 12.12%). The third place occupied by Andhra

Pradesh in area (13.28%) and U.P. (15.15%) in production. The highest yield recorded

by Bihar (1194kg/ha) followed by Haryana (1032 kg/ha) and U.P. (953 kg/ha).The

lowest yield recorded in the state of A.P. (451 kg/ha) followed by Chhattisgarh (482

kg/ha) and Karnataka (515 kg/ha).

Eleventh Plan (2007-2012):The country’s total area coverage and production of tur were


Maharashtra ranked first both in respect of area and production (30.68% and 33.44%)

followed by Karnataka (18.69% and 14.75%). The third place occupied by Andhra

Pradesh in area (13.14%) and U.P. 10.97%) in production. The highest yield recorded by

Bihar (1286 kg/ha) followed by Haryana (1080 kg/ha) and Gujrat (1008 kg/ha). The

lowest yield recorded in the state of A.P. (450 kg/ha) followed by C.G. (491 kg/ha) and

Karnataka (555 kg/ha).

Twelfth Plan (2012-2017): The country’s total area coverage and production of tur were


Maharashtra ranked first both in respect of area and production (30.00% and 28.90%).

Madhya Pradesh stood second position in production (16.09%) followed by Karnataka

(15.68%). The third place occupied by Madhya Pradesh (13.26%) in area. The highest

yield recorded by Bihar (1679 kg/ha) followed by Haryana (1047 kg/ha) and Gujrat

(1103 kg/ha). The lowest yield observed in the state of A.P. (488 kg/ha) followed by

C.G. (597 kg/ha) and Karnataka (621 kg/ha).

The overall trend of area, production and yield shown increasing trend during the last

three Plan Period.


(TABLE-3.6): PLAN-WISE STATES’ SCENARIO: MAJOR STATES

(Area-Lakh ha, Production-Lakh tonnes, Yield- kg/ha) State Xth Plan % to AI XIth Plan % to AI XIIth Plan % to AI

A.P A 4.66 13.28 4.98 13.14 2.21 5.27 P 2.10 8.78 2.24 8.39 1.08 3.34 Y 451 450 639 488

Bihar A 0.36 1.04 0.28 0.73 0.22 0.52 P 0.43 1.79 0.36 1.35 0.37 1.13 Y 1194 1286 1679

Chattisgarh A 0.56 1.59 0.55 1.46 0.58 1.38 P 0.27 1.13 0.27 1.03 0.35 1.07 Y 482 491 597

Gujarat A 2.81 8.02 2.64 6.96 2.43 5.79 P 2.38 9.95 2.66 9.97 2.68 8.29 Y 847 1008 1103

Haryana A 0.31 0.87 0.25 0.67 0.10 0.24 P 0.32 1.32 0.27 1.02 0.10 0.32 Y 1032 1080 1047

Jharkhand A 0.78 2.21 1.00 2.64 1.96 4.66 P 0.55 2.30 0.77 2.89 1.97 6.11 Y 705 770 1008

Karnataka A 5.61 16.00 7.08 18.69 8.17 19.44 P 2.89 12.12 3.93 14.75 5.07 15.68 Y 515 555 621

Madhya Prd. A 3.18 9.07 4.06 10.72 5.57 13.26 P 2.32 9.71 2.57 9.63 5.20 16.09 Y 730 633 934

Maharashtra A 10.83 30.87 11.62 30.68 12.60 30.00 P 7.47 31.30 8.91 33.44 9.34 28.90 Y 690 767 741

Odisha A 1.29 3.69 1.37 3.62 1.38 3.29 P 0.93 3.88 1.16 4.37 1.23 3.80 Y 721 847 888

Punjab A 0.08 0.24 0.05 0.13 0.03 0.08 P 0.07 0.31 0.04 0.17 0.03 0.09 Y 875 800 893

Rajasthan A 0.18 0.52 0.19 0.51 0.15 0.35 P 0.11 0.46 0.13 0.50 0.11 0.35 Y 611 684 755

Tamilnadu A 0.39 1.12 0.32 0.83 0.58 1.38 P 0.24 0.99 0.23 0.86 0.53 1.63 Y 615 719 909

Telangana A 3.20 2.79 6.64 P 1.21 1.44 4.46 Y 378 517


All India A 35.07 37.89 42.00 P 23.88 26.64 32.33 Y 681 703 770



MS30%

Karnataka20%

MP13%

UP7%

Telangana7%

Gujarat6%

A.P5%

Jharkhand5%

Odisha3%

CG1% Others

3%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan) : Tur Area

MS29%

MP16%

Karnataka16%

Gujarat8%

UP8%

Jharkhand6%

Telangana4%

Odisha4%

A.P3%

TN2% Others

4%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan) : Tur Production


3.5.4 DISTRICT SCENARIO (2012-13) – POTENTIAL DISTRICTS The intra-state analysis at the district level is presented in Table – 3.7. Inter-district analysis across the country revealed that the highest area and production of pigeonpea is in Prakasam district of A.P. which are 1.45 per cent and 1.25 per cent respectively of country’s total tur area and production followed by Kurnool, AP (1.30 % and 0.81 %), Betul, MP (0.66% and 0.67%), Fatehpur (0.49 % and 0.62%) and Hamirpur (0.44% and 0.55%) of UP. District-wise area, production and yield of top ten districts of India in respect of production are presented below which together contribute to 6.05 per cent and 6.21 per cent of area and production of the country. The yield of Potential districts recorded higher than the National average yield except, Prakasham and Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh.

(TABLE–3.7): TOP POTENTIAL DISTRICTS (2012-13)

{Area-Lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tonnes, Yield-kg/ha} Sr. No.

Name of District

State Area Prod. Yield Area % to

India Prod. % to

India Yield YI

I Prakasam A.P. 0.566 1.45 0.377 1.25 666 86 II Kurnool A.P. 0.504 1.30 0.245 0.81 485 62 III Betul M.P. 0.257 0.66 0.202 0.67 788 101 IV Fatehpur U.P. 0.192 0.49 0.187 0.62 973 125 V Hamirpur U.P. 0.173 0.44 0.167 0.55 965 124 VI Seoni M.P. 0.157 0.40 0.161 0.53 1028 132 VII Sonbhadra U.P. 0.131 0.34 0.141 0.47 1079 139 VIII Mirzapur U.P. 0.130 0.33 0.139 0.46 1069 138 IX Jabalpur M.P. 0.114 0.29 0.136 0.45 1187 153 X Morena M.P. 0.131 0.34 0.122 0.40 936 120

Total above 2.35 6.05 1.88 6.21 797 103

All India 38.930 30.230 777 Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2016.DES, Ministry of Agri.&FW(DAC&FW), Govt. of India.

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

Prakasam Kurnool Betul Fatehpur Hamirpur Seoni Sonbhadra Mirzapur Jabalpur Morena

District Scenario (2012-13) : Tur (APY)- Top ten district

Area(lakh ha) Prod.(lakh Tonnes) Yield (tonnes/ha)


(TABLE-3.8): STATE-WISE YIELD GAP AND ADDITIONAL RETURN

(Yield: kg/ha; Return: Rs./ha.) State Yield (kg/ha) Gap over FP Gap over

SAY Yield

2016-17 * Additional return by bridging yield

gap (Rs/ha) IP FP SAY Actual % Actual % FP SAY

AP 1953 1498 493 455 30 1460 296 376 25025 80300 Bihar 2082 1765 1669 317 18 413 25 1561 17435 22715 Gujarat 1442 1098 1092 344 31 350 32 1105 18902 19250 Haryana 1897 1530 1104 368 24 793 72 915 20222 43633 Jharkhand 1513 1192 987 322 27 526 53 1043 17692 28948 Karnataka 1017 812 557 205 25 460 83 713 11293 25318 MP 1336 1043 819 293 28 517 63 1133 16097 28417 Maharashtra 1189 930 692 259 28 497 72 906 14263 27335 Nagaland 1191 702 891 489 70 300 34 0 26895 16482 Punjab 1542 1282 944 260 20 598 63 825 14300 32890 Odisha 1236 888 880 348 39 356 40 848 19140 19553 Rajasthan 750 632 703 118 19 47 7 879 6490 2585 Telangana 1518 1112 457 407 37 1061 232 555 22367 58373 TN 965 808 940 157 19 25 3 745 8653 1393 Tripura 895 616 716 279 45 179 25 0 15345 9827 UP 1773 1339 867 434 32 906 104 994 23852 49812

Average 1394 1078 863 316 29 530 61 787 17373 29177 Source-Annual Report- 2016-17, GoI, DPD, Bhopal (Ave. 2013-14 to 2015-16) State Average Yield - E&S (Ave. 2011-12 to 2015-16) *Third Advance Estimates2016-17 IP: Improved Practise FP: Farmers Practise SAY: State Avergae Yield

3.6 PIGEONPEA AGRONOMY 3.6.1 ECONOMIC CLASSIFICATION Based on plant and pod character and maturity duration, Arhar belongs to two groups. i) Cajanus cajan var. bicolor-group includes late maturing types with tall and bushy character.

Flowers are yellow with purple streaked at the end of the branch. The standard which is largest of five petals in the flower possesses red veins on the dorsal side. Pods are relatively longer dark in colour with 4-5 seeds inside.

ii) Cajanus cajan var. flavus- group includes early maturing varieties with shorter bushy plant types having flowers at several points along the branches. Flowers are yellow and pods are plain, shorter with 2-3 seeds inside.

On the basis of crop duration, there are three distinct groups: (i) early duration - 100 to 150 days, (ii) medium duration -150-180 days, and (iii) late duration - 180-300 days.

3.6.2 BOTANICAL DECRIPTION:Thepigeonpea has its origin in India. The plant is an erect shrub with considerable variation in height from 1-4 metre, depending upon the variety, growing season and management practices. Branching mostly begins from 6th to 10th node i.e. from 15-25 cm above ground. Leaves are trifoliately compound with central leaflets, longer than laterals. Inflorescence is axillary raceme often forming a terminal panicle, open in the evening and remain open for whole night and up to noon of the next day. Self-pollination is a general rulebefore opening the flowers. However, cross-pollination may also occur to some extent; PodLength varies from 5-10 cm and width from 0.6 to 0.9 cm and colour variation from green to dark brown; Seeds are round or lens shaped with colour variationfrom dirty white to silver white, light


brown to chestnut brown and dark mottled brown to pinkish black with yellow cotyledons;Root Systemconsists of a well developed central tap root with numerous secondary and lateral branches bearing nodules. Usually tall and upright variety produce longer and more deeply penetrating roots whereas spreading type produce shallower, more spreading and denser roots.

3.6.3 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY • Soil & Field preparation: It is successfully grown in black cotton soils, well drained with a pH

ranging from 7.0-8.5. Pigeonpea responds well to properly tilled and well drained seedbed. A deep ploughing with soil turning plough in fallow/waste lands, zero tillage sowing under intensive cropping system and Broad Bed Furrow/Ridge-furrow planting in low lying as well as intercropping areas is recommended. Raised Bed method of planting by dibbling at 2 inches depth with Row to Row distance 4 to 5 feet also 15 feet gap (2 pairs of Tur on bed) under intercropping of soybean under transplanting (Dharwad method/SPI), 5X3 and 3X1.5 feet spacing is recommended.

• Climate: The crop prefers warm tropical and subtropical climate with fairly moist and warm weather during vegetative period. During the flowering and ripening stages, it requires bright sunny weather for setting of fruits. Temperature requirement varies from 30-350C for germination, 20-250C for active growth, 15-180C during flowering and pod setting and 35-400C at maturity. The crop is highly susceptible to frost at the time of flowering. Cloudy weather and excessive rainfall at flowering time damage the crop to a great extent.

• Sowing time: Early arhar should be sown in first fortnight of June with pre-sowing irrigation, so

that the succeeding crop can be sown with the least delay. Late sowing crop is more likely to be damaged by frost in northern parts of India. However, under rainfed conditions sowing may be done immediately after soil saturating rains (10-15 cm) have started. In diara lands which are prone to flood, sowing must be delayed by mid September.

• Sowing Method:Three systems of sowings are practiced for pigeon pea. The common is flat

sowing, the other methods are broadbed-furrow (BBF) for extra-early group and ridge-and-furrow for the late maturity group.

- Bund Plantation of Pigeonpea: To meet the pigeonpea dal requirement, instead of growing a

sole/ mixed crop farmers opt for bund-cropping in rice growing areas in Bihar, Orissa, Chhatttisgadh etc. Such pigeonpea growing areas and mixed cropping areas are not accounted in total cropped area under pigeonpea.Delayed cropping is required under aberrant rainfall condition. So, under compulsion farmers may select suitable varieties

- Transplanting of Pigeonpea:Apprehension of crop failure due to delayed monsoon can be managed or avoided by transplanting of pigeonpea. Before the onset of monsoon seedling can be made ready, thus saving 30 to 35 days of seedling stage and crop duration. It gives higher yields with minimized plant population, which is also effective for agronomic management. However, watering need to be ensured at transplanting stage. This technology has a limitation that cannot be adopted at large scale due to lack of irrigation facilities.


• Seed Rate & Spacing: The seeding rate of pigeon pea depends on the desired plant density for a genotype (early, medium or late), cropping system (pure crop, mixed crop, or inter crop), germination rate of seed and mass of seed.

Early Maturing Var. - 20-25 kg/ha (Row to Row-45-60 cm & Plant to Plant-10-15 cm) Medium/Late Maturing Var.- 15-20 kg/ha (Row to Row- 60-75 & Plant to Plant-15-20 cm) • Seed Treatment: Fungicide: Thiram (2gm) + Carbendazim (1gm) or Thiram @ 3 gm or

Tricoderma virdie 5-7g /kg of seed; Culture: Rhizobium and PSB culture 7-10 g /kg seed.

• Varieties: The variety may be selectedas per the adaptability to the region, agro-eco sitiation, sowing time and the cropping system (Table –3.11).

• Pigeonpea Varieties identified for delayed planting

Date of sowing Promising, Genotypes Zone Normal 20 July, Late 9 Aug., (20 days) JKM 189, Asha, BSMR 853 CZ Normal July 5, Late Aug., 8 (30-35 days) TTB 7, LRG 30, LRG 38, LRG 41, WRP 1 SZ Normal 25 July,Late 31Aug., (30-35 days) Azad NEPZ Pre rabi/post rainy season From 1st to 15th September

DA 11, NDA 2, Pusa 9, Bahar NEPZ

• Cropping system: The space between the rows could be profitably utilized by growing short duration crops such as urd, moong, cowpea, etc; Important cropping systems followed are: Maize–Pigeonpea (Rabi); ii) Pigeonpea-Urd-Wheat; iii) Pigeonpea-Sugarcane; iv) Mung + Pigeonpea-Wheat; v) Pigeonpea (early)-Potato-urdbean. • State-Wise Prevalent Cropping System Cropping System States Medium/late pigeonpea (sole cropping) U.P., Bihar, Karnataka, M.P. Pigeonpea – wheat Haryana, Punjab, U.P, north Rajasthan Early pigeonpea + groundnut A.P., Gujarat, T.N. Late/medium pigeonpea +sorghum/soybean M.P., Western U.P., Maharastra, T.N Cotton+ Pigeonpea Maharashtra, A.P., Gujarat, TN Maize- rabi pigeonpea UP., north Bihar, W.B., Assam

• Intercropping: Pigeonpea is commonly intercropped with a wide range of crops. In India, it was estimated that 80 - 90 % of the pigeonpea were intercropped: a) With cereals (sorghum, maize, pearl millet, finger millet and rain-fed rice). b) With legumes (groundnut, cowpea, mung bean, black gram, soybean). c) With long-season annuals (caster, cotton, sugarcane, and cassava).


• State-wise recommended Inter-Cropping States Inter-cropping

Central & Southern States Bihar/ UP Jharkhand Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Gujarat, Telangana, MS M.P, A.P, and Gujarat

Tur+Sorghum/Pearlmillet/ G.Nut/ Horsegram/ Cpowpea/ Castor/Urd/Mung/Soybean Tur + Rice/Pearlmillet/ Sorghum/ Castor/Maize /Urd/Mung Tur + Groundnut Tur + G.Nut/Castor Tur+ Horsegram/G.Nut/Cowpea/Millets Tur + Cotton/Soybean/Sorghum/Maize Tur + Maize/Bajra

• Zone wise varieties suitable for Inter Cropping Pigeonpea Varieties Associated Crop Zone Paras. AL 1455, Pusa 992 Urdbean, mungbean NWPZ Asha (ICPL 87119) JKM 7, GT 101, BSMR 853, JKM 189, BSMR 736

Urdbean, mungbean, Soybean, Groundnut maize, Sorghum

CZ

TTB 7, JKM 186 CO 6, LRG 41, WRG 27 Urdbean, mungbean, Groundnut, Ragi

SZ

NDA1, Pusa 9 Urdbean, mungbean, maize NEPZ

• Water management: Being a deep rooted crop, it can tolerate drought. In crop planted in June, one or two pre-monsoon irrigations should be given as per requirement. After the start of monsoon, there is no need to irrigation but in case of prolonged drought during the reproductive period of growth, one or two irrigations may be needed.A pre-requisite for the success of arhar is proper drainage. Ridge planting is effective in areas where sub-surface drainage is poor. This provides enough aeration for the roots during the period of excess rainfall. During rainy season, water should not stand anywhere in the field.

• Plant Nutrient Management: Apply 25-30 kg N, 50-75 Kg P2O5, 30 kg K2O and 10-15 kg ZnSO4 in one ha area as dose. Apply 20 kg S per ha in addition to NP at the time of sowing. For correcting Zn deficiency, foliar spray of 0.5 kg ZnSO4 with 0.25 kg lime or soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg per ha to one crop on Zn deficient soils is helpful to both the crop of pulse based cropping system.Mo deficiency can be corrected by applying 1 kg sodium molybdate per ha and for boron deficient soils foliar spray of B @ 1.0 – 1.5 kg B per ha or soil application of 4 kg borax. Spray 1.0 per cent FeSO4 to recoup the crop from Fe deficiency. Application of fertilizer is based on soil testing. Plant Nutrient Management in intercropping system: Application of full dose of nutrients to cereal component of pigeonpea intercrop (N60P40) along with full dose of fertilizers for pigeonpea (N18P40), has been found beneficial. In irrigated pigeonpea-cereal intercrop, the N should be split into two doses.

• Weed management: Weeds poses serious problem during rainy season by robbing the crop of

precious nutrients and moisture and also give shelter to various insects and pests. The period of early 60 days is very critical for weed management point of view. Therefore, field should be


kept free from weeds by giving two weeding through hand or wheel hoe at 25-30 and 45-50 days after sowing, respectively. If manual weeding is not possible either due to continuous rains or non availability of labour etc., weeds can also be manage successfully by using either of any one herbicides @ of 1 kg a.i./ha viz. Metachlor, Oxadiazon and Pendimithalin as pre-emergence spray or Basaline as pre-plant incorporation in soil.

• Weed management in intercropping system: An initial 45 and 30 days after sowing period is

found very critical for severe weed crop competition causing a loss of about 46 % and 34% in NWPZ, 73% and 81% in CZ and 43 and 56% in NEPZ for pigeonpea intercropping with cereals and short duration pulses like green gram/black gram/cow pea/soybean, respectively.

Besides manual weeding with hand or wheel hoe, weeds may also be effectively controlled in pigeonpea intercropping system with pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.5 – 1 kg a.i./ha depending upon weed intensity and soil type. Application of Quizalofop ethyl 100 g a.i./ha 15 to 20 DAS controls annual grasses and Imazethapyr 50-100 a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS for wide spectrum of weeds.

• Harvesting, Threshing & Storage: With two third to three fourth pods at maturity judged by

changing their colour to brown is the best harvesting time. The plants are usually cut with a sickle within 75-25 cm above the ground.

Harvested plants should be left in the field for sun drying for 3-6 days depending on season. Threshing is done either by beating the pods with stick or using Pullman thresher. The proportion of seed to pods is generally 50-60%

The clean seeds should be sun dried for 3-4 days to bring their moisture content at 9-10% to safely store in appropriate bins. To avoid further development of bruchids and other storage pests, it is recommended to fumigate the storage material before onset of monsoon and again after the monsoon with ALP @ 1-2 tablets per tonne. The small quantity of the produce can also be protected by mixing inert material (soft stone, lime, ash, etc) or by smearing edible/non-edible vegetable oils or by mixing plant products like neem leaf powder at the rate of 1-2% w/w basis.

• Yield: 15-30 qtls of grain (depending upon maturity group of variety and climate) and 50- 60

qtls of sticks for fuel, as well.


3.6.4 PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES A. Disease The important diseases of Pigeon pea are Wilt, Sterility mosaic disease, Phytophthora blight, Alternaria blight, Powdery mildew.Symptoms of these disease and their suitable control measures are given below: i) Wilt Symptoms:Xylem gradually develops black streaks, dark purple bands appear on thestem surface plants extending upwards from the base. Main stem of such plants is split open, intensiveblackening of the xylem can be seen. In humid weather, a pinkish mycelial growth is commonly observed the basalportions of the wilted plants.It may be seenin seedling, flowering & vegetative stage. Control Measures i) Seed Treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 10 g/kg of seed or Thirum (2 gm) + Carbendazim (1gm)/kg of seed; ii) Soil application-T. viride–2.5 kg/ha + 50 kg of well decomposed FYM or sand at 30 days after sowing; iii) Mixed cropping with sorghum; iv) Uproot wilted plants; v) Avoid over or under watering plants; vi) Grow resistant varieties like Amar, Azad, Asha (IPCL-87119), Maruthi, C-11, BDN-1, BDN-2, NP-5, JKM-189, C-11, JKM-7, BSMR-853 & BSMR-736 etc.

ii) Sterility mosaic disease Symptoms:It is caused by mosaic virus & spread from plant to plant under field conditions through Eriophyid mite. Leaves become small and cluster near branch tips& reduced in size. Plants are pale green and bushy in appearance, without of flowers and pods. Diseased plants are usually in groups. It may be seenin Vegetative growth & Pre-flowers stage. Control Measures Spray Fenazaquin 10 EC (Magister) @ 1 ml/liter of water on 45 and 60 DAS; ii) Rogue out the infected plants in the early stages of growth; iii) Crop rotation with non host crop like,tobacco, sorghum, pearl millet, cotton; iv) Grow resistant varieties like Pusa-885, Asha, Sharad (DA11),Narendra Arhar1, Bahar, BSMR-853, BSMR 736, Rajeev Lochan, BDN-708.

iii) Phytophthora blight Symptoms:Foliage blight symptoms are circular or irregular water soaked lesions on leaves.The lesions on stems and branchesincreases rapidly, girdles, cracks and dries the stem.Infected stem and branches break easily in the wind. Control Measures i) Seed treated with Metalaxyl 35 WS @3 g/kg of seed; ii) Good drainage in the fields and the plants should be protected from stem injury; iii) Crop rotation should be followed; iv) Grow resistant varieties like ICPL 7916/ 12055/12114/12161, JKM-189, JA-4 etc.


iv) Alternaria blight Symptoms:Symptoms appear on all aerial part of plants are small, circular, necrotic spots that develop quickly, forming typical concentric rings. The spots are initially light brown and later turn dark brown. In severe infection, defoliation and drying of infected leaves, branches and flower buds. Control Measures Spray the crop with Mancozeb 75 WP @ 2 g/liter or Carbendazim 50 WP @ 1g/liter of water; ii)Cultivation of pigeonpea on ridges with proper drainage system and avoiding the sowing in heavy soil helpful in disease management; iii) Grow resistant varieties like DA- 2,MA 128-1, MA 128-2.

B. INSECT-PEST i) Pod borers Nature of Damage: It is widely distributed and is the most injurious pest of early and medium maturing varieties. The larvae, after hatching, feed on tender leaves and twigs but a pod formation they puncture pods and feed on developing grains. It may be seen in vegetative & podding stage. Control Measures Use H. armigera pheromone trap @ 12/ha; ii) Spray the crop with Emamectin benzoate 5% SG @220 g/ha. or Indoxacarb 15.8% SC @333 ml/ha; iii) The caterpillar should be picked by hand after shaking the plants and destroyed in the early stages of attack.

ii) Tur Pod fly Nature of damage: Stripes can be seen on the surface of the affected grains, while the attacked pods are somewhat twisted or deformed. In case of severe damage, as many as 80 per cent pods and 60 per cent grains may be damaged. Control Measures Spraying Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5 per cent at 50% flowering stage to manage the insect’s populations; ii) Pest can be controlled by spraying the crop with Lemda Cyhalothrin 5 EC 400-500 ml in 800-1000 litres of water per hectare. iii) Plume Moth Nature of damage: The larvae damagedseeds as wellcause flowers, buds and pods to drop. The caterpillar is greenish-brown in color and fringed with short hairs and spines. It also enters into the pod and feeds on developing grains. Control Measures i) Apply the Neem oil 2%; ii) Spray the crop with Azadirachtin 0.03 % WSP 2500-5000 g/ha or Emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 220 g/ha or Indoxacarb 15.8% SC @ 333 ml/ha.


iv) Pod-sucking bugs Nature of damage:Damaged seeds become shriveled, and developdark patches. Shedding of green pods. Control Measures Soil application of carbofuran 3G @ 15 kg/ha at sowing; ii) Spray the crop with HaNPV 3 x1012 POB/ha in 0.1% teepol; ii) Immature bugs can be handpicked and destroyed; iii) The main natural enemies of bugs are egg parasitoids, ants and birds reported reduce feeding by green shield bugs; iv) Spraying with aromatic plants (e.g. gums, lantana, Neem-based pesticides).

3.7 RECOMMENDATION TO ACHIEVED HIGHER PRODUCTION

• Deep summer ploughing once in 3 years. • Application of fertilizer should be based on soil test value. • Seed treatment should be done before sowing. • Use wilt and Sterility Mosaic disease (SMD) resistant /tolerant varieties BSMR 736, 853,

846, ICPL 96053, BDN 2010, ICPL 43, 44, IPA 203, 204, 234 and IPH 09-5 as per suitability of region.( IIPR AICRP Pigeonpea).

• Wilt resistant varieties VL Arhar -1, Vipula, JKM -189, G.T.-101, Pusa 991, Azad (K-91-25), BSMR-736, MA-6 etc.

• Use hybrid varieties PPH -4, ICPH-8, IPH 09-5, ICPH -2740 as per suitability of region. • Weed control should be done at right time. • Adopt integrated approach for plant protection.


3.8 HYBRID PIGEONPEA In pulses, self-pollination is a rule and pigeonpea is no exception. However under field conditions, occurrence of hybrid plants in the populations is not uncommon; and it happens due to some degree of natural out-crossing that took place in the preceding generation. Consequently the crop is considered as partially cross pollinated. Traditionally high yielding purelines vis-a-vis single plant selections of different maturity groups have been developed through exploitation of pedigree selection. But in pigeonpea, genetics of yield and yield governing traits offer new niches for exploitations of hybrid-vigour. For commercial hybrid seed production in crop, there are two main prerequisites: (i) efficient mass pollen transfer mechanism (ii) stable male-sterile source. The hybrid pigeonpea R&D program is supported by Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmer’s Welfare, Govt. of India, under National Food Security Mission and ICRISAT’s Hybrid Parents Research Consortium. a) GMS Based Hybrids:Natural cross-pollination in pigeonpea was witnessed as early as 1919 but could not be exploited in commercial hybrid seed breeding due to non-availabilty of suitable male sterile source. In the recent past the genetic male sterlity system in Pigeonpea has been identified and exploited for commercial hybrid by public sector. The GMS based hybrid developed are given below. • GMS BASED PIGEONPEA HYBRIDS

Hybrid Source/Public sector Institution ICPH-8 ICRISAT, Hyderabad PPH 4 PAU, Ludhiana COPH1 TNAU, Coimbatore AKPH 4101 PDKV, Akola AKPH 2012 PDKV, Akola

The above hybrids, however, could not be popularized due to seed production constraints, besides problem related to seed purity concern and economic feasibility. As an ongoing programme on agriculture research and development, sincere efforts have been made in 1994, when the work of identification of CGMS system under ICAR and NATP programme has been initiated. b) CGMS Based Hybrids:Stable Cytoplasmic Genetic Male sterile lines ("A" lines) along with their maintainer line ("B" lines) and appropriate fertility restorer lines, with better combining ability for yield, have already been developed ("R" lines). By exploiting A, B and R lines, biotic and abiotic stresses resistant hybrids with yield superiority over best check are being developed. These hybrids have given better results in terms of yield and earlyness. It is beyond doubt that the area, production and productivity shall enhance by adoption of hybrids based on CGMS systems. CGMS based HybridGTH-1 developed by SKAU, SK Nagar (Gujarat), has recently been released for cultivation.


• CMS BASED PIGEONPEA HYBRIDS Hybrid Source/Public sector Institution ICPH-2671 ICRISAT, Hyderabad

ICPH- 2740 ICRISAT, Hyderabad

c) Package and Practices of Hybrid Seed Production

The package manual being developed by Dr. A.N. Tikle, Senior Scientist, Pigeonpea breeder, RVSKVV, Gwalior on Hybrid Seed Production is reproduced below:

• Selection of field:Select field where pigeonpea was not grown in the previous season.

Pigeonpea hybrid and parents seed production should be taken in medium to light soil with

good drainage facility.

• Isolation requirement:Hybrid seed production field must be isolated by about 200 m from

other pigeonpea fields.

• Sowing time:Onset of monsoon (IIndfortnight of June –Istweek of July) or sowing time may

be delayed by 10-15 days as late season planting showed relatively short plant height.

• Seed rate Female -6-8 kg/ha (seed drill)or1 kg/ha (hand dibbling) for medium maturing hybrid

Male -2-3 kg/ha (seed drill) or 1-1.5 kg/ha (hand dibbling) for medium maturing hybrid.

• Seed Treatment:Vitavax 2.5 g + Trichoderma 5 g/kg of seed.

• Plant spacing and depth:90 cm between rows and 30 cm within rows, whereas in late sown

condition the row to row distance can be reduced. Two seeds may be placed 4-5 cm deep in

the soil on raised hill. Only one plant should be allowed to grow per hill which enables easy

monitoring.

• Row ratio of A-line and R-line:Seed should be sown in the row ratio of 4:2 of A-line and R-

line for hybrid seed production. It is advisable to sow 2-4 border rows of R-line in periphery

of seed plot for abundance of pollen availability for enhancing pollen load. A-line should be

demarketed by sowing of soybean within the rows of A-line.

- Thinning and re-sowing: It should be completed within 15 days after germination.

- Inter-culturing & weeding: Crop should be kept weed free by 2-4 inter-culture operation by

Kolpa and hand weeding.

- Fertilizer dose: 25:50:20: 20 NPK & ZnSO4 kg/ha basal dose.

- Irrigation: If necessary, crop may be irrigated on critical stages of crop growths viz.,

seedling. However, irrigation at flowering stage increases enhances better pod setting and

seed formation.


• Identification of pollen shedders in CMS (A-) line:

Anthers of the male sterile plants are totally devoid of pollen grains. The sterility is

confirmed at flowering i.e. anthesis. Anthers of A-line are white and translucent type, while

B-line’s anthers are full of pollen grains which can be seen by naked eye in the form of

pollen mass. Pollen shedder plants in A-line may be identified at flower initiation stage and

removed by uprooting the plants.

• Identification of Off-types: a) Pollen shedder plants may be identified as flowers with full of pollen grain;

b) A & B plants are morphologically/phenotypically same except for male sterility;

c) Diagnostic morphological traits are useful in identification of off type plants.

• Rouging:Off–type, rogue and pollen shedder plants are being rouged out regularly at

different plant growth stages to maintain high genetic purity. Rouging in seed production

plots should be carried out first at seedling stage, second at flowering stage, third at pod

setting stage and fourth at physiological maturity stage.

• De-podding:De-podding in male plant rows ensure continuous pollen availability for

subsequent flowering flush for pod setting in A-lines. At 75 % physiological maturity, pods

can be harvested by picking or cutting pod bearing portion of the branches of A-line to

ensure second flowering flush in ratoon crop to give additional seed yield.

• Plant protection measures:First spray of insecticide should be done at flower initiation with

any safer insecticide for pollinators viz., Profenofos 1.5 l/ha or Quinalphos 1l/ha and second

after 10-15 days with Profenofos 1.5 l/ha, Neem kernel extract 5%. If infestation of pod

borer persists, third and fourth spray may be done in the interval of 10-15 days. Sex

pheromone trap 25/ha may be installed across the field. Spraying/dusting of Malathion,

chlorpyriphos, cypermethrin should be avoided.

• Harvesting:

i. Pods of A-lines can be harvested at 75 % physiological maturity by picking or cutting

pod bearing portion of the branches.

ii. R-lines should be harvested before A-lines to avoid admixture in hybrid seed.

iii. Matured pod in A-line should be harvested and threshing should be made separately.

• Grading &packing:Seed should be cleaned and graded as per seed certification standards.

Seed samples should be taken for seed testing and grow out test (GOT) before packing and

labeling.


ICPA 2043 A Certified seed production of hybrid seed in the

Ratio of 4: 2 rows of female (A-lines & R-lines)

Male sterile flower devoid of pollen grains in anther of

A-line Field view of Hybrid seed production of ICPH

2671 3.8.1 CHRONOLOGY OF R&D WORK IN DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID PIGEONPEA Ø In 1991, a milestone in the history of food legume breeding was achieved when the world’s

first pigeonpea hybrid, ICPH 8, was released. Ø ICRISAT and ICAR jointly developed the hybrid using a genetic male-sterility (GMS)

system, although high production costs prevented acceptance by seed producers. Ø In 2005, another breakthrough was achieved when a cytoplasmic nuclear male-sterile (CMS)

hybrid was developed by crossing a wild relative of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajanifolius) and a cultivar.

Ø The new hybrid technology is based on a three line system that includes A-line (male-sterile); B-line (maintainer), and R-line (restorer).

Ø Several experimental hybrids were evaluated at ICRISAT and various ICAR centers, which demonstrated 50-150% superiority in yield over popular varieties.

Ø In over 2000 on-farm trials conducted in five states of India the hybrids ICPH 2671 and ICPH 2740 respectively exhibited 47% and 42% yield advantage over the best local variety.

Ø Seed production of hybrids, mediated by honey bees, is easy. Under congenial growing conditions, 700-1200 kg/ha of hybrid seed was produce.

3.8.2 SCOPE The hybrids having more canopy than traditional varieties, consequently need less per hectare seed rate compensating higher cost of hybrid seed. The hybrids have tremendous scope of popularization in northern and central India and other parts growing wheat crop after harvest of hybrid pigeonpea. Similarly in central and southernpart, early and medium duration hybrids are


likely to play important role in increasing the area under pigeonpea. The cost of cultivation would automatically reduced with the higher production and increase in cropping intensity due to hybrids.

3.9 SITUATIONS/SEASON OF CULTIVATION

3.9.1RABI PIGEONPEA

This is practiced in flood prone areas where fields get flooded or waterlogged during rainy season. The states of U.P. (eastern parts), Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Gujarat C.G and M.P. may exploit this potential with following practices/recommendations, for successful cultivation of rabi pigeonpea. • The sowing must be done in II/III week of September. The crop can also be taken after

harvest of early maize or paddy. • Sowing at closer spacing (30 x 20 cm) having up to 2 lakh plants/ha. • High seed rate of 40-50 kg/ha should be followed. • Sowing depth should not exceed 5 cm. The seed should be treated with culture. • Apply N30P50 (N20P50 basal and N10 top dressing at 30 days after sowing) and also apply 20 kg

ZnSO4 and 10 kg sulphur if previous crop is not supplied with Zn and S. Fertilizer Application is based on soil testing.

• The crop should be irrigated thrice i.e. at branching (30 DAS), pre-flowering (70 DAS) and pod filling (110 DAS) stages.

• Heptachlor 6% @ 25 kg/ha should be mixed in soil at the time of last tillage operation before sowing.

• Spraying of Malathion 0.05% or carbaryl 0.1% at pod formation stage, controls pod borers.

3.9.2 SUMMER PIGEONPEA An alternate best way for increasing cropping intensity and timely wheat planting under pigeonpea - wheat cropping system of Northern India with approximately 2 lakh ha area, is summer sowing of pigeonpea alongwith summer moong. Under this situation, advanced sowing of pigeonpea may be done during mid-April keeping row-to-row spacing of 90 cm, intercropped with 3 rows of greengram at 20 cm row spacing. Greengram become ready for harvest by the end of June after two pickings. Immediately in the space vacated by green gram, inter planting of black gram can be done between pigeonpea rows. While blackgram will be ready for harvest by end of September, pigeonpea attain maturity to be harvested by the mid November. Early harvest of pigeonpea thus facilitates wheat sowing at optimum time to harness the best yield. Thus, summer sown pigeon pea may be harvested alongwith other kharif crops in November and short statured crops of greengram and blackgram will be an additional source of income. Summer pigeonpea is gaining popularity in Narmadapuram and Jabalpur Division (Hoshangabad and Narsinghpur.


3.9.3 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY Pigeonpea was usually considered a low-input marginal crop and therefore, not much attention was paid for development of improved production technology except for some nutritional requirement. Based on recent studies, production technology was strengthened which are suited to different zones as given below: (TABLE.-3.9): PIGEONPEA PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR DIFFERENT ZONES Zone Planting time Seed rate &

spacing Seed inoculation Fertilizer Irrigation Weed management Cropping system

NWPZ: (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh and North West Rajasthan)

2nd fortnight of May to1st fortnight of June.

18-20 kg/ha 60 x 20 cm.

Rhizobium culture @ one packet for 10 kg seed.

N:P:K:S: ZnSO4 @ 20:40:20:20:25 kg/ha.

Pre sowing and in absence of rains at flowering and pod development stage.

Two hand weeding at 25 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) or application of Pendimethalin @ 1.25 kg a.i./ha followed by one hand weeding at 45-60 DAS.

1. Pigeonpea-wheat sequential cropping. 2. Intercropping of mungbean /urdbean with pigeonpea (1:1 row ratio)

NEPZ: (Eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam & Jharkhand

Early:1st fort night of June. Late: 1st fortnight of July Pre-rabi: 1st fortnight of Sept.

18-20 kg/ha 60 x 20 cm 12-15 kg/ha 75-90 x 25 cm. 25-30 kg/ha 30 x 10 cm.

-do- -do- Early: Pre sowing Pre-rabi: At 45 days after sowing (DAS) and at 100-110 DAS in absence of rains.

-do-

Early: Pigeonpea-wheat sequential cropping. Late: Pigeonpea sorghum mungbean/urdbean/ Sesamum by pairing pigeonpea rows and planting one rows of intercrop.

CZ: (Gujarat Maharashtra , M.P., Rajasthan & Chattisgarh.

Both early and medium: 1st fortnight of July/ on set of monsoon

Early:15-18 kg/ha 60 x 20 cm. Medium: 15-16 Kg/ha 75-90 x 25 cm

-do- -do- In absence of rains at flowering and pod development stage.

-do-

Pigeonpea + Groundnut(2:4) Pigeonpea+Soybean (2:4), Pigeonpea + Sorghum (2:1) and pigeonpea+urdbean(1:1)

SZ: (A.P., Karnataka & Orissa)

Early: : 2nd fortnight of June Medium: 1st fortnight of July/ on set of monsoon

-do- -do- -do- -do- -do-

Pigeonpea+ mungbean/ urdbean /cowpea (1:1), Pigeonpea+ groundnut (4:2).

NWPZ= North West Plain Zone, NEPZ= North East Plain Zone, CZ= Central Zone, SZ= South Zone, DAS= Days after sowing.


(TABLE-3.10):Agronomic recommendations of ICAR-IIPR for increased production under different cropping systems in the country.

Agronomic Practices Impact Plant Population: Optimum plant density for early maturing pigeonpea genotypes is 25-33 Plants/m2. For Pre-Rabi planting 22 plants /m2 and for long maturity group 11 plants/ m2 are optimum.

Optimum plant population significantly contributes towards the yield and critical solar energy harvest, its conversion and higher production per unit of land.

Cropping system: Pigeonpea + groundnut (first year) followed by Maize + Groundnut (2nd year)

Increased the productivity and has potential to provide increased gross return under sequential cropping system.

Intercropping: • Pigeonpea +Sorghum / Pearl millet / Seasmum (2:1 row ratio) and (2:2 row ratio) • Pigeonpea + Mungbean /Urdbean /Soybean /Maize /Groundnut • Pigeonpea + maize (2:1) supplemented with FYM @ 5 tonnes per hectare. NWPZ: • Pigeonpea (Paras, Pusa 992 , AL 1455) +Mungbean/Urdbean/soybean/Groundnut CZ: • Pigeonpea (Asha, JKM7, JKM189, GT 101, BSMR 736, BSMR 853) +

Mungbean/Urdbean/soybean/Groundnut. SZ: • Pigeonpea (TTB 7, JKM 186, Co6, LRG 41) + Mungbean /urdbean/ Urdbean/ Soybean/

Groundnut/ fieldbean.

• Bonus yield of intercrops, highly remunerative as compared to sole crop of pigeonpea both under optimal and sub-optimal fertility levels.

• Reduced wilt incidence (12-21%) than sole crop of pigeonpea. • Reduced pod borer incidence 27% than sole pigeonpea damage 49% with

the help of bird perches (Sorghum, maize) • Higher pigeonpea equivalent yield (PEY) net return, return /Rs invested

and LER. • Bonus yield of intercrops • Spray (2% urea) at 15 and 45 DAH of intercrop is beneficial. • Reduced yield of pigeonpea but higher gross monitory return alongwith

additional harvest of fodder sorghum

Ridge and Furrow raised beds planting: • Pigeonpea (ridges) + Rice (Furrow) • Pigeonpea (Ridges) + Intercrops(side of furrow) • Pigeonpea (Ridges) + Urdbean 2:2 (raised beds)

Ensured optimum plant population and higher grain yield as a bonus without any adverse effect on grain yield on pigeonpea.

Weed management: • Raised bed system (2.7 m width) of planting and one hand weeding of 30 DAS. • Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin (1.0-1.5 kg/ha) or Benthiocarb, Metalachlor

/Alachlor @ 2.0 kg/ha and hand weeding 25-30 DAS optional second weeding (45-60 DAS)

• Pre-emergence spray of Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha followed by post emergence spray of Paraquot of weeds in Pigeonpea.

Yield advantage (23%) over flat system and sufficient control to seasonal weed.


Accumulation of run off water in a pond can be successfully utilized for substances of crop during the water scarcity.

Agronomic Practices Impact Integrated Nutrient management • 40 kg N, 22 kg P205/ha, 20 kg/ha Sulphur(Gypsum& SSP), Sodium molybdate @ 1.0kg/ha

and ZnSO4@ 15 kg/ha • Pigeonpea requires fertilizer dose of 20:18:27:20:25 kg N:P:K:S:Zn • Soil application of sodium molybdate @ 4g/kg seed, chelated iron @ 1 kg/ha and RDF +

Seed treatment borax (4g/kg of seed) enhances the yield. • Seed treatment with micronutrients such as Zinc, boron, molybdenum and iron has been

found as effective as that of soil application. • Application of borax, molybdenum and iron (deficient soil) through soil application, foliar

application and seed treatment however, rate will vary depending on extent of deficiency in the soil.

• Soil amelioration through lime in low pH soil supplement with molybdenum. • Application of Vermicompost (2.5t/ha) + organic fertilizer (75% RDF) + biofertilizer

(Rhizobium+ PSB+ PGPR) enhances the yield and soil physical properties.

• Grain yield advantage as recorded upto 177 kg /ha. • Rabi pigeonpea (Sharad), yield increase 25% over control • Yield advantage 18-20 kg/ha respectively with NPKS (20-18-27-20 kg/ha)

as compared to without sulphur application. • No response of Mb in Rabi Pigeonpea. • Application of ZnSO4 with RDF is beneficial.

Agronomic Practices for insect Pest management: • Pigeonpea +Sorghum (1:2) + optimum dose of fertilizer application than sole pigeonpea

with sub-optimum dose of fertilizer <50%. • Pigeonpea + Sorghum (1:2)+ RDF+ chemical control (20%).

• Recorded lower pod borer incidence 20%. • Lower wilt incidence (11%)

Cultural Practice: • In P- deficient soils some varieties viz. such as GT-1, VRG 17, TTB 7 and VBN 2 were

recorded as efficient user of Phosphorus. • Under delayed planting upto first week of August- use of suitable genotypes such as

Asha , JKM 189, BSMR 853(2), TTB 7, LRG 41 30, 38 WRP 1 (SZ) and Azad (NEPZ).

• Efficient use of phosphorus through P –tolerant varieties for higher yield. • Use of suitable varieties for contingent planning.

Drought Management: • Spray of 2% KCl for minimizing the adverse effect of terminal drought. • Foliar application of urea, KCl and seed soaking with CaCl2 and K2HPO4 in reducing the

adverse effect of water stress at the terminal growth of pigeonpea. • Cultural mulch and water spray to minimize the adverse effect of terminal drought.

• Drought management with physiological and agronomic practices.

HybridPigeonpea: • For hybrid GTH-1 plant density of 75 x 20-30 cm. and application of 20-60-25-20 and 15

Kg NPKS and Zn was optimum.

• Improved technology through Agronomic management.


(TABLE–3.11): RECOMMENDED VARIETIES/CHARACTERISTICS

Variety Source Release/ Notification Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


BSMR-175 MAU 1991 Maharashtra 11-12 165-170 White seeded, res. to Sterility Mosaic & Wilt

JA-4 JNKVV 1991 Madhya Pradesh 16-18 180-200 Tolerant to wilt & SMD Birsa Arhar 1 BAU 1992 Bihar 10-15 180-200 Wilt Resistant Gujarat Tur-100 GAU 1992 Gujarat 16-18 120-135 Tolerant to wilt &SMD white, bold-

seeded. Vamban 1 TNAU 1993 Tamil Nadu 8-10 95-100 Suitable for inter cropping with

Peanut Asha (ICPL-87119) ICRISAT 1993 CZ&SZ (M.P., MS, Gujarat,

Karnataka, AP, Odisha, Tamilnadu).

16-18 160-170 Resistant to wilt & SMD, Bold seeded., Indeterminate

Pusa-855 Central 1993 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, North Rajasthan, West U.P).

24-25 145-150 Plant Indeterminate, Medium bold seeded.

Pusa-9 IARI 1993 NEPZ (East Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal).

22-26 210-248 Tolerant to Alternaria & SMD, Tall & bold- seeded, Suitable for pre-rabi.

CO-6 TNAU 1993 Tamil Nadu 8-10 170-180 Tolerant to Pod borer. Indeterminate Sharad (DA 11) RAU, Dholi 1993 Bihar 18-20 240-250 Alternaria blight & Sterility Mosaic

Resistant Sarita (ICPL 85010)

ICRISAT 1994 A.P. 10-12 130-140 Determinate.

TS-3 UAS, Gulberga

1995 Karnataka 14-16 180-190 White, bold seeded, res. to Wilt

AL-201 PAU 1995 Punjab. 15-16 140-150 Indeterminate variety. Durga(ICPL84031) ICRISAT 1995 Andhra Pradesh. 8-10 120-125 Determinate. Jawahar (KM-7)

JNKVV 1996 CZ (MP,MS& Gujarat).SZ (Odisha, Karnataka, A.P. & Tamilnadu).

18-20 173-180 Tolerant to wilt & Phytophthora blight. Seeds dark brown


(Cont.…) Variety Source Release/

Notification Year Area of adoption

(Zone/State) Ave. yield

(q/ha) Days to

maturity Special characteristics

BSMR-736 MAU 1996 Maharashtra 12-18 180-185 Resistant to wilt and SMD. Brown seeded. Indeterminate

Narendra Tur-1 (NDA-88-2)

NDUAT 1997 Uttar Pradesh. 20-22 240-260 Resistant to SMD and tolerant to wilt and Phythopthora blight.

Amar (KA 32-1) CSAUAT 1997 Uttar Pradesh. 16-20 250-270 Compact, res. to SMD. Tol. to wilt, Seed brown

H 82-1(Paras) CCSHAU 1998 Haryana 15-20 133-145 Indeterminate Malviya Vikalp (MA-3)

BHU 1999 CZ (M.P., Maharashtra, Gujarat).

20-22 178-162 Spreading, Constricted Pod, resistant to pod fly.

Azad (K 91-25) CSAUAT 1999 U.P. & Bihar 20-22 250-260 Wilt Tolerant, Sterility Mosaic Resistant AKT-8811 Akola 2000 Maharashtra 13-14 145-150 Indeterminate Laxmi (ICPL-85063)

ICRISAT 2000 Andhra Pradesh 18-20 160-200 Pre-rabi

Vaishali (BSMR-853)

MAU 2002 Maharashtra 16-17 165.170 Resistant to wilt and SMD.

Sel-31 ARS, Gulbarga

2002 Karnataka 12 100-110 Irrigated command areas wherever double & multiple cropping system is being in practices

Pusa-992 IARI 2002 Haryana, Punjab, U.P., Rajasthan

18-20 130-140 Indeterminate

MA-6 BHU 2002 Central & Eastern U.P.

20-23 248-267 Late, Spreading type

Pusa 991 IARI 2003 Delhi 16-20 140 Tolerant to wilt, Phytophthora blight and SMD

Pusa-992 IARI 2004 Haryana, Punjab, Delhi, Western UP and Rajasthan

17 119-162 Tolerant to SMD and wilt





(q/ha) Days to


GT-101 GAU 2004 Gujarat 13 Early Tolerant to wilt and SMD Malviya chamatkar (MAL-13)

BHU 2005 UP & W.B. 27-29 226-271 (Kh) 189-248 ( Pre– rabi)

Moderately resistant to wilt and SMD, Recommended for Kharif and pre-Rabi seasons.

VL Arhar-1 VPKAS, Almora

2006 Uttarakhand 19 150 Res.to wilt, Alternaria leaf blight and rot

CORG-9701 TNAU 2006 Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, A.P., Odisha

11 120-130 Tol. to wilt, Sterility Mosaic & phytophthora blight, Tol. to pod borer & pod fly

Amol (BDN 708)

ARS Badnapur

2007 Maharashtra 15 160-165 Moderate resistant to wilt & sterility mosaic, Tolerant to pod borer & pod fly

Vipula MPKV 2007 Maharashtra 16 145-160 Resistant to Fusarium wilt, Moderate resistant to sterility mosaic disease

Lam-41 ANGRAU 2007 A.P. 12 Medium Tolerant to Helicoverpa pod borer

Jawahar (JKM-189)

JNKVV 2007 M.P. 21 116-124 Res. to wilt, Moderately resistant to sterility mosaic and Phytopthora blight

GTH-1* (SKNPCH-10)

SDAU 2007 Gujarat 18 135-145 No incidence of sterility mosaic disease

TT-401 BARC 2007 M.P., MS Gujarat & CG

16 138-156 Tolerant to pod borer & tolerant to wilt

Pusa 2002 IARI 2008 Delhi 17 110-150 Sowing to first week of June, suited for double cropping system, tolerant to moisture stress

Pant Arhar 291 (PA 291)

GBPAUT 2008 Uttrakhand 17 140-150 Early maturing, tolerant to phytophthora blight and pod borer





(q/ha) Days to


PAU 881 (AL 1507)

PAU 2008 Pun., Har., Western UP and plains of Uttrakhand

16-18 Early maturing

NDA 2 NDUA&T 2008 U.P., Bihar, WB, Assam & Jharkhand

25-28 240-260 Long duration, resistant to SMD and pod borers

TJT 501 BARC & ZARS, Khargone

2009 CZ 18 135-183 Tol.to SMD, wilt and phytophthro. Tol. to pod borer and pod fly

BRG 2 UAS, Bangalore

2009 SZ 12-16 175-185 Moderately tolerant to wilt, SMD and pod borer

Surya (MRG-1004)

ARS Madhira 2009 Andhra Pradesh 20-22 166-180 Tolerant to Macrophomina stem canker/wilt

TS-3R ARS, Gulbarga 2011 Karnataka 11-17 150-160 Kharif and late sown cropping system res. to wilt

Anand grain Tur 2 (AGT 2)

AAU 2012 Gujarat 16 175-180 No severe disease was observed

BDN 711 (BDN2004-3)

ARS Badanapur

2012 Maharashtra 15-23 150-160 Mod. resistant to wilt and SMD

* Hybrid; Res.= Resistant, Tol.= Tolerant, Mod.= Moderately, SMD= Sterility Mosaic Disease


GREEN GRAM (MUNGBEAN)

Botanical Name : Vigna radiata (L.) Origin : India and Central Asia Chromosome : 2n = 24 Synonym : Mung 4.1 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Green gram is an excellent source of high quality protein with easy digestibility, consumed as whole grains, dal and sprouted in variety of ways. As value addition, splitand dehusked, fried in fat, fetch good value as snacks. After harvesting the pods, green plants are fed to the cattle. The husk of the seed also used as cattle feed. It is also used as green manuring crop. In India these crops are cultivated in three different seasons, viz., kharif, rabi and summer. Summer moong can be grown after harvesting of pea, gram, potato, mustard, linseed. Cultivation of Jayad Moong is important to increase soil fertility in these areas where paddy –wheat crop rotation is used. 4.2 NUTRITIVE VALUE Protein 24-25% Calcium 124 mg/100 g Fat 1.3% Phosphorus 326 mg/100 g Minerals 3.5% Iron 7.3 mg/100 g Dietary Fiber 16.3% Calorific value 334 Kcal/100g Carbohydrate 56% Moisture 10%

AGRONOMIC IMPORTANCE:Short duration and photo insensitive varieties fit well in many intensive cropping systems accross the country. Spring/Summer mungbean especially help in sustaining the productivity levels of rice-wheat cropping system of Indo-Gangetic belt of northern India without any competition to rice or wheat, with additional yield of 10-15 qtls/ha. 4.3 GROWTH RATE From 1980-81 to 2002-03, the total acreage under pulses has almost slightly (+) being showed, however, a sudden jump in production and productivity was observed in 2003-04 and 2010-11 for production with 96% and 160% growth rate whereas, for productivity it was 66% and 127% (Table 1.28).

(TABLE-4.1): GROWTH RATE OF MUNGBEAN

(A- Million ha, P- Million tones, Y-kg/ha, Growth Rate (GR)- %)

Year Mungbean

Area GR Prod. GR Yield GR 1980-81 2.84 0.98 344 1985-86 3.00 5.6 1.18 20.1 392 13.7 1990-91 3.36 11.7 1.38 17.7 413 5.4 1995-96 2.72 -19.1 1.01 -27.1 372 -10.0 1996-97 3.06 12.8 1.32 30.7 431 15.9



Year Mungbean

Area GR Prod. GR Yield GR 1997-98 3.02 -1.5 0.95 -28.0 315 -26.9 1998-99 3.05 1.2 1.16 22.3 380 20.8 1999-00 2.91 -4.9 1.08 -7.2 371 -2.5 2000-01 3.01 3.5 1.02 -5.0 340 -8.3 2001-02 3.09 2.6 1.11 8.5 360 5.8 2002-03 3.01 -2.3 0.87 -21.9 288 -20.0 2003-04 3.55 17.7 1.70 96.2 480 66.7 2004-05 3.34 -5.8 1.06 -37.9 317 -34.0 2005-06 3.11 -7.0 0.95 -10.5 304 -3.9 2006-07 3.19 2.8 1.12 17.9 349 14.7 2007-08 3.73 16.7 1.52 36.5 409 17.0 2008-09 2.84 -23.7 1.03 -32.1 364 -10.9 2009-10 3.07 8.0 0.69 -33.1 226 -38.0 2010-11 3.51 14.3 1.80 160.0 513 127.6 2011-12 3.39 -3.5 1.63 -9.2 483 -6.0 2012-13 2.72 -19.7 1.19 -27.4 436 -9.6 2013-14 3.38 24.4 1.61 35.3 475 8.8 2014-15 3.02 -10.7 1.50 -6.4 498 4.9 2015-16 3.83 26.8 1.59 6.0 416 -16.4 2016-17 4.30 12.5 2.07 29.9 481 15.5

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2016.DES, Ministry of Agri.&FW(DAC&FW), Govt. of India

(TABLE -4.2): PER CENT SHARE TO TOTAL PULSES (Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha)

Year

Mung Total Pulses % Share to Total Pulses A P Y A P Y A P YI

1980-81 28.44 9.80 344 224.45 106.24 473 12.7 9.2 73 1990-91 33.55 13.84 413 372.55 203.68 547 9.0 6.8 75 1995-96 27.15 10.09 372 331.77 170.10 513 8.2 5.9 72 2000-01 30.08 10.23 340 203.48 110.75 544 14.8 9.2 62 2001-02 30.87 11.11 360 220.08 133.68 607 14.0 8.3 59 2002-03 30.15 8.67 288 204.96 111.25 543 14.7 7.8 53 2003-04 35.48 17.02 480 234.58 149.05 635 15.1 11.4 76 2004-05 33.41 10.58 317 227.63 131.30 577 14.7 8.1 55 2005-06 31.09 9.46 304 223.91 133.84 598 13.9 7.1 51 2006-07 31.94 11.15 349 231.92 141.98 612 13.8 7.9 57 2007-08 37.27 15.23 409 236.33 147.62 625 15.8 10.3 65 2008-09 28.43 10.35 364 220.94 145.66 659 12.9 7.1 55 2009-10 30.70 6.92 226 232.82 146.62 630 13.2 4.7 36 2010-11 35.08 18.00 513 264.02 182.41 691 13.3 9.9 74 2011-12 33.87 16.34 483 244.62 170.89 699 13.8 9.6 69 2012-13 27.19 11.86 436 232.57 183.42 789 11.7 6.5 55


(Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha) Year

Mung Total Pulses % Share to Total Pulses

A P Y A P Y A P YI 2013-14 33.83 16.05 475 252.18 192.55 764 13.4 8.3 62 2014-15 30.19 15.03 498 235.53 171.52 728 12.8 8.8 68 2015-16 38.28 15.93 416 249.11 163.48 656 15.4 9.7 63 2016-17 43.05 20.70 481 292.77 224.01 765 14.7 9.2 63

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2016.DES, Ministry of Agri.&FW(DAC&FW), Govt. of India. 4.4 PRODUCTION TRENDS 4.4.1 NATIONAL SCENARIO: PLAN PERIODS Plan-wise performance revelaed, the highest area VIIth Plan and production & Productivity increased during XIIth plan over the previous plan period. The details plan-wise performance is given below :


(Area-Mha, Production-MTonnes, Yield-kg/ha) Plan Area %COPP Prod. % COPP Productivity %COPP Sixth Plan (1980-85) 2.88 1.12 390 Seventh Plan (1985-90) 3.13 8.77 1.24 10.42 396 1.51 Eighth Plan (1992-97) 2.92 -6.71 1.21 -2.71 413 4.28 Ninth Plan (1997-02) 3.01 3.19 1.06 -11.84 353 -14.57 Tenth Plan (2002-07) 3.24 7.53 1.14 6.89 351 -0.60 Eleventh Plan (2007-2012) 3.31 2.02 1.34 17.50 404 15.16 Twelfth Plan (2012-2017)* 3.45 4.22 1.61 20.14 466 15.34 Source: DES, Twelfth Plan (2012-2017)*& 2016-17 APY is the IVth Advance Estimate; % COPP is percentage change over previous plan.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

VIth Plan (1980-85)



IXth Plan (1997-02)

Xth Plan (2002-07)

XIth Plan (2007-2012)


2.883.13

2.92 3.013.24 3.31

3.45

1.121.24 1.21

1.06 1.141.34

1.61

Plan-wise Scenario : Mungbean



4.4.2 STATES’ SCENARIO: PLAN ANALYSIS (Xth–XII th)

Tenth Plan (2002-2007): The total area under Moong during ninth plan was 32.41 lakh hectares with production of 11.38 lakh tones. Rajasthan stands first in respect of area (22.54%) followed by Maharashtra (17.06%) and A.P. (14.73%). The maximum contribution of production was in the state of Maharashtra (21.61%) followed by Rajasthan (20.23%) and A.P. (15.81%). The highest yield was recorded by the state of Punjab (800 kg/ha) followed by Bihar (548 kg/ha) and Jharkhand (538 kg/ha) with the overall National yield average of 351kg/ha. The lowest yield was recorded in Karnataka (146 kg/ha) followed by Odisha (238 kg/ha) and Chhattisgarh (235 kg/ha). Eleventh Plan (2007-2012): The total area covered under moong in India was 33.32 lakh hectares with a total production of 13.52 lakh tonnes. Moong is a common crop grown in most of the states. The share of area and production are some what homogeneous in the Moong growing states. However, during the Plan Period, the coverage of area and its production was maximum in Rajasthan (31.21% & 31.68 %) followed by Maharashtra (15.26% & 18.57%) and Andhra Pradesh (10.36 % & 10.62%). The highest yield was recorded by the state of Punjab (778kg/ha) followed by Bihar (617 kg/ha) and Jharkhand (571 kg/ha). The National yield average was of 406 kg/ha. The lowest yield was observed in Karnataka (202 kg/ha) followed by Odisha (270 kg/ha) and C.G. (250 kg/ha). Twelfth Plan (2012-2017): The total area covered under moong in India was 34.50 lakh hectares with a total production of 15.91 lakh tonnes. The coverage of area and its production was maximum in Rajasthan (32.76% &30.61%) followed by Maharashtra (11.95 %& 10.58%) of the total area and production. Karnataka ranked third in area (8.81%) and Tamilnadu is on third position for production (7.63%). The highest yield was recorded by the state of Punjab (845 kg/ha) followed by Jharkhand (704 kg/ha) and Andhra Pradesh (696 kg/ha). The National yield average was 461 kg/ha. The lowest yield observed in the state of Karnataka (227 kg/ha) followed by C.G. (326 kg/ha) and Odisha (327 kg/ha). During the last three Plan Period area fluctuating, however, production and productivity showed increasing trend.


(TABLE-4.4): PLAN-WISE STATES’ SCENARIO – MAJOR STATE’S

(Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha) State Xth Plan % to AI XIth Plan % to AI XIIth Plan % to AI

Andhra Pradesh A 4.77 14.73 3.45 10.36 1.61 4.68 P 1.80 15.81 1.44 10.62 1.12 7.06 Y 377 417 696

Bihar A 1.86 5.74 1.67 5.01 1.62 4.71 P 1.02 8.92 1.03 7.59 1.00 6.27 Y 548 617 614


Gujarat A 1.73 5.35 2.20 6.62 1.45 4.20 P 0.70 6.12 1.06 7.84 0.76 4.81 Y 405 482 528

Haryana A 0.22 0.67 0.27 0.80 0.56 1.61 P 0.07 0.58 0.12 0.86 0.33 2.08 Y 318 444 597

Jharkhand A 0.13 0.40 0.21 0.63 0.24 0.68 P 0.07 0.63 0.12 0.86 0.17 1.04 Y 538 571 704

Karnataka A 4.11 12.69 3.76 11.27 3.04 8.81 P 0.60 5.26 0.76 5.61 0.69 4.34 Y 146 202 227

Madhya Prd. A 0.85 2.62 0.86 2.58 2.51 7.27 P 0.27 2.39 0.28 2.07 1.16 7.31 Y 318 326 464

Maharashtra A 5.53 17.06 5.08 15.26 4.12 11.95 P 2.46 21.61 2.51 18.57 1.68 10.58 Y 445 494 408

Odisha A 2.23 6.87 2.59 7.76 2.77 8.02 P 0.53 4.67 0.70 5.16 0.90 5.68 Y 238 270 327

Punjab A 0.15 0.46 0.09 0.26 0.42 1.21 P 0.12 1.04 0.07 0.50 0.35 2.22 Y 800 778 845

Rajasthan A 7.31 22.54 10.40 31.21 11.30 32.76 P 2.30 20.23 4.28 31.68 4.87 30.61 Y 315 412 431

Tamilnadu A 1.25 3.87 1.54 4.63 1.89 5.48 P 0.54 4.73 0.54 3.99 1.21 7.63 Y 432 351 642

Telangana A 0.72 1.25 3.61 P 0.39 0.70 4.42 Y 545 564


All India A 32.41 33.32 34.50 P 11.38 13.52 15.91 Y 351 406 461



Raj.33%

MS12%

Karnataka9%

Odisha8%

MP7%

TN5%

Bihar5%

AP5%

Gujarat4%

Telangana3%

UP3% Others

6%

States's Scenario (XIIth Plan)Mungbean Area

Raj.31%

MS11%TN

8%

MP7%

AP7%

Bihar6%

Odisha6%

Gujarat5%

Telangana4%

Karnataka4%

UP3%

Others8%

States's Scenario (XIIth Plan)Mungbean Production


4.4.3 DISTRICT SCENARIO (2013-14) – POTENTIAL DISTRICTS

Analysing the Intra-state, status of the moong crop, district Jagatsingpurwith 1.27% area and 1.13% production tops in the country whereas, East Godavari, A.P. is on second position (1.02% & 1.05%) followed by Nayagarh (0.98% & 0.70%) & Kedrapara (0.85% & 0.65%) for area and production. District-wise area, production and yield of top ten district of India in respect of production, are presented below which contributed 7.04% and 6.25% percent of area and production of the country (Table – 4.5).

The yield of most of the potential districts were below the National average yield need to be adopt Improved Package of Practices of the greengram to increase the production in districts as well as country.


Sr. No.

Name of District


India Prod. % to

India Yield YI

I Jagatsingpur Odisha 0.347 1.27 0.134 1.13 388 89 II East Godavari A.P. 0.278 1.02 0.125 1.05 448 103 III Nayagarh Orrisa 0.266 0.98 0.083 0.70 312 72 IV Kedrapara Orrisa 0.232 0.85 0.078 0.65 334 77 V Puri Orrisa 0.215 0.79 0.071 0.60 332 76 VI Bolangir Orrisa 0.166 0.61 0.067 0.56 402 92 VII Vizianagarm A.P. 0.150 0.55 0.061 0.51 405 93 VIII Thiruvarur T.N. 0.116 0.43 0.053 0.45 460 105 IX Mahoba U.P. 0.087 0.32 0.040 0.34 460 105 X Jhansi U.P. 0.059 0.22 0.029 0.25 499 114 Total Above 1.92 7.04 0.74 6.25 387 89 All India 27.190 11.860 436


0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.601.80

District Scenario (2013-14): Mungbean- Top Ten Districts



(TABLE–4.6): STATE-WISE YIELD GAP AND ADDITIONAL RETURN (Yield: Kg/ha; Return: Rs./ha.)

State Yield (kg/ha) Gap over FP Gap over SAY

Yield 2016-17*

Additional return by bridging yield

gap (Rs/ha) IP FP SAY Actual % Actual % FP SAY

Kharif Tripura 1016 782 513 234 30 503 98 0 13104 28168 Gujarat 766 606 501 160 26 265 53 457 8960 14840 Karnataka 655 563 214 92 16 441 206 276 5152 24696 Maharasthra 546 430 418 116 27 128 31 522 6496 7168 Rajasthan 773 600 436 173 29 337 77 475 9688 18872 Tamil Nadu 1000 796 588 204 26 412 70 714 11424 23072 Manipur 642 479 0.00 163 34 642 0 - 9128 35952 WB 1229 915 838 314 34 391 47 727 17584 21896 Average 781 608 435 173 28 345 79 455 9682 19339 Rabi AP 1398 1228 704 170 14 694 99 508 9520 38864 Rice fallow AP 1094 947 704 147 16 390 55 508 8232 21840 Odisha 825 498 359 327 66 466 130 359 18312 26096 Average 960 723 532 237 33 428 80 434 13272 23968 Summer/Spring Mungbean Bihar 939 735 603 204 28 336 56 548 11424 18816 Uttar Pradesh 1176 953 709 223 23 467 66 631 12488 26152 Haryana 524 487 576 37 8 -52 -9 735 2072 -2912 Punjab 1143 0.00 857 1143 0 286 33 986 64008 16016 Assam 875 622 624 253 41 251 40 686 14168 14056 Average 931 559 674 372 66 257 38 717 20832 14414

Source-Annual Report- 2016-17, GoI, DPD, Bhopal (Ave. 2013-14 to 2015-16) State Average Yield - E&S (Ave. 2011-12 to 2015-16) *Third Advance Estimates2016-17 IP: Improved Practise FP: Farmers Practise SAY: State Avergae Yield

4.5 MUNGBEAN AGRONOMY

4.5.1 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

It is a small herbaceous annual plant growing to a height of 30 to 100 cm with a slight tendency to twining in the upper branches. Depending upon the plant type and nature of crop being grown, central stems are more or less erect while side branched are semi erect, leaves are trifoliate with long petioles. Both the stem and leaves are covered with short hairs, generally shorter than urd. Flowers are various shades of yellow colour produced in cluster of 10-20 in axillary racemes. Crop is fully self-fertile. Pods are 6-10 cm long, hairy and round having 7-10 seeds inside. Hilum is white and flat. Germination type epigeal and colour of cotyledons is yellow.



• Climate: The crop needs high temperature, less humidity and moderate rainfall of about 60-80 cm. Water logging is fatal for root development and nitrogen fixation during early vegetative stage. Crop is generally grown as rain fed but under assured irrigation during summer in Indo Gangetic plains of Northern India.

• Soil and Field Preparation: Best soil for its cultivation is loam soil with good drainage. The crop should not be raised on alkaline, saline or waterlogged soils. A well prepared seedbed is required for proper germination and establishment of the crop. For this give 2 – 3 ploughings followed by planking to make the seedbed free from clods and weeds. For the summer/spring cultivation after the harvesting of last crops, the tillage should be done after irrigation.

• Sowing Time: Mungbean should be sown during the last week of June to mid or first week of

July. For the summer or spring crop, mungbean should be sown after the harvest of last crop (potato, sugarcane, mustard and cotton, etc). The first fortnight of March is most suitable for spring/summer cultivation. Late sown mungbean takes more loss at the time of flowering stage due to high tempreture and yield affected.

• Growing seasons: Mungbean is cultivated in all the three seasons viz., kharif, rabi and zaid

(spring/summer). As a catch crop, in between rabi and kharif crops, after the harvest of rabi crops, like wheat, potato, mustard, sugarcane, etc., it is grown under irrigated conditions/rice fallow areas. During 2016-17, mungbean recorded the ever highest production at 20.70 lakh tons (kh-15.28 + rabi- 5.42 lakh tons), which is 38% higher over the Normal and 30% higher than the last year. Rajasthan, with 48% of total all India production during kharif and >31 % collectively in a crop year, ranks Ist in the country. During, rabi, TN with 19 % of national production stands at Ist position. More than 90% of Mungbean production comes from 10 states, namely Rajasthan, Maharashtra, TN, AP, Bihar, MP, Odisha, Gujarat, Telangana and Karnataka.

A. Kharif greengram- The kharif crop is grown both as a sole and as an intercrop. Since it is

largely grown as a rainfed crop, the sowing time usually depends on the onset of the monsoon in the different regions. Normally the sowing is done from mid-June to second week of July, which is considered optimum. Delayed sowings would result in progressive decline in yields.

B. Rabi greengram- Rabi greengram is grown in an area of approx. > 9.54 Lha (Avg. 2011-12-2015-16). The major states are Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab and West Bemngal. There is a great scope of increasing the area under rabi greengram in rice fallows on residual moisture or under irrigated conditions in the southern states.

An area of approximetly 12-20 lakh ha is covered during spring summer season, however, this is not recorded seperatly by the DES and is finally a part of total area coverage during rabi season.

C. Spring/Summer greengram- The optimum sowing time for mungbean in the northern plains ranges from 15 March to 15 April, as this also enables the crop to be harvested safely before the onset of the monsoon. A fine balance has to be achieved in choosing the correct sowing time which will avoid the relatively low temperature of winter and at the same time would not delay harvest for timely sowing of the kharif crop. Also, a late-sown crop could be caught in the pre-monsoon showers towards the end of June. Late March or early April sowings are most appropriate for north-Indian conditions. However, for optimum yields the sowing is to be advanced to the early part of March. Sowing time for the summer crop is late January in


Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka; February in Odisha and West Bengal; March in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan; and first fortnight of April in Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab.

• Advantages of spring/summer cultivation - The crop has very little or no infestation of insect-pest and diseases due to high temperature

and desicating winds. - The crop/varieties take lesser time to mature (normally 60-65 days). - It suits well after wheat, mustard, potato and late rice in West Bengal. - The cropping intensity can be increased. - The area and production can be increased under pulses without eliminating other crop to be

grown during kharif season. - It utilizes the residual soil fertility when grown after heavily fertilized crops like potato,

wheat and winter maize. - In return, it adds at least 30-35 kg available nitrogen/ha through Rhizobium fixation which

may be adjusted while applying fertilizers in following kharif season crop. - After picking pods, the foliage can be incorporated into soil as green manure in- situ to add

organic matter into the soil as bonus for boosting soil fertility and improving physical conditions of the soil.

- It controls the weeds and checks wind erosion during summer.

• Recommendations for successful cultivation of Rabi Mungbean - Select high yielding varieties resistant to YMV, leaf curl, powdery mildew and drought. - Use only duel inoculated (Rhizobium + PSB) seeds for better root development and

harnessing maximum ‘N’ fixation. - Treat the seed with Emidacloprid @ 5 ml/kg followed by Mancozeb @ 3g/kg, two days

before seed inoculation, as protection against incidence of seedling pest and diseases. - Use a seed rate of 12-15 kg/ha for upland and 30 kg/ha for rice fallow areas. - Use basal application of 20 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 + 200 kg Gypsum/ha during field preparation,

3-4 cm below and side of the seeds. Balanced Fertilizer application is based on soil testing. - Keep the field free from weeds up to 30 DAS by one hand hoeing. - In Rice fallow area, Echinochloa (barn yard grass) is the major weed, can be control by

mixing Benthiocarb @ 5 L in 50 kg dry sand as broadcast, 3 to 4 days before harvest of paddy.

- For control of Cuscuta spp; post emergence, sand mix application of Pendimethalin and flucholarlin at 2.0 L + 1.5 L respectively in 50 kg sand gives best results.

- One irrigation at 35 DAS and 2% spray with urea or DAP at pre-flowering, flowering and pod development, is often associated with high jump in grain yield.

• Seed Rate &Spacing & Method: During Kharif season 15-20 kg seed/ha should be sown in

rows 45 cm apart while during Rabi and Summer 25-30 kg seed /ha sown in rows 30 cm apart. 30 cm x 10 cm. row spacing is considered optimum, for modern varieties. As a companion crop with sugarcane seed rate should be 7-8 kg/ha. The plant-to-plant distance should be maintained (atleast 5 cm). Sowing can be done behind the local plough or with the help of seed drill.

• Seed Treatment:Treat the seed with Thirum (2gm.) +Carbendazim (1gm.) or Carbendazim & Kepton (1gm + 2gm) to control the soil & seed germinated disease. For sucking pest control seed treatment with Imidacloprid 70 WS @ 7g/ kg seed. It is also desirable to treat the seed with Rhizobium and PSB culture (5-7gm/kg seed).


• Varieties: The variety may be selectedas per the adaptability to the region, agro-eco sitiation, sowing time and the cropping systemTable-4.7.

• Cropping systems: The important crop rotations with moongbean are given as under:

Rice-Wheat-Moong (summer) Maize+Moong-Wheat-Moong Maize(early)-Potato(early)-wheat-Moong, Sugarcane+Moong (summer 1:2) Cotton + Greengram (1:3 in Central India 60/90 cm paired row)

Rice-Rice-Greengram(south India) Moong-Wheat/Barley Sunflower+Moong (summer 2:2) Moong+Pigeonpea (2:1)

• Intercropping: During kharif, mungbean are grown generally with maize, pearl millet,

pigeonpea and cotton as intercrop. During spring, mungbean is grown in 2:1 ratio with sugarcane with row to row distance of 90 cm. & from mungbean 30 cm distance maintain. Intercropping with sunflower is also suitable with ratio (2:6).

• Water Management: Generally the kharif crop requires one life saving irrigation, which may be applied during the early pod formation stage. For the summer/spring mungbean, 3–4 irrigations are required. Apply first irrigation after 20-25 days of sowing and repeat after 10-15 days as per need. One irrigation before flowering and another at pod-filing stage would ensure healthy seeds. Water logging in the field should be avoided at all cost. No irrigation should be given when the crop is in full bloom stage.

• Plant nutrient management: The response to phosphorus is highest on red and laterite soils.

Application of P2O5 @ 30-40 kg/ha along with a starter dose of 10-15 kg nitrogen is adequate. Phosphorus application has always a significant effect in increasing the yields. Seeds should be treated with an efficient Rhizobium culture for obtaining higher yields. Rhizobial inoculation may reduce the nitrogen requirement of the crop. Fertilizer application is based on soil testing.

• Weed management: the highest crop yield was obtained when weeds were removed 35 days

after sowing. Any further delay in weed removal results in a corresponding decrease in yield. A maximum of 2 hand-weedings in the initial stages of crop growth up to 30-35 days, is adequate to take care of the weed problem. However, whenever labour is in short supply or the rainfall pattern does not allow early hand-weeding, herbicides need to be used. Pre-emergence application of Lasso or Tok E-25 @ 2kg ai/ha in 1,000 litres of water ensures complete weed control. Application of Pendimethalin (PI) + Imazethapyr (POE) 1250+100 g a.i./ha at 0-3 (PI) and 20-25 (POE) DAS control weeds.

• Harvesting and threshing: Mung should be harvested when more than 80 per cent pods mature. One or two rounds of picking of pods are also recommended to avoid losses due to shattering. The plants are cut with the sickle and dried on the thresing floor. These are then threshed by beating with sticks or by trampling with bullocks.

• Yield: A well-managed crop may yield about 15-20 quintals of grain per ha.


4.5.3 PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES There are several important disease of mung, yellow mosaic, leaf crinkle, leaf curl, anthracnose, cercospora leaf spot are important one. A. DISEASES i) Yellow Mosaic Virus Symptoms: This disease is caused by the mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) belongin to Gemini group of viruses, which is transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). The tender leaves show yellow mosaic spots, which increase with time leading tocomplete yellowing. Yellowing leads to less flowering and pod development. Early infection often leads to death of plants. Control Measure i) Diseased plants should be rogued out to prevent further spread of the disease; ii) In order to prevent whitefly (Bemisia spp.) infestation spray with triazophos 40 EC @ 2.0 ml/l or malathion 50 EC @ 2.0 ml/l or oxydemeton methyl 25 EC @ 2.0 ml/l at 10-15 days intervals if required; iii) Grow tolerant/resistant varieties like Narendra Mung1, Pant Mung 3, PDM 139 (Samrat), PDM 11, MUM 2, ML 337, IPM 02-14, MH 421, SML 832 etc.

ii) Leaf Curl Symptoms: The symptoms are visible first in third leaf after three to four weeks of sowing. These are characterized by enlargement of leaves followed by their crinkling. Later the leaves become thicker an leathery. The affected plants, however, do not die till the harvest of the crop. Control Measures i) Treat the seeds with imidacloprid 70 WS@ 5ml/kg; ii) Foliar spray of insecticide (dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.7ml/ha) on 30 days after sowing; iii) Rogue out the infected plants and Field sanitation; iv) Use resistant varieties like D-3-9, K 12, ML 26, RI 59, T-44.

iii) Anthracnose Symptoms: The fungus Colletotrichum spp. is the causal organism affecting aerial plant parts, however, the leaves and pods are more vulnerable. The characteristic symptoms of this disease are circular brown sunken spots with dark centers and bright red orange margins on leaves and pods. Infection just after germination causes seedling blight. Control Measures i) Hot water seed treatment at 58oC for 15 minutes has been found effective in checking the seed-borne infection and increasing proportion of seed germination; ii) Seed treatment with carbendazim 50 WP @ 2g/kg of seed helps in eliminating the seed borne infection; iii) Spray the crop with carbendazim @ 2g/ liter of water with first appearance of symptoms on the crop and repeat after 15 days (if necessary).


iv) Cercospora leaf spot Symptoms: It is most important fungal disease of mungbean. Leaf spots are circular and irregular in shape with brown to greyish-white centres and reddish-brown to dark brown margins. Such spots are also visible or pods are the affected pods become blackened. Control Measures i) Field sanitation, crop rotation, destruction of infected crop debris; ii) Opt for resistant varieties as per recommendation of local agricultural authorities (Like- LM 113, LM 168, LM 170, JM 171, Ganga 1, HUM 12, Pusa 06722); iii) Treat the seeds with thiram or captan @ 2.5g/kg of seed; iv) On appearance of the symptoms spray with carbendazim 50 WP @1.0 g/liter or mancoze 75 WP @ 2.0 g/liter or hexaconazole (contaf 5 % EC) @ 1 ml/ liter of water.Subsequent spray should be done after 10 to 15 days, if required. Spraying with copper oxychloride @ 3 to 4 g /liter water has also been found effective in management of the disease.

B. INSECT-PEST Numerous insect pests attack the mungbean. The loss in the production caused by them may reach up to 70% depending upon the severity of attack. Some common insect pests of mungbean and their management are as follow: i) White fly Nature of damage:The infested plants become very weak showing downward cupping of the leaves giving a sickly look and the plant may die Insect secretes honey dew on leaves results blackening of leaves, drastically reducing photosynthetic rate and drying of leaves. Whitefly is a vector of number of viral diseasesespecially mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV). Control Measures i) Seed treated with Dimethoate 30 EC @ 5ml/kg; ii) Foliar spray of

Triazophos 40 EC @ 2.0 ml/l or Malathion 50 EC @ 2.0 ml/l at 10-15 days intervals if required; iii) Grow cotton as a trap crop one month earlier between the mungbean rows; iv) Grow maize, sorghum or pearl millet as a barrier crop to minimize the incidence of whiteflies; v) Install Sticky trap; vi) Opt. resistant varieties e.g. ML 1256, ML 1260 and ML 1191.

ii) Bean Thrips Nature of damage: The thrips nymphs and adults feed on stigma inside the flower, flower sheds before opening and there is elongation of terminal shoot. Plants attain a bushy growth and the crop looks dark-green in colour, bearing few pods with shrivelled grains. Control Measures i) Seed treatment with Thiomethoxam 70 WS @ 2 ml /kg seed +

foliar spray of Thiomethoxam 25 WG 0.2 g/liter of water of is quite effective in controlling bean thrips; ii) Spray neem seed


kernel extract (50 g/l) and neem oil 3000 ppm @ 20 ml/l; iii) Opt for resistant varieties (Mungbean: PIMS 2, PMS 3, 12-333, Co 3, ML 5, ML 337; iv) Timely irrigation at an interval of 15 days results in low build up of thrips; v) The incidence of bean thrips can be minimized by intercropping mungbean with cotton; vi) Spray of Triazophos 40 EC @ 2.0 ml/liter , Ethion 50 EC @ 2 ml/liter of water.

iii) Stem fly Nature of Damage: Stem fly (Ophiomyia phaseoli) maggots mine the leaves or bore into the leaf petiole or tender stem resulting in withering, drooping and death of plant. The characteristic symptoms of damage include drooping of the first two leaves and yellowing of plants. It can cause 5 – 20% damage in mungbean. Control Measures i) Follow clean cultivation, crop rotation, earthing up, growing trap crop, destroying alternative hosts like Solanum nigrum to minimize the stem fly incidence; ii) Opt for resistant varieties (Mungbean: CoGG 912 & CoGG 917; Urdbean: CoBG 671 & AC 222); iii) Seed soaking either in imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 5.0 ml/kg seed in 100 ml water for one hour or thiomethoxam 25 WG @ 5.0 g/kg seed in 100 ml water to avoid early incidence of stem fly is recommended; iv) Spray either Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.2ml/l or thiomethoxam 25 WG @ 0.3g/lit at 15 days after sowing. iv) Bihar Hairy Caterpillar Nature of damage: Female moths lay eggs on plants in a field.Young caterpillar eat away all the green matter of the leaves and it can be easily recognized by perforated, dustywhite coloured leaves in the field. The grown-up caterpillars feed voraciously on leaves, soft stems and branches. The insect totally denude the crop within few days resulting in total failure of the crop. Control Measures i) Uproot the damaged plants along with the young larvae at the gregarious phase and burry under the soil; ii) Spray of Quinalphos 25 EC @ 2.5 ml/liter or Dichlorvos 10 EC @ 1.0 ml/ liter or Fenvalerate 20 EC @ 1.87 ml/ liter of water or dusting with Fenvalerate 0.4% @ 15 kg/ha.

4.6 RECOMMENDATION TO ACHIEVED HIGHER PRODUCTION • Deep summer ploughing once in 3 years. • Seed treatment should be done before sowing. • Application of fertilizer should be based on soil test value. • In kharif season sowing should be done by ridge & furrow method. • Yellow mosaic resistant/ tolerant varieties Narendra Mung1, Pant Mung 3, PDM 139

(Samrat), PDM 11, MUM 2, ML 337, IPM 02-14, MH 421, SML 832 etc choose as per suitability of region.

• Weed control should be done at right time. • Adopt integrated approach for plant protection.


(TABLE–4.7):RECOMMENDED MUNGBEAN VARIETIES/CHARACTERISTICS Variety Source Release/

Notification Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


ADT-3 TNAU 1991 Tamil Nadu 10.7 65-70 Tolerant to YMV. Seed small Co-5 TNAU 1991 Tamil Nadu 9.0 70-75 Tolerant to YMV. Seed small MUM-2 Meerat

University 1992 Punjab, Haryana,

Delhi & West UP 12.0 60-70 Res. to YMV, small seeded, early

BM-4 MAU 1992 M.P., Maharashtra, Gujarat.

10-12 65 Early, Tol.to YMV and PM, Bold Seeded

Phule M 2 MPKV 1992 Maharashtra 6.9 65 Tolerant to YMV, early, small seed AKM-8803 PKV 1992 Maharashtra. 10.5 65-70 Tolerant to YMV. Seed small Narendra Mung-1 NDUAT 1992 Uttar Pradesh. 10.0 60-70 Tolerant to YMV. AKM-8803 PKV 1992 Maharashtra. 10.5 65-70 Tolerant to YMV. Asha CCSHAU 1993 Haryana. 12.0 75-80 Tolerant to YMV. TARM-2 BARC/PKV 1994 Maharashtra. 9.5 65 Tolerant to PM. Pusa-9072 IARI 1995 SZ (KN, A.P.,

Odisha, TN (Rabi). 8-10 65-75 Tolerant to Powdery Mildew. Rabi

Warangal-2 (WCG-2) 1995 Andhra Pradesh. 14.0 65-70 Suitable for all Season, Tolerant to YMV Madhira-295 ANGRAU 1995 Andhra Pradesh. 14.0 65-70 Tolerant to YMV LGG-407 (Lam 407) 1995 Andhra Pradesh. 14.0 70-75 Tolerant to YMV. JM-721 JNKVV 1996 Madhya Pradesh. 12.4 70-75 Tolerant to PM. ML-613 PAU 1996 Punjab. 13.0 84 Res. to YMV, Bacterial leaf spot and

Pod- leaf spot. Seed med. bold SML-134 PAU 1996 Punjab. 11.0 68 For summer/spring. PDM-84-178 1996 Andhra Pradesh. 8.1 65-70 Tol. to YMV & PM, suitable for

summer and early kharif.

TARM-1 BARC/PKV 1997 Maharashtra. 8-12 85 Res.to PM, Suitable for Rabi. Small seed


(Cont…...) Variety Source Release/

Notification Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


Pant Mung-4 GBPUAT 1997 Eas. UP, Assam, Bihar, W.B 7.5 68 Resistant to YMV. HUM-1 BHU 1999 Gujarat, MS, MP, TN, KN 8-9 60-65 Res. to YMV, Summer season CO-6 TNAU 1999 Tamil Nadu 10.0 65 Suitable for all season, Resistant to YMV. Pusa-9531 IARI 2000 M.P., MS, Gujarat, Punjab,

Haryana, Delhi, West UP 10-12 60 Res. to YMV, Tolerant to Jassids and

whitefly, suitable for summer. Pusa Vishal IARI 2000 NWPZ(Punjab,Haryana,Delhi,

West UP, North Rajasthan) 11.0 62 Res. to YMV, Tol.to Jassids and whitefly,

suitable for summer,very bold seeded (6 g/100 seed)

LAM-460 ANGRAU 2001 Andhra Pradesh 12.0 70-75 Tolerant to YMV PDM 139 IIPR 2001 Uttar Pradesh. 12-15 50-60 Summer season, Mod.Res. to YMV Ganga-8 (Gangotri)

RAU, Sri Ganga Nagar

2001 NWPZ(Punjab,Haryana, West UP, North Rajasthan)

9.2 72 Kharif, tolerant to stem fly and pod borer.

OUM-11-5 OUAT 2002 SZ (Karnataka, AP, Odisha, TN).

7.0 62 Kharif, Moderately resistant to diseases

Malviya Jagriti (HUM-12)

BHU 2003 U.P., Bihar, Jharkhand, W.B. 11-12 66 Mod. Res. YMV, CLS, Summer Season

IPM 99-125 IIPR 2004 NEPZ (Eas. UP, Bihar,W.B.). 10.0 66 Res. To YMV, Summer Season TM 99-37 BARC 2005 NEPZ (Eastern UP, Bihar,

W.B.). 11.0 65 Mod. Res. To YMV, Summer

COGG 912 TNAU 2005 SZ (Karnataka, A.P, Odisha, TN).

8.0 62 Res. To YMV, CLS, Kharif

Kamdeva (OUM 11-5)

OUAT 2004 SZ (Karnataka, A.P, Odisha, TN)

8.0 46-69 Mod. Rest. To PM, MYMV & CLS

Muskan (MH-96-1)

CCS HAU 2004 Haryana 15.0 70-75 Resistant to YMV, Anthracnose and Leaf Crinkle



Notification Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


Ganga-1 (Jamnotri)


2004 Rajasthan 14 76 Mod. Res. to YMV, CLS, PM, anthracnose, Bacterial leaf blight, Macrophomina & web blight & Rhizopus, Moderate tolerant to white fly and jassids

Shalimar Moong-1

SKUAST 2005 J & K 9 105-115 Res. To leaf spot, pod blight

BM-2002-1 ARS, Badnapur

2005 Maharashtra 10-12 65-70 Moderate resistant to PM

HUM 16 (Malviya Jankalyani)

BHU 2006 NEPZ (Eastern UP, Bihar, W.B.).

14-16 55-58 Summer, Resistant to YMV, Root Knot and Leaf Crinkle

Tromday pesara (TM-96-2)

ANGRAU 2006 Andhra Pradesh 6 69-73 Rabi & summer, Res. To PM and Cercospora leaf spot

Tromday Jawahar M-3 (TJM-3)

JNKVV 2006 MP 8-10 61-75 Kharif & summer, Resistant to YMV, PM and Rhyzoctonia root rot

SML 668 CSKHPKV, palampur

2007 North Hills sub-tropical zone

11-12 75-85 Under irrigated condition in summer as contigent crop or intercrop in sugarcane , resistant to anthracnose, cercospora leaf spot & YMV

Satya CCSHAU 2008 NWPZ 16-17 70 suitable for kharif KM 2241 CSAUAT 2008 North Hills zone of the

country in timely sown condition

9.00 65-70 Resistant to MYMV, suitable for kharif

IPM 2-3 IIPR, Kanpur

2009 Rajasthan, Punjab, and Jammu region

10.00 70-72 Resistant to MYMV, large seed, suitable for kharif and spring

Pusa 0672 IARI 2009 Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur and Tripura

16.00 52-103 Resistant to MYMV, suitable for kharif



Notification Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


Madhira Pesara 347

ARS, Madhira

2009 Andhra Pradesh 12.00 60-70 Tolerant to crecospora, Leaf spot and Anthracnose

KKM 3 ARS, Kathalagere

2009 Karnataka 8-9 62 Moderately tolerant to Powdery Mildew and YMV and Pod borer

Pairy Mung 2010 MP,CG 9-10 60-65 Commonly used by farmer Basanti CCSHAU 2010 Haryana 15-17 65 Resistant to MYMV, suitable for kharif and

spring VBN (Gg) 3 NPR,

VAMBAN 2010 Tamil Nadu 8-9 65-70 Moderately resistant to Powdery Mildew

MH 125 CCSHAU 2010 Haryana 12.00 64 Resistant to MYMV, Leaf crinkle, web blight, Anthracnose, moderately resistant to cercospora leaf spot

PKVAKM 4 (AKM 9904)

PDKV 2011 Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Odisha

10-11 57-80 Tolerant to PM, suitable for kharif

PKV green gold PDKV 2011 Maharashtra 10-11 57-80 Tolerant to PM, suitable for kharif IPM 02-14 PDKV 2011 AP, Karnatana, Tamill

Nadu and Odisha 10-12 62-70 Resistant to MYMV, large seed, suitable for

summer KM 2195 (swati)

CSAUAT 2012 Uttar Pradesh 10-12 65-70 Resistant to MYMV, cercospora leaf spot, web blight and Anthracnose, suitable for kharif

MH 421 CCSHAU 2012 Haryana 12.00 60 Non-shattering, resistant to YMV, suitable for kharif, spring & summer

BM 2003-2 ARS,BADNAPUR

2012 Maharashtra 8-11 65-70 Green shiny special features : bold grain, long pod with prominent constriction

Res.= Resistant, Tol.= Tolerant, Mod.= Moderately, YMV= Yellow Moasaic Virus,CLS= Cercospora leaf Spot, PM= Powdery Mildew, BLS- Bacterial leaf spot, BLB- Bacterial leaf blight.


BLACK GRAM (URDBEAN) Botanical Name : Vigna mungo L. Origin : India Chromosome : 2n = 24 Synonym : Urd, Biri, Mash 5.1 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Black gram is one of the important pulse crops grown throughout India. It is consumed in the form of ‘dal’ (whole or split, husked and un-husked) or perched. Urd differs from other pulses in its peculiarity of attaining a mucilaginous pasty character when soaked in water. It is consumed in variety of ways accross theNorth to Southin preparation of differnent regular and popular dishes like vada, idli, dosa, halwa, imarti in combination with other foodgrains. Also used as a nutritive fodder for milch cattle. 5.2NUTRITIVE VALUE Protein 24% Calcium 154 mg/100 g Fat 1.4-1.6% Phosphorus 385 mg/100 g Minerals 3.2% Iron 9.1 mg/100 g Dietary Fiber 16% Calorific value 347 Kcal/100 g Carbohydrate 59.69-63.0% Moisture 10-11%

It is the richest source of phosphoric acid among pulses (5-6% richer than others) AGRONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE Short duration and photo insensitive varieties fit well in different cropping situations, especially intensive crop rotations, including intercropping. The crop is also used for green manuring afterpicking the pods with its characteristics to fix the atmospheric nitrogen. The plant with deep tap roots binds soil particles and helps in conservation of soil. 5.3 GROWTH RATE From 1985-86 to 1990-91, the total Area, production and Productivity has almost slightly increased with (9%,32% & 21%) however, a good result in production and productivity was observed durimg 2010-11 for production and productivity with 42% and 29% growth rate. (Table 5.1).

(TABLE-5.1): GROWTH RATE OF URDBEAN


Year Urdbean

Area GR Prod. GR Yield GR 1980-81 2.83 0.96 339 1985-86 3.19 12.6 1.24 29.2 389 14.7 1990-91 3.48 9.3 1.65 32.8 473 21.5 1995-96 2.80 -19.6 1.32 -19.7 472 -0.1 1996-97 3.01 7.4 1.35 2.0 448 -5.1 1997-98 3.06 1.9 1.38 2.2 450 0.3 1998-99 2.92 -4.8 1.35 -2.0 463 3.0 1999-00 2.94 0.8 1.33 -1.4 453 -2.2 2000-01 3.01 2.4 1.30 -2.6 431 -4.9 2001-02 3.30 9.7 1.50 15.6 454 5.4



Year Urdbean Area GR Prod. GR Yield GR

2002-03 3.55 7.5 1.47 -1.7 415 -8.5 2003-04 3.42 -3.5 1.47 -0.2 430 3.5 2004-05 3.17 -7.4 1.33 -9.8 419 -2.6 2005-06 2.97 -6.3 1.25 -6.2 419 0.2 2006-07 3.07 3.3 1.44 15.9 470 12.2 2007-08 3.19 4.0 1.46 1.0 457 -2.9 2008-09 2.67 -16.3 1.17 -19.4 440 -3.7 2009-10 2.96 10.8 1.24 5.2 418 -5.1 2010-11 3.25 9.8 1.76 42.4 542 29.7 2011-12 3.22 -1.0 1.77 0.4 549 1.4 2012-13 3.15 -2.0 1.97 11.6 625 13.8 2013-14 3.06 -2.9 1.70 -13.8 555 -11.3 2014-15 3.25 6.0 1.96 15.3 604 8.8 2015-16 3.62 11.6 1.95 -0.7 537 -11.1 2016-17 4.49 24.0 2.93 50.4 651 21.3


(TABLE- 5.2): PER CENT SHARE TO TOTAL PULSES (Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha)

Year

Urd Total Pulses % share to Total Pulses A P Y A P Y A P YI

1980-81 28.30 9.59 339 224.45 106.24 473 12.6 9.0 72 1990-91 34.83 16.46 473 372.55 203.68 547 9.3 8.1 86 1995-96 28.00 13.22 472 331.77 170.10 513 8.4 7.8 92 2000-01 30.11 12.96 431 203.48 110.75 544 14.8 11.7 79 2001-02 33.03 14.99 454 220.08 133.68 607 15.0 11.2 75 2002-03 35.50 14.74 415 204.96 111.25 543 17.3 13.2 76 2003-04 34.24 14.71 430 234.58 149.05 635 14.6 9.9 68 2004-05 31.69 13.27 419 227.63 131.30 577 13.9 10.1 73 2005-06 29.69 12.45 419 223.91 133.84 598 13.3 9.3 70 2006-07 30.67 14.43 470 231.92 141.98 612 13.2 10.2 77 2007-08 31.88 14.57 457 236.33 147.62 625 13.5 9.9 73 2008-09 26.70 11.75 440 220.94 145.66 659 12.1 8.1 67 2009-10 29.58 12.36 418 232.82 146.62 630 12.7 8.4 66 2010-11 32.48 17.60 542 264.02 182.41 691 12.3 9.6 78 2011-12 32.16 17.66 549 244.62 170.89 699 13.1 10.3 79 2012-13 31.53 19.71 625 232.57 183.42 789 13.6 10.7 79 2013-14 30.62 16.99 555 252.18 192.55 764 12.1 8.8 73 2014-15 32.46 19.59 604 235.53 171.52 728 13.8 11.4 83 2015-16 36.24 19.45 537 249.11 163.48 656 14.5 11.9 82 2016-17 44.93 29.26 651 292.77 224.01 765 15.3 13.1 85



5.4 PRODUCTION TRENDS 5.4.1 NATIONAL SCENARIO: PLAN PERIODS

Plan-wise performance revelaed, the highest area and production increased during XIIth plan over the previous plan period. The details plan-wise performance is given below:

(TABLE–5.3): PLAN-WISE NATIONAL SCENARIO – URDBEAN

(Area-Mha, Production-MTonnes, Yield-kg/ha) Plan Area %COPP Prod. % COPP Productivity %COPP

Sixth Plan (1980-85) 2.86 1.06 373

Seventh Plan (1985-90) 3.21 12.26 1.39 30.80 434 16.51

Eighth Plan (1992-97) 2.94 -8.42 1.35 -3.09 459 5.82

Ninth Plan (1997-02) 3.05 3.76 1.37 1.60 450 -2.08

Tenth Plan (2002-07) 3.24 6.20 1.39 1.52 430 -4.40

Eleventh Plan (2007-2012) 3.06 -5.56 1.48 6.24 484 12.50

Twelfth Plan (2012-2017) 3.52 15.04 2.10 42.03 597 23.46


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

VIth Plan (1980-85)



IXth Plan (1997-02)

Xth Plan (2002-07)

XIth Plan (2007-2012)


2.863.21

2.94 3.05 3.24 3.063.52

1.061.39 1.35 1.37 1.39 1.48

2.10

Plan-wise Scenario : Urdbean




Tenth Plan (2002-2007): The total area was 32.39 lakh ha with a total production of 13.96 lakh

tonnes. States showed that Maharashtra state stands first in area and second in production

(17.15% and 19.53 %), whereas A.P. ranked first in Production (20.56 %). U.P ranked second

in area and third in Production (16.14% and 15.46%) and M.P. stands third in area fourth in

production (15.95% and 12.77%) respectively. The highest yield was recorded by the state of

Bihar (760 kg/ha) followed by Andhra Pradesh (579 kg/ha) and Jharkhand (548 kg/ha) with

the overall National yield average of (431 kg/ha). The lowest yield was observed in the state

of Karnataka (187 kg/ha) followed by Odisha (268 kg/ha) and C.G. (286 kg/ha).

Eleventh Plan (2007-2012): The total production was 14.81 lakh tonnes on an area of 30.58 lakh

hectares. As regards the total contribution from states, Madhya Pradesh stand first in respect of

area (17.08%) followed by U.P. (16.53%) and Andhra Pradesh (14.87%), whereas in

production U.P. stands first (19.00%) followed by Andhra Pradesh (18.37%) and Maharashtra

(15.35%). The highest yield was recorded by the state of Bihar (842 kg/ha) followed by

Jharkhand (663 kg/ha) and Gujarat (650 kg/ha). The lowest yield was observed in the state of

C.G. (294 kg/ha) followed by Odisha (298 kg/ha) and Karnataka (311 kg/ha).

Twelfth Plan (2012-2017): The total production was 21.00 lakh tonnes on an area of 35.15 lakh

hectares. As regards the total contribution from states, Madhya Pradesh stand first in respect of

area (24.11%) followed by U.P. (16.71%) and Andhra Pradesh (11.05%), whereas in

production M.P. stands first (22.32%) followed by Andhra Pradesh (15.65%) and U.P

(14.49%). The highest yield was recorded by the state of Bihar (898 kg/ha) followed by

Jharkhand (875 kg/ha) and A.P (846 kg/ha) the National yield average was (597 kg/ha). The

lowest yield was recorded in the state of C.G. (310 kg/ha) followed by Odisha (325 kg/ha) and

Karnataka (416 kg/ha).

The overall trend during last three plan period was shown increasing trend in Production

and Productivity front but, area is fluctuating in the same period.


(TABLE–5.4):PLAN-WISE STATES’ SCENARIO – MAJOR STATE’S

{Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha} State Xth Plan % to AI XIth Plan % to AI XIIth Plan % to AI

A.P A 4.96 15.31 4.55 14.87 3.89 11.05 P 2.87 20.56 2.72 18.37 3.29 15.65 Y 579 598 846

Assam A 0.38 1.17 0.43 1.39 0.54 1.52 P 0.20 1.40 0.24 1.63 0.33 1.59 Y 526 558 624

Bihar A 0.25 0.77 0.19 0.62 0.15 0.42 P 0.19 1.34 0.16 1.08 0.13 0.63 Y 760 842 898


Gujarat A 1.02 3.16 1.00 3.28 1.03 2.94 P 0.47 3.34 0.65 4.40 0.64 3.03 Y 461 650 616

Jharkhand A 0.73 2.25 0.83 2.71 1.09 3.10 P 0.40 2.84 0.55 3.70 0.95 4.54 Y 548 663 875

Karnataka A 1.39 4.29 1.22 4.00 0.92 2.62 P 0.26 1.83 0.38 2.55 0.38 1.83 Y 187 311 416

Madhya Pradesh

A 5.17 15.95 5.22 17.08 8.47 24.11 P 1.78 12.77 1.85 12.50 4.69 22.32 Y 344 354 553

Maharashtra A 5.56 17.15 4.26 13.93 3.40 9.68 P 2.73 19.53 2.27 15.35 1.64 7.83 Y 491 533 483

Odisha A 1.27 3.93 1.31 4.28 0.89 2.54 P 0.34 2.40 0.39 2.60 0.29 1.38 Y 268 298 325

Rajasthan A 1.78 5.50 1.56 5.11 2.61 7.42 P 0.58 4.18 0.75 5.05 1.35 6.41 Y 326 481 516

Tamilnadu A 2.18 6.73 2.88 9.43 3.58 10.19 P 0.90 6.47 1.11 7.48 2.79 13.28 Y 413 385 778

U.P. A 5.23 16.14 5.06 16.53 5.87 16.71 P 2.16 15.46 2.81 19.00 3.04 14.49 Y 413 555 518

All India A 32.39 30.58 35.15 P 13.96 14.81 21.00 Y 431 484 597

*Twelfth plan is the Ave. of 2012-13 to 2016-17 & 2016-17 APY is the IIIrd Adv. Estimate.


MP24%

U.P.17%

A.P11%

TN10%

MS10%

Raj.7%

Jharkhand3%

Gujarat3%

CG3%

Karnataka3% Odisha

2% Others7%

States's Scenario (XIIth Plan)- Urdbean Area

MP22%

A.P16%

U.P.14%

TN13%

MS8%

Raj.6%

Jharkhand5%

Gujarat3%

Karnataka2%

Assam2% CG

1%Others

8%

States's Scenario (XIIth Plan) -Urdbean Production


5.4.3 DISTRICT SCENARIO (2012-13) – POTENTIAL DISTRICTS Analysis of the districts within the country revealed that the Krishna district of A.P. contributed with 5.26 % of area and 8.35 % of production followed by Lalitpur of U.P. with 5.06 % area and 6.28 % of production. The district Guntur of A.P., however, ranked third in terms of production with 2.77 %. Area, production and yield of top ten districts of India is contributing about 20% & 24% area and production of the country, presented below The yield of potential districts was observed in most of the district below the National average yield except first and second ranking districts.

(TABLE –5.5): TOP POTENTIAL DISTRICTS (2012-13) – URDBEAN

{Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha} Sr. No. Name of

District State Area Prod. Yield

Area % to India

Prod. % to India

Yield YI

I Krishna A.P. 1.646 5.26 1.626 8.35 988 159 II Lalitpur U.P. 1.584 5.06 1.223 6.28 772 124 III Guntur A.P. 0.505 1.61 0.540 2.77 1068 172 IV Jhansi U.P. 0.498 1.59 0.275 1.41 551 89 V Mahoba U.P. 0.486 1.55 0.269 1.38 553 89 VI Srikakulam A.P. 0.450 1.44 0.225 1.16 501 81 VII Unnao U.P. 0.288 0.92 0.153 0.79 531 85 VIII Damoh M.P. 0.288 0.92 0.141 0.73 490 79 IX Sagar M.P. 0.272 0.87 0.124 0.64 455 73 X Jabalpur M.P. 0.248 0.79 0.104 0.53 418 67 Total 6.27 20.01 4.68 24.03 747 120 All India 31.320 19.470 622


0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.601.80

District Scenario (2012-13) : Urdbean - Top ten district



(TABLE–5.6):STATE-WISE YIELD GAP AND ADDITIONAL RETURN: URDBEAN (Yield: Kg/ha; Return: Rs./ha.)


Additional return by bridging yield gap (Rs/ha)

IP FP SAY Actual % Actual % FP SAY Kharif Assam 868 701 0 167 24 868 0 - 9018 46872 J&K 576 403 358 173 43 218 61 - 9342 11772 Tamil Nadu 907 724 781 183 25 126 16 713 9882 6804 Karnataka 795 672 386 123 18 409 106 494 6642 22086 M.P. 570 393 475 177 45 95 20 660 9558 5130 Maharashtra 668 535 506 133 25 162 32 562 7182 8748 UP 1060 700 536 360 51 524 98 539 19440 28296 West Bengal 1196 927 622 269 29 574 92 692 14526 30996 Manipur 613 466 0.00 147 32 613 - - 7938 33102 Rajasthan 875 702 474 173 25 401 85 641 9342 21654 Average 813 622 368 191 31 445 121 614 10287 24019 Rabi AP 1437 1188 831 249 21 606 73 922 13446 32724 Tamil Nadu 969 784 716 185 24 253 35 654 10175 13915 Average 1203 986 774 217 22 429 55 788 12152 24024 Rabi & rice fallow Tamil Nadu 927 764 716 163 21 211 29 848 8802 11394 AP 1442 1240 831 202 16 611 74 728 11110 33605 Average 1185 1002 774 183 18 411 53 788 10220 22988

Source-Annual Report- 2016-17, GoI, DPD, Bhopal (Ave. 2013-14 to 2015-16) State Average Yield - E&S (Ave. 2011-12 to 2015-16) *Third Advance Estimates2016-17 IP: Improved Practise FP: Farmers Practise SAY: State Avergae Yield


5.5 URDBEAN AGRONOMY

5.5.1 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION:It is an annual herbaceous plant attaining a height of 30 to 100 cm. The leaves are large, trifoliate and hairy, generally with a purplish tinge. The inflorescence consists of a cluster of 05 to 06 flowers at the top of a long hairy peduncle. The flowers of urd start opening early in the morning and are completely open between 7 to 8 am. Self-fertilization is the general rule. The pods are long and cylindrical being about 4-6 cm in length. There are four to ten seeds in a pod. The seeds are generally black or very dark brown. The split seed of black gram is white in clolour. The germination of seed is of epigeal type.

Black gram is divided into two sub species namely i) V. mungo var. niger- matures early, having bold seeded with black colour; ii) V. mungo var. viridis- a group of longer maturity duration having small seeded size with green colour.


• Climate: It’s a crop of tropical region, requires hot and humid climate for best growth. Due to this reason it is grown as summer and rainy season crop in Northern India and in both the main seasons in Eastern and Southern India where winter temperature are quite high. Water logging is fatal for root development and nitrogen fixation during early vegetative stage. Crop is generally grown as rain fed but under assured irrigation during spring in Indo Gangetic Plains of Northern India.

• Soil and Field Preparation:Black gram can be grown on variety of soils ranging from sandy soils to heavy cotton soils .The most ideal soil is a well drained loam with pH of 6.5 to 7.8. Black gram cannot be grown on alkaline and saline soils. Land is prepared like any other kharif season pulse crop. However during summer it requires a thorough preparation to give a pulverized free from stubbles and weeds completely.

• Sowing Time Kharif :In kharif season sowing is done with the onset of monsoon in later part of June or early part of July. Rabi :Second fortnight of October (upland) second fortnight of November (Rice fallow). Summer:The sowing could be done from the third week of February to first week of April. Sowing should be done in furrows opened at a distance of 20-25 cm. seed drill could be used for this purpose.

• Recommendation for successful cultivation of Rabi Urdbean: - Select high yielding varieties resistant to YMV, leaf curl, powdery mildew and drought. - Use only dual inoculated (Rhizobium+PSB) seeds for better root development and

harnessing maximum ‘N’ fixation. - Treat the seed with Emidacloprid @ 5 ml/kg followed by Macozeb @ 3 g/litre, two days

before seed inoculation, as protection against incidence of seedling pest and diseases. - Use a seed rate of 18-20 kg/ha for upland and 40 kg/ha for rice fallow areas. - Use basal application of 20 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 + 200 kg Gypsum/ha during field

preparation, 3-4 cm below and side of the seeds. - Keep the field free from weeds up to 30 DAS by one hand hoeing. - In Rice fallow area, Echinochloa (barn yard grass), a major weed can be controlled by

mixing Benthiocarb @ 5 L in 50 kg dry sand and applied it as broadcast 3 to 4 days before harvest of paddy.


- For control of Cuscuta spp; post emergence sand mix application of Pendimethalin and flucholarlin at 2.0 L + 1.5 L respectively in 50 kg sand gives best results.

- One irrigation at 35 DAS and 2% spray with urea or DAP at pre-flowering, flowering and pod development is often associated with high jump in grain yield.

- Monitor the crop on field bund cercospora leaf spot (a major problem during rabi in rice fallows) to take effective corrective measures by spraying the crop with mancozeb or copper oxychlorid @ 3 g/liter at 35 and 45 DAS.

• Seed Rate and Spacing

Kharif: During kharif season 12-15 kg seed/ha.The crop should be sown at a distance of 30-45 cm. with 10 cm. plant spacing. Rabi:About 18-20 kg seed/ha for upland and 40 kg/ha for Rice fallows with a crop geometry of 30 cm x 15 cm. Higher seed rate in rice fallow is used due to delayed in sowing. Summer: About 20-25 kg seed is required per ha.Plant to plant spacing should be kept at 5-8 cm depending upon sowing time and varietal behaviour.

• Seed Treatment Treat the seed with Thirum (2g) + Carbendazim (1g) or Carbendazim @2.5 g/kg seed to control the soil & seed germinated disease.For sucking pest control seet treatment with Imidacloprid 70 WS @ 7g/ kg seed. It is also desirable to treat the seed with Rhizobium & PSB culture (5-7 gm/kg seed).

• Varieties: The variety may be selectedas per the adaptability to the region, agro-eco sitiation, sowing time and the cropping system (Table – 5.7).

• Cropping systems:The important crop rotations with urd are (i) Maize+urd-wheat, (ii) Maize-potato-urd, (iii) Maize-Mustard-urd, (iv) Sorghum+urd-chickpea (Central & South India), (v) Maize-wheat-urd, (vi) Rice-urdbean (Rice fallow of Central & Southern Area), (vii) Paddy-wheat-urd (Summer) North India, (viii) Pigeonpea+Urd-wheat-urd (Summer) North India and, ix) Sugarcane + urdbean (1:2) (Spring) North India

• Intercropping:

Kharif – Urdbea + Pigeonpea (1:1) Spring – Urdbean+ Sugarcane (2:1); Urdbean + Sunflower (2:6)

• Water management: In kharif season irrigation not required, if rainfall is normal & if moisture deficit at pod formation stage irrigation should apply. In summer 3-4 irrigation required according to crop requirement. Generally, the crop should get irrigation at an interval of 10-15 days. From flowering to pod development stage, there is need of sufficient moisture in the field.


• Plant nutrient management: For sole crop 15-20 kg/ha Nitrogen, 40-50 kg/ha Phosphorus, 30-40 kg/ha Potash, 20 kg/ha Sulphur is should be applied at the time of last ploughing. However phosphatic and potassic fertilizer should be applied as per soil test value. Fertilizer should be applied by drilling either at the time of sowing or just before sowing in such a way that they are placed about 5-7 cm below the seed. Use of gypsum @ 100 kg/ha would ensures availability of calcium and sulphur at economical rates.

• Weed management: One or two hand weedings should be done up to 40 days of sowing depending upon the weed intensity. Weeds can be controlled by the use of chemicals too use Basalin 1 kg a.i. per ha in 800-1000 liters of water as pre-planting spray. It should be well incorporated in the soil before sowing. Application of 100-125g a.i./ha at 0-3 DAS controls wide spectrum of weeds. One or two hand weedings should be done up to 40 days of sowing depending upon the weed intensity. Weeds can be controlled by the use of chemicals too. Use Pendimethalin 0.75-1.00 kg a.i. per ha in 400-600 liters of water as pre-emergence application.

• Harvesting and threshing: Urd should be harvested when most of the pods turn black. Over

maturity may result in shattering. Harvested crop should be dried on threshing floor for few days and then threshed. Threshing can be done either manually or by trampling under the feet of bullocks.

• Yield:15-20 quintals of grain per ha. 5.5.3PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES A. DISEASES i) Yellow Mosaic Virus Symptoms: This disease is caused by the mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) belonging to Gemini group of viruses, which is transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). The tender leaves show yellowmosaic spots, which increase with time leading to complete yellowing. Yellowing leads to less flowering andpod development. Early infection often leads to death of plants. Control Measures i) Diseased plants should be rogued out to prevent further spread of the disease; ii) In order to prevent whitefly (Bemisia spp.) infestation spray with triazophos 40 EC @ 2.0 ml/lit. or malathion 50 EC @ 2.0 ml/lit. or oxydemeton methyl 25 EC @ 2.0 ml/lit. at 10-15 days intervals if required; iii) Grow tolerant/resistant varieties like IPU 94-1 (Uttara), shekhar 3(KU 309), Ujala(OBJ 17), VBN(Bg) 7, Pratap urd 1 etc.


ii) Powdery Mildew Symptoms: The disease appears on all the part of plants above soil surface. Disease initiates as faint dark spots, which develop into small white powdery spots, coalesceing to form white powdery coating on leaves, stems and pods. At the advance stages, the color of the powdery mass turns dirty white. The disease induces forced maturity of the infected plant causing heavy yield losses and its intensity increases in stress condition. Control Measures i) Adopt clean cultivation by destroying diseased plant refuge; ii) Delayed sowing of mungbean and urdbean with wider spacings considerably reduce the disease severity; iii) Opt for resistant varieties as per recommendation of local agricultural authorities Urdbean: COBG10, LBG 648, 17, Prabha, IPU 02-43, AKU 15 and UG 301); iv) Spray with NSKE @ 50 g/liter of water or neem oil 3000 ppm @ 20 ml/lit. Twice at 10 days interval from initial disease appearance. Spray with eucalyptus leaf extract 10% at initiation of the disease and 10 days later also if necessary; v) Spray with water soluble sulphur 80 WP @ 4 kg/liter or Carbendazin 50 WP @ 1 g/lit. iii) Leaf Blight Symptoms:In pre-emergence stage, the fungus causes seed rot and mortality of germinating seedlings. In post emergence stage, seedling blight disease appears due to soil or seed-borne infection. The fungus attacks the stem at ground level, forming localized dark brown patches which coalesce and encircle the stem. Black dot like sclerotia are formed on the surface and below the epidermis on the outer tissue of the stem and root. The pathogen is most favoured at a temperature of 30°C and 15% moisture. Control Measures i) Basal application of zinc sulphate @ 25kg/ha or neem cake @ 150 kg/ha or soil application P. fluorescens or T. viride @ 2.5 kg/ha + 50 kg of well decomposed FYM at the time of sowing helps in prevention of the disease; ii) The diseased plants should be uprooted and destroyed so that the sclerotia do not form or survive; iii) Spray with Carbendazim 50 WP @ 1 g/liter of water at an interval of 15 days with the appearance of the symptoms.

INSECT-PEST MANAGEMENT i) Aphids Nature of Damage: Nymphs and adults are seen in large numbers on young plants,leaflets, stem and pods. Young leaves of seedlings become twisted. Excretion of honey dew attracts sooty mold.The adults are black and shiny, upto 2 mm long and some are winged. Nymphs are covered with waxy coating that makes them grey and dull. Control Measures i) Spray with 5% crude neem extract or 2% neem oil 3000 ppm; ii) Spray with Dimethoate 30 EC (1.7 ml/ lit.) or Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.2 ml/liter of water; iii) Conserve coccinellid beetles, their grubs and Chrysoperla.


ii) Tobaco Caterpillar Nature of damage:Newly hatched tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) feed gregariously on the leaf surface for about 2-3 days and leave behind the whitish membranous leaf only. The larvae makes irregular holes on the leaf surface and in severe infestation, they skeletonize the foliage. The maximum damage is caused to the young plants, which are often totally destroyed Control Measures

i) Collection and destruction of egg masses and newly hatched larvae along with skeletonised leaves can reduce infestation; ii) Spray of microbial pesticides like SlNPV [500 LE/ha or or Bacillus thurengenesis formulations in synchrony with early larval instars is effective against the pest; iii) Spray Malathion 50 EC @ 2.0 ml/lit. or foliar application of Novaluron 10 EC @ 0.75 ml/lit., chitin synthesis inhibitor against eggs of S. litura. iii) Spotted Pod Borer Nature of Damage: The larva webs the leaves, inflorescence and feed inside the flowers, flower buds and pods. Eggs are laid on or in the flowers (inserted between the petals). Young larvae feed inside the flowers before moving to developing pods when mid-sized. A larva may consume 4-6 flowers before larval development is completed. Third to fifth instar larvae are capable of boring into the pods and feeding the developing grains. Seeds in damaged pods are totally or partially eaten out by larvae. Control Measures i) Spray Bacillus thuringiensis 5 WG @ 1.0 g/liter of water; ii)

foliar spray of Profenophos 50 EC @ 2.0 ml/liter of water; iii) Spray of spinosad 45 SC @ 0.2 ml/liter of water is most effective in controlling this pest; iv) Physical shaking of the infested plants over the vessels of oil and water or oily cloth help reduce the population.

iv) Pod Bug Nature of Damage:Pod bug (Claivgralla gibbosa) adults and nymphs damage leaves, flower buds, stem and pods by sucking cell sap. Major damage is done to the green pods before the maturity of the crop. The attacked pods show pale yellow patches. The grains in the pods become shrivelled and small in size resulting in considerable yield losses. Control Measure i) Physical shaking of the infested plants over the vessels of oil and

water or oily cloth help reduce the population; ii) Spray Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 1.0 ml/liter water during flowering and at pod formation stage.

5.6 RECOMMENDATION TO ACHIEVED HIGHER PRODUCTION • Deep summer ploughing once in 3 years. • Seed treatment should be done before sowing. • Application of fertilizer should be based on soil test value. • In kharif season sowing should be done by ridge & furrow method. • Yellow mosaic resistant/ tolerant varieties IPU 94-1 (Uttara), shekhar 3(KU 309), Ujala(OBJ

17), VBN(Bg) 7, Pratap urd 1 etc choose as per suitability of region.


(TABLE–5.7): RECOMMENDED URDBEAN VARIETIES/CHARACTERISTICS Variety Source Release/

Notification Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


Teja (LBG-20) ANGRAU 1991 Andhra Pradesh 14.0 70-75 Tol. To YMV Vamban-1 TNAU 1991 Tamil Nadu 8.0 65-70 Tol. To YMV ADT-4 TNAU 1991 Tamil Nadu 8-9 65-70 Tol. To YMV ADT-5 TNAU 1991 Tamil Nadu 8.0 65-70 Tol. To YMV, dwarf & erect Basant Bahar (PDU-1)

1991 All India except South& HillZone 12-13 70-80 Spring, Tolerant to YMV

Prabha (LBG 402)

ANGRAU 1991 Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, T.N.

10.8 78 Rabi, seed bold & dull black

TPU-4 BARC/MAU 1992 MP, Maharashtra & Central part of Rajasthan

7.5 75 Plant erect, medium tall. seed bold & dull black

TAU-2 BARC/PKV 1993 Maharashtra 10.0 70 seed bold & purplish black Narendra Urd-1 (NDU-88-8)

NDUAT 1993 Uttar Pradesh. 10.0 60-70 Resistant to YMV, Black, medium bold seeded.

LBG-611 ANGRAU 1995 Andhra Pradesh. 14.0 85-90 Resistant to wilt. WBU-108 BCKV 1996 Punjab, West UP, Rajasthan,

Karnataka, A.P. TN). 12 85 Tolerant to YMV, kharif

Mush-338 PAU 1996 Punjab. 9.0 85-90 Tolerant to YMV. seed bold Mash-414 PAU 1996 Punjab. 9.6 72 Tolerant to root rot. Spring Birsa Urd-1 BAU 1996 Bihar. 11.0 80 Tolerant to YMV. Melghat (AKU-4) PKV 1996 Maharashtra. 10.0 93 Tolerant to stress, for rabi season. KBG-512 TNAU 1997 Tamilnadu. 7-8 70-75 Tolerant to Stemfly, pods hairy. Vamban-2 TNAU 1997 Tamilnadu. 12 70 Tolerant to YMV & drought. KU-301 CSAUAT 1998 TN, Odisha, A.P. & Karnataka 12 70 Res. To YMV, Rabi Season TU-94-2 BARC 1998 Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,

Odisha, Tamilnadu. 15.0 69 High yielding & YMV resistant early,

rabi season Azad Urd-1 (KU-92-1)

CSAUAT 1999 UP, Bihar, WB. 10.0 80 Spring, Res. To YMV

WBG-26 ANGRAU 1999 Karnataka, A.P. Odisha, TN 10 70 Res. to PM



Notification Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


Barkha ( RBU-38)

RAU, Bansawar

1999 MP, Maharashtra & Central part of Rajasthan

12.0 75 Bold seeded,Res. to Cercospora leaf spot

IPU-94-1 (Uttra)

IIPR 1999 Punjab,Haryana, West UP, North Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bihar, W.B.

11-12 85 Resistant to YMV, kharif season.

Shekhar 2 (KU-300)

CSAUAT 2001 Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP & North Rajasthan)

11-12 70 Resistant to YMV, spring season.

NDU 99-3 NDAUT 2003 NHZ 9.5 85 Res. To YMV, Kharif Season KU 96-3 CSAUAT 2003 CZ (MP, MS & Gujarat) 8.0 73 Res. To YMV, Kharif Season Goutam (WBU-105)

Resea.station, Berhanpur

2004 West Bengal 13-15 69-90 Resistant to YMV, Mod. Res. To Cercospora leaf spot

Shekhar 3 (KU 309)

CSAUAT 2004 U.P 10 66-84 Kharif, Resistant to YMV, leaf crinkle, CLS

Mash 1008 PAU 2004 Punjab 12 72 Early, Resistant to MYMV & leaf Crinkle virus

Gujarat urd-1 SDAU 2004 Gujarat 12 late Late, Moderately resistant to PM & CLS AKU-15 PDKV 2006 Maharashtra 10-12 65-83 Kharif, Tolerant to PM Lam 709 ANGRAU 2006 Andhra Pradesh 14 Medium Tolerant to YMV Sulata (WBU109)

PORS Beahanpur

2008 UP, Bihar, WB, Assam & Jharkhand

15-16 80-83 Resistant to MYMV, spring season

Pant Urd 31 Central 2008 UP, Tripura, Rajasthan, Odisha,CG, Bihar,AP,Uttrakhand

15 75-80 Resistant to YMV,

Pant Urd 40 Central 2008 Rajasthan,Uttrakhand 14-15 70-75 Short duration variety Prasad Central 2008 UP, T N, Odisha 12-14 60-65 Short duration variety, VBN (BG)5 Tamil Nadu 2009 TN, 14 60-65 Short duration variety, Madhra Minumu 207

ARS, Madhira 2009 MS,MP& AP 13 75-80 Tolerant to YMV & stress. Suitable for Kharif, Rabi & Summer



Notification Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


IPU 02-43 IIPR, kanpur 2009 AP, Odisha, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,Assam

9-11 75 Resistant to MYMV, and PM, kharif season.

KU 99-21 CSAUT, Kanpur

2009 Punjab, Haryana, Western UP and plains of Uttarakhand

10-11 70-75 Kharif season.

Mash 479 (KUG 479)

PAU, Ludhiana

2010 Punjab, Haryana, Western UP and plains of Uttrakhand

12.00 82 Resistant to MYMV and PM spring season

UPU 00-31 (Himachal Mash 1)

CSKHPKV, Palampur

2010 Low hill subtropical zone in kharif season (H.P.)

14-16 75 Resistant to Anthracnose, YMV and Leaf Crinkle and Tolerant to CLS and PM, lister Beetle and Hairy Caterpillar.

Mash 114 Punjab 2010 Irrigated areas of Punjab state 9.0 70-75 Resistant to MYMV LAM Minimum752

ANGRAU 2010 Andhra Pradesh 15 75-82 Resistant to wilt and YMV

CO 6 (COBG 653) TNAU, Coimbatore

2011 AP, Odisha, Karnataka, T.N. 8-10 65-70 Resistant to MYMV and PM, sparing

Mash 391 (LU 391)

PAU, Ludhiana

2011 AP, Odisha, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu

8.00 71 Resistant to MYMV, Leaf Crinkle virus, CLS, Anthracnose and PM, spring season

UH 1 (uh 04-06) CSSHAU 2011 Haryana 11.0 73 Resistant to YMV, kharif season. VBN (BG) 7 (VBG04-008)

TANU, Coimbatore

2012 AP, Odisha, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu

8.00 63-90 Resistant to MYMV and PM

VBN 6 NPRC, Vamban

2012 Tamil Nadu 9.00 69 Resistant to YMV

Vishwas (NUL-7)

Nirmal seeds, pachora (MS)

2012 Maharashtra, Gujarat, M.P., Chhattisgarh, UP,& Rajasthan

10.00 69-73 Tolerant to major disease

NHZ- North Hilly Zone (H.P.,J.K & U.P.hills),CZ- Central Zone (MP.,Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat) , SZ- South Zone (A.P., Karnataka, TN, Odisha) NEPZ-North East plane Zone (East Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal). NWPZ- North West Plane Zone (Punjab, Haryana,Delhi, West UP & North Rajasthan) Res.- Resistant, Tol.= Tolerant, Mod.= Moderately, YMV= Yellow Moasaic Virus, CLS= Cercospora leaf Spot, PM = Powdery Mildew.


LENTIL (MASUR)

Botanical Name : (Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris)

Synonym :Masur, Malka (bold seeded), lentille (French) linse

(German), Lenteja (Spanish) and Mercimek (Turkish).

Origin : Turkey to South Iran

Chromosome : 2n = 14

6.1 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: It is a valuable human food, mostly consumed as dry seeds (whole decorticated, seed decorticated and split). In Indian sub continent it is mostly consumed as ‘Dal’ by removal of outer skin and separation of cotyledons, snacks and soup preparation etc. It is easy to cook and easily digestible with high biological value, hence also referred to patient. Dry leaves, stems, empty and broken pods are used as valuable cattle feed. Bold seeded, attractive shaped grains have high demand for export at premium prices. 6.2 NUTRITIVE VALUE Protein 24-26% Phosphorus 300 mg/100 g Fat 1.3% Iron 7mg/100 g Dietary Fibre 11-12 % Calcium 69 mg/100g Carbohydrate 57 – 60% Calorific value 343-346 Kcal/100 g Vitamin C 10-15 mg/100 g Vitamin A (450 IU) and Riboflavin

AGRONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE: The crops leaves a reasonable good amounts of atmospheric ‘N’ in readily available form (upto 30-40 kg/ha) to the succeeding crop. Associated intercrop (other than legume) also gets benefited by ‘N’ transfer from lentil roots up to some extent. It also contributes to sustain production system through physical, chemical and biological improvements of soil properties, as a rotation effect. It offers good scope in late vacated paddy fields either as Utera or succeeding crop as delayed sowing does not affect as adversely as in chickpea and pea due to its high cold tolerant nature. By this reason, this crop is preferred over gram in the regions having cold winters like plains of North and lower Himalayan Hills. It is also a good substitute of chickpea in areas which may be too dry due to shorter duration. The crop is also used as cover crop to check soil erosion in problem areas.

6.3 GROWTH RATE OF LENTIL From 1985-86 to 1990-91, growth rate observed for APY during both years for APY. however, the maximum growth rate in producton and productivity was recorded with 34% & 23% during 1996-97 (Table 6.1).


(TABLE–6.1): GROWTH RATE OF LENTIL (A- Million ha, P- Million tones, Y-kg/ha, Growth Rate (GR)- %)

Year Lentil Area GR Prod. GR Yield GR

1980-81 0.93 0.47 498 1985-86 1.09 16.7 0.66 42.4 607 22.1 1990-91 1.19 8.9 0.85 28.5 717 18.0 1995-96 1.26 5.7 0.71 -16.2 569 -20.7 1996-97 1.37 9.1 0.96 34.8 702 23.6 1997-98 1.29 -5.8 0.80 -16.4 623 -11.3 1998-99 1.39 7.7 0.94 16.7 675 8.3 1999-00 1.46 5.3 1.08 15.0 738 9.3 2000-01 1.48 1.1 0.92 -15.2 619 -16.1 2001-02 1.47 -0.8 0.97 6.5 664 7.3 2002-03 1.38 -6.1 0.87 -10.4 634 -4.6 2003-04 1.40 1.4 1.04 18.9 743 17.2 2004-05 1.47 5.5 0.99 -4.2 675 -9.2 2005-06 1.51 2.2 0.95 -4.8 628 -6.9 2006-07** 1.47 -2.4 0.91 -3.5 621 -1.1 2007-08 1.31 -11.2 0.81 -11.1 622 0.1 2008-09 1.38 5.4 0.95 17.5 693 11.5 2009-10 1.48 7.5 1.03 8.2 697 0.6 2010-11 1.60 7.9 0.94 -8.5 591 -15.2 2011-12 1.56 -2.2 1.06 12.2 678 14.7 2012-13 1.42 -8.9 1.13 7.1 797 17.6 2013-14 1.34 -5.8 1.02 -10.3 759 -4.8 2014-15 1.47 9.5 1.04 1.7 705 -7.1 2015-16 1.28 -13.1 0.98 -5.7 765 8.5


(TABLE–6.2): PER CENT SHARE TO TOTAL PULSES {Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha}

ear Lentil Total Pulses % share to Total Pulses A P Y A P Y A P YI

1980-81 9.35 4.65 498 224.45 106.24 473 4.17 4.38 105 1990-91 11.88 8.51 717 372.55 203.68 547 3.19 4.18 131 1995-96 12.55 7.14 569 331.77 170.10 513 3.78 4.20 111 2000-01 14.78 9.15 619 203.48 110.75 544 7.26 8.26 114 2001-02 14.66 9.74 664 220.08 133.68 607 6.66 7.29 109 2002-03 13.77 8.73 634 204.96 111.25 543 6.72 7.85 117 2003-04 13.96 10.38 743 234.58 149.05 635 5.95 6.96 117 2004-05 14.73 9.94 675 227.63 131.30 577 6.47 7.57 117


(Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha) Year Lentil Total Pulses % share to Total Pulses

A P Y A P Y A P YI 2005-06 15.06 9.46 628 223.91 133.84 598 6.73 7.07 105 2006-07 14.70 9.13 621 231.92 141.98 612 6.34 6.43 101 2007-08 13.06 8.12 622 236.33 147.62 625 5.52 5.50 100 2008-09 13.76 9.53 693 220.94 145.66 659 6.23 6.54 105 2009-10 14.80 10.32 697 232.82 146.62 630 6.36 7.04 111 2010-11 15.97 9.44 591 264.02 182.41 691 6.05 5.17 86 2011-12 15.62 10.59 678 244.62 170.89 699 6.39 6.20 97 2012-13 14.23 11.34 797 232.57 183.42 789 6.12 6.18 101 2013-14 13.41 10.17 759 252.18 192.55 764 5.32 5.28 99 2014-15 14.69 10.35 705 235.53 171.52 728 6.24 6.04 97 2015-16 12.76 9.76 765 249.11 163.48 656 5.12 5.97 117 2016-17 292.77 224.01 765

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2016.DES, Ministry of Agri.&FW(DAC&FW), Govt. of India. 6.4 IMPORT &EXPORT

IMPORT: The import of pulses in India during April, 2014 to March, 2015 was 8.16 lakh tonnes worth Rs.3418.48 crores against the value of Rs.17196.87 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.121319.02 crore for total agricultural imports and against Rs.2737086.58 crore for total National Import. The import during April, 2015 to March, 2016 was 12.60 lakh tonnes worth Rs.6713.00 crore against the import value of Rs. 26841.87 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.140288.69 crore for total agricultural import and Rs.2490298.08 crore for total National import respectively during this period. The share of Lentil import to Agricultural import was 2.82% and 4.79% respectively during April, 2014 to March, 2015 and April, 2015 to March, 2016.

EXPORT: The pulses export of the country during April,2014 to March, 2015 was 0.080 lakh

tonnes worth Rs.49.85 crore against the value of Rs. 59500.54 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.239681.04 crore for total agricultural exports and against Rs.1896445.47 crore for total National export.The export during April, 2015 to March, 2016 was 0.118 lakh tonnes worth Rs.83.05 crore against the export value of Rs. 42622.29 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.215395.68 crore for total agricultural export and Rs.1716378.05 crore for total National export respectively during this period. The share of Lentil export to Agricultural export was 0.021% and 0.0.039% respectively during April, 2014 to March, 2015 and April, 2015 to March, 2016.

(TABLE–6.3): IMPORTING &EXPORTINGCOUNTRIES

S. No.

IMPORT EXPORT Country Aveg.* % Share Country Aveg.* % Share

1 Canada 675.60 81.97 Sri Lanka DSR 1.76 23.50 2 U S A 82.97 10.07 Bangladesh PR 0.98 13.08 3 Australia 46.26 5.61 Myanmar 0.93 12.37 4 Argentina 18.31 2.22 U Arab EMTS 0.62 8.27 5 Myanmar 0.26 0.03 U S A 0.39 5.20 6 Nepal 0.23 0.03 U K 0.39 5.14 7 Turkey 0.16 0.02 Pakistan IR 0.38 5.13


(Quantity-Thousand Tonnes) S.

No. IMPORT EXPORT

Country Aveg.* % Share Country Aveg.* % Share 8 Sri Lanka DSR 0.10 0.01 Iraq 0.30 4.04 9 Mozambique 0.08 0.01 Nepal 0.25 3.28 10 Afghanistan TIS 0.07 0.01 Singapore 0.21 2.75 11 Korea RP 0.06 0.01 Malaysia 0.20 2.72 12 Vatican City 0.03 0.003 Australia 0.14 1.86 13 Uzbekistan 0.03 0.003 Turkey 0.10 1.34 14 Kenya 0.03 0.003 Egypt A RP 0.09 1.25 15 Tanzania Rep 0.01 0.002 Kuwait 0.09 1.25 16 Ukraine 0.01 0.001 Bhutan 0.08 1.07 17 Unspecified 0.01 0.001 Saudi Arab 0.07 0.97 18 Pakistan IR 0.005 0.001 Jordan 0.07 0.97 19 Madagascar 0.004 0.001 Netherland 0.07 0.92 20 Others 0.37 4.91

Total 824.23 Total 7.50 Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry; Aveg.*- 2012-13 to 2016-17.

6.5 PRODUCTION TRENDS 6.5.1 GLOBAL SCENARIO India ranked first in the area (18.00 lakh ha) and second in the production (11.00 lakh tonnes) with 39% and 22% of world area and production respectively. The highest productivity is recorded in Croatia (2862 kg/ha) followed by New Zealand (2469 kg/ha). Canada rank first in production (41%) due to very high level of productivity (1633 kg/ha) as compared to India (611 kg/ha).

(TABLE–6.4): GLOBAL RANKING : MAJOR COUNTRIES {Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha}

Country Area % Cont. Country Prod. % Cont. Country Yield India 18.00 39.79 Canada 19.87 41.16 Croatia 2862 Canada 12.17 26.90 India 11.00 22.79 New Zealand 2469 Turkey 2.43 5.38 Turkey 3.45 7.15 Armenia 2263 Nepal 2.06 4.55 Australia 2.38 4.93 China 2083 Iran 1.68 3.71 Nepal 2.27 4.70 Egypt 2056 Australia 1.62 3.59 Bangladesh 1.57 3.25 Canada 1633 Bangladesh 1.25 2.75 USA 1.56 3.24 Iraq 1566 Syrian Arab Republic

1.11 2.46 Ethiopia 1.37 2.85 USA 1491

USA 1.05 2.32 China 1.25 2.59 Australia 1466 Ethiopia 0.99 2.19 Iran 0.85 1.76 Lebanon 1456 World 45.24 World 48.27 World 1067 India 611 Source: FAO 2014


India40%

Canada27%

Turkey5%

Nepal5%Iran

4%Australia4%

Bangladesh3%

Syrian Arab Rep.2%

USA2%

Ethiopia2%

Others6%

LENTIL - AREA

Canada41%

India23%

Turkey7%

Australia5%Nepal

5%Bangladesh3%

USA3%

Ethiopia3%

China2%

Iran 2%

Others6%

LENTIL - PRODUCTION


6.5.2 NATIONAL SCENARIO: PLAN PERIODS Plan-wise performance revelaed, the highest area during IXth Plan. However, production & Productivity increased during VIIth plan over the previous plan period. The details plan-wise performance is given below :

(TABLE–6.5): PLAN-WISE NATIONAL SCENARIO (Area-Mha, Production-MTonnes, Yield-kg/ha)

Plan Area %COPP Prod. % COPP Productivity %COPP Sixth Plan (1980-85) 0.96 0.51 527 Seventh Plan (1985-90) 1.08 12.69 0.68 35.20 632 19.97 Eighth Plan (1992-97) 1.23 13.98 0.80 16.83 648 2.50 Ninth Plan (1997-02) 1.42 14.85 0.94 17.81 665 2.58 Tenth Plan (2002-07) 1.44 1.95 0.95 1.16 660 -0.78 Eleventh Plan (2007-2012) 1.46 1.37 0.96 0.72 655 -0.64 #Twelfth Plan (2012-2017) 1.38 -5.94 1.04 8.42 756 15.27

Source: DES, Twelfth Plan (2012-2017)*& 2016-17 APY is the IVth Advance Estimate; % COPP ispercentage change over previous plan.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

VIth Plan (1980-85)



IXth Plan (1997-02)

Xth Plan (2002-07)

XIth Plan (2007-2012)


0.961.08

1.23

1.42 1.44 1.461.38

0.51

0.680.8

0.94 0.95 0.961.04

Plan-wise Scenario : Lentil



6.5.3 STATES’ SCENARIO: PLAN ANALYSIS (Xth –XIIth) Tenth Plan (2002-2007): The area under lentil was 14.44 lakh hectares with the total production

of 9.53 lakh tonnes. The highest area and production contribution was made by U.P. (41.27%

and 48.79%) followed by M.P. (35.04% and 25.50%) and Bihar (11.91% and 14.17 %).The

highest yield was recorded by the state of Rajasthan (1000 kg/ha) followed by Haryana (833

kg/ha) and Bihar (785 kg/ha). The National yield average was (660 kg/ha). The lowest yield

was recorded in the state of C.G. (294 kg/ha) followed by Maharashtra (429 kg/ha) and M.P.

(480 kg/ha).

Eleventh Plan (2007-2012): The country’s area under Lentil was 14.64 lakh hectares with a

production of 9.60 lakh tonnes. The highest area and production contribution was made by

U.P. (37.98% and 46.25%) followed by M.P. (37.57% and 24.27%) and Bihar (12.36% and

16.56 %). The highest yield was recorded by the state of Rajasthan (893 kg/ha) followed by

U.P. (799 kg/ha) and Bihar (878 kg/ha). The National yield average was (656 kg/ha). The

lowest yield was observed in the state of C.G. (313 kg/ha) followed by M.P. (424 kg/ha) and

Maharashtra (429 kg/ha).

Twelfth Plan (2012-17): The country’s area under Lentil was 13.77 lakh hectares with a

production of 10.41 lakh tonnes. Madhya Pradesh is on first ranked with respect to acerage

41.04% (5.65 lakh ha) followed by UP 31.17 % and Bihar 12.00% respectively. While in

terms of production MP is on first ranked 35.54% (3.70 lakh tonnes) followed by Uttar

Pradesh (29.39%) and Bihar (17.14%).The highest yield was recorded by the state of Bihar

(1080 kg/ha) followed by W.B. (969 kg/ha) and Rajasthan (909 kg/ha). The National yield

average was (756 kg/ha). The lowest yield was observed in the state of Maharashtra (379

kg/ha) followed by C.G. (389 kg/ha) and M.P. (655 kg/ha).

The overall trend of area, production and yield during the last three plan period shows

increasing trend in production and productivity however, area decline during XII plan

period is a major concern.


(TABLE–6.6): PLAN-WISE STATES’ SCENARIO – MAJOR STATES

{Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha} State Xth Plan % to AI XIth Plan % to AI XIIth Plan % to AI

Assam A 0.20 1.39 0.22 1.50 0.29 2.11 P 0.11 1.15 0.11 1.15 0.20 1.96 Y 550 500 701

Bihar A 1.72 11.91 1.81 12.36 1.65 12.00 P 1.35 14.17 1.59 16.56 1.78 17.14 Y 785 878 1080


Haryana A 0.06 0.42 0.04 0.27 0.04 0.31 P 0.05 0.52 0.03 0.31 0.04 0.38 Y 833 750 952

Madhya Pradesh

A 5.06 35.04 5.5 37.57 5.65 41.04 P 2.43 25.50 2.33 24.27 3.70 35.54 Y 480 424 655

Maharashtra A 0.07 0.48 0.07 0.48 0.03 0.24 P 0.03 0.31 0.03 0.31 0.01 0.12 Y 429 429 379

Punjab A 0.03 0.21 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.06 P 0.02 0.21 0.01 0.1 0.01 0.05 Y 667 1000 640

Rajasthan A 0.19 1.32 0.28 1.91 0.45 3.25 P 0.19 1.99 0.25 2.60 0.41 3.91 Y 1000 893 909


Uttarakhand A 0.16 1.11 0.15 1.02 0.11 0.83 P 0.08 0.84 0.09 0.94 0.09 0.86 Y 500 600 782

West Bengal A 0.65 4.5 0.55 3.76 0.73 5.28 P 0.45 4.72 0.44 4.58 0.70 6.77 Y 692 800 969

All India A 14.44 14.64 13.77 P 9.53 9.60 10.41 Y 660 656 756



MP41%

UP31%

Bihar12%

WB6%

Rajasthan3%

Assam2%

CG1%

UK1% Others

3%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan)- Lentil Area

MP35%

UP29%

Bihar17%

WB7%

Rajasthan4%

Assam2%

UK1% CG

1% Others4%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan)- Lentil Production


6.5.4 DISTRICT SCENARIO (2013-14) – POTENTIAL DISTRICTS Analysis of the intra-state status of Lentil crop, is presented in table 6.7. Inter district analysis revealed that district Bahraich of U.P. with 3.46% of production has the highest share followed by Sagar. (2.38%), Vidisha (2.23%) and Panna (2.46%) of M.P. District-wise area, production and yield of top ten district of India in respect of production are presented below which contributed 20.63 per cent and 19.45 per cent of area and production of the country. The yield of potential districts may be exploited as the FLD yield gap analysis (2007-08 to 2011-12) has revealed a yield gapof 119 percent in MP and 60% at all India levels.


Sr. No.

Name of District


India Prod. % to

India Yield YI

I Bahraich U.P. 0.420 2.950 0.392 3.461 935 117 II Sagar M.P 0.402 2.822 0.270 2.385 674 85 III Vidisha M.P 0.376 2.644 0.254 2.239 675 85 IV Panna M.P 0.371 2.606 0.279 2.461 753 94 V Hamirpur U.P. 0.324 2.274 0.218 1.923 674 85 VI Balrampur U.P. 0.247 1.736 0.201 1.775 815 102 VII Jhansi U.P. 0.239 1.678 0.189 1.665 791 99 VIII Damoh M.P. 0.195 1.373 0.148 1.309 760 95 IX Chitrakut U.P. 0.192 1.350 0.128 1.128 666 84 X shravasti U.P. 0.171 1.202 0.126 1.110 736 92 Total Above 2.936 20.63 2.207 19.458 751 94 All India 14.230 11.34 797


0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.601.80

District Scenario (2013-14) : Lentil - Top Ten district




State Yield (kg/ha) Gap over FP Gap over SPY Yield 2016-17*

Additional return by bridging yield gap (Rs/ha)

IP FP SAY Actual % Actual % FP SAY Assam 1013 770 668 243 32 345 52 693 9720 13800 HP 642 396 567 246 62 75 13 263 9840 3000 Jharkhand 670 520 911 150 29 -241 -26 768 6000 -9640 Bihar 1805 1295 1068 510 39 737 69 932 20400 29480 Chhattisgarh 644 465 378 179 38 266 70 331 7160 10640 M.P. 918 721 594 197 27 324 55 719 7880 12960 Rajasthan 1788 1443 942 345 24 846 90 859 13800 33840 UP 1369 1112 755 257 23 614 81 710 10280 24560 Tripura 933 712 690 221 31 243 35 - 8840 9720 West Bengal 1899 1254 922 645 51 977 106 985 25800 39080 Average 1289 966 777 323 33 512 66 756 12920 20480

Source-Annual Report- 2016-17, GoI, DPD, Bhopal (Ave. 2013-14 to 2015-16) State Average Yield - E&S (Ave. 2011-12 to 2015-16) *Third Advance Estimates2016-17 IP: Improved Practise FP: Farmers Practise SAY: State Avergae Yield. 6.6 LENTIL AGRONOMY 6.6.1 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION: Lentil is an herbaceous annual plant mostly erect and bushy type with four to six primary branches, plant height not exceeding 50-60 cm in general. It has a well developed root system including a central tap root with several lateral branches, spreading in all directions. Root nodules, the site of atmospheric ‘N’ fixation, are mainly concentrated on primary root. The stem is weak and quadrangular and ends of leaflets some time forms tendrils. Inflorescence is a raceme of two to four flowers. Flowers are small and white with blue, violet or pink tinged. Ovary is short with one or two ovules hence, pods are one to two seeded. Anthesis takes place in buds sometimes before opening of flowers in the next morning. Hence, self pollination is a general rule.Pods are one to one and half cm in length with a curved beak. Grains are often light brown in colour with lens shaped. Based on the seed size and test weight, it is classified into two main groups– i) Bold seeded:Includes sub sp. macro-sperma, with the test weight of > 25 g. also known

locally as Masur or Malka Masur and mainly cultivated in Bundelkhand region of UP/MP and Maharashtra state.

ii) Small seeded:Sub sp. micro-sperma, test weight, <25 g, locally known as masuri and primarily grown in Indo Gangtic plains of NEPZ (UP, Bihar, West Bengal and Assam).


• Climate:Lentil requires cold climate. It is very hardy and can tolerate frost and severe winter to a great extent. It require cold temperature during its vegetative growth and warm temperature at the time of maturity. The optimum temperature for growth is 18-300C. Unlike Bengalgram, it can thrive well under stress conditions of frost and winter rains, even at flowering and fruiting stage.

• Soil and Fieldpreparation:Well drained, loam soils with neutral reaction are best for lentil cultivation. Acidic soils are not fit for growing lentil. The soil should be friable and weed free so that seeding could be done at uniform depth. On heavy soils, one deep ploughing followed by two to three cross harrowing should be done. After harrowing, the field should be levelled by giving a gentle slope to ease irrigation. Like gram, it also require good aeration for nodule development, achieved by one deep ploughing followed by one cross harrowing.


• Sowing Time: Rainfed -Ist fortnight of October in Central and South India and IInd fortnight of October in North India; under irrigated condition first fortnight of November in North India and for Late sowing – First week of December in rice fallows of NEPZ or on fields vacated very late by kharif crops under irrigated condition.

• Seed rate & Spacing: For small seeded: 40-45 kg/ha; Bold seeded: 45-60 kg/ha; Late sown condition: 50-60 kg/ha; Utera cropping: 60-80 kg/ha seed is recommended. Sowing should be done in rows 30 cm. apart and it should be sown at a lower depth (3-4 cm). This could be done either by using a Ferti-seed-drill or by seeding behind desi plough.

• Seed treatment: Fungicide: Thirum (2 gm) + Carbendazim (1gm) or Thirum @ 3 gm or

Carbendazim @2.5 g per Kg. of seed; Insecticide: Chlorpyriphos 20E.C. @8 ml./Kg. of seed; Culture: Rhizobium + PSB, one packet each for 10 kg seed..

• Varieties:Based on the region, time of sowing and purpose of cultivation, recommendations

etc, selection of variety from Table 6.9. However situation specific varieties for Rice-lentil cropping system ar i) Utera cultivation - PL-406, PL-639, Arun and, ii) Late sowings – PL-406, PL-639, IPL-15, Narendra Masoor-1.

• Cropping systems

Sequential cropping:The most common rotations under sequential cropping are:

Kharif fallow Lentil (Rainfed areas) Paddy - Lentil Maize Lentil Cotton - Lentil

Bajra Lentil Jowar - Lentil Groundnut Lentil

• Intercropping:Most common inter cropping systems are:

i. Lentil + Sugarcane (Autumn) with two rows of lentil at 30 cm row spacing in between two rows of sugarcane.

ii. Lentil + Linseed (2:2) iii. Lentil + Mustard (2:6)

• Water Management: Most critical stage for moisture stress is pod formation followed by flower initiation. First irrigation should be given at 40-45 days of planting and second at pod filling stage. Most critical stage for moisture stress is pod formation followed by flower initiation. In absence of winter rains and where contribution of soil moisture is negligible viz. in Central India, two light irrigations may be applied for significant yield improvement. More irrigation may affect the crop performance adversely.

• Plant nutrient management:Being a legume it does not respond to nitrogen except for some types for initial boosting of growth whereas response to potash is inconsistent due to good ‘K’ supply status of most of the Indian soils. However, phosphorus definitely plays a vital role in root development, nodulation and growth and yield of the crop. General recommendation is 15-20 kg N and 50-60 kg ‘P’ as basal placement at soil depth of 10-15 cm during sowing/ last ploughing could be met easily through 100 kg DAP/ha. Lentil also respond positively to ‘S’ (20-40 kg/ha) giving an average nutrient use efficiency of 10-15


kggrain/kg S especially in light textured sandy loam soils of Northern India. SSP is the best source of ‘P’ followed by Gypsum and ‘Pyrite’.

• Among micro-nutrient, Zn is most critical in intensive Rice-Wheat cropping system areas of

Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan (Eastern) U.P. and Bihar General recommendation is 25 kg zinc sulphate as basal, a foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.25% lime (5 kg zinc sulphate + 2.5 kg lime in 1000 lt. of water per ha). ‘Mo’ and ‘Fe’ are the integral components of enzyme ‘nitrogenous’ for ‘N’ fixation. Mo deficiency may create twin deficiency of ‘N’ and ‘Mo’. ‘Boron’ and ‘Mo’ is found deficient in acidic soil of Eastern India hence 10 kg borax and 1 kg ammonium molybdate as soil application and foliar spray of 2% each of DAP and ‘KCL’ at pre flowering and pod development enhance yield by 10-15% along with increasing its ability to resist terminal drought.

• Tips for low input INM - Application of 2-2.5 tonnes ‘vermicompost’ or 5 t FYM to the ‘kharif’ crop in rotation and

seed inoculation with efficient strain of Rhizobia takes care about initial nitrogen requirement and no need to apply ‘N’ as booster (required especially in low fertile and paddy soils).

- Dual inoculation with ‘Rhizobium’ and ‘PSB’ takes care of ‘N’ as well as reduces 25-30% of phosphorus requirement by making available the initial fixed soil ‘P’ to the plants.

- Rhizobium inoculation is must after paddy as it is aerobic bacteria and most of its population dies during flooding and compaction for want of oxygen.

- In-situ management of rice straw/residues takes care of Zinc and other micronutrient and no need to apply them separately.

• Weed Management:Major weeds are Chenopodium spp. (bathua), Fumaria parviflora (gajri), Lathyrus aphaca (chatri matri), Vicia sativa (ankari), Crisium arvense (kateli), Melilotus alba (senji), Asphodelus enuifolius (jungli piaji), Convolvulus arvensis, Phalaris minor and Avena ludoriciana. Orobanche, a parasitic weed is also seen as major problem at some places. SimilarlyV sativa adultrate the grain due to its size, shape and colour. One hand weeding/inter-culture at 30 DAS and another at 55-60 DAS, depending upon the intensity of weed infestation, provides efficient soil oxygen environment to rhizobium bacteria along with soil moisture conservation breaking soil capillaries, creating dust mulch. Application of Metolachlor 1000-1500 g a.i./ha at 0-3 DAS controls many annual grasses and broad leaf weeds.


6.6.3 PLANT PROTECTION MEASURE

A. DISEASE i) Seedling Mortality Symptoms: It is caused by fungi. It appears within a month of sowing when the seedlings start drying up. The drying is mainly two types. (Seedling wilt)- Seedling first turn yellow and dry up. Collar rot- The seedling collapse while still green and then dry out. Control Measures i) It can be reduced by delay planting until mid-November; ii) Treat the seed with systemic fungicide Carbendazim @ 2.5 g/kg of seed; iii) Plant resistant varieties like Pant L-406 etc. ii) Wilt Symptoms: This is serious disease of lentil in which the growth of the plant is checked, the leaves start yellowing, plant start drying and finally die. The roots of affected plants remain under developed and look light brown in colour. Control Measures i) Keep the field clean and follow a three year crop rotation. This will help in reducing the disease incidence; ii) Use tolerant and resistant varieties like Pant Lentil 5, IPL-316, RVL-31, Shekhar Masoor 2, Shekhar Masoor 3 etc; iii) Seed treatment.

iii) Rust Symptoms: The disease symptoms start as yellowish pustules on the leaflets and pods. Later; light brown pustules appear on both the surfaces of the leaves and other aerial parts of the plant. The pustules finally become dark brown. The plants give dark brown or blackish appearance visible as patches in the field. Control Measures i) After harvest, the affected plant trash should be burnt; ii) In NEPZ, normal and early sowing reduces intensity of rust disease; iii) Grow resistant/tolerant varieties like DPL-15, Narendra Lentil-1, IPL 406, Haryana masur 1, Pant L-6, Pant L-7, LL-931, IPL 316 etc.; iv) Spray the crop with Mancozeb 75 WP@ 0.2 % (2g/liter). 1-2 spray at 50 days after sowing are good for controlling rust. iv) Stemphylium Blight Symptoms: The disease causes angular tan leaf lesions; when it is humid (early mornings or after rainfall events), diseased leaves may appear gray due to sporulation by the causal pathogen. Diseased leaves often fall from plants, leaving plants defoliated except for the youngest leaves at the top of the plant. Red lentils are generally more susceptible to the disease than green lentils.


Control Measures i) After harvest, the affected plant trash should be burnt; ii) Spray the crop with Mancozeb 75 WP@ 0.2 % (2 g/liter). Two spray may be given at 15 days interval; ii) Grow resistant varieties like Pant L-639, DPL-15, Narendra Lentil-1 etc.

B. INSECT-PEST i) Pod borer Nature of damage: The caterpillar defoliates the tender leaves and also bores the green pods and feeds upon the ripening grains. It damages almost all the pods in case of severe damage, but causes nearly 25-30% annual yield losses in India. Control Measures v) Sprayneem seed extract(5%) @ 50 ml/ liter of water; ii) Spray of Profenphos 50 EC @ 2 ml/ liter or Emammectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.2 g/liter of water. vi) Aphids Nature of Damage: Aphids suck the sap and in case of severe damage the growth is suppressed. Control Measures i) Spray of Dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.7 ml/liter or Imidaclopid 17.8 SL @

0.2 ml / liter of water.

• Harvesting, threshing, storage and yield Crop become ready for harvest when leaves begin to fall, stem and pod turn brown or straw in colour and seeds are hard and rattle with 15% moisture inside them. Over ripening may lead to fall of pods as well as shattering and seed cracking if seed moisture fall below 10% due to delay in harvesting. The crop should be allowed to dry for 4-7 days on threshing floor and threshed by manually or bullock/power drawn thresher.The clean seed should be sun dried for 3-4 days to bring their moisture content at 9-10%. The seed should be safely stored in appropriate bins and fumigated to protect them from bruchids.

• Yield:10-15 q/ha .

6.7 RECOMMENDATION TO ACHIEVED HIGHER PRODUCTION • Deep summer ploughing once in 3 years. • Seed treatment should be done before sowing. • Application of fertilizer should be based on soil test value. • Wilt resistant/ tolerant –RVL-31, IPL81 (Noori), IPL -316, Sekhar masoor-2, Sekhar

masoor-2. Rust resistant/tolerant–IPL-406, WBL-77, Pant L-6, Pant L-7, Sekhar masoor-2, Sekhar masoor-2, IPL-316.

• Adopt integrated approach for plant protection. • Weed control should be done at right time.


(TABLE–6.9): RECOMMENDED VARIETIES/CHARACTERISTICS Variety Source Release/

Notification Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


JL 1 JNKVV 1991 MP 8.0 120-125 Early, Tolerant to wilt, Seed bold Sapana (LH 84-8)

CCSHAU 1991 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP)

15.0 135-140 Tolerant to Rust & Bold Seeded

VL Masoor 4 VPKAS 1991 Uttrakhand 12.5 168 Tolerant to wilt & Rust, Small seeded &black.

Pant lentil-4 (PL-81-17)

1993 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP, North Rajasthan)

16.0 140-145 Resistant to Rust & tolerant to wilt.

Lens-4076 IARI 1993 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, UP) CZ (MP, Maharashtra )

14.0 130-135 Tolerant to wilt & Rust. Seed bold

DPL-15 (Priya) IARI 1995 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP)

15-18 130-135 Tolerant to wilt & Rust, bold seeded.

Pusa Vaibhav (L-4147)

IARI 1996 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP.)

20-24 130-135 Resistant to Rust & Tolerant to wilt, small seeded.

Garima (LH-84-6) CCSHAU 1996 Haryana. 15-20 135-140 Tolerant to Rust, wilt & Blight.bold seeded.

Narendra Masoor-1

NDAUT 1997 Uttar Pradesh. 14.0 125-130 Resistant to Rust & Tol. to wilt.

DPL-62 (Sheri) IIPR 1997 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP.)

17.0 130-135 Resistant to Rust & wilt, bold seeded.

Subrata BCKV 1998 West bengal 12-18 120-125 Tolerant to Rust, bold seeded. JL-3 JNKVV 1999 CZ (MP, Maharashtra ) 15-19 115-120 Tolerant to wilt, bold seeded. VL Masoor 103 VPKAS 2000 Uttrakhand 12-14 1645 Tolerant to Rust, small seeded. Noori (IPL-81) IIPR 2000 CZ (MP, Maharashtra ) 17-18 110-120 Tolerant to Rust, wilt, bold seeded


(Cont……) Variety Source Release/

Notification Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


Pant Lentil-5 GBPUAT 2001 Uttrakhand 15-18 135 Resistant to Rust, bold seeded. Malaviya Vishwanath (HUL 57)

BHU 2005 Eastern and Central U.P., Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Assam

14.0 130 Resistant to rust & wilt, small seeded.

KLS 218 CSAUAT 2005 NEPZ (East Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal).

14-15 125-130 Tolerant to Rust, wilt, small seeded

VL-Masoor-507 VPKAS, Almora

2006 J&K, H.P., Uttrakhand, North Eastern Hills

10-12 140-209 Resistant to wilt

Haryana Masoor-1 (LH-89-48)

CCSHAU 2006 Haryana 14 138 Moderate resistant to all disease

VL Masoor 125 VPKAS, Almora

2006 Uttrakhand 19-20 115-117 Resistant to wilt

VL Masoor 126 (VL-126)

VPKAS, Almora

2007 Uttrakhand, H.P., J&K and North Eastern Hills

12-13 126-212 Resistant to GM and Moderately resistantto wilt and rust

IPL-406 (Angoori) IIPR 2007 Punjab, Haryana, North Rajasthan, Plains of Uttrakhand and Western UP

17 120-155 Resistant to rust and wilt

Pusa Masoor 5 (L-45994)

IARI 2008 Delhi 17-18 120-128 Resistant to rust moderately resistant to pod borer

Moitree WBL 77 PORS, Berhampore

2009 East UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam & WB

15 117 Resistant to wilt and grey mould

Shekhar Masoor 2 (KLB-303)


2009 Uttar Pradesh 14 128 Moderately resistant to wilt and rust



Notification Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity




2009 Uttar Pradesh 14 128 Moderately resistant to wilt and rust

Pant Lentil 7 (PL 024)

GBPUAT 2010 Punjab, Haryana, UP 15 147 Resistant wilt to rust & pod borer

Pant Lentil 8 (PL 063)

GBPUAT 2010 Punjab, Haryana, Plains of Uttrakhand , Western UP, Delhi and Rajasthan

15 135 Mod. Resistant to rust and wilt. Resistant to pod borer

Pant Lentil-6 (PL-02)

GBPUAT 2010 Uttrakhand , 11 125-145 Resistant to rust. Wilt, Ascochyta Blight and Tolerant to pod borer

VL Masoor -129 VPKAS, Almora

2010 Uttrakhand , 9.0 151 Resistant to wilt and root rot and no infestation of pod borer

VL Masoor 133 (VL133)

VPKAS, Almora

2011 Uttrakhand , 11 150 Resistant to wilt, root rot and rust

VL Masoor 514 (VL514)

VPKAS, Almora

2011 Uttrakhand , 10 149-159 Moderately resistant to wilt and root rot disease. Tolerant to pod borer

LL 931 PAU 2012 Punjab 12-13 146-147 Resistant to lentil rust. Tolerant to pod borer

CZ- (MP.,Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat) , SZ- (A.P., Karnataka, Tamil nadu, Odisha) NEPZ-North Eastplane Zone (East Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal). NWPZ- North West Plain Zone (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP & North Rajasthan) Res.= Resistant, Tol.= Tolerant, Mod.= Moderately.


FIELDPEAS (MATAR)

Botanical Name : Pisum sativum (L.) Synonym : Matar, Pea Origin : Mediterranean Region of Southern Europe and Western Asia Chromosome nos. : 2n = 14 7.1 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Pea is the third most important pulse crop at global level, after dry bean and chickpea and third most popular rabi pulse of India after chickpea and lentil. It provides a variety of vegetarian diet hence liked throughout the world. The mature seeds are used as whole or split into dal and put to use in various ways for human consumption. Beside vegetable purposes, it is also grown as a forage crop for cattle and cover crop to prevent soil erosion but mainly for matured seed for human consumption. 7.2 NUTRITIVE VALUE

Protein 22-25% Calcium 64 mg/100g Fat 0.8- 1% Iron 4.8 mg/100g Dietary Fiber- 13.4% Moisture 11% Carbohydrate 62.1%

AGRONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE: Being leguminous crop leaving 25-30kg N/ha to the succeeding crops. 7.3 GROWTH RATE Maximum growth for acerage reported during1995-96 (38%) and 2013-14 (25%) and also increasing trend for producton and productivity was recorded during 1990-91 with (40% and 27%). (TABLE–7.1): GROWTH RATE OF FIELDPEA

(A- Million ha, P- Million tones, Y-kg/ha, Growth Rate (GR)- %) Year Fieldpea

Area GR Prod. GR Yield GR 1980-81 0.42 0.29 688 1985-86 0.50 18.6 0.43 47.4 855 24.3 1990-91 0.55 10.3 0.60 40.9 1092 27.7 1995-96 0.76 38.0 0.64 5.7 836 -23.4 1996-97 0.74 -3.8 0.72 13.0 982 17.5 1997-98 0.75 1.4 0.61 -15.6 818 -16.8 1998-99 0.84 12.4 0.71 15.8 842 3.0 1999-00 0.80 -5.0 0.82 15.6 1025 21.8 2000-01 0.66 -17.2 0.54 -33.7 821 -19.9 2001-02 0.68 2.3 0.61 12.5 903 9.9 2002-03 0.67 -0.5 0.60 -1.3 896 -0.8 2003-04 0.71 6.2 0.73 20.9 1019 13.8 2004-05 0.80 11.7 0.79 8.9 993 -2.6 2005-06 0.78 -1.8 0.72 -9.0 920 -7.3


(A- Million ha, P- Million tones, Y-kg/ha, Growth Rate (GR)- %) Year Fieldpea

Area GR Prod. GR Yield GR 2006-07** 0.76 -3.0 0.62 -14.3 814 -11.6 2007-08 0.63 -16.9 0.48 -21.6 768 -5.6 2008-09 0.72 13.9 0.66 35.9 916 19.3 2009-10 0.76 6.4 0.67 2.5 883 -3.7 2010-11 0.73 -4.9 0.59 -12.1 816 -7.6 2011-12 0.76 4.3 0.71 19.5 935 14.6 2012-13 0.77 0.8 0.84 18.6 1099 17.6 2013-14 0.96 25.9 0.92 10.0 960 -12.6 2014-15 0.98 1.5 0.89 -3.6 912 -5.0 2015-16 0.90 -7.6 0.74 -16.8 821 -10.0

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2016.DES, Ministry of Agri.&FW(DAC&FW), Govt. of India. (TABLE–7.2): PER CENT SHARE TO TOTAL PULSES

{Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha} Year Peas Total Pulses % share to Total Pulses

A P Y A P Y A P YI 1980-81 4.23 2.91 688 224.45 106.24 473 0.04 2.74 145 1990-91 5.54 6.05 1092 372.55 203.68 547 0.06 2.97 200 1995-96 7.70 6.43 835 331.77 170.10 513 0.08 3.78 163 2000-01 6.60 5.42 821 203.48 110.75 544 0.07 4.89 151 2001-02 6.73 6.07 903 220.08 133.68 607 0.07 4.54 149 2002-03 6.72 6.01 895 204.96 111.25 543 0.07 5.40 165 2003-04 7.13 7.27 1019 234.58 149.05 635 0.07 4.88 160 2004-05 7.99 7.92 992 227.63 131.30 577 0.08 6.04 172 2005-06 7.83 7.20 920 223.91 133.84 598 0.08 5.38 154 2006-07 7.60 6.18 813 231.92 141.98 612 0.08 4.35 133 2007-08 6.30 4.84 768 236.33 147.62 625 0.06 3.28 123 2008-09 7.19 6.59 916 220.94 145.66 659 0.07 4.52 139 2009-10 7.61 6.75 888 232.82 146.62 630 0.08 4.60 141 2010-11 7.27 5.93 816 264.02 182.41 691 0.07 3.25 118 2011-12 7.56 7.06 933 244.62 170.89 699 0.08 4.13 134 2012-13 7.67 8.43 1099 232.57 183.42 789 0.08 4.60 139 2013-14 9.63 9.25 960 252.18 192.55 764 0.10 4.80 126 2014-15 9.75 8.89 912 235.53 171.52 728 0.10 5.18 125 2015-16 9.03 7.42 821 249.11 163.48 656 0.09 4.54 125 2016-17 292.77 224.01 765



7.4 IMPORT/EXPORT IMPORT: The import of pulses in India during April, 2014 to March, 2015 was 19.52 lakh tonnes

worth Rs.4970.16 crores against the value of Rs.17196.87 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.121319.02 crore for total agricultural imports and against Rs.2737086.58 crore for total National Import. The import during April, 2015 to March, 2016 was 22.45 lakh tonnes worth Rs.5466.94 crore against the import value of Rs. 26841.87 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.140288.69 crore for total agricultural import and Rs.2490298.08 crore for total National import respectively during this period. The share of Fieldpea import to Agricultural import was 4.10% and 3.90% respectively during April, 2014 to March, 2015 and April, 2015 to March, 2016. {Dry Peas contributes the single largest share in India’s import basket of pulses registering in the total pulses import}.

EXPORT:The pulses export of the country during April, 2014 to March, 2015 was 0.039 lakh

tonnes worth Rs.13.63 crore against the value of Rs. 59500.54 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.239681.04 crore for total agricultural exports and against Rs.1896445.47 crore for total National export.The export during April, 2015 to March, 2016 was 0.064 lakh tonnes worth Rs.24.32 crore against the export value of Rs. 42622.29 crore for total foodgrains, Rs.215395.68 crore for total agricultural export and Rs.1716378.05 crore for total National export respectively during this period. The share of Fieldpea export to Agricultural export was 0.006% and 0.011% respectively during April, 2014 to March, 2015 and April, 2015 to March, 2016.

(TABLE-7.3): IMPORTING &EXPORTING COUNTRIES (Quantity-Thousand Tonnes)

S. No. IMPORT EXPORT Country Aveg.* % Share Country Aveg.* % Share

1 Canada 1256.96 62.40 Sri Lanka DSR 3.13 80.55 2 Russia 219.60 10.90 Myanmar 0.21 5.39 3 U S A 158.37 7.86 Nepal 0.20 5.21 4 France 95.41 4.74 Pakistan IR 0.10 2.66 5 Australia 89.57 4.45 Ukraine 0.06 1.42 6 Lithuania 75.47 3.75 Bangladesh PR 0.05 1.32 7 Ukraine 73.20 3.63 Argentina 0.04 1.13 8 Estonia 12.51 0.62 Bhutan 0.03 0.84 9 Argentina 10.23 0.51 U S A 0.03 0.65

10 Romania 8.86 0.44 Maldives 0.02 0.52 11 Germany 4.61 0.23 Kuwait 0.003 0.07 12 Bulgaria 3.24 0.16 South Africa 0.002 0.06 13 Myanmar 1.71 0.08 U Arab EMTS 0.001 0.03 14 Moldova 1.32 0.07 Denmark 0.001 0.03 15 Turkey 0.80 0.04 Singapore 0.001 0.02 16 Others 2.37 0.12 Australia 0.001 0.02 17 U K 0.001 0.01 18 Cambodia 0.0004 0.01 19 Malaysia 0.0003 0.01 20 Others 0.001 0.04

Total 2014.26 Total 3.88


Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry; Aveg.*- 2012-13 to 2016-17

7.5 PRODUCTION TRENDS 7.5.1 GLOBAL SCENARIO: FIELDPEA Canada rank first in area (21%) and production (35%) at Global level. China stands second

position in area (13.70%) followed by Russian Fed. (12.94 %) respectively. India occupy forth

position in area (10.53 %) and 5th position in production (5.36 %). Highest productivity is

recorded in Ireland (5000 kg/ha) followed by Netherland (4766 kg/ha), and Denmark (4048

kg/ha). While, India’s productivity is only 822 kg/ha.

(TABLE–7.4): GLOBAL RANKING : MAJOR COUNTRIES {Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha}

Country Area %Cont. Country Prod. %Cont. Country Yield

Canada 14.67 21.16 Canada 34.45 30.80 Ireland 5000 China 9.50 13.70 Russian Fed. 15.03 13.44 Netherlands 4766 Russian Fed. 8.97 12.94 China 13.50 12.07 Denmark 4048 India 7.30 10.53 USA 7.78 6.96 U.Kingdom 4000 Iran 4.75 6.85 India 6.00 5.36 Belgium 3873 USA 3.64 5.25 France 5.39 4.81 Switzerland 3744 Australia 2.45 3.53 Ukraine 3.59 3.21 Germany 3724 Tanzania 2.39 3.45 Ethiopia 3.43 3.06 France 3710 Ethiopia 2.31 3.33 Australia 3.42 3.06 Sweden 3218 Ukraine 1.54 2.21 Iran 2.00 1.79 Armenia 3167

World 69.32 World 111.86 World 1614 India 822

Source: FAO 2014


Canada21%

China14%

Russian Fed.13%India

11%

Iran 7%

USA5%

Australia4%

Tanzania3%

Ethiopia3%

Ukraine2%

Others17%

GLOBAL SCENARIO- PEA AREA

Canada31%

Russian Fed.14%

China12%

USA7%

India5%

France5%

Ukraine3%

Ethiopia3%

Australia3%

Iran 2%

Others15%

GLOBAL SCENARIO-PEA PRODUCTION


7.5.2 NATIONAL SCENARIO: PLAN PERIODS Plan-wise performance revelaed, the highest area & production increased during VIIIth plan followed by XIIth Plan over the previous plan period. The details plan-wise performance is given below : (TABLE–7.5): PLAN-WISE NATIONAL SCENARIO

(Area-Mha, Production-MTonnes, Yield-kg/ha) Plan Area %COPP Prod. % COPP Productivity %COPP Sixth Plan (1980-85) 0.44 0.32 740 Seventh Plan (1985-90) 0.47 7.73 0.42 27.95 879 18.76 Eighth Plan (1992-97) 0.71 50.56 0.64 54.90 905 2.88 Ninth Plan (1997-02) 0.74 4.46 0.66 2.06 884 -2.30 Tenth Plan (2002-07) 0.74 0.22 0.69 5.30 929 5.06 Eleventh Plan (2007-2012) 0.72 -3.36 0.62 -9.80 867 -6.67 #Twelfth Plan (2012-2017) 0.90 25.34 0.85 36.19 942 8.66


0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

VIth Plan (1980-85)



IXth Plan (1997-02)

Xth Plan (2002-07)

XIth Plan (2007-2012)


0.44 0.47

0.71 0.74 0.74 0.72

0.90

0.32

0.42

0.64 0.660.69

0.62

0.85

Plan-wise Scenario : Fieldpea



7.5.3 STATES’ SCENARIO: PLAN ANALYSIS (Xth –XIIth) Tenth Plan (2002-2007):The area and production during the plan were 7.45 lakh ha and 6.92 lakh

tonnes respectively. The state of Uttar Pradesh ranked first in area and production (53.75% and

69.25%) followed by Madhya Pradesh (27.93% and 13.92%). Bihar stood in third position with

area and production both 3.16% & 3.08% respectively. Rajasthan has recorded highest yield

(2190 kg/ha) followed by Haryana (1214 kg/ha) and UP (1197 kg/ha) which is greater than the

National productivity (929 kg/ha). Lowest yield was observed in Chhattisgarh (352 kg/ha)

followed by Maharashtra (395 kg/ha) and M.P. (463 kg/ha).

Eleventh Plan (2007-2012):During eleventh plan, the area and production were 7.20 lakh hectares

and 6.24 lakh tonnes respectively. U.P. stands first in respect of area and production (44.72 %

and 62.19 %) followed by M.P. (32.46 % and 15.41%) and Jharkhand (4.28 % & 5.04%).

Rajasthan ranked first in yield (1327 kg/ha) followed by U.P. (1205 kg/ha) and Punjab (1192

kg/ha).The lowest yield was observed in C.G. (352 kg/ha) followed by Maharashtra (371 kg/ha)

and Madhya Pradesh (412 kg/ha).

Twelfth Plan (2012-2017): A total area of 9.01 lakh hectares and a total production of 8.49 lakh

tonnes were recorded. Uttar Pradesh ranked first both in area and production (37.90% and

41.58%) followed by Madhya Pradesh (38.67% and 32.98%) and Jharkhand (3.80 % and

4.85%). In case of productivity Rajasthan ranked first with (1867 kg/ha) followed by Punjab

(1297 kg/ha) and Jharkhand (1203 kg/ha). The lowest yield was observed in Maharashtra (390

kg/ha) followed by C.G. (437 kg/ha) and Assam (817 kg/ha).

The area, production and yield significantly increased during XIIth plan from previous plan.


(TABLE–7.6): PLAN-WISE STATES’ SCENARIO - MAJOR STATE’S {Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha}

State Xth Plan % to AI XIth Plan % to AI XIIth Plan % to AI

Assam A 0.22 2.91 0.22 3.03 0.27 2.99 P 0.13 1.93 0.13 2.14 0.22 2.59 Y 616 615 817

Bihar A 0.24 3.16 0.22 3.00 0.19 2.08 P 0.21 3.08 0.22 3.47 0.18 2.17 Y 906 1005 984


Haryana A 0.01 0.19 0.01 0.18 0.01 0.08 P 0.02 0.24 0.02 0.23 0.01 0.09 Y 1214 1154 1071

Jharkhand A 0.08 1.07 0.31 4.28 0.34 3.80 P 0.07 0.96 0.31 5.04 0.41 4.85 Y 838 1019 1203

Madhya Pradesh

A 2.08 27.93 2.34 32.46 3.48 38.67 P 0.96 13.92 0.96 15.41 2.80 32.98 Y 463 412 804

Maharashtra A 0.17 2.24 0.22 3.06 0.28 3.09 P 0.07 0.96 0.08 1.32 0.11 1.28 Y 395 371 390

Punjab A 0.04 0.51 0.03 0.37 0.02 0.25 P 0.04 0.61 0.03 0.50 0.03 0.35 Y 1105 1192 1297

Rajasthan A 0.12 1.62 0.05 0.68 0.13 1.47 P 0.27 3.84 0.07 1.04 0.25 2.90 Y 2190 1327 1867


Uttrakhand A 0.04 0.56 0.06 0.84 0.06 0.69 P 0.04 0.57 0.03 0.47 0.06 0.71 Y 952 500 962

West Bengal A 0.13 1.75 0.10 1.44 0.14 1.50 P 0.11 1.60 0.10 1.58 0.16 1.89 Y 840 952 1183

All India A 7.45 7.20 9.01 P 6.92 6.24 8.49 Y 929 867 942



UP41%

MP33%

M.H.3%

Raj.3%

Assam3%

Bihar2%

WB2%

MS1% CG

1% Others9%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan)- Pea Area

UP41%

MP33%

M.H.3%

Raj.3%

Assam3%

Bihar2%

WB2%

MS1%

CG1% Others

9%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan)- Pea Production


7.5.4 DISTRICT SCENARIO (2012-13) – POTENTIAL DISTRICTS Analysis of the intra-state status of Pea crop, is presented in table 7.7. Inter district analysis revealed that district Jalaun with 13.72% of production has the highest share followed by Lalitpur (11.26%), Jhansi (9.33%) and Mahoba (2.81%) of U.P. District-wise area, production and yield of top ten district of India in respect of production are presented below which contributed 33.72% and 43.19% of area and production of the country. The yield index of potential districts revealed that the yield of these districts has been above the National average yield (1099 kg/ha) in four districts. Reset of the other six districts having the below National average yield, need to adopt the improved package of practices to increase the production of peas in these distrits and in the country, as well.

(TABLE–7.7): TOP POTENTIAL DISTRICTS (2012-13) – FIELDPEA {Area-Lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tonnes, Yield-kg/ha}

Sr. No.

Name of District

State Area Prod. Yield Area % to India Prod. % to India Yield YI

I Jalaun U.P. 0.629 8.22 1.154 13.72 1834 167 II Lalitpur U.P. 0.547 7.15 0.947 11.26 1730 157 III Jhansi U.P. 0.448 5.85 0.785 9.33 1753 159 IV Mahoba U.P. 0.246 3.22 0.237 2.81 961 87 V Panna M.P. 0.221 2.88 0.140 1.66 633 58 VI Sagar M.P. 0.143 1.86 0.106 1.26 743 68 VII Chhatarpur M.P. 0.119 1.55 0.082 0.97 689 63 VIII Narsinghpur M.P. 0.094 1.22 0.081 0.97 867 79 IX Seoni M.P. 0.092 1.20 0.053 0.63 580 53 X Allahabad U.P. 0.042 0.55 0.048 0.57 1158 105 Total above 2.58 33.72 3.63 43.19 1408 128 All India 7.650 8.410 1099


0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

District Scenario (2012-13) : Fieldpea - Top Ten district





Additional return by bridging yield gap

(Rs/ha) IP FP SAY Actual % Actual % FP SAY

Assam 1205 960 782 245 26 423 54 782 8575 14805 Bihar 1805 1256 993 549 44 812 82 1053 19215 28420 Chhattisgarh 764 586 419 178 30 345 82 381 6230 12075 J&K 1164 942 831 222 24 333 40 - 7770 11655 Jharkhand 1284 964 1188 320 33 96 8 766 11200 3360 Manipur 784 582 936 202 35 -152 -16 940 7070 -5320 Tripura 1420 1390 850 30 2 570 67 - 1050 19950 UP 1628 1278 1110 350 27 518 47 997 12250 18130 Average 1225 933 904 292 31 321 36 827 10220 11235

Source-Annual Report- 2016-17, GoI, DPD, Bhopal (Ave. 2013-14 to 2015-16) State Average Yield - E&S (Ave. 2011-12 to 2015-16) *Third Advance Estimates2016-17 IP: Improved Practise FP: Farmers Practise SAY: State Avergae Yield 7.6 FIELDPEA AGRONOMY 7.6.1 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION: It is an annual herbaceous, semi erect to erect, succulent plant with a tendency to climb when support is available, grow up to a height of 30-200 cm. Plants bear tap root system with nodules on the surface. Leaves are typically compound, with each leaf has one to three pairs of leaflets and terminal branched tendrils. Inflorescence is axillary raceme. Peas are generally self fertilized but cross pollination may also occur up to some extent. Fruit is a typical pod varying 5-9 cm in length containing 5-10 seeds inside them. Seed germination is hypogeal when cotyledons remain below the ground surface during emergence.

• Two types of peas are generally cultivated all over the world as: - Garden pea: (Pisum sativum var. hortense) - also called as table pea, young green seeds are used

mostly as vegetables and also for canning purposes. Seeds are bold and wrinkled. Flowers are generally white.

- Field Pea: (Pisum sativum var. arvense) - this group contain ripe, matured seeds and mostly used for dal, some times they are also grown for forage and green manuring purposes. The plants are hardy and grown mostly as rainfed without any irrigation. They are also able to withstand frost. Seeds are round and white, grayish green to grayish yellow. Flowers are coloured.

7.6.2 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY • Climate: Being a winter season crop it requires a cool growing season with moderate temperature

throughout the life. High temperature is more injurious to pea crop than frost. Frost can damage the plants during flowering stage. High humidity associated with cloudy weather results into spread of fungal diseases like damping-off and powdery mildew. Optimum monthly temperature suitable for growth is 13-180C.

• Soil and Fieldpreparation: A well-drained loamy soils free from excessive soluble salts with neutral pH range of 6.5 to 7.5 is suitable for successful cultivation of the crop.Prepare a level field for even distribution of irrigation water, free from stubbles and crop residues of previous crops by one deep ploughing through disc or mouldboard plough followed by 2-3 harrowing and planking


after each operation. To ensure good drainage and aeration in the field, powdery seedbeds must be avoided.

• Sowing time: IInd fortnight of October in north Indian condition and Ist week of October in Central

India is the optimum sowing time for rainfed conditions.

• Seed Rate & Spacing: Tall varieties-70-80 kg./ha & 30-45 X 10 cm;Dwarf varieties-100 kg./ha & 22.5 X 10 cm.; 25-30 cm (row to row) and 8-10 cm (plant to plant) for dwarf genotypes like Aparna 30-40 cm (row to row) and 10-12 cm (plant to plant) for tall varieties like Rachna.

• Varieties: Selection of variety as per the adaptability to the region, recommendation, time of

sowing, purpose of cultivation and use of inputs etc from table 7.9.

• Cropping System: In general, peas are sown after harvest of kharif crops. The most common rotations are maize –pea; paddy–pea–wheat–(being popular in Northern India); cotton – pea;jowar–pea; and bajra–pea.

• Intercropping: It can be sown as intercrop with autumn sugarcane as two rows of pea at 30 cm

row spacing in the centre of two sugarcane rows at 90 cm apart.

• Water management: Fieldpea is mostly grown as rainfed/un-irrigated on residual soil moisture and can sustain drought conditions up to some extent. One or two irrigations at 45 DAs and if needed, at pod filling stage, may be the best recommended irrigation schedule.

• Plant nutrient management: Apply 2.5-5 tones biogas slurry/compost per ha, apply 60 kg P2O5 per

ha as basal dosein furrow bands for higher P use–efficiency for which single super phosphate (contains 12 % S) to di-ammonoum phosphate should be prefered. On light tectured soils of northern region, application of 0.5 kg molybdenum (1 kg sodium molybdate) per ha has additional effect on yield of fieldpea. Foliar spray of B @ 1-1.5 kg B per ha or soil application of 4 kg borax per ha is recommended on boran deficient soils. Apply 20 kg K2O per ha. alongwith NP is beneficial in K deficient areas.Apply 20 kg sulphur per ha. In acid soils, rhizobium innoculated seed should be treated with 1.5 kg of finaly powdered lime (CaCO3, 300 mesh). For correcting Zn deficiency, foliar spray of 0.5 kg ZnSO4 with 0.25 kg lime or soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg per ha to one crop on Zn deficient soils is helpful to both the crop of pulse based cropping system.

• Weed management:One weeding 30-45 DAS, depending upon the field conditions. Application of

solution MCPB or 2,4D-B @ 1.2 kg a.i./ha in 500-600 liters of water after 6 weeks of sowing, as post emergence, is effective in sandy loam soils. Application of Pendimethalin (STOMP) 30 EC @ 1 kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence application can also be used to control the weeds up to 50 days. Application of Metribuzin 250 g a.i./ha at 0-3 DAS or 15-20 DAS.

• Harvesting, threshing and storage: Field peas should be harvested when they are fully ripe and threshed after sufficient drying in the sun. The clean seed should be sun dried for 3-4 days to reduce their moisture content up to 9-10% to be safely stored in appropriate bins. To avoid further


development of bruchids and other storage pests, it is recommended to fumigate the storage material before onset of monsoon and again after the monsoon with ALP @ 1-2 tablets per tonne. The small quantity of the produce can also be protected by mixing inert material (soft stone, lime, ash, etc) or by smearing edible/non-edible vegetable oils or by mixing plant products like neem leaf powder at the rate of 1-2% w/w basis.

• Yield: 20-25qtls of grain and straw per ha (irrigated) and 10-15qtls grains per ha (rain fed).

7.6.3 PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES A. DISEASE i) Wilt Symptoms:Thesymptoms may be seen in seedling stage.The symptoms are premature yellowing and withering of young leaves during seedling stage and advance stage. Disease caused maximum loss if crop is early sown. Control Measures i) Seed Treatment with Thirum (2gm.) +Carbendazim (1gm.) /kg of seed; ii) Adopt crop rotation; iii) Avoid early sowing in badly infested areas. ii) Powdery Mildew Symptoms:The symptoms first appears on the leaves then on other green parts of the plant. They are characterized by patchy growth on both the surfaces of the leaf and also on the tendrils, pods and stem. In case of severe infestation the plant dies prematurely. Control Measures i) Adopt resistant var. like Pant Pea-5, Malviya-15, JP-885, HUP-2 etc.;

ii) Spraying with Karathane @ 1 ml/litre or wettable sulphur @ 3 gm/litre or Dinocap @ 1 ml/litre of water and repeat after 10-15 days, if necessary; iii) Avoid late planting; iv) After harvest collect the plants left in the field and burn them.

iii) Rust Symptoms:It is caused by fungus. The stem of the plant becomes malformed and the affected plant dies out. All the greenparts of plant are affected. Yellow spots having aecia in round or elongated clusters. Then the uredopustules develop which are powdery and light brown in appearance. Control Measures

i) After harvest, the affected plants trash should be burnt; ii) Spray the crop with Mancozeb 75 WP @ 2 g / liter of water.


B. INSECT-PEST i) Pea Stem fly Nature of Damage: The maggot of the insect damages the internal tissue, consequently the entire plant dies. The damage is more acute when crop is sown early. Control Measures i)Mix 30 kg/ ha Carbofuran (Furadon) 3 % granules or 10 kg /ha Phorate (Thimet) 10 % granules in the soils before sowing the crop; ii) Avoid early planting.

ii) Leaf Miner Nature of Damage: Larvae of the insect makes tunnel in the leaf causing severe damage. The damage is more during the month of Dec.to Mar.

Control Measures i) 1 liter of Oxydemeton methyl (Metasystox) 25 EC in 1000 liter of water per hectare when the attack begins and repeat at 15 days intervals. iii) Pea Aphids Nature of Damage: They suck the sap of the cells, owing to which the leaves turn pale and yellow. In case of severe infestation the plant growth is checked. Ultimately plant growth get stunted. Control Measures i) Spray 1.25 liter of Dimethoate 30 EC or oxydemeton methy (Metasystox) 25 EC in 1000 liter of water per hectare. Reperat the spray after 10-12 days.

iv) Spiny Pod Borer It is a polyphagous insect. Caterpillar makes hole in pods feed upon developing seed. Late varieties are prone to more damage than earlier one. Control Measures i) Picking of green pods should be done 15 days after spraying; ii) Spray of 1.25 liter of cypermethrin in 1000 liter of water per hectare is safe and effective. 7.7 RECOMMENDATION TO ACHIEVED HIGHER PRODUCTION • Deep summer ploughing once in 3 years. • Seed treatment should be done before sowing. • Application of fertilizer should be based on soil test value. • Weed control should be done at right time. • Powdery mildew resistant varieties : VL matar -42, VL matar -47, IPF - 4-9, Pant P -14, Paras,

Prakash( IPFD-1-10), Aman, Gomati( TRCP-8), HFP- 529, HFP-715. • Late planting should be avoided for preventing powdery mildew. • Adopt integrated approach for plant protection.


(TABLE–7.9): RECOMMENDED VARIETIES OF FIELDPEAS/CHARACTERISTICS Variety Source Release/



(q/ha) Days to


JP-885 JNKVV 1992 CZ (MP, Maharashtra & Gujarat) 21.0 120-140 Resistant to PM. KFP-103 (Shikha)

CSAUAT 1993 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP & North Rajasthan)

15-20 130-140 Resistant to PM.

DMR-7 (Alankar)

IARI 1996 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP & North Rajasthan)

20-25 115-135 Resistant to PM.

Uttra (HFP-8909)

CCSHAU 1996 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP & North Rajasthan)

20-25 120-140 Resistant to PM., dwarf

Sapna (KPMR-1441)

1997 Uttar Pradesh. 20-25 120-130 Resistant to PM. Dwarf

Jayanti HFP-8712

CCSHAU 1998 Haryana 20-25 120-140 Res,.To PM., Bold Seeded

Swati (KFPD-24)

CSAUAT 1999 U.P. 25-30 110-125 Resistant to PM. & tolerant to rustDwarf, escapes leaf minor

Malviya Matar-15 (HUDP-15)

BHU 1999 NEPZ (East UP, Bihar, West Bengal). NHZ

25-30 110-130 Resistant to PM., rust and leaf miner

DDR-23 (Pusa Prabhat)

IARI 2000 NEPZ (East UP, Bihar, W.B). 15.0 95-115 Extra early, Resistant to PM

Ambika IGKV 2000 CZ (MP, Maharashtra & Gujarat) 15-20 100-125 Resistant to PM, Tall Plants

DDR-27 (Pusa Panna)

IARI 2001 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP & North Rajasthan)

18.0 100-115 Very early, Resistant to PM

Indra (KPMR-400)

CSAUAT 2001 CZ (MP, Maharashtra & Gujarat) 20.0 105-115 Dwarf type, Resistant to PM

Shubhra (IM-9101)

IGKV 2001 Chhattisgarh 15-20 90-95 Resistant to PM





(q/ha) Days to


Jay(KPMR-522) CSAUAT 2001 NWPZ (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP & North Rajasthan)

23.0 120-140 Dwarf type, Resistant to PM

Adarsh (IPF 99-25)

IIPR 2004 CZ (MP, Maharashtra & Gujarat) 23 110-115 Resistant to Powdery Mildew

Vikas (IPFD 99-13)

IIPR 2005 H.P., Maharashtra, C.G., Gujarat & Bundel khand region of U.P.

23 102 Resistant to PM and tolerant to rust

Prakash (IPFD-1-10)

IIPR 2006 M.P., C.G., Maharashtra, Gujarat, Bundel khand region of UP, J&K, H.P. and Uttrakhand

21 94-121 Resistant to PM and tolerant to rust

Paras IGAU, Raipur 2006 Chhattisgarh 18-24 92-119 Resistant to powdery mildew

Pant P-14 GBPUAT 2006 Uttrakhand 15-22 Resistant to rust and powdery mildew

VL-Matar-42 VPKAS, Almora

2007 Eastern U.P., Bihar, Jharkhand, East Bengal, Assam

20 108-155 Resistant to PM, Moderate resistant to rust

Hariyal (HFP-9907B)

CCSHAU 2007 Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi, Western U.P.

17-20 128 Resistant to PM & tolerant to rust

Pant Pea -25 GBPUAT 2007 Uttrakhand 18-22 125-128 Resistant to PM &Mod. Resistant to rust

HFP -9426 CCSHAU Hisar

2008 Irrigated areas of Haryana 20 135 Res. To PM and tolerant to root rot. Mod. Resistant to nematodes.

Pant Pea -42 GBPUAT 2008 Western UP, Northern Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and plains of Uttrakhand

22 113-149 Resistant to powdery mildew and mod. Resistant to pod borer and stem fly

Swarna Tripti ICAR,RS, Plandu, Ranchi

2008 Jharkhand, Bihar, & WB. 25 65-70 Resistant to rust and powdery mildew. Tolerant to pod borer





(q/ha) Days to


Vivek Matar -10 (VP101)

VPKAS, almora

2008 Uttar Pradesh & Uttrakhand 72-98 (pods)

120-130 Mod. Resistant to PM, white rot, wilt & leaf blight. Less incidence of pod borer

Pant p 13 Central 2008 Western UP,Rajasthan 24-26 110-115 Resistant to powdery mildew GOMATI (TRCP-8)

ICAR NHE Regional centre, Lembuherra

2010 Uttrakhand Hills, Jammu & Kashmir and North Eastern states

22-24 87-97 Suitable for late sown condition resistant to PM. Tolerant to pod borer and stem fly

Aman (IPF 5-19) IIPR 2010 Punjab, Haryana. Plains of Uttrakhand west UP, Delhi and Parts of Rajasthan

22 124-137 Res. To PM and tolerant to rust. Mod. Resistant to pod borer and stem fly

IPF 4-9 IIPR, Kanpur

2011 Suitable to irrigated areas 17 129 Resistant to powdery mildew and mod. Resistant to pod borer and stem fly

VL Matar 47 (VL47)

VPKAS, Almora

2011 Uttrakhand 14.0 142-162 Resistant to wilt , Rust and powdery mildew

Dantiwada Field pea 1 (SKNP 04-09)

S.D.Agri. university ,

2011 Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.

17.0 98-123 Resistant to powdery mildew

Res.= Resistant, Tol.= Tolerant, Mod.= Moderately, PM= Powdery Mildew.


MOTHBEAN

Botanical Name :Vigna acontifolia

Origin : India

Synonym : Moth

Chromosomeno. : 22

8.1 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:Mothbean (Vigna acontifolia) is a native crop of hot and dry habitats of northern and western parts of India. In severe soil moisture deficit situations, encountered with exceeding evaporative demands, this crop is rated as most economic and useful annual grain legume. This is probably due to genetic buffering embeded in this arid legume to quickly adjust and adapt to the fast fluctuating situations starved due to soil moisture depletion and nutritional deficiency. These very adjusting abilities have rendered this crop as an indispensable component of cropping system prevailing in arid regions. Thus, boosting the productivity of this very drought hardy crop in major growing state like Rajasthan, might help in breaking the ceiling of pulse production stagnated in India for last six decades.

It is most commonly recognized as the potent source of several confectionary items like Papad, Bhujia, namkeen, wada etc. used as daily snaks by the people along with its main use as ‘Dal’.

This crop is used as a source of food, feed, fodder, green manuring and green pasture. Green pods are delicious source of vegetables. Being a pulse, it is a cheap source of vegetable protein for balancing nutritional deficiency. Mostly common on less productive soils on which financially less equipped people having been depending for their livelihood. Mothbean is known for higher proportion of albumin and glutamin fractions of protein alongwith a good source of lysine and leucine amino acids.

AGRONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE:Mothbean with deep fast penetrating root system concomitant with drought avoidance capabilities can thrive and survive upto 40-50 days in open fields exhibiting fast depletion of soil moisture and right from seedling emergence, atmospheric temperature heighting to more than 40 ºC. These adoptive features embodied in mothbean against harsher, harder and unhospital growing situations for unspecified intervals have led this crop to be recognized as arid legume. It also endowed with broad canopy; wing and semi training growth habit also prove useful in keeping the soil moist and lowering soil temperature besides help in reducing the possibilities of soil erosion. Thus, it is a biological means of soil and moisture conservation as temporary in situ shetlter belts. These multi adoptive and adjusting natures have scaled mothbean as the only alternative annual crop of sand dunes, requiring no inputs and physical care. This crop is an essential component of sub segments of cropping systems prevalent and common in arid zone like agri-hortic, silvi-pasture, agro forestry, mix cropping, inter cropping and sole cropping, as well. It is, therefore, part of all systems including texturally common poor lands representing the holding of common people, characterized with poor, physical and financial resources. It grows well under uniform rainfall upto 750 mm per annum.


8.2 NUTRITIVE VALUE Protein 24-25% Carbohydrate 61-62% Fat 1.4-1.5% Calorific value 330 Kcal/100 g Dietary Fiber 16%

8.3 PRODUCTION TRENDS 8.3.1 STATES’ SCENARIO: PLAN ANALYSIS (Xth –XIIth) Tenth Plan (2002-2007): The area coverage and production were 12.42 lakh hectares and

2.97 lakh tonnes respectively, during the tenth plans. Rajasthan ranked first both in area

(92.43%) and production (90.24%). Maharashtra stand second in area (3.62%) followed by

Gujarat (3.54%), while in production Gujarat stands second with 5.39% followed by

Maharashtra 4.04% respectively. The yield was recorded above the National average in the

state of Gujarat i.e. (364 kg/ha) followed by Maharashtra (267 kg/ha) remaining state below

the National average yield.

Eleventh Plan (2007-2012): During eleventh plan, the area and production of moth were14.06

lakh hectares and 4.27 lakh tonnes respectively. Rajasthan occupied first position

accounting 94.66% area and 92.82% production share followed by Gujarat (2.65% and

3.79%) and Maharashtra with 1.97% area and 2.25% production share in the country. The

yield was observed below the National average in Rajasthan (297 kg/ha) which is major

producing state.

Twelfth Plan (2012-2016): A total of 10.92 lakh hectares and 3.60 lakh tonnes of Moth

production was recorded in the country during the twelfth plan period. Area and production

of mothbean highest in Rajasthan contributing (85.81% and 90.74%) followed by Madhya

Pradesh (11.90% and 15.83%) respectively. However, yield of Madhya Pradesh (438 kg/ha)

was hjigherthan the National average yield of (330 kg/ha). Need to adopt improved package

of practices and varietal breakthrough.

The overall area and production declined during XII plan period from previous plan. Emphasis needed to adopt the improved technology recommendations and varieties to increase the moth production in the country.


(TABLE–8.1):PLAN-WISE STATES’ SCENARIO –MAJOR STATE’S {Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha}

State Xth Plan % to AI XIth Plan % to AI XIIth Plan % to AI Gujarat A 0.44 3.54 0.374 2.659 0.18 1.67

P 0.16 5.39 0.162 3.798 0.09 2.36

Y 364 433 466

Haryana A 0.05 0.4 0.045 0.319 0.009 0.08

P 0.01 0.34 0.014 0.323 0.003 0.07

Y 200 308 286

Himachal Pradesh

A 0.009 0.062 0.02 0.15

P 0.012 0.274 0.02 0.55

Y 1351 1250

Jammu & Kashmir

A 0.042 0.296 0.04 0.39

P 0.02 0.465 0.02 0.44

Y 477 373

Madhya Pradesh

A 1.30 11.90

P 0.57 15.83

Y 438

Maharashtra A 0.45 3.62 0.278 1.973

P 0.12 4.04 0.096 2.25

Y 267 346

Rajasthan A 11.48 92.43 13.314 94.661 9.37 85.81

P 2.68 90.24 3.96 92.819 2.91 80.74

Y 233 297 310

All India A 12.42 14.07 10.92

P 2.97 4.27 3.60

Y 239 303 330



Rajasthan85%

Madhya Pradesh

12% Gujarat2% Others

1%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan)- Moth Area

Rajasthan81%

Madhya Pradesh

16%Gujarat

2% Others1%

State's Scenario (XIIth Plan)- Moth Production


8.3.2 DISTRICT SCENARIO (2012-13)–POTENTIAL DISTRICTS Inter district analysis revealed that the all the potential districts having area and production of the country about 5% and 9% respectively and yield above the National average yield (281 kg/ha) in all the potential districts. (TABLE–8.2): TOP POTENTIAL DISTRICTS (2012-13)

{Area-Lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tonnes, Yield-kg/ha} Sr. No.

Name of District State Area Prod. Yield Area % to

India Prod. % to

India Yield YI

I Kutch Gujarat 0.260 2.918 0.108 4.320 415 148 II Banas Kantha Gujarat 0.060 0.673 0.037 1.480 617 220 III Ahmedabad Gujarat 0.046 0.516 0.029 1.160 630 225 IV Patan Gujarat 0.033 0.370 0.016 0.640 485 173 V Surendranagar Gujarat 0.022 0.247 0.013 0.520 591 211 VI Mehsana Gujarat 0.012 0.135 0.008 0.320 667 238 VII Bhavnagar Gujarat 0.010 0.112 0.006 0.240 600 214 VIII Rajkot Gujarat 0.004 0.045 0.003 0.120 750 267 IX Gandhinagar Gujarat 0.003 0.034 0.002 0.080 667 238 X Kheda Gujarat 0.002 0.022 0.002 0.080 1000 356 Total above 0.452 5.073 0.224 8.960 496 177 All India 8.910 2.500 281

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2016.DES, Ministry of Agri.& FW(DAC&FW),Govt.of India.

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

District Scenario (2012-13) : Mothbean - Top Ten district



8.4 MOTHBEAN AGRONOMY 8.4.1 Major Constraint in Production:Besides low productivity, crop is known for plant types of primitive nature, conferring its evolution for survival but not for productive gains. Therefore, treated as neglected crop having marginal and secondary choice.

A. Abiotic Stresses of Mothbean i) Mechanical injury: in desert Rajasthan due to hot (>400c temp.) desicating wind causing

removal of epidermis wilting and death. ii) Jhola (Hot streaming): When plants are 30-40 days old, 430c or more temp in concomitant

with high wind velocity, in September causes physiological disruption of growth, may lead to plant death.

B. Remedy to over come constraint Alteration in plant type (Research efforts) which should be high yielding and physiological efficient i.e. early partitioning, early maturing and semi erect to erect growth habits along with high Harvest Index, resistance to YMV and Bacterial leaf spot for yield proliferation. Insect pests, particularly Jassids, whiteflies, grubs, and storage pests also deserve special management strategies so that yield losses could be brought at the minimum.

8.4.2 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY • Climate:It can tolerate high temperature without any adverse effect on flowering and fruit

development. Optimum temperature requirement for growth and development is 25-37ºc. Bulk of the cultivation is, confined to dry-lands of arid zone with 250-500 mm rainfall requirement with arrangement of proper drainage.

• Field preparation:Preparation of soil aims at to store maximum soil moisture and to reduce subsequent requirement of tillage operations especially when sowing time is limitted. In a good rainfall year, one ploughing with mouldboard plough and a cross harrowing serve the purpose in arid conditions of western Rajasthan. Other alternative is Sweep Cultivation with a ferti seed drill (developed at CAZRI) that can also be used for inter cultivation in wide spaced crop.

• Tillage:Apply emergency tillage for stopping/reducing drafting of surface soil by increasing

degree of surface run off that will reduce the surface wind velocity.(Emergency tillage-Making of rough strips on the filed at right angle to the wind direction to temporarily halt the surface movement). Practices for better soil moisture conservation like Dust mulch by sweep cultivator, making staggering trenches with Pitter dicker (CAZRI) and Water harvesting contour bunding soil amendments, soil cultivator & mulching should be followed.

• Sowing Time:With the onset of monsoon. Generally start with first soaking rain to second

rain after onset of monsoon. Optimum sowing time - IInd to IIIrd week of July. Delay in sowing may result in poor growth, poor germination, increased seedling mortality and incidence of pest and diseases and more conspicuously moisture stress at the flowering, the most critical stage.


• Seed Rate & Spacing: 10-15 kg/ha (short statured, spreading to erect RMO-40 type) for grain and 4-5 kg for mixed crop. For fodder purpose 20-25 kg/ha seed required.; 30-45 cm x 10-20 cm.

• Seed treatment: 2 g thiram + 1 g Carbendazim / kg of seed. After fungicide treatment seed

inocultion with Rhizobium and PSB culture @ 5-7 g /kg of seed.

• Varieties: Other than the following specific, varieties may be selected fromTable 8.3. a) Normal maturity group:(>90 days) Moth Guj. 1 (MG-1), Jadra (IPCMO 943), Jwala

(IPCMO-926), IPCMO 880 (26% Protein). b) Medium maturity group:(70-90 days)with uniform rainfall throughout season (i) IPCMO

912 (ii) CZM 1 (both 75-80 days duration). c) Early maturity group 60-65 days,higher yield, escape terminal drought especially suitable

for lat season, drought areas, resistant to YMV.(i) RMO-40 (62-65 days) (ii) RMO 257 (65 days) (iii) FMM 96 extra early (58-60 days), 5-7 Q/ha short statured + 18-20 Q Fodder (25-30 cm) and non spreading with synchronus maturity (iv) Maru Vardan (RMO 225) (v) Maru Bahar (RMO 435) - 15% high yield over RMO 257.

• Cropping system - Generally grown as single (mono) crop in a year mixed or as a sole crop. However, in a

year of good rainfall, it can be rotated with mustard. - Mixed cropping with pearlmillet, cluster bean, cowpea, mung & sesame in risk prone areas

during monsoon. Varieties recommended are RMO 40 & FMM 96 of mothbean and HHB 67 of Bajra.

- Inter cropping (2:1) - 2/3 rows of mothbean in between two rows of pearl millet.

• Water Management:It is cultivated in dry land and rainfed condition but in long dry spell one irrigation should be given at pod formation stage.

• Plant nutrient management:Besides their N-fixing capacity they have greater power for absorbing less soluble form of 'P'. Roots have greater CEC hence capable of absorbing divalent catious like Ca++ and Mg++ but can not complete with cereals for monovalant K+. Recommendation is 20-25 tones FYM for improving physical condition and improving water holding capacity of soil along with 10 kg N + 40 kg P2O5/ha as basal at the time of sowing or last preparation.

• Weed management:One hand weeding at 30 DAS + pre plant incorporation of fluchloralin

(Basalin) @ 0.5 to 1 kg a.i./ha effectively controlled the weeds in mothbean. As pre emergence use Pendimethalin 30 % EC @ 0.75 -1 kg a.i./ha and one hand weeding at 25-30 days after sowing.

• Harvesting and storage: Crop is ready to harvest when pods get mature and turn brown.

Plant show drying symptom or yellowing of leaves. Estimated Post harvest losses are 9-10% during threshing transportation, processing and storage. Sun drying, heat treatment,


and storage at low temperature with low moisture percentage in seeds (8-9%), is recommended.

• Yield: Fodder 12-25 Q/ha, Grain 3-8 Qtls/ha.

8.4.3 PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES S. No. Common Name Active Period Incidence Control Measures

Sucking Pest i. Jassids II week of August

to harvest Regular - Early sowing

- Inter-croping with Pearl Millet (1:4). - Application of Phorate or aldicarb @ 1.25 kg a.i. effective upto 4 week. - Spray with monocrotophos @ 25 kga.i./ha or dimethoate @ 0.15 kg a.i./ha.

ii. White fly II week of August to harvest

Regular

iii. Thrips II week of August to harvest

Regular

iv. Aphid & mite II week of Aug. to I week of Sept.

Sporodic minor pest

Soil/Foliage Pest v. White grub II week of August

to harvest Sporodic minor pest

Soil application of Phorate or aldicarb @ 1.25 a.i./ha before sowing.

vi Termite Entire cropping Season

Sporodic minor pest

Soil application of Phorate or aldicarb @ 1.25 a.i./ha before sowing.

vii. Root Knot Nematode

Use Aldicarb @ 1 kg a.i./ha or carbofuran @ 2 kg a.i./ha.

Storage Pest viii. Pulse beetle

calosobruchus chinensis

During storage Regular - Carry Seed moisture level below 10% before storing.

- Fumigation. - Mixing/Smearing with neam leaves /cake & edible oils.

(TABLE–8.3):RECOMMENDED VARIETIES OF MOTHBEAN/CHARACTERISTICS

Variety Source Year of Release/ Notifica.

Area of adoption Zone/State

Ave. yield (Q/ha)

Days to maturity

Remarks

Maru Bahar (RMO-435)

RAU 2002 Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra

6-6.5 65-67 Early maturing

CAZRI Moth 2 CAZRI 2003 Rainfed areas 5-7 70-72 CAZRI Moth 3 CAZRI

(Jodhpur) 2004 Rainfed areas 6-5 60-88 Erect, Res. to YMV

and dry root rot RMO-423 ARS,

Bikaner 2004 Rajasthan 5-6 67-70 Tolerant to disease

insect & pests RMO-257 RAO 2005 Rajasthan 6-7 63-65 Semi erect TMV (Mb)1 TNAU 2007 T.N. 6 65-70 Rajasthan moth (RMO 257)

RAU, Bikaner

2007 Rajasthan 5-6 66 Tolerant to YMV

YMV= Yellow Moasaic Virus 8.5 RECOMMENDATION TO ACHIEVED HIGHER PRODUCTION • Deep summer ploughing once in 3 years. • Seed treatment should be done before sowing. • Application of fertilizer should be based on soil test value. • Weed control should be done at right time. • Adopt integrated approach for plant protection.


HORSE GRAM (KULTHI)

Botanical Name : Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam) Verdc Synonym : Kulthi Origin : Peninsular India Chromosome : 2n = 24

9.1 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:Horse gram is an important crop of south India. Its grain is used for human consumption as ‘dal’ as well as in preparation of so called ‘rasam’ and also as a concentrated feed for cattle. It may also be used as green manure. This crop is generally grown when the cultivator is unable to sow any other crop for want of timely rains and also grown in vacant space of citrus orchard. Horse gram is mainly cultivated in the states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, M.P., Chhattisgarh and in foot hills of Uttrakhand and H.P., in India. It is also cultivated in other countries mainly Sri Lanka, Malaysia, West Indies etc.

9.2 NUTRITIVE VALUE Protein 23-24% Carbohydrate 59-60% Fat 2.3-2.4% Calorific value 321-322 Kcal/100 g Dietary Fiber 15-16%

9.3 PRODUCTION TRENDS 9.3.1 STATES’ SCENARIO: PLAN ANALYSIS (Xth –XIIth) Tenth Plan (2002-2007): During the tenth Plan, the total area coverage of Kulthi in the

country was 7.16 lakh hectares with a total production of 2.56 lakh tonnes. Karnataka ranked the first both in area and production with 41.65% and 42.48% respectively. Odisha is second in area (11.09%), while, Tamilnadu in production (11.14%).Andhra Pradesh held third position both in area and production (9.74% and 11.25%). The highest yield was recorded in the state of Bihar (804 kg/ha) followed by W.B. (444 kg/ha) and A.P. (413 kg/ha).

Eleventh Plan (2007-2012): The total area and production during Ninth plan was 3.29 lakh

hectares and 1.43 lakh tonnes respectively, Karnataka stands first in respect of area and production with 28.15% and 33.15% respectively. The second position in respect of area and production is occupied by Odisha (18.74% & 12.55%) followed by Chhatisgarh (14.48% & 9.94%). The highest yield was, however, recorded in the state of Bihar followed by W.B. (825 kg/ha) and A.P. (581 kg/ha).

Twelfth Plan (2012-2016):In India, the total area under Horsegram and its production during

this plan was 4.63 lakh hectares and 2.25 lakh tonnes respectively. In terms of area and production, Karnataka is on the first position on all India basis contributing 38.66% and 37.00% followed by Tamil Nadu (17.24% & 21.37%) and Chhatisgarh (10.71% &7.04%).The highest yield was recorded in the state of Bihar (950 kg/ha) followed by Jharkhand (662 kg/ha) and Tamil Nadu (603 kg/ha).

The trend of area and production during the last three plan period showed significant increased.


(TABLE– 9.1): PLAN-WISE STATES’ SCENARIO - MAJOR STATE’S {Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha}

State Xth Plan % to AI XIth Plan % to AI XIIth Plan % to AI Andhra Pradesh A 0.70 9.74 0.09 2.61 0.37 8.05

P 0.29 11.25 0.05 3.50 0.17 7.77 Y 413 581 469

Bihar A 0.14 1.93 0.11 3.32 0.08 1.75 P 0.11 4.34 0.10 7.15 0.08 3.41 Y 804 938 950


Jharkhand A 0.17 2.32 0.16 4.95 0.24 5.17 P 0.07 2.66 0.09 6.41 0.16 7.04 Y 410 563 662

Karnataka A 2.98 41.65 0.93 28.15 1.79 38.66 P 1.09 42.48 0.47 33.15 0.83 37.00 Y 365 512 465

Madhya Pradesh

A 0.31 4.33 0.23 7.04 0.17 3.60 P 0.09 3.40 0.07 4.88 0.06 2.85 Y 281 301 385

Maharashtra A 0.65 9.12 0.32 9.65 0.06 1.37 P 0.20 7.97 0.12 8.48 0.02 0.85 Y 312 382 303

Odisha A 0.79 11.09 0.62 18.74 0.41 8.75 P 0.20 7.97 0.18 12.55 0.14 6.13 Y 257 291 340

Tamil Nadu A 0.75 10.43 0.20 5.97 0.80 17.24 P 0.29 11.14 0.08 5.39 0.48 21.37 Y 382 392 603

West Bengal A 0.04 0.50 0.12 3.77 0.03 0.62 P 0.02 0.63 0.10 7.15 0.01 0.65 Y 444 825 508

All India A 7.16 3.29 4.63 P 2.56 1.43 2.25 Y 357 433 486



Karnataka39%

Orissa18%

Jharkhand11%

C.G.10%

A.P.8%

C.G.5%

Madhya Pradesh

4%

A.P.3%

Bihar2%

Others1%

States's Scenario (XIIth Plan)- Horegram Area

Karnataka38%

Orissa22%

Tamil Nadu8%

C.G.10%

A. P.8%

West Beangal6%

Madhya Pradesh

5%

Jharkhand3%

Bihar3%

Others1%

States's Scenario (XIIth Plan)- Horsegram Production


9.3.2 DISTRICT SCENARIO (2012-13) – POTENTIAL DISTRICTS Inter district analysis revealed that the major potential district contribute area and production about (9.5% & 13%) respectively.Most of the potential district having yield above the National average yield (416 kg/ha) except Coimbatore district.

(TABLE–9.2): TOP POTENTIAL DISTRICTS (2012-13) {Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha}

S. No. Name of District State Area Production Yield Area % to

India Prod. % to

India Yield YI

I Dharmapuri T.N. 0.157 3.38 0.089 4.59 565 136 II Srikakulam A.P. 0.063 1.36 0.047 2.42 741 178 III Vellore T.N. 0.061 1.31 0.031 1.59 503 121 IV Cuddapah A.P. 0.030 0.65 0.021 1.09 701 169 V Anantpur A.P. 0.028 0.61 0.019 0.99 672 161 VI Sundargarh Odisha 0.025 0.53 0.012 0.60 468 113 VII Koraput Odisha 0.024 0.52 0.010 0.53 423 102 VIII Naworangpur Odisha 0.017 0.36 0.007 0.38 439 106 IX Cuttack Odisha 0.017 0.36 0.007 0.36 414 100 X Coimbatore T.N. 0.016 0.35 0.006 0.33 395 95



0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

District Scenario (2012-13) : Horsegram - Top Ten district



9.4 HORSEGRAM AGRONOMY 9.4.1BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION: It is an annual herb, slender, with slightly twinning branches, semi-erect, low growing habit 30-50 cm height. Leaves are trifoliate yellowish green to green in colour. Pods are short, 3-5 cm long, linear, with secured beak and 5-7 seeds. Seeds are flattened, 3-6 mm long, light red brown, black or mottled with hard seed coat.

9.4.2PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY • Climate:Horsegram is extremely drought-resistant crop. Moderately warm, dry climatic

conditions are suitable for its optimum growth. It does not grow well on higher altitudes because of cool and wet climate. Horsegram can be cultivated up to an altitude of 1000 m above the sea level. The temperature range of 25-30°C and relative humidity between 50 and 80% is optimum for its growth. Heavy rains during the initial stages of crop growth affect nodule formation owing to poor aeration in the soil. A well-distributed rainfall of about 800 mm is sufficient for its successful cultivation, but it performs well even under low rainfall areas.

• Soil type and Field preparation:Generally grown on lateritic soil (poor in fertility) in south India. The crop can be grown on wide range of soils from light to heavy soils which are free from alkalinity. The crop needs minimum field preparations. Only 1-2 ploughings followed by planking provides desirable seed-bed.

• Sowing time: The main season for sowing horse gram is late August-November. As a fodder crop it is sown during June-August. In Tamil Nadu, it is sown in September-November. In Maharashtra, horse gram is sown as a kharif crop, mixed with bajra or sometimes Niger and also in the Rabi in rice fallows. In M.P. it is a Rabi crop. In northern parts it is grown as kharif crop. In West Bengal the sowing period is October-November.

• Seed Rate & Spacing: Generally sown as broadcast with 40 kg/ha seed rate for dual purpose i.e. grain and fodder. For line sowing 25-30 kg/ha is enough for grain crop. Row Spacing: 40-45 cm during kharif and 25-30 cm during rabi and about 5 cm plant to plant spacing.

• Seed treatment: Seeds must be treated with seed treating fungicide to reduce infection by fungal pathogens found in the soil. Horse gram seeds are treated with carbendazim (bavistin) 2g for every kg of seeds. Now-a-days bio fungicide like Trichoderma viridi is recommended for pulses at the rate of 4g per kg seed. After fungicide treatment seed should be inoculate with Rhizobium and PSB culture @ 5-7 g/kg of seed.

• Selection of varieties: Select a best variety as per the growing season and purpose of cultivation from Table – 9.3.

• Cropping System: Crop is grown as pure crop as well as mixed crop with sorghum, pearl millet, pigeon pea, sesame or niger.

• Water Management: Grown as rainfed. • Plant Nutrient Management:20 kg nitrogen and 30 kg P2O5 per ha as basal application at the

time of sowing 2-5 cm below and in the side of the seed with the help of ferti.-seed drill is enough for good management of crop.

• Weed Management: Due to luxuriant growth an early weeding/hoeing is enough for weed. Application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75-1 kg a.i./ha as pre emergence application. After that, one hand weeding at 20-25 days after sowing.


• Harvesting, threshing & storage: As usual with other kharif pulses of Vigna group, clean seed should be sun dried for 3-4 days to bring their moisture content at 9-10% to be safely stored in appropriate bins. To avoid further development of bruchids and other storage pests it is recommended to fumigate the storage material before onset of monsoon and again after the monsoon with ALP @ 1-2 tablets per tonne. The small quantity of the produce can also be protected by mixing inert material (soft stone, lime, ash, etc) or by smearing edible/non-edible vegetable oils or by mixing plant products like neem leaf powder at the rate of 1-2% w/w basis.

• Yield: By adopting improved package of practices one can harvest 6-10qtls of grain/ha depending upon the monsoon behavior.

9.4.3 PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES Insect Pest/Disease/ Causal Organism

Nature of Damage/ Symptoms Control Measures

i. Aphids

The adults and nymphs suck the juice from the leaves as a result turn brown and crumpled and the plants look sick.

Spray of Oxydemeton methyl 25 @ 1 ml/liter or Dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.7 ml/liter water

ii. Jassids

The adults and nymphs suck the juice from the leaves as a result leaves turn brown an leaf surface become uneven. In severe infection leaves dry up and fall and weaken the plants.

iii. Pod borer It is a polyphagous insect. Caterpillar makes hole in pods, sometime also feed seed.

Spray of NPV @ 250 LE/ha. or Quinolphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/liter water

iv. Yellow Mosaic Virus vector-white fly

The symptoms firstly appear on young leaves in the form of yellow, diffused, round spots scattered on the leaf lamina. The infected leaves turn necrotic. The diseased plants usually mature later and bear relatively few flowers and pods. The pods are stunted and mostly remained immature but whenever seeds are form they are small in size.

i. Grown resistant varieties. ii. Destroy the infected plants. iii. Spray of Oxydemeton methyl

25 @ 2 ml/liter or Dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.7 ml/liter water and repeat after 15 days, if necessary.

v. Root rot

Roots rot and plants show yellowing of the lower-most leaves followed by wilting.

i. Seed treatment with 2 g Captan or Carbindazim /2 kg of seed.

ii. Avoid early sowing in infested areas

9.5 RECOMMENDATION TO ACHIEVED HIGHER PRODUCTION

• Deep summer ploughing once in 3 years. • Seed treatment should be done before sowing. • Application of fertilizer should be based on soil test value. • Weed control should be done at right time. • Adopt integrated approach for plant protection.





(q/ha) Days to


KS 2 RAU 1991 Rajasthan 6-7 80-85 Early maturing, seed brown Palem 1 ANGRAU 1998 A.P 10-12 80-85 Early maturing, Semi-spreading Palem 2 ANGRAU 1998 A.P 8-9 100-105 Med. maturing Arja Kulthi 21 (AK-21)

MPUAT (Bhilwara)

1998 Rainfed areas of NW parts 8-9 70-105 Early maturing

Paiyur 2 TNAU 2001 SZ (Karnataka, AP, Odisha, TN).

8-9 100-106 For Sept- Oct sowing

PHG 9 UAS 2001 SZ (Karnataka, AP, Odisha, TN).

7-9 100-105 Semi spreading thick foliage

Pratap Kulthi -1 (AK 42)

MPUAT 2005 Rajasthan, Gujarat, M.P. Haryana

10-12 83-87 Protein 30% lush green foliage with wax deposition

VL Gahat-8 VPKAS, Almora 2007 Uttrakhand 12 92-106 Resistant to anthracnose and stem root

VL Gahat-10 VPKAS, Almora 2007 Uttrakhand 10 110-115 Resistant to YMV & root rot and leaf spot.

GPM 6 AICRP, Bijapur 2008 Karnataka 8-9 120-130 Resistant to YMV, moderately resistant to Rhizoctonia root rot

VL Gahat 15 VPKAS, Almora 2009 Northern India 5-6 95-105 Resistant to Anthrocnose and leaf spot

VL Gahat 19 VPKAS, Almora 2010 North Zone 5 88-94 Multiple disease resistance to important disease

CRIDA 1-18 R CRIDA, Hyderabad

2009 Karnataka, AP and TN 8 72-102 Tolerant to YMV, powdery mildew, leaf blight, and root rot

Cridalatha (RHG 4)

CRIDA 2010 South Zone 8.0 72-110 Tolerant to YMV, powdery mildew, leaf blight, and root rot & mites

Indira kulthi 1 (IKGH 01-01)

IGKV 2010 Chhattisgarh 7.0 92 Up lands under rainfed condition with sowing time of august 15 onwards

Gujarat Dantiwada Horsegarm-1(GHG-5)

SDAU, SK Nagar 2012 Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttrakhand, Jharkhand, UP & Maharashtra

5-6 89-100 Resistant to root rot, moderately resistant to PM, Collar rot, Cercopsora leaf spot and leaf blight.

SZ- South Zone (A.P., Karnataka, Tamil nadu, Odisha), NWPZ- North Western Plane Zone (Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West UP & North Rajasthan)


LATHYRUS (KHESARI)

Botanical Name : Lathyrus sativus L. Synonym : Grass pea, Chickling pea, Teora, Kasari (Bengali) &Kisara (Nepali)

Origin : South Europe and Western Asia Chromosomes : 2n =14 10.1 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Lathyrus is considered as drought-tolerant hardy crop, and is grown in low-rainfall regions under rainfed conditions, during winter when lentil and chickpea are not expected to give good yields. The crop has unique tolerance ability against stress environmental conditions not only drought but also for water logging. In addition to use as dal and chapatti, it is usually grown as fodder crop. Lathyrus leaves about 36-48 kg/ha nitrogen economy for the succeeding cereal. 10.2 NUTRITIVE VALUE Protein 31.9% Fat 0.9% Carbohydrate 53.9% Ash 3.2% The major Lathyrus cultivating states in India are Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Odisha, Assam, West Bengal and Eastern Uttar Pradesh. In the Rice-Based Cropping system, utilizing the available moisture, it is grown as a relay crop and it’s a better option to earn income from rice fields. It is also taken as mixed crop and intercrop during rabi and sole crop under “Utera” conditions. Grasspea contains 34% protein and other essential micro-nutrients and may provide nutritional security to the low income people in the society. However the seeds contain Beta-ODAP (β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid), a toxin known to cause neuro-lathyrism, if consumed as staple food for as long period of 4 to 5 months continuation. In view of this, a ban on the sale of its produce was imposed in some states but its cultivation was not under ban. Chhatisgarh (Raipur, Durg, Ranjandgaon, Kabirdham, Bilaspur, Dhamtari, Raigarh, Mahasamund, Janjgir-Champa and Jashpur) and its adjoining areas of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra and MP are the major areas of its cultivation and consumption. In Chhattisgarh, its major cultivation is mainly under “Utera” system, where the seeds of grass pea are broadcasted on the standing water in the paddy field about 10-15 days before harvest.

10.3 BACKGROUND: POLICY ON CONSUMPTION/SALE OF LATHYRUS

Khesari Dal (Lathyrus sativus) has been a subject of controversy among the agricultural scientists, nutrition experts and the farming community in the country for many decades. Though, admittedly a high protein pulse, its sale was banned by the Government as early as in 1961, under the Prevention of food Adulteration Act, 1954, on the ground that its consumption was harmful to health. The controversy arose from the conclusions of certain studies conducted in the past that it contains a toxic element called BOAA (B-N-oxalyl-aminoalanine), now ODAP, which causes a crippling affliction of the central nervous system called Lathyrism.


10.3.1HIGH POWER COMMITTEE ON LATHYRUS

The States of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, M.P. and Odisha, did not have any ban on cultivation, sale and consumption of lathyrus during 2007-08. However, this was banned in Maharashtra state.

On consistant request from the Maharashtra based NGO, ANI, (Nagpur) for lifting of ban on sale in their state, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Agriculture constituted a ‘High Power Committee’ under the Chairmanship of Secretary DARE – cum-DG, ICAR, with the approval of Agriculture Minister. The other Members of the Committee were the Secretaries of Agriculture and Health, Government of India; State Agriculture Secretaries of Government of M.P., MS, Odisha and West Bengal; Directors from NIN, Hyderabad; IARI New Delhi; ITRC, Lucknow; Pulses Research Institute (Now IIPR, Kanpur); Directors of Research BCKVV, West Bengal; OUAT, Odisha; IGKVV, M.P.; DG Maharashtra Council of Agriculture Research, Pune; DDG, Crop Sciences (ICAR); Director – DG – ICMR, New Delhi including Dr. S.L. Kothari, the president of the Maharashtra based NGO, ANI, Nagpur.

The High Powered Committee, in its recommendation revealed that continued consumption of khesari (Lathyris sativus) which contains BOAA, causes lathyrism. The Committee, however, did not give any “threshold levels” to precisely establish to determine in a specific quantitative terms and inter alia recommended further research/data generation to determine the threshold doses from where the real risk starts. The ‘Parliamentary Standing Committee’ on Agriculture unanimously adopted the recommendation report of the High Powered Committee in its sitting dated 8th November, 2001. Accordingly, the Ministry of Agriculture on the recommendation of this Committee and also of the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, had funded a study to NIN, Hyderabad on project proposal on ‘Experimental Neuro lathyrism in goats/sheep’ to determine the threshold doses of consumption of khesari dal for Rs.11,89,400/- for a period of two years (2002-03 to 2003-04).

A. Brain storming session on lathyrusdated 20.12.2005 was convened under the Chairmanship

of Mrs. Radha Singh, the then Secretary (A&C) specifically for two reasons: i) Academy of Nutrition Improvement, Nagpur, {Soyamilk Complex, Sitabuldi, Wardha

Road, Nagpur–440 012 (MS)}, an NGO has been making complaints/putting the case before the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation for lifting of the ban on sale of lakh/lakhodi dal imposed in 1961 by the State Government of Maharashtra in pursuance to Ministry of Health & Family Welfare circular under PFA rule, 1955 on the ground that its consumption is associated with the disease “Lathyrism” causing “Crippling paralysis” due to presence of Beta-n-oxalyl-aminoalanine (BOAA) content, now termed as ODAP.

ii) Rule 44-A-Sale of khesari grain prohibited:- The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare says “No person in any state shall with effect from such date as the State Government concerned may, by the Notification in official Gazette specify in this behalf, sell or offer or expose for sale, or have in his possession for the purpose of sale, under any description or for use as an ingredient in the preparation of any article of food intended for sale of khesari grain and its mixture”. The concerned State Governments, based on the consumption behavior vis-a-vis


incidence of lathyrism causing crippling analysis, in consultation with the State Health & Family Welfare Department promulgated the advice of the Ministry of H&FW under the provision of the PFA 1954.

iii) “Project on Enhancing Grass pea production for safe human food, animal feed and sustainable rice-based production systems in India funded under NFSM Monitoring Report regarding”.

iv) The promotion of this crop and its cultivation has not been covered under the NFSM-Pulses, A3P and 60000 Pulse Village Programme up till 2015-16. However, the DAC-ICARDA collaborative project was funded during the 11th Plan (last two years 2010-11 to 2011-12) with an out lay of Rs. 362.03 lakh. The pilot states in the first Phase were U.P (Jhansi, Lalitpur, hamirpur, Mirzapur, Chandauli); Chhattisgarh (Raipur, Durg, Bilaspur), Bihar (Patna, Nalanda) and West Bengal (Coochbehar /Nadia). Initially for two years (2010-11 to 2011-12), the project continued during 2012-13.

v) The other cooperating centres were Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, IIPR, Kanpur, IGKV, Raipur, Society for Promotion of Agricultural Research & Knowledge (SPARK), Patna (Bihar), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar (West Bengal) Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Kalyani (West Bengal) and Pulses & Oilseeds Research Station Berhampore, Murshidabad (West Bengal). The Objectives of the project were:

• Enhancing fodder and straw yields through introduction of high-biomass and low toxin grass pea varieties to support nutritional feed & fodder where only paddy straw is available as cattle feed.

• Replacement of indigenous high toxin grass pea varieties available with farmers with low toxin & high biomass varieties through farmers participatory approach.

• Identification of new grass pea varieties through adaptive research, multi-locational testing by farmers participatory selection.

• Developing strong seed production and distribution system of quality dual purpose seeds of farmers- preferred varieties along with matching production technologies.

• Capacity building of farmers, extension personnel etc. for farmer-participatory adaptive research and technology transfer for adoption and expansion of improved production technologies, quality seed production through training, visits, workshops and seminars etc.

• Back-up research (farmers participatory) for further identification of grass pea varieties and refinement of production technologies.

B. Lathyrus under Development Programmes • Assam, West Bengal has taken this cultivation of Lathyrus under NFSM during 2016-17

(Rabi). The state of C.G. has also taken the development programme on lathyrus under RKVY.

• Varieties like Nirmal, Prateek and Mahateora having less ODAP content may be proposed.


10.4 PRODUCTION TRENDS 10.4.1 STATES’ SCENARIO: PLAN ANALYSIS (Xth –XIIth) TenthPlan (2002-2007):The total area and production of Khesari was 6.35 lakh hectares and 3.76 lakh tonnes respectively. Out of these, Chhatisagarh ranked first both inarea and production (64.89% and 54.32%) followed by Bihar (18.47% and 25.69%). Madhya Pradesh is in third position for acreage with 7.09%, while W.B. ranked third in production (8.62%). Due to highest yield (960 kg/ha) among the lathyrus producing states. The major contributing state of Chhattisgarh recorded yield below (496 kg/ha) the National average yield (592 kg/ha). Eleventh Plan (2007-2012):The total area and production of lathyrus were 5.16 lakh hectares and 3.42 lakh tonnes. C.G. stands first in respect of area and production (65.64 % and 58.38%) followed by Bihar (16.83% and 24.53%). And M.P. (9.10% & 9 %). The highest yield was recorded in the state of Bihar (965 kg/ha) followed by West Bengal (778 kg/ha) and M.P. (654 kg/ha). However, major contributing state i.e. C.G.(589 kg/ha) was observed below the National average yield (662 kg/ha). Twelfth Plan (2012-2016):The total area and production of Khesari were recorded at 5.11 lakh hectares and 4.07 lakh tonnes respectively. Chattisgarh ranked the first position both in area and production (66.68 % and 60.54%), followed by Bihar (13.10% and 16.95%). Madhya Pradesh ranked third in area (8.41%), wheres in production W.B. (12.19%), respectively. (TABLE-10.1): PLAN-WISE STATES’ SCENARIO

{Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha} State Xth Plan % to AI XIth Plan % to AI XIIth Plan % to AI Bihar A 1.17 18.47 0.87 16.83 0.67 13.10

P 0.97 25.69 0.84 24.53 0.69 16.95 Y 824 965 1030


Madhya Pradesh

A 0.45 7.09 0.47 9.10 0.43 8.41 P 0.31 8.35 0.31 9.00 0.36 8.84 Y 697 654 837

Maharashtra A 0.27 4.24 0.15 2.97 0.21 4.11 P 0.11 3.03 0.06 1.69 0.06 1.47 Y 423 376 286

West Bangal A 0.34 5.32 0.28 5.46 0.39 7.71 P 0.32 8.62 0.22 6.41 0.50 12.19 Y 960 778 1259

All India A 6.35 5.16 5.11 P 3.76 3.42 4.07 Y 592 662 796



Bihar13%

Chhattisgarh67%

Madhya Pradesh

8%

Maharashtra4%

West Bangal8%

States's Scenario (XIIth Plan)- Lathyrus Area

Bihar17%

Chhattisgarh61%

Madhya Pradesh

9%

Maharashtra1%

West Bangal12%

States's Scenario (XIIth Plan)- Lathyrus Production


10.4.2 DISTRICT SCENARIO (2012-13) – POTENTIAL DISTRICTS Inter District analysis revealed that major top ten potential district contributing the area and production about 6.5% and 7% respectively. All the Potential districts comes under M.P. and having most of the districts average yield above the National average yield (742 kg/ha) except Rewa (544 kg/ha), Mandla (565 kg/ha) and Anuppur (495 kg/ha) districts of M.P. (TABLE–10.2): TOP POTENTIAL DISTRICTS (2012-13)

{Area- lakh ha, Production-Lakh Tones, Yield-kg/ha} Sr. No.

Name of District


India Prod. % to

India Yield YI

I Balaghat M.P. 0.107 1.84 0.085 1.97 791 107 II Seoni M.P. 0.083 1.42 0.070 1.61 842 113 III Vidisha M.P. 0.070 1.20 0.064 1.48 909 123 IV Sagar M.P. 0.054 0.94 0.041 0.96 762 103 V Rewa M.P. 0.027 0.46 0.015 0.34 544 73 VI Mandla M.P. 0.023 0.40 0.013 0.30 565 76 VII Ashok nagar M.P. 0.005 0.08 0.007 0.16 1428 192 VIII Narsimpur M.P. 0.004 0.07 0.007 0.16 1601 216 IX Bhopal M.P. 0.003 0.06 0.004 0.09 1205 162 X Anuppur M.P. 0.003 0.05 0.001 0.03 495 67



0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.601.80

District Scenario (2012-13) : Lathyrus - Top Ten district



10.5 LATHYRUS AGRONOMY

10.5.1 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION: Plant of lathyrus is herbaceous annual with slender, glabrous, well branched, winged procumbent stems. Pods are flattened, oblong, up to 4 cm long; two winged dorsally, up to five seeded. Seeds are wedge shaped, angular, white or brown sometimes mottled. Germination is hypogeal.


• Climate: Being a winter season crop it prefers temperate climate with good adoption under climatic extremities.

• Soil and Field preparation: Thrive well in all types of soils except of very acidic nature. It prefers heavy soils belonging to low lying areas which are not suited to other crops. It grows abundantly in loamy and deep black soils and produce excellent crop. For cultivation of lathyrus under utera system (relay cropping), no tillage is required. However, for planting after harvest of rice, one deep ploughing followed by cross harrowing and planking is necessary.

• Sowing Time: Crop is sown on residual soil moisture after harvest of kharif during last

October to early November as pure crop. In utera cropping last week of September or first week of October.

• Sowing Method: Utera/Paira cultivation- In utera cropping seeds of small seeded lathyrus is

generally broadcasted in standing paddy crops (2-3 weeks before its harvest, after draining the excess water by the end of September or early October). However, planting time largely depend upon cessation of monsoon rains and maturity of rice crops. Seed must be inoculated with Rhizobium and PSB before broadcasting.

• Seed Rate & Spacing:70-80 kg/ha for broadcasted sowing in utera system and 40-60 kg/ha in

line sowing is required.; Under utera cropping sown as broadcasted in-between the rice rows. Whereas normal spacing 30 cm x 10 cm is recommended.

• Varieties: Refer table 10.3.

• Cropping System: It is grown as single crop of the year in areas where water gets

accumulated during rainy season or as a relay crop after paddy often as utera/paira crop in standing paddy, due to its ability to withstand in high moisture conditions at sowing time and moisture stress during growth period.

• Water Management: The crop is grown as rain fed crop on residual moisture. However,

under high moisture stresses one irrigation at 60-70 days after sowing may be remunerative in terms of production.

• Plant Nutrient Management: Under utera cropping the crop is grown on residual fertility of

rice. However, it respond well to phosphorus up to 40-60 kg /ha except in the case if grown on highly phosphorus fertilized paddy field. For normal crop 100 kg DAP + 100 kg


gypsum/ha is a optimum dose of fertilizer applied as basal dose 2-3 cm side and below the seed with the help of ferti-seed drill, is recommended.

• Weed Management: For normal sown crops one hand-weeding at 30-35 days after sowing (if

soil condition permit). Weeds can also be managed effectively by spray of fluchloralin (Basalin) 35 EC @ 1 kg a.i./ha in 500-600 liters of water as pre-plant incorporation.

• Harvesting, threshing & storage: Harvest the crop with the help of sickle when colour of pods

change to brown and grains are at dough stage having approximately 15% moisture in-side them. Harvested produce may be allowed to dry in sunlight for a week. Harvested produce after 3-4 days sun drying is roaped in the bundles and transferred to threshing floors. Threshing is done by beating with sticks or trampling under the feet of bullocks. The clean seed should be sun dried for 3-4 days to reduce their moisture content up to 9-10%. Now the produce should be safely stored in appropriate bins. The small quantity of the produce can also be protected by mixing inert material (soft stone, lime, ash, etc).

• Yield: A well managed crop can easily give 8-10qtls/ha yields under direct sowing and 3-4

qtls under utera cultivation.

10.5.3 PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES

Insect Pest/ Disease/ CO

Nature of Damage/ Symptoms Control Measures

i. Aphid The adults and nymphs suck the juice from the leaves as a result, leaves turn brown and crumpled and the plant look sick.

Monocrotphos @ 0.04% or Metasystox.

ii. Rust (Uromyces fabae)

Pink to brown pustules appeared on leaves and stems. In severe attack, the affected plants amy dry.

i. Grow early maturing variety. ii. Seed Treatment with Agrosan GN

@ 2.5 g/kg seed. iii. Spray the crop with Maneb,

Zined or Ferbam @ 2.5 g/litre. iii. Downy Mildew (Peronospora spp.)

Brownish cottony growth of fungus may be seen on the lower surface of leaf. Inside growth yellow to greenish spots are also visible.

Spray with Agrosan GN (0.25%)

iv. Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe polygoni)

Symptoms first appeared on all the aerial part of plant. While powdery masses of spores formed on leaves which may collapse and cover the whole leaf with powdery growth.

Wettable Sulphur @ 3 gm/ litre or Dinocap @ 1 ml/litre of water.


(TABLE–10.3): RECOMMENDED VARIETIES/CHARACTERISTICS


Year

Area of adoption

(Zone/State)

Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


Bio L-212 (Ratan)

IARI 1997 NEPZ (East UP, Bihar, West Bengal)

15.0 108-116 Tolerant to stress, Low ODAP, Bold seed, Blue flower.

Prateek IGKV, Raipur

2001 M.P. 6-9 (Utera) 11-15 (sole)

110-115 Tol. to downy mildew & mod. Resistant to powdery mildew.

Maha Teora

IGKV 2007 Chhattisgarh 15 94 Tol. to nematode & thirps, mod. Resistant to PM

CZ- Central Zone (MP.,Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat) NEPZ-North East plane Zone(East Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal).ODAP= β-N-Oxalyl-L-α, β diaminopropionic acid

10.6 RECOMMENDATION TO ACHIEVED HIGHER PRODUCTION • Deep summer ploughing once in 3 years. • Seed treatment should be done before sowing. • Application of fertilizer should be based on soil test value. • In Lathyrus foliar spray of 2% urea or 20 ppm Salicylic acid at flowering and pod formation

stage increases the yield. • Weed control should be done at right time. • Adopt integrated approach for plant protection.


RAJMASH

Botanical name : Phaseolus vulgaris L. Synonym : Kidney bean, common bean, haricot bean, snap bean and French bean Origin : Central America and south Mexico Chromosome nos. : 2n = 22 11.1 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:Rajmash, an important pulse crop, with high yielding ability as compared to gram and pea, require focussed attention both at the development and policy front. It is grown in Maharahstra, H.P., U.P., J&K., and NE states covering 80-85 thousand ha area. However, its cultivation during rabi and summer is also gaining popularity in northern Indian plains. Traditionally Rajmash is grown during kharif in Hills of Himalayas, however; high yield is attainable in Rabi in plains due to better management. 11.2 NUTRITIVE VALUE Protein 26-28% Calcium 260 mg/100g Fat 0.3-0.5% Phosphorus 410 mg/100g Carbohydrate 62-63% Iron 5.8 mg/100g Fiber 17-18% Calorific value 345-346 Kcal/100 g

11.3 RAJMASH AGRONOMY

11.3.1BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION: Plants may be bushy or climbing type. Bushy cultivars are day neutral, early maturing, dwarf plants, 20-60 cm tall with lateral and terminal inflorescence and consequently determinate growth habit. Climbing cultivars are indeterminate, and may grow 2-3 m tall if they have support to climb by twining. The pods are slender, 10-20 cm long, straight or curved and terminated by a pointed beak. They contain 4-6 seeds which vary greatly in size and colour. Germination is epigeal.


• Climate: In the hilly region it is grown during kharif and in lower hills/tarai region, sown as spring crop. In north-east plains and hilly tracts of Maharashtra, it is cultivated during rabi. It is highly sensitive to frost and water logging. The ideal temperature range for proper growth of this crop is 10-270C. Above 300C, the flower drop is a serious problem. Similarly, below 50C the flowers and developing pods and branches are damaged.

• Soil&Field Preparation: The crop can be grown in light loamy sand to heavy clay soil under adequate moisture. Among various pulses, Rajmash is most sensitive to salt stress and sodicity. Therefore, soil must be free from excessive soluble salts and neutral in reaction. Rajmash having bold and hard seed coat needs a good seed bed accomplished by thorough primary tillage like ploughing, harrowing or discing and planking. A good seed bed have friable but compact soil adequate moisture and free from weeds and plant debris of earlier crop. Acidic soils of the hills must be treated with lime before sowing.


• Sowing time & spacing: Kharif (Hills) last week June to first of July; Rabi (Plains) IIndfortnight of October and for spring (Lower hills) IInd fortnight of March and for bold seeded 100-125 kg/ha.Kharif (Hills) - 45-50 cm x 8-10 cm;Rabi& Spring - 40 cm x 10 cm (irrigated) 30 cm x 10 cm (Rainfed).

• Varieties: Selection of varieties as per the growing season and purpose of cultivation from

Table – 11.1.

• Cropping System: In hills, it is grown as intercrop with maize in 1:2 ratios. In-between two rows of maize sown at 90 cm apart, two rows of Rajmash are adjusted at 30 cm spacing with the plant population of 120000 of Rajmash and 40000 of maize. It is also grown mixed with maize and soybean. In plains it is grown as spring season crop after harvesting of potato and mustard. It is also found quite compatible for intercropping with early potato due to its high nitrogen requirement and wet moisture regime in 2:2 or 2:3 row ratios.

• Water Management: Rajmash is the most irrigation responsive pulse crop due to its

shallow root system and high nutrient requirements. It requires 2 to 3 irrigations in NEPZ and 3 to 4 irrigation in CZ for achieving highest productivity. Irrigation at 25 days after sowing is most critical followed by irrigation at 75 days after sowing.

• Plant nutrient management: Unlike other Rabi pulses, Rajmash is very inefficient in

biological nitrogen fixation owing to poor nodulation due to non availability of suitable and efficient Rhizobium strain for Indian plains. Hence, it requires relatively higher doses of fertilizer N. For enhanced productivity, application of 90-120 kg N ha-1 has been found optimum. Half of the nitrogen should be applied as basal during sowing and rest half as top dressing after first irrigation.Rajmash responds well to phosphorus application like cereals. Its P requirement is distinctly higher than other pulse crops, significant response to P application has been obtained up to a level of 60-80 kg P2O5 per ha.

• Weed Management:One hand weeding/hoeing at 30-35 days after sowing or application of

a pre-emergence herbicide like pendimethalin @ 1 to 1.5 kg a.i./ha in 500-600 liters of water immediately after sowing helps to keep the losses by weeds below ETL (Economic Threshold Level).

• Harvesting, threshing & storage: The crop mature in 125-130 days. Plants are cut with

sickles after attaining full maturity judged by severe leaf fall, changing colour of pods and hardness of the grains. Harvested materials, after 3-4 days sun drying, is collected in bundles to the threshing floors. Threshing is done by beating with sticks or trampling under the feet of bullocks.The clean seed should be sun dried for 3-4 days to bring their moisture content at 9-10%. To avoid further development by bruchids and other storage pests it is recommended to fumigate the storage material with ALP @ 1-2 tablets per tonne before onset of monsoon and again after the monsoon. The small quantity of the produce can also be protected by mixing inert material (soft stone, lime, ash, etc) or by smearing


edible/non-edible vegetable oils or by mixing plant products like neem leaf powder at the rate of 1-2% w/w basis.

• Yield: A well managed crop can easily give 20-25qtls/ha yields under irrigated conditions

of plain and 5-10qtls/ha under rain fed conditions of hill with 40-50qtls/ha of straw for cattle’s

10.3.3 PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES A. DISEASES i) Anthracnose Symptoms: Pale brown sunken spots may appear on the cotyledons of infected seedlings. Lesions on leaves are dark brown. They are restricted to the veins on lower leaf surface. On stems, lesions are elongated and sunken. Control Measures: Seed treated with Carbendazim & Thirum (1:1); ii) Spray Mancozeb 0.25 % or Carbendazim 0.1 % of 2-3 foliar spray at 45, 60, 75 DAS; iii) Remove from the field and destroy crop debris after harvest; iv) Practise a 2 to 3 year rotation; v) Avoid overhead irrigation; vi) Avoid movement of workers in the field when wet. ii) Stem Blight Symptom: Small water-soaked spots are first symptoms observed on leaves & appear within 4 to 10 days of infection. Develop, centre spots becomes dry and brown. The lesion is surrounded by a narrow band of bright yellow tissue. Control Measures: i) Foliar spary of Carbandazim @ 0.2 % is recommended ; ii) Early or timely sowing; iii)Planting in well drained soil; iv) Avoid dense planting. iii) Angular leaf spot Symptoms: Fungus produces a grey mould on the lower surface of the spots. Infected pods have brown blotches. The spots may increase in size, join together, and cause yellowing and necrosis of the affected leaves. Control Measures: i) Seed treated with Carbendazim @2-3 g/kg. of seeds; ii) 3 Foliar spray of Carbendazim @0.1% (1 gm/lit.) starting at the appearance(5-6 weeks after sowing) at 15 days interval; iii) Plough under bean debris after harvest; iv) Practice a 2-3 year crop rotation without legumes; v) Do not work in bean fields when the plants are wet.


B. INSECT-PEST i) Leaf Miner Nature of damage: Severely mined leaves may turn yellow and drop. Severely attacked seedlings are stunted and may eventually die. It may be seen in vegetative stage. Control Measure: Spray of Oxydemeton methyl (Metasystox) 1 ml/liter of water and repeat at 15 day interval if required; ii) Roughing of infected plants; iii) Handpick & destroy mined leaves; iv) Whenever necessary spray the crop with neem products; v) Neem water extracts and neem oil give good control of leaf miners; vi) Remove and destroy crop residues and all plant parts with symptoms of damage by bean flies. ii) Stem fly Nature of damage: Stem becomes to swell and split and reducing formation of lateral roots. Attacked plants produce adventitious roots in compensation. Young seedlings and plants under stress wilt and die. Control Measures: i)Seed Treated with Chlorphyriphos @8ml/kg seed; ii) Soil application by Phorate 10 G @ 10 kg./hac; iii) Mulch (e.g. with straw and cut grasses) helps conserve moisture, promote adventitious root development and enhances tolerance to maggot damage; iv) Avoid planting beans near cowpea, soybean and many other leguminous crops, that may be the source of bean flies. iii) Black Aphids Nature of damage: Aphids feed by sucking plant sap. Heavily infested plants usually have wrinkled leaves, stunted growth and deformed pods. Plants, in particular young plants, may dry out and die under heavy aphid attack. Control Measures: i) Bio treat.-Inundative release of Coccinella septempunctata @ 1000 adult/400 sqm; ii) Practice a 2-3 year crop rotation without legumes; iii) Spraying the systemic insecticide like Dimethoate or Oxydemeton methyl @1 ml/liter of water. 11.4 RECOMMENDATION TO ACHIEVED HIGHER PRODUCTION • Deep summer ploughing once in 3 years.

• Seed treatment should be done before sowing.

• Application of fertilizer should be based on soil test value.

• Weed control should be done at right time.

• Adopt integrated approach for plant protection.



Notification Year Area of

adoption (Zone/State)

Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


Varun (ACPR 94040)

IIPR 2002 Maharashtra 14-16 66-68 Tolerant to Anthracnose

IPR 96-4 (Amber)

IIPR 2002 NEPZ (East UP, Bihar, W.B.).

15-16 139 Res. to BCMV & Leaf Curl. Red

Ankur (RSJ-178)

Central 2005 Rajasthan 12 110-120 Moderately resistant to root rot, leaf crinkle and leaf spot dry root rot.

Gujarat Rajma-1

SDAU 2006 Gujarat 20 30-35 Moderate resistant to bean common mosaic virus

VL Rajma 125

VPKAS 2007 Uttrakhand 14-15 82-85 Resistant to root rot, Mod. Resistant to Anthracnose, angular leaf spot & rust

VL Bean 2 VPKAS, Almora

2008 Uttrakhand 14-15 82 Resistance to root rot, mod. Resistant to anthracnose, angular leaf spot and rust

Arka Anoop

2012 Karnataka 18-20 70-80 Suitable for eastern dry zone of karnataka in both kharif and rabi season

NEPZ-North East plane Zone (East Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal).


COWPEA

Botanical Name : Vigna anguiculata Synonymous : Lobia, Barbati, Black eyed pea Origin : Africa Chromosome : 2n = 22 12.1 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: This crop is known as drought hardy nature, its wide and droopy leaves keeps soils and soil moisture conserved due to shading effect. Initial fast growth with fast penetrating root system and strong stomatal sensivity justify its initial establishment in soil moisture deficit conditions. It is also known as Cowpea, black-eyed pea or southern pea etc. and has multiple uses like food, feed, forage, fodder, green manuring and vegetable. Cowpea seed is a nutritious component in the human diet, and cheap livestock feed as well. Choice of cowpea as vegetable is due to being palatable, highly nutritious and relatively free of metabolites or other toxins. Fresh leaves and fast growing twigs are often picked up and eaten like spinach. Immature shaped pods are used in some way as snap beans often being mixed with other foods. Both the green and dried seeds are suitable for canning and boiling as well. 12.2 NUTRITIVE VALUE Protein 26-28% Calcium 0.08 – 0.11% Fat 0.3-0.4% Iron 0.005% Dietary Fiber 18.2% Calorific value 345-346 Kcal/100g Carbohydrate 63-64% Essential amino acids (lysine, leucine and phenylalanine)

AGRONOMIC IMPORTANCE:An important component of farming system in resource constraints agriculture, this legume has great potential in India for successful cultivation in kharif and summer in northern India and throughout the year in peninsular India. It also leave 30-40 Kg N/ha in the soil for the succeeding crop.

12.3 CROP STATUS It is widely grown in tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, central and southern America and parts of southern Europe and USA. However, central and western Africa alone account for more than 60% of world acreage with marginal and sub marginal farmers in the semi-arid and sub-humid regions. According to an FAO estimate, Nigeria alone produces 2.1 mt of dry grain out of 3.3 mt of total worldwide, in 2000. During the same year, global area sown to cowpea was 9.8 mha (9.3 mha in West Africa) with average productivity of 337 Kg/ha whereas, productivity of Nigeria was comparatively higher (417 Kg/ha). In India, cowpea is grown as sole, inter-crop, mix-crop and in agro-forestry combinations. Exact statistics on its area is not available but, is estimated to be cultivated in almost half of 1.3 m ha of area occupied by Asian region. Other Asian countries are Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indonesia, China, Korea, Pakistan and Nepal. In Indian context, it is a minor pulse cultivated mainly in arid and semi arid tracts of Rajasthan, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat. In North India, it is grown in pockets of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, and West UP alongwith considerable area in Rajasthan.


12.4 COWPEA AGRONOMY 12.4.1 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY • Climate: Cowpea is warm weather and semi arid crop, where temperature ranging from 20 OC

to 30 OC. Minimum temperature for seed establishment is 20 OC and above 32 OC temperatures development of root is cease. For maximum production day temperature 27 OC and night temperature 22 OC required. It is sensitive to cold and below 15 OC temperature yield adversely affected. It can grow under shade of tree but can not tolerate cold or frost.

• Soil: Well drained loam or slightly heavy soil are best suited. In colder climate somewhat sandy soil preferred as crop mature earlier in them. It can grow successfully in acidic soil but not in saline/alkaline soil. In hard soil, one deep ploughing followed by two or three harrowing and planking are sufficient. In normal soil only two harrowing& planking is enough. For summer season crop give a irrigation immediately after harvesting of Rabi crop

• Field preparation and mulching:

In hard soil, one deep ploughing followed by two or three harrowing and planking are sufficient. In normal soil only two harrowing & planking is enough. However, field leveling is must to avoid water logging. However, reduced and zero tillage method can also be followed if effective weed control is assured through chemical herbicides.

Addition of grass mulch increase soil moisture in the root zone (0-15 cm soil depth) and significantly decreases maximum temp of soil along-with diurnal fluctuation. This provides a stable environment for seedling establishment and growth than the unmulched soil. A combination of minimum tillage and straw mulch as the least risky and hence, most appropriate soil management system for dry season Cowpea in rice fallows. However, growth and yield of cowpea grown after rice do not affect significantly by tillage or no tillage but the mulch application significantly increase growth and yield due to better ability or mulched plot in storing soil moisture during the growing seasons.

• Sowing time: Kharif- With onset of monsoon ranging from early June to end of July, Rabi- October-

November (southern India), Summer - 2nd to 4th week of March (grain), February (Fodder), Hills: April-May, Green manuring- Mid June to 1st week of July.

• Sowing method: Broadcasting, in centre of furrow areas then modified into ridges after a month. Draw 30 cm wide and 15 cm deep drainage channel at 2 meter interval to drain excess rainwater after sowing. Sowing on rice bund on either side on the day of paddy transplanting during second season. Sowing by broadcasting immediately after paddy harvest in summer. Seed depth should be 3-5 cm.

• Seed rate & Spacing: For pure crop: 20-25 kg ha (grain), for fodder and Green Manure-30-35 kg/ha.

During summer 30 kg/ha for grain and 4- kg/ha for fodder and green manuring.; Row to row-30(Bushing) to 45 cm (spreading), Plant to Plant-10 (Bushing) to 15 cm (spreading).

• Varieties: Varieties is given in table -12.1 other than the specific as follows (a) Grain:C-152,

Pusa Phalguni, Amba (V 16) (M), Ramba (V240)(M), Swarna (V-38)(M), GC-3, Pusa Sampada(V-585), Shreshtha (V-37)(M) . Fodder: GFC 1, GFC 2, GFC 3,-Kharif season, GFC-4 Summer (25-35 tonnes/ha), Bundel Lobia-1,UPC-287 and UPC-5286 , Russian Giant, K-395, IGFRI-5450(Kohinoor), C-88(20-35 tonnes/ha inPunjab), UPC 5287, UPC-4200(NE India)


• Cropping system Grain/vegetable Fodder Cowpea-Wheat-Mung/Cheena Cowpea-Potato-urd/bean Maize/Rice-Wheat-Cowpea Maize-Toria-Wheat-Cowpea Rice-Rice-Cowpea Rice-Cowpea Rice-Mustard-Cowpea

Sorghum + cowpea-berseem-maize+cowpea Maize-berseem/oat- maize+cowpea Sudan grass- berseem/oat- maize+cowpea Cowpea-berseem-maize+cowpea

• Inter cropping:

Growing one or two rows of cowpea in widely spaced crops and in-corporating the biomass after picking pods can increase soil fertility and yield of companion crop. The improvement in this system can further be made by pairing the rows of main crops and taking one or two rows of cowpea in between two paired rows of either of pigeonpea, maize and sorghum. Here, we can get 5-7 qtl/ha grain yield of cowpea without any adverse effect on main crop yield. It can also be grown as floor crop in coconut garden and intercrop in tapioca in Kerala and as sole crop in single or double crop rice fallows in rabi or summer season respectively.

• Water Management: For rainy season crop drainage is more essential than irrigation. Crop can tolerate flooding upto 2 days at flowering and pod setting thereafter, a marked decrease in yield and its attribute. Early sown rainy season crop may require one or two irrigation in pre monsoon/delayed onset of monsoon. For summer crop, irrigation is most critical among all inputs followed by weeding and fertilizer. Generally, crop required 5-6 irrigation depending on soil, prevailng weather conditions etc, at an interval of 10-15 days. Increasing moisture regime from dry to medium wet, result in significant yield improvement. The response to irrigation is in order of flowering> pod filling>vegetative.

• Abiotic stress management: Salinity, water logging, toxicity or deficiency of minerals are common abiotic stress. The crop is more sensitive to drought at onset of flowering and during reproductive phase. Maintenance of adequate ‘K’ in soil improves plant water relations , photosynthesis and yield and overcoming soil moisture stress alongwith improving carbon partitioning in cowpea. Seed treatment with thiourea (seed soaking in 500 ppm soln) followed by two foliar spray at vegetative and flowering phase is another option to avoid moisture stress through enhancement of photosynthesis efficiency and nitrogen metabolism there by giving higher yield. Crop improvement and breeding programme are needed for varieties with dwarf and erect growth habit, extra-earliness (65-90 days) with synchronous maturity, development of multipurpose varieties, breeding for insect-pest and disease resistance, tolerance to drought, high nutritional quality.

• Plant nutrient management:Apply FYM/compost- 5-10 t/ha as basal with last ploughing. Both these bulky organic manure can be substituted by humic substances granule. 15-20 kg N/ ha as starter dose in poor soils (organic carbon<0.5%), 50-60 kg/ha P2O5 and 10-20 kg. K2O/ha to promote growth and to mitigate the impact of water stress in plants when subjected to sub optimal soil stress. In acidic soil, lime pelleting of seed is beneficial alongwith Rhizobium inoculation. Add finely powdered (300 mesh) calcium carbonate to moist freshly Rhizobium treated seeds and mix for 1-3 minutes until each seed is uniformly pelleted. Lime requirement varied from 0.05 Kg to 1 Kg/ 10 Kg seed depending on seed size.


• Weed management:Weed can reduce crop yield upto 50-62%. Integrated approach includes agronomic (improved) practices like sowing at proper time, proper cropping geometry, optimum plant density, intercropping, intercultivation, irrigation and the need based supplement, use of chemical herbicides. One hand weeding at 20-30 DAS-followed by one more weeding after 20-25 DAS if required. Chemically, weed can be controlled by pre-planting spray of Basalin @ 1 kg a.i./ha as pre emergence in 800-900 litres of water. Application of pendimethaline @ 0.75 kg.a.i./ha combined with one hand weeding at 35 DAS resulted in two fold increase in marginal benefit cost ratio and highest weed control efficiency.

• Harvesting & threshing: The crop matures in 125-130 days. Plants are cut with sickles after attaining full maturity judged by severe leaf fall, changing colour of pods and hardness of the grains. Harvested materials after 3-4 days sun drying, is collected in bundles to the threshing floors. Threshing is done by beating with sticks or trampling under the feet of bullocks. The clean seed should be sun dried for 3-4 days to bring their moisture content at 9-10%.

• Yield - By adopting improved management practices yields up to 12-15 Q/ha could be realised.

12.4.2 PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES

A. DISEASES i) Bacterial Blight Symptoms:The germinating seedling turn brown-red and die. Irregular to round spots brown in colure with chlorotic halos, appear on leaves, and later spread to stem. Stem may break, pods are also infected leading to shrivelled seeds. Control Measures:i) Grow resistant varieties; ii) Use healthy and disease free seeds; iii) In case of severe infection, crop may be sprayed with 0.2 % (2g/liter) copper oxychloride (Blitox). ii) Cowpea Mosaic Symptoms: It is caused by a virus transmitted by aphids. The affected leaves become pale yellow and exhibit mosaic, vein banding symptoms. The affected leaves become reduced in size and show puckering. Pods are also reduced and become twisted. Control Measures:i) Use healthy seed from healthy crop; ii) For controlling aphids spray Oxydemeton methyl 25 EC (Metasystox) @ 1 ml/liter or Imidacloprid 17. 8 SL @ 0.2 ml/ liter of water and repeat the spray after 10 days of first spray.

iii) Powdery mildew Symptoms:Powdery mildew are visible on all the aerial parts of the affected plants. Symptoms first start from leaves and then spread to stem, branches and pods. This white growth consists of the fungus and its spores. Affected leaves become twisted and smaller in size. Control Measures:i) After harvest, collect the plants left in the field and burn them; ii) The disease can be controlled by spray of wettable sulphur @ 3g/liter or carbendazim @1 g/liter of water.


B. INSECT-PEST i) Cowpea pod borer Nature of Damage:The caterpillar rolls the leaves and web these with the top shoot. Caterpillar bore into the pods and feed on the seeds, if flower and pods are not available larvae feed on foliage. Control Measures:i) Collect and destroy the eggs and young larvae; ii) The young caterpillar can be killed by dusting 2% methyl parathion @ 25-30 kg per hectare or spray of quinalphos @2 ml/liter of water; iii) Fix 3 feet stick in the field @10/ha bird parches to attract predatory birds. ii) Hairy caterpillar Nature of damage: It is major insect of cowpea. It is cut juvenile plants and eat away all the green matter of the leaves. Control Measures: Collect and burn the eggs and burn the eggs and larva of insect; ii) The young caterpillar can be control by spray of Chloropyriphos or Quinolphos @ 2ml/liter of water.

iii) Aphids and Jassids Nature of Damage: The adult and nymphs of these pests suck the juice from the leaves and the damage is more severe when the plants are young. As a result of sucking of sap, the leaves turn brown and crumbled and the plant look sick. Control Measures: Spray of Oxydemeton Methyl 25 EC (Metasystox) @ 1 ml/ liter or Dimethoate 30 EC @ 1.7 ml/ liter of water. iv) Bean fly/Stem fly Nature of damage:Bean fly causes the characteristics swelling of stem at ground level where the maggots burrow onto the stem. The maggots puppets at the base of the plant and the stem grows it often cracks. The petiole often shows dark streaks where the maggots have move through and damage tissue. Control Measures:Keeping the field clean from legume debris; ii) Application of Phorate (Thimet) 10 G @ 10 kg per hectare in furrows at the time of sowing is effective for avoiding infestation.

12.5 Recommendation to achieved higher production

• Deep summer ploughing once in 3 years. • Seed treatment should be done before sowing. • Application of fertilizer should be based on soil test value. • Weed control should be done at right time. • Adopt integrated approach for plant protection.


(TABLE–12.1):RECOMMENDED VARIETIES OF COWPEA/CHARACTERISTICS

Variety Source Release/ Noti. Year


Ave. yield (q/ha)

Days to maturity


Gujarat Cowpea-3

GAU 1990 CZ (MP, Maharashtra & Gujarat)

12-14 65-85 Seed bold, amber colour

V-240 IARI 1993 All Zones 14.0 80 Tall, Indeterminate, seed red Vamban - 1 TNAU 1997 Tamil Nadu 9.5 65 Erect, dwarf, seed white Gujarat Cowpea-4

GAU 1999 Gujarat 8-5 80-90 Seed bold, amber colour

KBC-2 UAS 2001 Karnataka 9.5 95-105 Semi-determinate, seed light brown

RC-101 TNAU 2001 Rajasthan 8.5 85-90 Early, Determinate, seed white CO-6 TNAU 2001 Tamil Nadu 14.0 85-90 Early, bold seeded V 578 (Pusa sampada)

IARI 2004 Delhi 12 Early, Resistant to yellow mosaic virus

CL-367 PAU 2006 Punjab 12 95-100 Tolerant to YMV RCP-27 (FTC-27)

RAU 2006 Rajasthan 6-13 69-79 Resistant to YMV

UPC 622 GBPUAT 2007 Uttrakhand Assam, U.P., M.P., J & k, H.P., Punjab, Raj., Har., WB., Odisha, Bihar, and Jharkhand

4-5 145-150 Tolerant to drought resistant to YMV, Anthracnose, root/collar rot and bacterial leaf blight, Aphids, leaf Miner, flea beetle, pod borer/bugs and root knot nematode & bruchids.

Khalleshwari IGKV, Raipur

2007 Chhattisgarh 6-7 RRF in rabi with restricted irrigations and rainfed upland in kharif season

Swarna Harita (IC285143)

ICAR Res. Station,

2008 Assam, U.P., M.P., Kerla, A.P., Punjab, Raj., WB., Odisha, Jharkhand, CG., TN.

60-150(Pods) 75-90 Resistant to rust and mosaic viral disease & tolerant to pod borer.

Kashi Kanchan (VRCP 4)

IIVR, Varanasi

2008 Punjab, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orisha, CG, MP, AP

150-175 (Pods)

50-55 Reistant to golden mosaic virus, Pseudo-cercospora cruenta diseases,


(Cont…..) Variety Source Release/

Noti. Year Area of adoption


(q/ha) Days to


UPC 628 GBPUAT 2010 Punjab, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orisha, CG, MP, WB,MS

3.5-4.0 145-150 Iriigated Summer, and rainfed condition,Medium late variety

IT – 38956-1 UAS,GKVK, Bangalore

2009 Karnataka 10-12 80-85 Rainfed areas of eastern dry region

Hisar Cowpea 46 ( HC 98-46)

CCSHAU 2009 Haryana 10 65-70 Resistant to YMV

Pant Lobia -1 GBPUAT 2010 Uttrakhand, UP 20 130-135 Moderately resi. to Aphids, Thrips, Bruchids & other field pests. Suitable for spring ,summer and Kharif season

UPC 628 GBPUAT 2010 Uttrakhand, HP, J&K, Punjab, Harya., Raj.,UP, MP, CG, Bihar, Jharkhand, WB, Odisha, Assam, Gujrat & MS

350-400 (Pods)

145-150 Tolerant ot drought and other edephic /abiotic stresses, reis. To YMV, Anthacnose/leaf blight, Aphids, Semilooper, Flea Beetle/Defoliators, Pod borer/bugs & Root knot nematode , tolerant to storage Beevil

HIDRUDAYA ORARS, Kerela

2010 Kerela 10-11 50-55 Tolerant to leaf rust, Aphids, Pod borer & American Serpentine leaf minor, summer season

C 519 (Himachal Lobia 11)

CSKHPKV, Palampur

2010 Himachal Pradesh 15-16 80-85 Resistant to Cercospora leaf spot, YMV, Low hills, Sub-tropical zone under rainfed condition in kharif

PKB 4 UASGKVK, Banglore

2012 Karnataka 11-13 80-85 Resistant to Bacterial leaf blight, Rust & Pod borer, suitable for early kharif season

PKB 6 UASGKVK, Banglore

2012 Karnataka 10-12 80-85 Resistant to Bacterial leaf blight, Rust & Pod borer, suitable for late kharif and summer season

CZ- Central Zone (MP.,Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat), SZ- South Zone (A.P., Karnataka, TN, Odisha)


A. BROAD-BEAN

Botanical Name - Vicia faba L. Synonym - Bakla, Fababean Origin - Mediterranean Region of Southern Europe and Western Asia Chromosome - 2n = 24

1. INTRODUCTION: Broad-bean has high yield potential. In many countries this species is the main food legume. This crop is presently being grown sporadically in our country as a minor vegetable. However, dry seeds are also used as ‘Dal’. Its seed is edible and nutritive. There appears to be every possibility of popularizing broad-bean as a new pulse crop in India. Broad-bean has shown response to inputs and better management practices and hence can be fitted into intensive cropping systems.

2. BOTONICAL DESCRIPTION: Strong, erect annual herb with the plant height up to 1.5 meter. Roots like other legume. Inflorescence – axil with 6 flowers of 3-7 cm long, mostly white in colour. Self pollination is a rule but cross pollination by insect may also occur. Pods are strong and semi-cylendrical up to 30 cm in length. Seeds are greenish or brownish white to black. Test weight vary from 10-40 g/100 seed weight.

3. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

3.1 Climate: Spring season with mild summer is best

3.2 Soil: Like other legumes (Rajmash) lime addition in acidic soil gives best results.

3.3. Field Preparation: Like Rajmash (1 deep ploughing + 2 harrowing followed by planking)

3.4 Seed & Sowing Spring: April (first fortnight)/Rabi: October (IInd Fortnight – 1st week of November) with crop spacing as row to row 30 – 35 cm and plant to plant 10 cm with sowing depth of 7.5 – 10 cm.

3.5 Seed rate: 70-100kg/ha

3.6 Cropping system: Maize-Broadbean, Pearlmillet/Maize-Potato-Broadbea.

3.7 PlantNutrient management: 20 kg N + 40-50 kg P2O5/ha .

3.8 Weed management: Two howing at 30 and 60 DAS. Alternatively, Fluchloralin or Pendimethalin (Pre emergence) @ 1 kg a.i./ha can be used for effective weed management. 3.9 Diseases: Root rot, Aschochyta blight, Botrytis grey mold, Cercosporal Leaf spot & Rust. (Control measures like gram) 3.10. Insect: Aphid, Leaf minor, Leaf Loeevil, Stem borer (control measures like lentil)

3.11. Harvesting, threshing: Similer to lentil

3.12. Yield: 10-40 Q/ha.


B. RICE-BEAN

Botanical Name -Vigna umbellate(Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi} Origin - Himalayin region of North east Synonym - Japanese Rice bean, bomboo bean, climbing bean and mountain bean, Chromosome - 2n = 22

1. IMPORTANCE: One of the important minor food legumes can be grown under a wide range of soil and climatic conditions in the hilly areas of Himachal Pradesh, Uttrakhand and north-east hill regions, generally as dual purpose. Its grains are also cooked in place of rice that’s why it is known as rice bean. It is also grown as green manure crop. Its grain production potentiality is considerably high and can serve as a good pulse crop. It has the potential to yield as high as 15-25q/ha. All the pods on a plant mature almost simultaneously and can be harvested in a single operation. There are many types and varieties of rice-bean differing in maturity, plant type and seed characteristics. Some varieties are completely free from fungal and viral diseases during kharif.

2. NUTRITIVE VALUE: Rice-bean has a protein content of 14 to24% and is free from anti-nutritional factors. Thus, rice-bean offers itself for cultivation during the monsoon season, when green gram and other pulses suffer greatly from diseases.

3. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION -It is an annual, deep rooted herb with plant height of 30-100 cm with fast spreading habit surrounding 100-120 cm. Leaves are oval and trifoliate with 6-9 cm long. Inflorescences are 4-7 cm long with 10-18 bright yellow flowers. Flowering in 100 days. Pod length vary 12-18 cm with 6-10 grain inside them. Grain colours vary from yellow, brown, black or straw with epigeal germination and white hilum.

3. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 3.1 Climate: Tropical climate of kharif. It can be grown successfully in high rainfall areas with

good drainage where other pulses are failed due to excessive growth and diseases and pest attack.

3.2 Soil: Generally grown on slopy hilly land with poor fertility. 3.3 Land preparation: One normal ploughing is enough as excess field preparation can

accelerate the rate of soil erosion. 3.4 Seed &Sowing:IInd fortnight of August for grain, however, can be grown up to September for

fodder with spacing: 45-60 cm row to row, 5-10 cm plant to plant. 3.5 Seedrate: 40-50 kg/ha for grain & 60-75 kg/ha for fodder. 3.6 Varieties: Pant rice bean 1, Pant rice bean 2, K-1, Bidhan rice bean-2 (KRB-4) 3.7 Cropping system: Grown as mixed with Jute, Maize and Finger millet on Hills. Also grown

commonly in kitchen gardens for meeting vegetables pulse and forage need of house hold. 3.8 Plant nutrient management: Grown on residual soil fertility. 3.9 Water management: Grown as rainfed in high rainfall areas hence instead of irrigation,

drainage is important. 3.10 Weed management: One hoeing 30 DAS is enough. 3.11 Plant Protection: No need to do any spray as very rare infestation of pest & diseases is observed. 3.12 Harvesting: August sown crop ready to harvest in Feb. last (Duration 120-130 days) 3.13 Threshing: Like moong.; 3.14Yield: 10 qtl/ha .


MARKET

13. MARKET SCENARIO

13.1 PRODUCTION SCENARIO- 2016-17: AN ANALYSIS • Total Pulses- During, 2016-17 the production of pulses in India has been 229.54 Lakh

tonnes (IVthAdv. Est.) which is ever highest production. This is 30% higher over the Normal and 40% higher than the last year.

• Arhar-During, 2016-17 the production of Pigeonpea has been 47.78 Lakh tonnes (IVthAdv. Est.) which is ever highest production. This is 68% higher over the Normal and 87% higher than the last year.

Maharashtra, with about 30% of National production remains at Ist rank in the country. More than 90% of the production of this crop is contributed by 8 states viz., MS, Karnataka, MP, UP, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Telangana and AP.

• Urdbean-During 2016-17, the production of Blackgram has been at 28.05 lakh tonnes (kh-21.70 + rabi- 6.35 lakh tons), the ever highest production. This is 50% higher over the Normal and 44% higher than the last year.

Madhya Pradesh, with >26 % of National Production during kharif and >18% of total production in a crop year (kh.+ rabi) ranks at Ist position at all India level. The rabi season, highest urd production is from AP which is >50 % of national production.

More than 90% of urdbean production comes from MP, AP, UP, TN, MS, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Gujarat, WB and Karnataka.

• Mungbean-During 2016-17, Greengram also recorded the ever highest production at 21.63 lakh tons (kh-16.15 + rabi- 5.48 lakh tons), which is 44% higher over the Normal and 36% higher than the last year.

Rajasthan, with 48% of total all India production during kharif and >31 % collectively in a crop year,ranks Ist in the country. During, rabi, TN with 19 % of national production stands at Ist position.

More than 90% of Mungbean production comes from 10 states, namely Rajasthan, Maharashtra, TN, AP, Bihar, MP, Odisha, Gujarat, Telangana and Karnataka

• Gram-During 2016-17, Gram production at 93.26 lakh tons, which is 9% higher over the Normal and 32% higher than the last year. The ever highest production of gram was 95.30 lakh tonnes during 2013-14.

Highest production of Gram is from MP with 41% of contribution to the National Production followed by Rajasthan (14%), Maharashtra (13%), Karnataka (>8%) and AP (>6 %).

• Lentil-Lentil and kulthi are considered under other pulses category by the DES, which provides the statistics of these pulses only at the final production estimates stage. During 2015-16, the production of lentil was at 9.76 lakh tons which was 7% less than the Normal production. UP with 33% of national production ranks at Ist followed by MP (32.75%), Bihar (16.96%) and WB (6%).


During 2016-17, as per the WWWR coverage and the Normal yield, the tentative production of lentil is likely to be 12.74 lakh tonnes.

(TABLE-13.1): NATIONAL PRODUCTION OF PIGEONPEA, URD, MUNG& LENTIL (Production: Lakh tonnes)

Crop/Year Normal (Avg. 2011-12 to

2015-16)

2015-16 2016-17 Change Over 1st July to 30th

June Final Est. 4th Adv. Est. Normal 2015-16

Pigeonpea 28.44 25.61 47.78 19.34 (68%) 22.17 (87%) Urd 18.72 19.45 28.05 9.33 (50%) 8.60 (44%) Mung 15.05 15.93 21.63 6.58 (44%) 5.70 (36%) Gram 80.90 70.60 93.26 12.36 (15%) 22.66 (32%) Lentil 10.44 9.76 12.74* 2.30 (22%) 2.98 (31%) Total Pulses 176.37 163.48 229.54 53.17 (30%) 66.06 (40%)

Source: DES (DAC&FW); * Estimated by DPD on the basis of area coverage reported in WWWR & Avg. Yield (TABLE-I): STATE-WISE AREA PRODUCTION OF PIGEONPEA

{Area: lakh ha, Production -lakh tonnes} State Normal 2013-14 2015-16 2016-17* Prod. % change

over

Area Prod. Area Prod. Area Prod. Area Prod. Normal 2015-16

Maharashtra 12.00 8.31 11.41 10.34 10.39 4.66 15.33 13.89 20.11 63.96

Karnataka 7.27 4.05 8.24 5.88 6.48 2.63 12.14 8.66 52.80 125.20

M.P. 5.26 4.31 4.64 3.32 5.79 6.25 6.90 7.82 42.10 20.02

Gujarat 2.25 2.46 2.10 2.09 2.27 2.37 3.34 3.69 60.98 65.69

Uttar Pradesh 2.97 2.57 3.01 2.71 2.65 1.83 3.38 3.36 50.87 100.33

Telangana 2.61 1.19 2.64 1.40 2.48 1.04 3.87 2.15 151.83 198.78

Jharkhand 1.80 1.78 1.97 2.05 1.94 1.74 1.94 2.02 63.75 66.72

A.P. 1.88 0.93 1.85 1.04 2.20 1.29 3.48 1.31 151.46 78.72

Odisha 1.40 1.23 1.39 1.24 1.38 1.23 1.36 1.15 76.01 76.01

Chhattisgarh 0.55 0.30 0.51 0.31 0.64 0.30 0.69 0.46 511.11 511.11

Tamil Nadu 0.53 0.50 0.60 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.59 0.44 176.00 130.80

Bihar 0.22 0.37 0.22 0.37 0.22 0.32 0.22 0.34 248.36 332.03

Total Above 38.74 27.99 38.58 31.33 37.04 24.24 53.24 45.29 5.78 7.71

Others 0.50 0.45 0.46 0.41 0.42 0.34 0.63 0.70 345.68 605.54

All-India 39.24 28.44 39.04 31.74 37.46 24.58 53.87 45.99 5.69 7.61

Source: Normal: DES, (Ave. of 2011-12 to -2015-16), *IIIrd Advance Estimates of Production 2016-17


(TABLE-II): STATE-WISE AREA PRODUCTION OF URDBEAN

{Area: lakh ha, Production -lakh tonnes} State Normal 2013-14 2015-16 2016-17* Prod. % change

over Area Prod. Area Prod. Area Prod. Area Prod. Normal 2015-16

Madhya Pradesh 7.25 3.45 6.02 2.26 9.35 5.17 11.68 7.71 123.64 49.17 Andhra Pradesh 3.78 3.17 2.65 2.30 4.56 4.11 5.20 3.84 21.15 -6.57 Uttar Pradesh 5.70 3.09 5.42 2.48 6.17 2.44 6.42 3.48 12.65 42.87 Tamil Nadu 3.30 2.40 3.65 3.11 3.95 2.64 4.49 3.72 54.85 40.80 Maharashtra 3.24 1.64 3.34 2.06 2.86 0.61 4.45 2.50 52.25 309.84 Rajasthan 2.34 1.11 1.96 0.71 2.99 1.15 3.90 2.50 125.48 118.17 Jharkhand 0.94 0.78 0.94 0.88 0.95 0.72 1.52 1.40 77.90 93.72 Gujarat 0.84 0.54 0.91 0.55 0.64 0.38 1.99 1.21 124.91 218.42 West Bengal 0.74 0.49 1.14 0.63 0.74 0.55 0.76 0.55 13.70 1.47 Karnataka 0.93 0.37 1.02 0.50 0.91 0.25 0.88 0.43 16.85 72.00 Chhattisgarh 1.02 0.31 1.08 0.32 1.01 0.30 0.99 0.32 2.26 4.28 Total above 30.09 17.35 28.13 15.80 34.13 18.31 42.27 27.65 59.43 51.03 Other 2.55 1.37 2.49 1.19 2.11 1.14 2.66 1.61 17.24 40.90 All India 32.64 18.72 30.62 16.99 36.24 19.45 44.93 29.26 56.34 50.43

Source: Normal: DES, (Ave. of 2011-12 to -2015-16), *IIIrd Advance Estimates of Production 2016-17.

(TABLE-III): STATE-WISE AREA PRODUCTION OF MUNGBEAN {Area: lakh ha, Production -lakh tonnes}

State Normal 2013-14 2015-16 2016-17* Prod. % change over Area Prod. Area Prod. Area Prod. Area Prod.

Normal 2015-16 Rajasthan 10.70 4.68 10.20 3.91 13.64 5.97 15.83 7.52 60.76 25.98 Maharashtra 3.97 1.66 4.31 2.08 3.66 0.69 5.15 2.68 61.86 288.84 Tamil Nadu 1.89 1.15 1.95 1.51 2.39 1.25 1.63 1.16 1.06 -6.95 Andhra Pradesh 1.56 1.12 1.34 1.17 2.12 1.37 1.62 0.83 -25.84 -39.42 Bihar 1.61 0.98 1.55 1.05 1.69 0.94 1.64 1.00 1.11 5.45 Madhya Pradesh 2.10 0.93 3.16 1.46 2.95 1.31 2.94 1.39 49.37 5.81 Odisha 2.66 0.86 2.52 0.89 2.90 0.85 2.66 0.85 -0.37 0.06 Gujarat 1.62 0.83 1.83 1.06 1.29 0.67 1.80 0.86 3.01 28.36 Telangana 1.24 0.69 1.26 0.53 1.11 0.56 1.48 0.88 27.76 57.14 Karnataka 2.80 0.61 3.20 0.81 3.48 0.44 4.14 1.15 89.83 161.96 Uttar Pradesh 0.86 0.47 0.79 0.39 1.11 0.51 1.09 0.59 26.61 15.69 Total above 31.00 13.97 32.12 14.87 36.34 14.57 39.98 18.91 35.37 29.83 Other 1.66 1.07 1.71 1.19 1.94 1.36 3.07 1.78 66.27 30.92 All India 32.67 15.04 33.83 16.05 38.28 15.93 43.05 20.70 37.57 29.93



(TABLE-IV): STATE-WISE AREA PRODUCTION OF GRAM

{Area: lakh ha, Production -lakh tonnes}

State Normal 2013-14 2015-16 2016-17* Prod. % change over Area Prod. Area Prod. Area Prod. Area Prod.

Normal 2015-16 M.P. 30.60 32.11 31.60 32.99 30.17 32.65 32.22 35.49 10.53 8.70 Maharashtra 13.71 11.36 18.20 16.22 14.41 7.31 18.95 16.48 45.07 125.44 Rajasthan 15.30 12.98 19.24 16.40 9.42 8.03 14.86 13.82 6.47 72.10 Karnataka 9.23 6.22 9.46 7.16 13.72 8.97 10.25 3.90 -37.30 -56.52 Andhra Pradesh 4.68 5.21 4.72 5.97 4.71 5.00 3.92 4.34 -16.70 -13.20 Chhattisgarh 2.64 2.54 2.77 2.13 3.03 2.19 2.93 3.01 18.50 37.44 Uttar Pradesh 5.77 5.47 5.77 4.75 2.68 2.16 5.62 6.32 15.54 192.59 Jharkhand 1.30 1.48 1.56 1.82 1.64 1.73 1.86 2.19 47.97 26.59 Gujarat 1.99 2.30 2.47 3.09 1.15 1.53 1.70 2.10 -8.70 37.25 Telangana 0.96 1.42 1.14 2.46 0.70 0.49 1.01 1.24 -12.68 153.06 Bihar 0.59 0.70 0.61 0.70 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.59 -15.71 -1.67 West Bengal 0.24 0.28 0.25 0.29 0.31 0.37 0.30 0.33 17.86 -10.81 Total of above 87.01 82.07 97.79 93.98 82.55 71.03 94.22 89.81 9.43 26.44 All-India 88.37 83.23 99.27 95.26 83.49 71.69 95.39 90.75 9.04 26.59


(TABLE-V): STATE-WISE AREA PRODUCTION OF LENTIL {Area: lakh ha, Production -lakh tonnes}

State Normal 2013-14 2015-16 2016-17* Prod. % change over Area Prod. Area Prod. Area Prod. Area Prod. Normal 2015-16

UP 5.08 3.8 4.49 3.10 3.35 2.38 6.63 5.01 31.84 110.50 MP 5.85 2.99 5.30 3.38 5.46 3.92 5.86 3.48 16.39 -11.31 Bihar 1.83 1.92 1.54 1.96 1.51 1.40 2.13 2.28 18.75 62.35 WB 0.62 0.56 0.65 0.63 0.95 0.94 1.13 1.04 85.71 10.64 Jharkhand 0.39 0.36 0.44 0.37 0.15 0.12 Rajasthan 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.29 0.74 0.64 Assam 0.27 0.17 0.30 0.22 0.28 0.20 0.33 0.22 29.41 11.99 Total above 14.40 10.15 13.07 9.95 12.45 9.60 16.08 12.03 18.52 25.31 Others 0.39 0.23 0.34 0.22 0.31 0.16 0.57 0.25 8.70 57.13 All India 14.79 10.38 13.41 10.17 12.76 9.76 16.65 12.28 18.30 25.83

Source: Normal: DES, (Ave. of 2011-12 to -2015-16), *IIIrd Advance Estimates of Production 2016-17


13.2 AVAILABILITY STATUS: TOTAL PULSES & CROP-WISE (2013-14 TO 2016-17) Crop-wise availability of Pigeonpea, Chickpea, Lentil, Mungbean and Urdbean based on domestic production, import and export is summarized under Table 13.2. During 2016-17, it is evident from table that the domestic availability of pulses has increased by 34% in total pulses, 77% in tur, -23% in lentil and 33% in urd and mung over the previous crop year 2015-16.

(TABLE-13.2):IMPORT, EXPORT AND AVAILABILITY

(Unit: Lakh Tons) Year Domestic Production Import Export Total Availability

Pigeonpea 2013-14 31.74 4.63 0.04 36.33 2014-15 28.07 5.74 0.09 33.72 2015-16 24.58 4.66 0.001 29.24 2016-17* 47.78 5.75 0.01 53.52 Chickpea 2013-14 95.26 2.76 3.33 94.69 2014-15 73.32 4.19 1.90 75.61 2015-16 70.58 10.31 2.17 78.72 2016-17* 93.26 10.81 0.88 103.19 Lentil 2013-14 10.18 7.09 0.01 17.26 2014-15 10.35 8.16 0.08 18.43 2015-16 9.76 12.60 0.12 22.24 2016-17* 12.74 4.48 0.12 17.10 Moongbean /Urdbean 2013-14 33.04 6.24 0.02 39.26 2014-15 34.63 6.23 0.04 40.82 2015-16 35.38 5.82 0.06 41.14 2016-17* 49.68 4.68 0.08 54.28 Total Pulses 2013-14 192.53 36.44 3.46 225.51 2014-15 171.52 45.85 2.22 215.15 2015-16 163.48 57.98 2.56 218.90 2016-17* 229.54 66.09 1.37 294.26

Source: GOI, MoA &FW, Min. of Commerce& Industry; * Domestic production 4rd Adv. Est. & Import & Export 2016-17 (Apr. 2016-Dec, 2016/Feb. 2017).

13.3 MARKET PRICES/RATES AND ARRIVALS

Crop-wise market prices and arrivals of Pigeonpea, Urdbean, Mungbean, Gram and Lentil, worked out relative change over the period in terms of arrivals annually and prices/rates, monthly during 2015-16 and 2016-17 and, are summarized. It is evident from table that the arrivals of pulses has increased by 72% in tur, 58% in urd and 29% in mung and 6% in lentil over the previous crop year 2015-16. It is also observed that the prices/rates are decreased over the period during the month of July by 53% in tur 48% in urd, 23% in mung and 34% in lentil.


(TABLE-I): STATE-WISE MARKET RATES AND ARRIVALS OF PIGEONPEA

(Rate in Rs./Qtls; Arrivals-000 Tonnes) State Market Rate % Change

over Market Arrivals % Change

over July, 2016 July, 2017 2016-17 2015-16 Maharashtra 8644 3689 -57.32 799.71 535.40 49.37 Karnataka 9392 4174 -55.56 416.41 197.23 111.14 Madhya Pradesh 6938 3924 -43.44 321.31 174.53 84.10 Gujarat 7835 3262 -58.37 103.99 38.99 166.73 Telangana 8357 3722 -55.46 102.38 5.79 1668.56 Uttar Pradesh 8849 3999 -54.81 80.29 87.41 -8.14 Rajasthan 7588 4063 -46.45 24.21 14.74 64.23 West Bengal 12199 8342 -31.62 15.71 18.73 -16.16 Chattisgarh 7802 3944 -49.45 9.87 8.77 12.52 Assam 12381 6792 -45.14 7.82 10.96 -28.60 Andhra Pradesh 7799 3810 -51.15 6.26 1.02 512.32 Jharkhand 12901 6072 -52.93 4.68 3.86 21.18 Uttrakhand 2.69 1.11 142.34 Kerala 12919 7601 -41.16 1.42 0.60 134.93 Manipur 16361 1.29 1.37 -6.05 Punjab 2560 0.92 4.41 -79.12 NCT of Delhi 6267 2487 -60.32 0.90 0.81 11.91 Haryana 0.17 0.13 34.11 Tamil Nadu 0.08 1.16 -93.56 Orissa 0.00 0.20 -98.01 Average/Total 9749 4563 -53.20 1900.13 1107.23 71.61

(TABLE-II): STATE-WISE MARKET RATES AND ARRIVALS OF URDBEAN



over July, 2016 July, 2017 2016-17 2015-16 Madhya Pradesh 8798 4109 -53.30 349.82 284.01 23.17 Maharashtra 14190 3912 -72.43 123.54 36.16 241.65 Rajasthan 9943 3686 -62.93 113.68 79.98 42.15 Uttar Pradesh 10312 4977 -51.74 93.66 58.23 60.85 Gujarat 10500 3954 -62.34 82.00 18.16 351.53 Assam 77.39 29.90 158.81 Tamil Nadu 9206 5422 -41.10 43.38 22.08 96.51 Karnataka 12512 7660 -38.78 36.38 23.61 54.05 West Bengal 12841 7040 -45.18 23.11 35.71 -35.30 Andhra Pradesh 9246 5127 -44.55 5.00 5.20 -3.73 Kerala 15327 9196 -40.00 2.72 2.47 10.15 Pondicherry 7316 4088 -44.12 1.98 1.95 1.23 Telangana 7046 4050 -42.52 1.91 0.96 99.69 Chattisgarh 9935 4413 -55.58 1.74 2.37 -26.38 Orissa 8024 7515 -6.34 1.54 4.56 -66.15 Manipur 15391 -100.00 1.35 1.40 -3.51 Uttrakhand 7800 5916 -24.15 0.67 0.75 -10.47 Haryana 0.21 0.27 -21.48 Jharkhand 6272 0.12 0.00 5700.00 Punjab 9362 -100.00 0.02 0.05 -68.75 Average/Total 10456 5459 -47.79 960.22 607.81 57.98


(TABLE-III): STATE-WISE MARKET RATES AND ARRIVALS OF MUNGBEAN



over July, 2016 July, 2017 2016-17 2015-16 Rajasthan 5457 4347 -20.34 320.41 268.93 19.14 Madhya Pradesh 5058 5142 1.66 244.12 165.53 47.47 Karnataka 6263 5179 -17.31 127.37 71.27 78.70 Maharashtra 6242 4574 -26.72 39.34 22.22 77.02 Uttar Pradesh 5938 3872 -34.79 33.46 39.03 -14.28 Assam 8758 6774 -22.65 22.19 25.08 -11.55 Gujarat 5717 4592 -19.68 20.19 30.25 -33.24 Telangana 5015 3899 -22.25 18.35 9.93 84.69 West Bengal 10288 8386 -18.49 16.61 20.19 -17.72 Haryana 3800 5000 31.58 5.95 0.08 7245.68 Kerala 9011 7479 -17.00 2.57 2.69 -4.42 Manipur 13348 1.19 1.29 -7.30 Orissa 6242 5427 -13.06 1.11 3.32 -66.69 Andhra Pradesh 5210 5564 6.79 0.90 1.69 -46.71 Tamil Nadu 5070 4029 -20.53 0.86 1.56 -45.13 Pondicherry 5267 4214 -19.99 0.49 0.54 -10.85 Uttrakhand 5200 5644 8.54 0.44 0.91 -51.38 Jharkhand 9315 6341 -31.93 0.27 0.07 300.00 Punjab 5659 -100.00 0.10 0.08 27.85 Chattisgarh 10065 4200 -58.27 0.05 0.03 64.29 NCT of Delhi 4441 3214 -27.63 0.01 0.05 -79.63 A&N Island 0.01 0.01 -16.67 Mizoram 0.00 0.01 -87.50 Average/Total 6732 5151 -23.47 855.96 664.77 28.76

(TABLE-IV): STATE-WISE MARKET RATES AND ARRIVALS OF LENTIL (Rate in Rs./Qtls; Arrivals-000 Tonnes)

State Market Rate % Change over

Market Arrivals % Change over July, 2016 July, 2017 2016-17 2015-16

Madhya Pradesh 5688 3310 -41.80 279145.64 297636.97 -6.21 Uttar Pradesh 6674 4122 -38.24 122626.96 68523.86 78.96 Assam 8882 6164 -30.59 40626.30 36813.40 10.36 West Bengal 9620 7675 -20.22 28538.25 40004.41 -28.66 Rajasthan 6180 3329 -46.13 10122.80 9242.90 9.52 Maharashtra 7138 5336 -25.24 2295.00 2616.00 -12.27 Jharkhand 7877 5908 -25.00 2236.58 845.60 164.50 Chattisgarh 5159 3155 -38.84 2218.73 2495.60 -11.09 Manipur 11412 1350.19 1373.40 -1.69 Uttrakhand 796.20 811.80 -1.92 Gujarat 36.40 5.10 613.73 Haryana 8.50 6.60 28.79 Telangana 7.40 Kerala 10433 7749 -25.73 3.70 1.21 205.79 Bihar 52.10 Orissa 16.00 Punjab 19.45 Average/Total 7906 5194 -34.30 490012.65 460464.40 6.42 Source: GOI, MoA &FW, DMI, Agmarknet


(TABLE-V): STATE-WISE MARKET ARRIVALS OF GRAM (Unit- Arrivals in Lakh Tonnes)

State

July 01, 2015 to

May 31, 2016

July 01,2016 To

May 31,2017 % Change over

2015-16 Andhra Pradesh 0.200 0.040 -79.86 Assam 0.136 0.131 -3.33 Chattisgarh 0.268 0.156 -41.84 Gujarat 0.339 0.520 53.30 Haryana 0.028 0.009 -68.79 Jharkhand 0.009 0.001 -94.26 Karnataka 0.872 0.847 -2.93 Kerala 0.042 0.023 -44.66 Madhya Pradesh 7.050 8.082 14.64 Maharashtra 3.173 3.635 14.57 Manipur 0.013 0.012 -5.58 NCT of Delhi 0.001 0.001 59.19 Orissa 0.000 0.000 -91.71 Punjab 0.030 0.000 -99.90 Rajasthan 1.117 2.381 113.23 Tamil Nadu 0.002 0.000 -91.91 Telangana 0.002 0.015 779.98 Tripura 0.000 0.003 - Uttar Pradesh 1.838 1.957 6.46 Uttrakhand 0.016 0.006 -60.14 West Bengal 0.063 0.074 17.11 Total 15.199 17.893 17.72

Source: AGMARKNET

NOTE: During 2015-16 the AGMARKNET data for Gram was captured under two heads i.e. Bengal Gram and Big Gram and the same was merged and reported in a single commodity name: Bengalgram (Gram) w.e.f 11.03.2016.

(TABLE-VI): STATE-WISE MARKET ARRIVALS AND PRICES OF GRAM

(Rate in Rs./Qtls; Arrivals-lakh Tonnes)

Source: AGMARKNET

State Market Rates

Market Arrivals

2014 2015 2016 2017 2014 2015 2016 2017 MSP 3100 3175 3425 4000 M.P. 2673 4241 5623 5370 0.967 0.379 1.558 1.942 Maharashtra 2519 4287 5587 5420 0.459 0.311 0.342 0.559 Rajasthan 2710 4201 5566 5229 1.190 0.322 0.252 0.671 Karnataka 2661 4674 5687 6367 0.132 0.068 0.065 0.091 Andhra Pradesh 2824 3712 5061 5954 0.005 0.012 0.000 0.007 Chhattisgarh 2661 4417 5510 5451 0.013 0.011 0.050 0.028 Uttar Pradesh 3350 4218 5735 5793 0.241 0.211 0.232 0.262 Jharkhand 3580 5528 6208 0.017 0.004 0.000 0.000 Gujarat 2698 4412 5719 5352 0.067 0.038 0.041 0.069 Telangana 2474 4229 4390 5756 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 Bihar 0.000 0.000 0.000 West Bengal 11250 9100 0.000 0.016 0.008 All-India 3312 4471 6135 6468 3.104 1.386 2.588 3.664


• The all India market arrival of gram during May, 2016 was 2.59 lakh tons which was about 3.61% of the total gram production during 2015-16 whereas during May, 2017 it is 3.66 lakh tons which is about 4.04 % of total gram production during 2016-17 which is only 0.43 % higher than the last year.

• The market arrival during May, 2014 was 3.10 lakh tons which is only 3.26% of the total gram production during 2013-14, the ever highest gram production year with 95.25 lakh tons of production of Chana. It reveals that the arrivals percentage of gram during the current year (May 1st-31st, 2017) is higher by 0.78 % than the ever highest gram production year of 2013-14 during corresponding period (May 01st-31st , 2014).

• The trend of monthly wholesale prices of gram during last five years exhibit that the market rates are directly related with the production, the decreasing trend of prices observed during the 2014 and current year 2017 due to record production of gram during 2013-14 & 2016-17. The increasing price trend observed during 2015 and 2016 in view of less production during 2014-15 & 2015-16. During the current year wholesale price of gram during the month of January to May, 2017 show decreasing trend due to increasing trend of market arrivals with 17.72% higher than the last year in the same period.

13.4 FACTORS ATTRIBUTING TO LOWER MARKET PRICES (BELOW MSP)

• During 2016-17, as a result of significant increase in the area coverage and productivity of all

major Pulses, total production of pulses is estimated at 22.95 million tonnes which is higher by 3.70 million tonnes (>19 %) than the earlier record production of 19.25 million tonnes achieved during 2013-14. The production of total pulses during the year under report is also higher by 4.77 million tonnes (>27%) than its Five years’ average, as also higher by 6.60 million tonnes (>40%) over the last year i.e. 16.35 million tonnes.

• The availability status of the pulses during the current year, both under total pulses and individual crop category, has increased considerably. Once the availability is sufficient, the prices are bound to be comparatively low.

• The market arrival status of the pulses during the current year under individual crop category has increased significantly. Once the supply increased over its demand, prices/rates are declined.

• It is evident from the table depicting the increasing trend of availability of individual pulses as well as total pulses, the increased availability, may be a major factor for low ruling prices during the current month/year.

• Currency demonetization and implementation of GST may likely to impact the rotation of money under trading, resultantly poor holding of stocks in relation to the capacity of the traders/ processors

• Imposing of 5% GST on branded dals and relaxing non-branded dals i.e., 0% GST, may also be attributed to comparatively poor procurement by the traders /processors/millers, fearing the assured profit-margin over the investment.

• Except, the big processors/traders, the other small scale entrepreneurs may be reluctant and unwilling to put the brands. During the course of interactions/ discussions with the millers, it is given to understand that the traders lobby anticipates the policy decision of the Government to open the export of this commodity.

• It is relevant to mention that the Lentil is exported to Myanmar (>35 %), USA (> 25 %), Kuwait (> 7 %) and Bhutan and Singapore (approx. 6 %). Similarly, tur is exported to Nepal (> 78 %), Canada (> 19 %) and Israel (approx 2%). Mung/Urd is also exported to USA (> 49 % of total export of this commodity) followed by Sri lanka and Canada (> 7 %).

• It should also be noted that the MSP procurement under PSF/PSS are for FAQ Grade, fetching MSP rates. Whereas, the lower prevailing rates of these pulses in the market are for ungraded/below FAQ grade of pulses.


• It is pertinent to record that for a stable remunerative price support under pulses, the state’s own initiatives on procurement always pays dividends. In Karnataka, > 80000 qtls of tur dal have been procured during 2016-17 here the open market rates have been comparatively much better than the other states having no such provision.

• As per Agmarknet portal, the mandi arrivals of Bengal Gram (Chana) for all the states from 01.07.2016 to 31.05.2017 are 17.72% higher as compared to the corresponding period of last year (2015-16).

• The arrivals during the current year/month are higher than the corresponding year/month of the last year 2016. The probable reasons of higher arrival and prevailing market prices may be attributed to the followings: - The higher MSP regime in pulses (Gram) is paying dividends to pulse growers in fetching

remunerative prices of their produce. Currently price is above the MSP and is sustaining above MSP, because of procurement by the Government in major gram producing states.

- There is no carry forward stock (31st March, 2017) with the farmers, millers, stockist, traders and also the public sector agencies like NAFED and the produce being sold both at organized and non-organized trading routes.

- Holding of stocks by the farmers with access to information network, enhanced holding capacities anticipating further better prices correlating the previous year price regime.

- Farmers’ enhanced access to get finance through sale proceeds of wheat crop and the KCCs and generally not constrained to distress sale.

- The price trends have been decreasing from March/April onwards during the current year as compared to the corresponding period of last year. It is an indicative that production is more.

- The status market arrivals during the current year is better than the last year due to excess production of gram during the current year.

- Generally, of the total production/ quantity of the gram commodity i.e., 42-43 percent of the, Total availability (Total production + Import - Export-Change in stock over year- NSSO based consumption) is retained as stock and the remaining 56-58 percent of the total available quantity remains under trading.


SEED PRODUCTION

1. NEW INITIATIVES PROGRAMME UNDER NFSM-PULSES

Seed is the key input in pulse crop cultivation and vital in speeding and sustaining the crop productivity. The quality of seed alone is known to 10-15% increase in the total production of any crop. In the absence of quality seed, the inputs like fertilizer, water, pesticides etc., do not pay the desirable return. Lack of quality seed continues to be one of the greatest hurdles in reducing the vast yield gap between improved practices (FLD), farmers’ practice and states’ average yield. Concerted efforts and proper planning along with realistic execution the seed production programme are required to produce the quality seed of improved varieties insufficient quantities to phase out the old seed of absolete non-descript varieties. “The Committee for Monitoring Actions/ Strategy for Increasing Pulses Production”. To enhance production of pulses in the country, availability of quality seeds SRR of latest/ promising varieties VRR and adoption of recommended technologies (TOT) has been viewed a major bottleneck. The committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. Ashok Dalwai, Additional Secretary, Govt. of India, following strategic interventions to address the seed sector during 2016-17 have neen initiated;

i) Enhancing Breeder Seed Production EBSP (Rs. 20.39 Crore for2016-17 to 2018-19,) isoperational at 08 states in 12 centres (Rajasthan-ARS, Kota/RARI-Durgapur; Bihar-BAU, Sabour;Maharashtra-ARS-Badnapur/MPKVV-Rahuri;Madhya Pradesh-JNKVV, Jabalapur/RVSKVV, Gwalior & IIPR-RS Phanda; Odisha-ARS, Berharampur; Uttar Pradesh- ICAR, IIPR, Kanpur; Andhra Pradesh- ARS-Lam; Karnataka-UAS, Dharwad. Crop-wise/Centre-wise targets for quality seed production for 2016-17 to 2018-19 is as given below:

(TABLE-14.1): ALL INDIA CROP-WISE TARGETS UNDER EBSP

(Qty in qtl.)

Crops 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 Total KVK / AICR/ ICAR KVK/AICRP/ICAR KVK/AICRP/ICAR

Pigeonpea 425 157 168 750 Urd 317 183 212 712 Moong 490 195 244 929 Chickpea 2140 235 277 2652 Lentil 165 140 132 437 Fieldpea 180 68 73 321 Total Pulses 3717 978 1106 5801

ii) Creation of Seed-Hubs (Rs.225.31Crore for 2016-17 to 2018-19) out of which Rs.86.75

Crore for 2016-17 & Rs. for 2017-18) is operational at 150 locations at (ICAR Institute/ SAUs-07, AICRPs-46, KVKs-97) in 24 States (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhatisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, J&K, Karnataka, Kerela, Manipur, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal) in the country.


Each Seed-Hub has a financial assistance of Rs. 1.50 crore (infrastructure- Rs. 50 lakh for Storage of seeds/ processing during 2016-17 and Rs. 100 lakh for revolving fund towards production, procurement, processing, of seeds during 2016-17 and 2017-18).Crop-wise/Centre-wise targets for quality seed production for 2016-17 to 2018-19 is as given below:

(TABLE-14.2): ALL INDIA CROP-WISE TARGETS UNDER SEED-HUB

(Qty.: in qtl.)

Crops 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 Total KVK AICRP SAU/ICAR KVK AICRP SAU/ICAR KVK AICRP SAU/ICAR

Pigeonpea 8250 6250 1250 15150 8900 1490 19050 10300 1750 72340 Urd 5300 3075 300 10400 5000 450 12100 5900 600 43125 Moong 10750 4175 1300 19950 7150 1800 23300 8300 2500 79225 Chickpea 13150 6560 800 18850 8750 1100 22450 10250 1450 83360 Lentil 4250 2325 750 7250 3150 1150 8750 3550 1400 32575 Fieldpea 6950 1950 650 9100 2650 780 10450 2900 1150 36580 Lathyrus 150 - - 250 - - 350 - - 750 Rajmash - 100 250 - 100 350 - 100 450 1350 Cowpea - 700 200 500 1350 300 400 1250 400 5100 Mothbean - - 150 - 300 250 - 400 300 1400 Horsegram 400 - - 500 100 - 550 100 - 1650 Total Pulses 49200 25135 5600 81950 37450 7670 97400 43050 10000 357455

iii) Cluster FLD on Pulses (minimum 10 ha each) by ATARI (Rs. 26.11 Crore for2017-18) is

operational in 31366 ha area @ Rs. 7500/ha (Rs. 750 for monitoring + literature + field day) across the country being conducted by 11 ATARIs through 549 KVKs.

iv) Cluster FLD on Oilseeds (minimum 10 ha each) by ATARI (Rs. 21.00 Crore for 2017-18) is operational in 73275 ha area @Rs. 8500/ha for G.Nut, @Rs.- 6000/ha for Sunflower/R&M and @ Rs. 5000/ha for Sesame, Niger, Safflower, Castor across the country being conducted by 11 ATARIs through 516 KVKs.

(TABLE-14.3): CLUSTER FLD ON PULSES /OILSEEDS: 2017-18 (KVK-Nos.; FLDs-Area in ha; Budget-Rs. in Lakhs)

Implementing Agency/Zone NFSM-Pulses NMOOP-Oilseed KVK FLDs Budget KVK FLDs Budget

ATARI-I (Ludhina) 52 1522 125.46 42 1950 55.18 ATARI-II (Jodhpur) 49 3520 296.31 48 8725 240.93 ATARI-III (Kanpur) 68 4220 354.80 69 7950 214.23 ATARI-IV (Patna) 62 4350 360.36 60 9575 261.23 ATARI-V (Kolkata) 49 3080 255.81 45 7800 242.83 ATARI-VI (Guwahati) 32 1510 127.26 35 5450 149.83 ATARI-VII (Barapani) 16 880 78.81 23 3100 90.48 ATARI-VIII (Pune) 67 3810 315.36 63 10400 313.53 ATARI-IX (Jabalpur) 63 4440 365.91 64 9300 244.25 ATARI-X (Hyderabad) 58 2750 222.66 48 6575 20.368 ATARI-XI (Banglore) 33 1284 108.51 19 2450 8.383 Total (2017-18) 549 31366 2611.25 516 73275 2100.00 Total (2016-17)

2. SEED REQUIREMENT:To achieve the targeted 36%, 38%, 40% & 42% SeedReplacement Rate, the requirement of breeder, foundation and certified seed by the end of2022 is as under:


(TABLE-14.4): SEED REQUIREMENT AT 33% SRR – END OF TWELTH PLAN (Quantity in Qtl.)

3. SEED REPLACEMENT:The pace of SRR has, however, not been fast as sufficient quantities of certified seed are not available from all the seed sources put together. Various efforts have been made to ensure availability of good quality seeds of high yielding varieties/hybrids, yet nearly 70-75% of the total seed requirements are met by the farm-saved seed. Further, the seeds of released varieties are also not reaching farmers in the absence of both information and availability of seed. It is, therefore, imperative to widen the focus on increasing the seed replacement rate of low potential/pest susceptible old varieties by new high yielding varieties with promising yield potential, strengthening of infrastructure facilities for production and distribution of quality seeds and taking up more and more villages under the Seed Villages Programme. 4. CLASS OF SEED AND THEIR PRODUCTION i) Nucleus Seed • Basic seed of variety should be sown in optimum area approximately 200 m2. Field

should qualify the norms in terms of topography, moisture availability and fertility. Recommended spacing (plant to plant and row to row) should be maintained through dibbling or thick rowing, followed by thinning.

• Select 500-1000 plant which exactly conforms the varietal descriptors. Number of plants to be selected will depend upon the seed production ability of individual plant i.e. yield per plant, if yield per plant is higher less number of plants selected and tagged.

• The tagged plants should be harvested separately. Seed of individual plants should be carefully examined and if the seed/plant produce is not conforming to the discriptors of the variety, the seed lots produce of individual plants should be rejected.

• The seed collected should be dried, treated and stored. • During next cropping season, the individual plant progenies should be grown in

standard and homogenous field. Row to row spacing should be wide than the normal recommendation of the crop. The main objective of spaced planting is to ensure genetic purity, otherwise the higher productivity per unit area. Here the row length may vary from one to three meters, depending upon the quantity of produce of individual plant.

Crop Normal Area

Certified seed Foundation seed Breeder seed

2018-19 (36%)

2019-20 (38%)

2020-21 (40%)

2021-22 (42%) 2018-192019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2018-19 2019-20 2020-

21 2021-22

Arhar 39.25 282.6 298.3 314.0 329.7 7.1 7.5 7.9 8.2 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.6 Urdbean 24.80 178.6 188.5 198.4 208.3 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.9 8.9 9.4 9.9 10.4 Mungbean 23.60 169.9 179.4 188.8 198.3 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.6 8.5 9.0 9.4 9.9 Other Kharif 18.14 130.6 137.9 145.1 152.4 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.1 6.5 6.9 7.3 7.6 Total Kharif 105.79 761.7 804.1 846.3 888.7 23.2 24.4 25.6 26.8 29.6 31.3 32.9 34.5 Gram 86.80 875.8 924.5 973.1 1021.8 58.4 61.6 64.9 68.1 87.6 92.5 97.3 102.2 Lentil 14.14 127.3 134.3 141.4 148.5 4.2 4.5 4.7 5.0 6.4 6.7 7.1 7.4

Fieldpea 9.93 357.5 377.3 397.2 417.1 23.8 25.2 26.5 27.8 35.8 37.7 39.7 41.7

Urdbean 7.85 56.5 59.7 62.8 65.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.3

Mungbean 9.26 66.7 70.4 74.1 77.8 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9

Other Rabi 11.11 160.0 168.9 177.8 186.7 8.0 8.4 8.9 9.3 8.0 8.4 8.9 9.3 Total Rabi 139.09 1643.8 1735.1 1826.4 1917.8 98.5 104.1 109.6 115 143.9 151.8 159.8 167.8

Total Pulses 244.88 2405.5 2539.2 2672.7 2806.5 121.7 128.5 135.2 141.8 173.5 183.1 192.7 202.3


• Due care should be taken for all the agronomic practices of the crop to ensure high seed to seed ratio.

• Individual plant progenies should be regularly visited by breeder, right from germination to harvesting.

• If any individual plant is not true to type and /or sister progeny are showing disease incidence, plant should be completely removed from the field, besides entire off type/diseased progeny should be discarded completely.

• From the remaining progenies, 500-1000 plants should be tagged for next year planting of single plant progenies.

• Individual plant should be harvested separately, as during the previous season and necessary steps, as enumerated above, should be strictly followed for next year planting, as well.

• After harvesting these 500-1000 plants, the individual plant progenies should be harvested separately.

• The seed lot of individual progenies should be examined for size, shape colour etc. of the seed. Any progeny exhibiting mixture or deviating from the seed descriptors of the original variety or sister progeny should be discarded.

• Remaining progenies left after rejection both at preand post harvest stage should be bulked, this bulk produce of selected progenies (bulk produce of 400 progenies out of 500 plants) is known as Nucleus Seed.

• The nucleus seed is used for production of breeder seed. Special care must be given to this seed during storage.

ii) Breeder Seed All stake holders who deal in seed viz. NSC, SDAs, SAUs, SSC, Seed Grower Societies and private sectors, place their breeder seed indent to Seed Division, Govt. of India, DAC & FW. The indent, in compiled form, is given to ICAR who organizes. Breeder Seed Production (BSP) of various varieties of different crops through ICAR Institutes, SAUs, and AICRPs other organizations like NSC, etc. The different breeder seed production proformae are enumerated below: BSP-1: In view of indents received, Project Coordinator unit formulate BSP-1 after detailed discussion in concerned crop Annual Group Meet group meet. The BSP-I proforma issued by PI/PC accounts for crop, variety, name of breeder to whom BSP is allocated, DAC & FW indent allocation and indentors. BSP-II: After receiving the BSP-I proforma from PC unit, the breeder of SAUs/ICAR institutes sow the nucleus seed/basic seed for breeder seed production.BSP-II proforma is submitted by concerned crop breeder to PC unit after compilation of sowing of breeder seed production plot. BSP-III: The BSP-III proforma is submitted by the breeder to PC unit after completion of monitoring by monitoring team. The team comprises breeders; in charge National Seed Programme, NSC representative and officer from State Seed Certification Agency. BSP-IV: This proforma is issued by breeders after harvesting, threshing, cleaning and grading of breeder seed. It contains information on actual breeder seed of different varieties produced by the concerned crop breeder.On the basis of this proforma, seed division of DAC&FW arranges lifting of the breeder seeds by indentors. BSP-V: After lifting of breeder seed by indentors, this proforma is submitted by breeders to PC unit and contains information on lifting of breeder seed by indentors.


iii) Certified Foundation Seed This is the seed which is certified by a State Seed Certification agency notified under section 8 of Indian Seed Act 1966 or by any other foreign certification agency provided that the agency is recognized by Govt. of India through notification in official gazette. The certified seed consist of two classes: • Certified Foundation Seed Stage I and II: CFS is the progeny of breeder seed or

certified foundation seed it self. When seed is progeny of breeder seed, it is called foundation seed stage I, while it is called foundation seed stage II when it is the progeny of certified foundation seed stage I it is important to note that only certified foundation seed stage I can be multiplied to generate certified foundation seed stage II.

• Certified foundation seed stage II cannot be used to produce foundation seed; it can only be used to produce certified seed. The minimum seed standard for both foundation seed stage I and foundation seed Stage II are similar unless otherwise prescribed.

• Production of foundation seed stage II is undertaken only when it is clearly stated by Seed Certification Agency that the breeder seed of a particular variety is in short supply and Stage II foundation seed has to be produce to meet the seed demand. Bags of foundation seed carry white coloured tags.

iv) Certified Seed This seed is progeny of foundation seed and it is produced under conformity of specific genetic identity and purity standard as prescribed for the crop being certified.

The certified seed can be progeny of certified seed provided this multiplication does not exceed three generation beyond foundation seed stage-I. Certified seed produced from foundation seed is called certified seed stage I while that produced by multiplication of certified seed itself is called certified seed stage II. Certified seed stage II can not further be used for multiplication.

The tag of certified seed is of blue colour (Shade ISI No. 104 azure blue) besides carrying all relevant information about the certified seed inside the bag.


POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT Post-harvest protection of pulses assumes a greater importance in overall crop protection system as pulses are more susceptible to storage losses. Traditionally the produce is essentially stored for longer or shorter duration, either for consumption or as seed for sowing during the next cropping season.

1. HARVESTING PRECAUTIONS To minimize quantitative and qualitative losses, besides harvesting the crop at 08 per cent of total pods maturity stage, under mentioned. Advisory should be followed:

• Harvesting prior to physiological and proper maturity usually result in lower yields, higher proportion of immature seeds, poor grain quality and resulting in susceptibility to infestation during storage. To fetch better prices and consumer acceptance, proper harvesting judgement is required.

• Avoid harvesting during adverse weather conditions i.e. rains and overcast weather, however, delay in harvesting may results in shattering pods and losses caused by birds, rats, insects etc. Rogue out the admixtures prior to harvesting

• The harvested produce should be stacked in a dry, clean place in cubical way to facilitate circulation of the air around and keep the bundles for drying in the field after cutting on threshing floor.

2. GRADING Sorting of the homogenous lots of the produce according to the fixed grade standard in accordance with various quality factors is important. Grading of the produce before sale enables farmers to get better price and helps the consumers to get standard quality produce at fair price vis-a-vis facilitate the consumer to compare the prices of different qualities of a produce in the market. Grading assures the quality of the produce and also reduces the cost of the marketing and transportation. The quality parameters of pulses are wholesome, clean, odorless and less moisture content. 3. STORAGE/PACKAGING The good packaging material must protect quality and quantity, prevent spoilage during transit and storage and should display about grade/quality, variety, date of packing, weight and price etc.It must also be convenient in handling operations,convenient to stack, cheap, clean and attractive.

Impotant packaging materials are (i) Jute bags, (ii) HDPE/pp bags, (iii) polythene impregnated Jute bags, (iv)poly pouches, and (v) cloth bags. About 10-15 per cent moisture is safe for storage of pulses. For small-scale storage, preferably air-tight metallic bins, and for large scale storage of pulses, large silos are commercially available. The storage affects the cooking quality of whole and split pulses (dal).

4. MAJOR STORED GRAIN PESTS The various factors responsible for deterioration of stored grains/seeds are broadly classified under two categories, biotic factors (insect, rodents, birds, fungi, mites and bacteria); Abiotic factors (moisture content/relative humidity, temperature)


Pulse beetle (Callosobrucus maculatus (Lin), (Bruchid) in whole grain and Tribolium castaneaum, Tribolium confusum in milled product (besan), are the major stored insect.

4.1. PROPHYLACTIC AND CURATIVE MEASURES Selection of site, storage structure, cleaning and drying of structures/site/bags is important. The site/structure should be given prophylactic treatment by spray of Malathion 50% EC (1:100) one per cent solution @ 3 litres per 100 sqmt.

For curative treatment, Methyl Bromide and Aluminium phosphide are common fumigants. Aluminium phosphide @ 3g pallet per 5-10 qtls whole grain for 7 days is recommended. Control of rodents should be done through i) Multi-dose anti-coagulant (cumarin compounds) eg. Rodaferin, Warferin (proportion 1:19) ii) single dose anti-coagulant eg. Promadiotone (proportion 2:98) and iii) single dose acute poison eg. Zinc phosphide (proportion 2:98)

5. STORAGE STRUCTURES Producers store pulses in bulk at farm godown or own house using various types of traditional and improved structures. Generally, these storage containers are used for short period. Different organisations/institutions have developed improved structures for pulses storage with various capacities like Hapur Kothi, Pusa bin, Nanda bin, PKV bin, etc. Different storage structures are also used for this purpose like bricks-built rural godown, mud stone godown etc. Producers also use flexible PVC sheets covering for temporary storage. Some producers also pack pulses in jute gunny bags or in gunny bags lined with polythene and stack in room.

Prevalent storage structure may be classified into two categories as domestic and commercial (Table 15.1)

(TABLE-15.1): CATEGORIES OF PREVALENT STORAGE STRUCTURES Domestic Commercial Traditional structures i.Mud-binds or Kachchi Kothi ii Metal drums iii Thekka iv Gunny bags Improved/scientific structures i Pusa Kothi ii Nanda bins iii. Hapur Kothi iv PAU bins v PKV bins vi Chittore stone bins

i. Warehouse CAP Storage (cover and plinth storage) Soils.

ii. Steel Silos


5.1 STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE/PROGRAMMES/FACILITIES • RURAL GODOWNS Considering the importance of rural storage in marketing of agricultural produce, DAC& FW, Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, initiated a Rural Godowns Scheme, in collaboration with NABARD and NCDC. Its objective is to construct scientific storage godowns with allied facilities in rural areas and to establish a network of rural godowns in the States and Union Territories.

Eligibility:The project for construction of rural godowns can be taken up by individuals, farmers, group of farmers/growers, partnership/ proprietary firms, non-government organizations (NGO’s), self help groups (SHGs), Companies, Corporations, Co-operatives, Agricultural Produce Marketing Committees, Marketing Boards and Agro Processing Corporations in the entire country. However, assistance for renovation/ expansion of rural godown is restricted to the godowns constructed by co-operatives only.

Location:Under the scheme, the entrepreneur will be free to construct godown at any place and of any size as per his commercial judgment except for the restrictions that it would be outside the limits of Municipal Corporation area and be of a minimum capacity of 100 MT.

• MANDI GODOWNS Most of the States and Union Territories have enacted Agricultural Produce Market (Regulation) Act. The reduction of loss of produce was aimed in the scheme of regulated market. The regulated markets developed modern market yard with necessary infrastructural facilities. The APMCs have constructed godowns so that the agricultural produce brought into the market should be stored safely by market committees. The produce is weighed in the presence of producer/seller at the time of keeping the produce in the godown after grading for storing and receipt is issued indicating the quality and weight of produce to be stored. The receipt is issued by the licensed general commission agents or brokers depending upon the case. The CWC, SWC and Co-operative societies have also constructed godown in the market yards.

In most of the secondary and terminal regulated markets, central and state warehousing corporations also provide scientific storage facilities at prescribed storage charge and issue warehousing receipt against pledge of produce, which is a negotiable document for obtaining finance from the scheduled banks.

• CENTRAL WAREHOUSING CORPORATION (CWC) CWC was established during 1957. It is the largest public warehouse operator in the country. Apart from storage, CWC also offers services in the area of clearing and forwarding, handling and transportation, distribution, disinfestation, fumigation and other ancillary services like safety and security, insurance, standardization and documentation. The CWC has also introduced a scheme, called the Farmers’ Extension Service at selected centres to educate farmers about the benefits of a scientific storage. The CWC is also operating custom bonded warehouses. These bonded warehouses are


specially constructed at a seaport or airport and accept imported commodities for storage till the payment of customs duties by the importer of the commodities.

• STATE WAREHOUSING CORPORATIONS (SWCS) Different states have set up their own warehouses in the country. The area of operation of the state warehousing corporations is district places of the state.The total share capital of the state warehousing corporations is contributed equally by the Central Warehousing Corporation and concerned State Government. The SWCs are under the dual control of the State Government and the CWC.

• CO-OPERATIVES Co-operative storage facilities are provided to the producer at cheaper rates, which reduces the storage cost. These Co-operatives also provide pledge loan against the produce and storage is more systematic and scientific than traditional storage. Financial assistance and subsidies are provided by government organisations/banks to build Co-operative storage. To meet the increasing need for storage capacity, the National Co-operative Development Corporation (NCDC) encourages construction of storage facilities by Co-operatives, particularly at rural and market level.

6. MARKETING CHANNEL The production of a produce is complete only when it reaches the hands of consumers. Marketing channels are the routes through which agricultural products move from producers to consumers. A flow of pulse produce from farmers to consumer under organised and un-organised channel is exhibited under Table 15.2.

(TABLE-15.2): PROCESSES OF MARKETING OF RAW PRODUCE Private Institutional

i) ProducerDal MillerConsumer ii) ProducerVillageTraderDalMillerWholesaler RetailerConsumer iii) ProducerDal MillerRetailerConsumer iv) ProducerWholesalerDalMillerRetailer

Consumer v) ProducerWholesalerDalMillerWholesaler

RetailerConsumer vi) ProducerWholesalerRetailerConsumer

(For whole Green gram) vii) ProducerCommission AgentDal Miller

WholesalerRetailerConsumer

i) ProducerProcuringAgencyDal MillerConsumer

ii) ProducerProcuring Agency Dal MillerWholesaler RetailerConsumer

iii) ProducerProcuring Agency DalMillerRetailerConsumer

7. PROCESSING AND VALUE ADDITION Promoted by the western habits, food consumption habit is under radical change in India. Export of value added products has retained the upward ladder. Food Processing industry is still at the category of small or cottage industries. The Industry has to be popularized due to the wide range of consumption of processed items of foodstuffs in the country. A close study on the issue imperatively amounted to a conclusion that the industry is not less important than the bigger industrial units on various consumer and non-consumer goods.


Due emphasis has to be paid to the agro-industries based on the prevailing nature of perishable crops including pulses. Lack of Processing Technologies of applied nature has a far negative reaching implication vis-à-vis, value addition and by-product utilization of pulses. There is a great scope of canning fresh peas, but lack of facilities for preservation has not made much headway, particularly in the rural sector where all types of infrastructures are not available. The produces of the farmers are sold in situ at low prices hardly meeting the economical aspirations of the farmers themselves. Middlemen involved in the process of transporting the pulse grains exploit the rights of the farmers to sell them at reasonable prices. Lack of processing plants in the vicinity of the farmers’ field have encouraged these the middlemen to interfere for converting the raw and fresh pulses into various processed food items and their by- products, where value additions are the prime target.

In an effort to increase the value of foodstuffs in pulses, research & development on Post Harvest Technologies (PHT) would come to play a major role. The large loss of pulse grains during harvest operation and post harvest storage (25-30%) is a major concern. PHT is thus, an indispensable part of operation when food processing and value addition of pulse crops are concerned.

7.1 DOMESTIC/SMALL SCALE PULSE MILLING IN RURAL SECTOR : SCOPE

Setting up small scale pulse milling units in rural sector need to be expoited to boost-up the pulse sector. Although dal milling is an agro-based industry, the rural sector is rather deprived of this owing to following reasons common to the rural areas of the country: Non-availability of infrastructural facilities in rural sector; Inefficient methods of milling in rural sector (incompetent methods and machines for processing dal in rural sector); Non-availability of suitable cottage scale milling machines which are economical and can be easily adopted in rural sector with the existing methods of processing.

Moreover, the capital investments, taxation policies, lack of skilled labour are coming in way of setting up a dal mill in rural sector. The producer, therefore, is almost forced to sell the pulses to the agent-cum-dal miller in large scale sector and in turn purchase dal from him, thereby giving him major share of profit.

Keeping in view these difficulties some organization like CFTRI (Mysore), PKV (Akola, Maharashtra), IARI,ICAR (CIAE, Bhopal), have come up with several designs of small scale/cottage scale pulse dehusking machines, with capacities ranging from 40 kg – 200 kg per hr. These low cost, low capital investment machines may help the producer to get value added product (dal), and useful by product –Chunni-and husk for his cattle. These machines can be easily operated and maintained by a single family or by a village based small cooperative society either for their own use or as custom milling systems, thereby giving chance for more rural employment. This may have an impact on the overall village economy especially in the major pulse growing regions. 7.2 BENEFITS OF MINI/SMALL SCALE MILLS

Simple technology/mini machines easy to operate & maintain and repair by villagers; Low cost of processing and less power consumption; Low capital requirement, hence, can come within the limits of state financial corporations or KVIB of states; Can attract subsidy by State Governments and avoid taxation to some extent; Long distance transportation is not required, since raw material purchase and product sale are confined to local markets.


The scope for setting up such small scale pulse dehusking machine is based on (i) the type and utility of the machine for the pulses grown and (ii) the status of pulse milling industry in that area. It is assumed that a small scale pulse dehusking unit like CFTRI mini dal mill processes about 5 quintals of pulses in a day on an average. If it works for 150 days in season (December to May), it can process 75 tonnes of pulses in one year. Assuming 50% of the produce is retained and processed to dal in rural sector, 6 such units can be set up in a district where the production is about 1000 tonnes (500 tonnes available for small scale). The number of such small scale units suggested to be set up in a district is based on the above assumption. 8. PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world. Processing of dal is unique and indigenous to India. This is due to the fact that, substantial quantities of pulses are consumed in the country in the form of dal – the dehusked split form.Though pulse milling is the third largest grain processing industry in the country, next only to rice and wheat, processing still remains largely traditional and employs empirical methods of processing which leads to inefficient processing and wastage of precious raw materials. Processing of pulses into dal or a variety of primary and secondary products adds more values to consumers. However, the operation is being coupled with losses and wastage estimated to be about 10-25%, depending on the technology adopted and machines used. Still, the processing of pulses is on the rise due to the consumers’ needs and the sound market price of processed pulse products. In India, more than three fourths (3/4th) of pulses produced are processed into dal. During the processes of milling only the losses (as powder and brokens) are estimated to be about 10-15%. Excessive scouring of pulse grains not only results in quantitative loss, but also qualitative loss since the peripheral layers contain substantial quantity of proteins. It is therefore, due to this that care must be taken to minimize the losses by using improved machineries and processing techniques.

8.1. LARGE SCALE PROCESSING As the traditional methods are laborious, time consuming and dependent on climatic conditions, attempts have been made to develop new technologies for efficient and economic milling of pulses. An improved method and machinery was developed by CFTRI in eighties which aims at minimizing the difficulties faced by traditional large scale pulse processors. The improved method gives a higher yield of dal in lesser time and at a lower cost of processing. The process is accomplished in two steps. In the first step, loosening of husk is achieved by an incipient toasting followed by tempering and the removal of husk and splitting is achieved by improved processing machines. The method consists of exposing the cleaned and size graded pulse, followed by tempering in bins to a critical moisture level. Removal of husk is done in an improved pearling machine in a single operation. The gota is split in an impact splitter after moisture treatment and aeration under controlled conditions. The method is independent of climatic conditions and can function throughout the year resulting in increased productivity. The technology has already been released to the industry.

8.2. SMALL SCALE PROCESSING In order to revive the now-defunct traditional village level industry and to place the rural dal processor on a competent and sound economic and technological footing, CFTRI has recently developed an integrated smallscale pulse processing unit –Mini dal Mill. This consists of a dehusking unit, an aspirator and a reciprocating sieve, all run by a 1 HP motor. The mini dhal mill can process 100-150 kg of pre-conditioned pulse per hour


without causing much breakage and powdering. Dehusked split dal husk and brokens are collected at different points as in big dal mill. The product quality is comparable to that of commercial dhal mill and dal yield is 78-82%. The cost of processing is also low. This unit is highly suitable for dehusking of bolder grains like arhar (tur), bengal gram, peas, soybean, field bean etc, while only splits (unhusked dal) could be obtained from green gram and black gram. The pre-milling treatment as practiced in rural technology (soaking and sun-drying) is retained, since it is easily carried out on rural surroundings. However, duration of soaking is standardized to suit the variety of pulse. Since not all the grains soak uniformly, separation of soaked and swollen grains is essential in order to get good quality product. For this a specially designed grader also has been developed for grading the soaked pulse which can also be used as a pre-cleaner-cum-grader. This unit is run by a half HP motor.

COMMON PULSE PROCESSING AVENUES The Pulses can be processed and used in the following ways:

• Cooking • Dehulling -Dal • Germination- Cooking • Puffing • Cooking- Sambar • Wet grinding- Idli,Vada, Dosa • Dry Grinding- Sev, Bajji, Bonda • Some eaten raw

PROBLEMS OF TRADITIONAL DAL MILLING INDUSTRY There are about 7000 registered dhal mills in India and about 5000 small or cottage scale dhal mills The problems are –

• Long processing time for pulses (5-6 days) • Lower yield of dal (72-74%) and more broken (12-15%) • Lack of skilled labour / trained personnel • Dust pollution

Factors influencing the milling are – (a) RAW MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

• Size and shape of pulses • Husk content and its thickness • Adherence of husk to the cotyledons • Moisture content of the grains • Extent of infestation

(b)PRE-MILLING TREATMENT • Wet pre-milling treatment (Soaking in water & Sun drying) • Dry pre-milling treatment (Pitting, oil mixing, Sun drying, water addition, Sundrying).


9. DOMESTIC MACHINERIES DEVELOPED Under the R & D in PHT on Oilseeds, Pulses and maize Mini Mission II of TMOP, domestic processing machines were developed. CFTRI, CSIR, SAUs and ICAR institutes, under this programme, developed processing technologies.

(TABLE-15.3): PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED UNDER R&D IN PHT Name of the

Domestic Machinary (Institutes)

Brief Features

Advantages

Mini Dal Mill (CFTRI, Mysore)

• Application - Promotion of village dal milling by traditional rural processors

• Capacity-100 to 150 Kg / hr. • Space - 2 x 4 meters • Power: - Mill - 1.0 HP

- Grader - 0.5 HP • Yield of dal - 76-78 % • Suitable for bolder Pulses

Ø Easy to operate, maintain and repair Ø Simple pre-milling treatment Ø Low capital investment Ø Ideal for Cottage scale rural industry Ø By-products useful as cattle feed Ø Low cost processing Ø Supplied under subsidy programme

Versatile Dal Mill (CFTRI, Mysore)

• Capacity: 250-300 Kg / hr. • Power required: 15 HP • Space Required: 8 x 12 Meters • Utility: Can process all types of

pulses • Dehulling: 98-99% • Yield of dal: 75-78% • Breakage: 2-3%

Ø Suitable for small scale processing Ø Good quality dal at competitive

price Ø By-products – valuable animal feed Ø Transportation cost reduced Ø Employment generation Ø Filling to advance technology base

for rural processing

Modern Dal Mill (CFTRI, Mysore)

• Capacity: One tonne per hr. • Power: 100 HP (Including 60 HP for

Electrical for Heating and conditioning)

• Space: 15 x 30 Meters • Utility: Can process all types of

pulses • Processing Time: Less than 2 days • Yield of dal: 77-80% • Dehusking: 98-99%

Ø Independence from climatic conditions

Ø Higher recovery of dal Ø Automatic process for round the

clock production Ø Reduced time of processing

Table Gota Separator (CFTRI, Mysore)

• Utility: Can separate gota (pearled tur from whole grain)

• Principle: Works on surface resilience differences of grains

• Capacity: 500 kg/hr. • Power: 2 KW • Space required: 4 x 4 meters

Ø Suitable for incorporation in large scale dal mills

Ø Additional annual recovery of 8 tonnes of first grade dal.valued Rs.2 lakhs.

Ø Saving of power to the tune of 20%

Hand-Operated Pulse Dehusker (CFTRI, Mysore)

• Capacity – 40 kg per hour • Power – Nil • Utility – can process bold

pulses, suitable for Home/cottage scale

Ø Suitable for small scale processing Ø Good quality dal at competitive

price Ø By-products – valuable animal feed


10. MILLING METHODS OF PULSES In India there are two conventional pulse milling methods; (i) wet milling method, and (ii) dry milling method. The latter is more popular and used in commercial mills. 10.1TRADITIONAL DRY DAL MILLING METHOD There is no common processing method for all types of pulses. However, some general operation of dry milling method such as cleaning and grading, rolling or pitting, oiling moistening, drying and milling have been described below: • Cleaning and grading: Pulses are cleaned from dust, chaff, grits, etc., and graded

according to size by reel type or rotating sieve type cleaner. • Pitting: The clean pulses are passed through an emery roller machine. In this unit,

husk is cracked and scratched. This is to facilitate the subsequent oil penetration process for the loosening of husk. The clearance between the emery roller and cage (housing) gradually narrows from inlet to outlet. As the material is passed through the narrowing clearance, mainly cracking and scratching of husk takes place by friction between pulses and emery. Some of the pulses are dehusked and split during the operations which are then separated by sieving.

• Pre-treatment with oil: The scratched or pitted pulses are passed through a screw conveyor and mixed with some edible oil like linseed oil (1.5 to 2.5 kg/tonne of pulses). Then they are kept on the floor for about 12 hours for diffusion of the oil.

• Conditioning: Conditioning of pulses is done by alternate wetting and drying. After sun drying for a certain period, 3-5 per cent moisture is added to the pulses and tempered for about eight hours and again dried in the sun. Addition of moisture to the pulses can be accomplished by allowing water to drop from an overhead tank on the pulses being passed through a screw conveyor. The whole process of alternate wetting and drying is continued for two to four days until all pulses are sufficiently conditioned. Pulses are finally dried to about 10 to 12 per cent moisture content.

• Dehusking and splitting: Emery rollers, known as Gota machine are used for the dehusking of conditioned pulses. About 50 per cent pulses are dehusked in a single operation (in one pass). Dehusked pulses are split into two parts also. The husk is aspirated off and dehusked, split pulses are separated by sieving. The tail pulses and unsplit dehusked pulses are again conditioned and milled as above. The whole process is repeated two to three times until the remaining pulses are dehusked and split.

• Polishing: Polish is given to the dehusked and split pulses by treating them with a small quantity of oil and/or water.


FLOW-DIAGRAM OF MILLING PROCESS IS INDICATED IN BOX

10.2 MILLING TECHNIQUES OF DIFFERENT PULSES Pulses like tur, black gram, green gram and horse gram are generally difficult to dehusk while pulses like Bengal gram, peas, lentil and khesari are easy to dehusk. This difference in milling behavior is mainly due to the extent of adherence of the husk to the cotyledon. Actual commercial practices generally followed for some of the individual pulses are described as follows: 10.2.1 DEHULLING OF TUR (ARHAR) Arhar poses greatest difficulty in milling since the husk is tightly adhered to the cotyledons. Generally only dry method is followed throughout the country for milling of arhar or tur. Fig. 1 gives a flow chart for its milling. The cleaned and size graded grains are pitted in smooth roller machines smeared with oil (0.2 – 0.5%) (linseed, cashew or any other cheap oil) tempered for about 12-24 hours, sun dried for 1-3 days, followed by spraying with water (2-3%), thoroughly mixed, heaped overnight and then passed through the rollers for dehusking. This type of operation is repeated 3-4 times. After each dehusking operation, the husk, powder and brokens are separated from dhal and gota (mixture of dehusked and unhusked grains). The dhal thus obtained is considered as II grade since its edges are rounded-off due to scouring. The gota obtained is again mixed with water as above, equilibrated and sun dried. The sun dried gota is either passed through the roller machine or split in horizontal or vertical chakki or using a patka machine. The dhal obtained from the gota is considered as I grade dhal since it does not have any chipped edges and has a better consumer appeal. In some places both I and II grade dals are mixed and marketed. The yield of dhal varies from 70 to 75% depending upon the variety and the method followed. The present survey has revealed that in large scale mills sun drying is being replaced gradually with batch type bin drier. As a result these units are able to work throughout the year.

Processing of Arhar is mainly done in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Bihar and Uttrakhand.

Flow diagram of dry milling of pulses

Pulses Cleaning (Chaff, dirts etc.) Pitting (Mixture of husk and brokens,feed)

Dehusking & Splitting Conditioning Pre-treatment with oil (Mixture of husk & broken feed) Grading Polishing Grade - I Pulses


• DEHULLING OF TUR – LARGE SCALE (WET METHOD)

Fig. 1 Dehulling of tur-large scale

• DEHULLING OF TUR-SMALL SCALE (DRY METHOD) Small scale duhulling of tur are following the two process viz. (i) dry method and (ii) wet method. Dry and wet method at small scale is exibited under flow-diagram fig. 2 and fig 3

Fig 2 Dehulling of tur- dry method

Raw Pulse è Cleaning &grading è First pitting in è Oil addition & mixing Size grading Roller machine mixing (0.3-0.6 %)

ê Dust, Chaff etc. êê éè Water addition ç Sun drying ç Second pitting in ç Tempering or (4-6%) (2-3 days) roller Equilibration é ê (12-24 hrs.)

ê Dal II ê

é Sun drying or Mechanical drier è Splitting in chakki (2-3 days) (2-4 hrs) ê ê é Dehusking in roller ê ççççççGotaç Aspiration & Dal separation èDal I ê Husk & brokens

Fig. 1

DRY METHOD Raw pulse è cleaning & grading è Pitting in roller è Oil addition & mixing (0.3-0.5%) ê

Dehusking ç Sun drying ç Water addition ç Tempering in roller (2-3 days) & mixing (12-24 hrs. ê (2-4%)

é Aspiration & sieving è Gota è

êê Dhal Husk, brokens

Fig. 2


Fig 3 Dehulling of tur- wet method 10.2.2 DEHULLING OF BENGAL GRAM (CHICKPEA): This pulse is comparatively easy to mill. The cleaned and size graded grains are pitted in smooth rollers at low peripheral speed. After pitting the grains are mixed with about 5% water in a mixer and heaped for a few hours to allow the water to seep in. The wetted grains are sun dried for a day or two. The dried pulse is then passed through either horizontal or vertical chakki. Here dehusking and splitting take place simultaneously. The dhal is separated from the husk and brokens. Any remaining unhusked grains are dehulled by repeating the above operation till all the grains are dehulled. Processing of Chickpea is confined mainly to Rajasthan, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra (Fig.4).

Fig. 4 Process for dehulling of Bengal gram

Raw pulse è Cleaning &è Pitting in roller è Water mixing

Size grading (2-6%)

ê (Dust, chaff, small grains) ê Dehusking in roller ççç Sun drying (1-2 days) çTempering(8-12 hrs.)

ê ê èèèèèè ê ê Aspiration & sieving ç Splitting in disc sheller êêê é Husk &Dalêè GOTA èèèèèèè Broken

Fig. 4.

Wet method Raw pulse è Soaking in è Tempering of è Sun drying

Water soaked tur (2-3 days) (2-8 hrs.) (2-4 hrs.)

ê Husk, brokens Husk aspiration & Sieving ç Dehusking & splitting

é (Mannual or by (chakki or sheller) Dhal ççç machine)

Fig. 3


10.2.3 DEHULLING OF BLACK GRAM

The cleaned and size graded grains are pitted using emery rollers in 2 or 3 passes, so that

complete pitting is effected. After each pitting operation the husk and powder is separated.

The pitted grains are then mixed with about 0.5% oil and heaped overnight for absorption.

The grains are then sun dried for 2 days. In some mills mechanical dryers are used. After

drying, the grains are given a spray of water (2 to 3%), equilibrated and passed through the

rollers twice for dehusking. The split dhal obtained is termed as II grade dhal. The dehusked

gota is passed through Burr mill for splitting. The dhal obtained from gota is considered as Ist

grade dal. The split dhal is “polished” with soapstone powder at the final stages. This is

believed to give luster to the dhal and enhance their market value.

Processing of Urdbean in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamilnadu, Karnataka,

Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi.

10.2.4 DEHULLING OF GREEN GRAM

Fig. 5 Process for milling green gram and blackgram

Raw pulse è Cleaning& size grading è Pitting in è Pitting in ê Smooth roller- IRoller- II Dust, chaff, small grains ê ê (For black gram) ê Mechanical or Sun ç Tempering ç Oil mixing Drier drying (10-16 hrs.) (0.3-0.5%) (1-3 hrs.) (1 day) ê ê Tempering èèèè Water mixing è Tempering è Dehusking in (2-4%) (12-24 hrs.) smooth roller ê Dhal polishing ç Splitting in ç DEHUSKED ç Aspiration & sieving êé Shellers or GOTA êê êé Chakki Dal Husk powder êéêbrokens êçççççççççççç ê Dal

Fig. 5


The husk of green gram is thin, soft and slippery. While the husk is tightly adhering to the grain surface, the two cotyledons are loosely attached and separate out easily. Hence, splitting into dhal occurs even before good dehusking can be effected. During the dehusking operation, there is also scouring of the cotyledons resulting in large losses in the form of broken and powder. The method generally followed is pitting, oiling (0.2-0.5%), sun drying followed by dehulling and splitting in roller machines (fig.5). In some states like West Bengal, because of the demand for smaller sized Dhal, general practice is to go on scouring the Dhal which results in loss of valuable proteinaceous material in the form of powder.

Processing of green gram is largely done in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Maharashtra.

Fig 6 Green gram/black gram splits-flow chart 10.2.5 DEHULLING OF PEAS, LENTIL AND KHESARI Processing of these pulses is fairly easy as in the case of bengal gram. General practice involves initial scouring, moisture application, heaping and sun drying, followed by dehusking and splitting in roller machines. After separating the Dhal, the unhusked grain is treated a second time as in the first pass, and repeated till all grain are dehusked and split (Fig.7,8,9). Processing of lentil is generally practised in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Delhi while milling of peas (yellow peas) is restricted to the state of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Delhi, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh. Khesari pulse is processed mainly in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Bihar States.

Fig 7Process for dehulling peas

Raw pulse è Cleaning & grading èPassing through roller lined with ê Belt or rubber dust& extraneous matter ê Sieving &è Mud, damaged, Aspiration infested grains,

ê brokens Splitting in sheller ç Tempering ç Water mixing

ê (2-4 hrs.) (1-2%) é

Sieving è Unsplits èèèèèè êê Brokens splits

Fig. 6

Raw pulse è Cleaning & grading è Pitting in roller ê èèèèèèèèèè Water addition é& mixing (2-4%) é ê GOTA Tempering (4-6 hrs.) é ê Aspiration & ç Splitting in ç Sun drying (6-8 hrs.) Sieving disc sheller êê Husk Dal

Fig. 7


Fig 8. Process for milling of masoor (lentil)

Fig 9 Process for dehulling khesari pulse (lakh)

Raw pulse è Cleaning & Size grading è Pitting -I è Pitting –II êê Salt solution or Oil mixing (0.2%)

Water addition ê & mixing (2-4%) êê Dehusking in ç Sun drying ç Tempering (6-12 hrs.) Smooth roller (1-2 days) ê Aspiration è Dehusked è Water mixing & sieving whole masoor (1-2%) êê ê Husk Dal Tempering (4-6 hrs.) éê

çççççç Passing through roller

Fig. 8

Raw Pulse è Washing in tanks è Tempering è Passing through or raizor (2-3 hrs.) Roller ê ê Mud Dal-II ç Sieving

ê Splitting ç Tempering ç Water addition ç GOTA

URDS (4-6 hrs) and mixing (2-5%) ê Aspiration è Husk, brokens

& Sieving è Dhal- II ê GOTA è Splitting è Aspiration & è Dhal-I

V.Chakki Sieving ê Husk & brokens

Fig . 9


CONSTRAINTS AND SUGGESTIONS

Based on the review of the planned agricultural development programmes on pulses (NPDP, ISOPOM & NFSM) and NALMOT visits by the Directorate of Pulses Development, Bhopal, states’ programme implementation reports, NPDP evaluation by the Agriculture Finance Corporation (AFC) and the recent independent evaluation study by AMITY Humanity Foundation 2007 for ISOPOM, Mid-term evaluation and Imact evaluation of NFSM programme by AFCL and also studies conducted by CDDs reasons for low production, coverage and productivity in pulses may be attributed to four major categories viz constraints related to Production, Inputs, Marketing and Technology dissemination.

1. CONSTRAINTS ASSOCIATED WITH PRODUCTION OF PULSES

1.1PRODUCTION RELATED The production potential exhibited under the FLDs conducted by the All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP) in various states during 2013-14 to 2015-16 could be tapped, given to adaptation of complete package technology (integration of all components viz. timely sowing, high yielding varieties, fertilizer management based on soil testing (including foliar nutrition), rhizobium inoculation, weed management, IPM etc.

i) The gap over state average yield and the likely additional return by way of bridging the yield gap over the farmers practices and state average yield. The details crop-wise yield gaps is given as under and also under individual crops is given below:

(TABLE-16.1):TECHNOLOGICAL (YIELD) GAP EXHIBITING THE PRODUCTION RELATED CONSTRAINTS

(Yield: kg/ha; Return: Rs./ha.) Crop Yield (kg/ha) Gap over FP Gap over SAY Yield

2016-17 * IP FP SAY Actual % Actual % Pigeonpea 1394 1078 863 316 29 530 61 787

Chickpea 1502 1244 907 257 21 594 66 860 Rice fallow Chickpea 1275 960 976 315 33 299 31 772

Mungbean(Kh) 781 608 435 173 28 345 79 455 Mungbean(R ) 1398 1228 704 170 14 694 99 508 Mungbean(RF) 960 723 532 237 33 428 80 434 MungbeanSummer/Spring 931 559 674 372 66 257 38 717 Urdbean (Kh) 813 622 368 191 31 445 121 614 Urdbean (R) 1203 986 774 217 22 429 55 788 Urdbean (RF) 1185 1002 774 183 18 411 53 788 Lentil 1289 966 777 323 33 512 66 756 Field pea 1225 933 904 292 31 321 36 827 Average 1163 909 724 254 30 439 65 692

Source-Annual Report- 2016-17, GoI, DPD, Bhopal (Ave. 2013-14 to 2015-16) State Average Yield - E&S (Ave. 2011-12 to 2015-16) *Third Advance Estimates 2016-17IP: Improved Practise FP:Farmers Practise SAY: State Avergae Yield

1. Being proteinous/nutritious crop-groups, prone to natural vagaries, exposed to numerous

biotic and abiotic stresses, soil alkalinity, salinity, sensitiveness to extreing of temperatures, water-logging etc. These results in failure of crops due to erratic monsoon behaviour, moisture stress, and repeated sowings due to poor germination.


(TABLE-16.2): BIOTIC & ABIOTIC CHALLENGES OF PULSE PRODUCTION Climate variability State Damage % Crop Remarks Climate variability

Mid-season cold waves and terminal heat during Rabi

UP, MP, PB, Haryana

10-40% Gram, Lentil Pigeonpea

Calamity year –Drought in MP 2014 & 2015 & in CG 2015

Mid-season cold waves and terminal heat during Rabi

Inundation of water in black cotton soils during heavy rains sub-optimal nutrient uptake

MP, MS, Guj, AP, TN

10-50% Pigeonpea, Urd,Mung

Inundation of water in black cotton soils during heavy rains sub-optimal nutrient uptake

Micronutrient deficiency (Zn, Fe, B, and Mo) - unbalanced use/seldom soil test; Quality issues

All states - All Crops Ineffective Cluster Demo.

Micronutrient deficiency (Zn, Fe, B, and Mo) - unbalanced use/seldom soil test; Quality issues

Sulphur deficiency ; inadequate availability of Gypsum or pyrites

MP,MS,Guj,AP ,Karnataka, UP

- All Crops Adhoc approach in arrengment

Sulphur deficiency ; inadequate availability of Gypsum or pyrites

Podfly and maruca UP,MP,Bihar, Jhar.,Punjab, Haryana

10-50% Pigeonpea Podfly and maruca

Fusarium wilt MP, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand

20-25% 10-15%

Chickpea Tur & Lentil

Fusarium wilt

YMV & Powdery mildew

All States including MP

10-50% Urdbean & Moongbean

Kharif 2015 YMV & Powdery mildew

Stray cattle/ Blue bull meanace

UP, Bihar, MP, Jharkhand, RJ, CG, Haryana

All crops Pigeonpea, Summer Pulses

Stray cattle/ Blue bull meanace

Region specific technologys-Pigeonpea on bunds transplanting/intercropping etc.

All states

All crops Region specific technologys-Pigeonpea on bunds transplanting/intercropping etc.

2. Grown mainly under rain fed conditions (only 19% of total pulse area under irrigation) on

marginal and sub-marginal lands characterized by moisture stress and low level of organic matter content.

3. High incidence of wilt in pigeonpea, chickpea, lathyrus, yellow mosaic virus (YMV) in mungbean and urdbean aggravate with each day in delay in sowing time.Un-timely rainfall, cloudy weather, frost and high relative humidity to the Rabi pulses, especially at flowering stage, are the major climatic barriers attributing to production related constraints.

4. Poor knowledge of farmers or poor resource base/socio-economic status (SES) resulting in non-practicing of seed treatment, Rhizobium inoculation, adaption of proper cropping sequence/crop management to meet any contingent situation.

5. Excessive/poor vegetative growth is physiological constraint where excess lodging/self shading light interceptions limit production (lodging due to more canopy weight at pod formation/filling stage). Rapid leaf chlorosis result in poor translocation of photosynthetic and reduce grain size and quality by little nutrient uptake. Short statures genotype with least lodging and high harvest index should yet to be popularized/opted for cultivation.

6. Late sowing results in low yields due to short stature, fewer node, smaller leaf area and short


grain filling period. Solution lies in popularization of varieties with longer reproduction phase and better sink.

7. Flower and Fruit drop causes poor sink realization upto 35-50% due to low nitrogen availability, reduced light intensity in plant canopy, hormonal imbalance, gas exchange in canopy, soil and water factor, low activity of RUBP carboxylase enzyme at grain filling, high temperature and moisture stress high abscision production and high pest infestation, etc, are the other production constraints.

1.2 INPUTS RELATED CONSTRAINTS

i) Non-availability of location specific/recommended high yielding varieties quality certified seeds at all levels as the production and distribution is usually for the very old and known varieties which are generally poor performers.

ii) Poor availability of quality/certified seed/poor varietal development/limited varietal choise during last 10 years & poor varietal diversification of pulses in India. Crop-wise gap of availability of quality certified seeds, varietal development & varietal choice last one decade & Poor varietal diversification are given table 16.3, 16.4 & 16.5

(TABLE-16.3): REQUIREMENT AND AVAILABILITY OF CERTIFIED SEEDS DURING 2016-17 Quantity : Thousand Tonnes

Crop Requirement Availability Deficit/Surplus Gram 181.43 148.55 -32.87 Moong 5.94 7.70 1.75 Urd 7.82 8.09 0.27 Arhar 0.13 0.62 0.49 Lentil 13.05 10.56 -2.49 Peas 21.17 18.28 -2.88 Cowpea 0.44 0.70 0.26 Horsegram 1.56 1.56 0.00 Indian Bean 0.13 0.13 0.00 Khesari 0.62 0.64 0.02 Rajma 0.62 0.56 -0.06 Total Pulses 232.91 197.39 -35.51

(TABLE-16.4): POOR VARIETAL DEVELOPMENT (XIth and XIIth Plan) (a) Varietal Release Profile-Notification During Last 10 Years (2006 to 2015) Crop 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total Arhar 2 6 4 3 - 1 2 3 2 1 24 Urd 2 - 4 4 4 3 3 1 3 1 25 Moong 3 2 2 4 4 3 3 1 2 - 24 Gram 7 11 5 3 7 1 6 5 2 2 49 Lentil 3 2 1 3 4 2 1 1 1 - 18 Peas 3 3 5 1 2 3 1 - 2 - 20


(TABLE-16.5): LIMITED STATES’ VARIETAL CHOICE DURING LAST 10 YEARS (2006-2015) State/Crop Arhar Urd Moong Chickpea Lentil Peas Maharashtra 7 3 2 10 1 2 Rajasthan - 5 4 16 2 4 A.P. 6 8 3 1 - - Karnataka 5 5 4 3 - - Gujarat 4 1 - 7 - - Odisha 2 6 2 1 - - M.P. 4 2 - 18 1 2 U.P. 2 7 4 7 6 10 Bihar 2 2 1 1 1 3 Tamil Nadu 2 8 3 1 - -

(TABLE-16.6): POOR VARIETAL DIVERSIFICATION (VRR)

State Crop Prevalent Varieties Recommended Varieties (ICAR/SAUs)

Madhya Pradesh

Pigeonpea TJT 501, ICPL 87119, Non-descript TJT-501, ICPL 87119, ICPL 88039, JA 4 Urdbean T-9, HFP8909, IPU-94-1, Non-

descript KU-96-3, PU 30, MASH 338

Moongbean HUM-1, HUM-12, Non-descript HUM 1 JM 721, TARM 1, HUM 6 Chickpea JG 11, JG 16, JG 130, JAKI 9218 JG-130, JG-322, JG 63 Lentil JL 1, Mallika, DPL 62, IPL 81 JL1, K-75, IPL 406 Peas Arkel, Azad-1 KPMR-400, IM 9101 (Subhra), Rachna

Maharashtra Pigeonpea ICPL-87119, ICPL-8863, BSMR-736, Vipula

ICPL-87119, ICPL-8863, BDN-708, BDN-711

Urdbean TAU-1 BDU-1, TPU-4, TAU-1 Moongbean Kopargaon-1, Utkarsha BPMR-145, BM-4, 2002-01, Vaibav Chickpea Chaffa, Agnirekha BDN-9-3, PKV-2, 5, 4-1, JAKI-9218

Maharashtra Other Kharif Pulses

- Seena, Maan (Kulthi)

Other Rabi Pulses

Ratna local(Khesari), Parvati (Cowpea)

Ratna (Khesari), Pusa Komal (Cowpea)

Rajasthan Pigeonpea ICPL-151, ICPL-87, Gwalior-3 ICPL-151, ICPL-87, Gwalior-3, UPAS 120

Urdbean T-9, Pant U 19 T-9, RBU 38, Pant U 19 Moongbean K-851, RMG-62, RMG-268 K-851, RMG-62, RMG-268 Chickpea Dahod Yellow, RSG 888 RSG 902, GNG 1581, Pratap Raj Chana,

RSG 991, Uttar Pradesh Pigeonpea Rajeev Lochan, PAU-881, VL

Arhar-1, Pusa-992, Malviya Chamatkar (MAL-13)

NDA-2, Pusa-992, MAL-13, PAU-881, NDA-88-2, KA-32-1, K91-25

Urdbean Pant Urd-31 & 40, LAM-709, Azad Urd-3

NUL-7, Vallabh Urd-1, Azad urd-1, Uttra, Shekhar-2, 3

Moongbean IPM-02-3, Pant Mung-6, TM-96-2, Meha

KM-2195, MH-421, HUM-16, Pant Mung-4, Pusa-9531, Pusa Vishal


State Crop Prevalent Varieties Recommended Varieties (ICAR/SAUs)

Uttar Pradesh Chickpea RVG-101, 210, PKV Kabuli-4,RSG-991, Pusa-1103, HK-94-124

GNG-1969, GNG-1958, WGG-3, HK-2, RSG-963, WCG-10, JGK-1, RSG-88

Lentil Pant Lentil-7, PL-02, HUL-57, VL-507

KLB-303, KLB-320, PL-8, HUL-57, IPL-406, Pant Lentil-4, DPL-15

Peas Sapna, VL Matar-47, VP-101 VP101, Pant P 13, IPF-5-19, SKNP 04-09 Andhra Pradesh

Pigeonpea LRG-41, PRG-158 & ICPH-2740 LRG-41, PRG-158 Urdbean PU-31, LAM, TM-76-2 PU-31, LBG-752 & TM-76-2 Moongbean LGG-460, TM-96-2 LGG-460, TM-96-2 Chickpea JG-11, JAKI-9218 & PBH-4 JG-11, JAKI-9218 & PBH-4

Karnataka Pigeonpea BRG-1, BRG-2 ICP 8863 (Maruthi), ICPL 87119 (Asha), ICPL 87 (Pragathi)

Urdbean TAU-1, T-9 Kargane-3, T-9, LBG-625 Moongbean PS-16, Pusa baisaki Chickpea Annigeri-1, JG-11 Annigeri-1, JG-11, KAK-2, Vishal Kulthi Hebbal Local KBH-1, PHG-9

Gujarat Pigeonpea Gujarat Tur-100, Gujarat Vegetable Tur-1

BDN-2

Urdbean TPU-4, Gujarat Urd-1 T-9 Moongbean Gujarat Mung-3, CO-4 GM-4, K-851 Chickpea GG-1, Chaffa, Dahod Yellow,

ICCC-4, Gujarat Junagarh Gram-3 Gujarat Gram-4

Telangana Pigeonpea Asha, ICPL 87119, ICPL 85063, PRG 158, WRG 65, MRG 1004, LRG 41 & LRG 158

Asha, ICPL 85063, LRG 41 & PRG 158

Urdbean PU 31, LBG 752, LBG 787 PU 31, LBG 752, LBG 787 Moongbean LGG 460, MGG 295 LGG 460, MGG 295, MGG 347 & 348,

MGG 42 Chickpea JG 11, JAKI 9218 JG 11, JAKI 9218

iii) Non-availability of quality inputs at village level (sometimes even at block levels); in-flow of spurious and sub-standard seeds, rhizobium culture/PSB, micro-nutrients, bio-intensive/bio-pesticides

iv) Non-popularization/lack of demonstration and availability of implements like light seed drills, zero-till machine/rotavator/and ridge-maker (custom-hiring or community run-basis) in big areas of Bundelkhand region of U.P., and M.P.

v) Pulses respond favorably to 1-2 critical irrigations for good yields, however, lack of power supply/low-voltage, non-opening of canal and less priority to the crop-group in addressing the water carrying/micro-irrigation related problems.

vi)Lack of domestic milling support and Post Harvest Technology (PHT)/value addition support.


1.3MARKETING CONSTRAINTS i) Price security, un-organized and distress sale, ruling of open market prices above the MSP,

access/connectivity to mandies, farmers’ exploitation in mandies in spite of APMC act, unawareness and difficult access to ware housing, heavy storage loss (20-30%) etc, are major market associated constraints.

ii) Wide price-gap between the whole and processed/milled product in the chain of farmer/producer-buyer-consumers, vulnerability to stored grains due to lack of scientific storage facilities at domestic level, lack of support to small scale processing, packaging, value addition and non-linking of pulses to procurement policy commensurate to staple food grains like wheat and paddy, are the other major market related constraints.

1.4 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER/EXTENSION CONSTRAINTS i) Depleting public sector extension support, non-positioning of skilled/sound extension

functionaries at the grass-root level (Block/villages) the technology dissemination/extension activities have adversely affected.

ii) Lack on guidance for proper certified seed production/variety identification, insect-pest/diseases identification and management phases, importance and procedure of seed treatment/rhizobium inoculation, lack of information/knowledge on current advances in production, management technology, and also poor or no knowledge about organizing seed production and its protection for succeeding crop.

iii) Poor knowledge base on nutrient use efficiency (NUE), IPM, method of preparation of spray solutions and multiplicity of extension system on IPM, esp., pesticide dealers etc are the other technology transfer related constraints.

iv) The extension workers also lack advances in technological sector and there is a gap of HRD activities. Quality cluster demonstrations have been an observation across the board.

v) Interface between State Department of Agriculture (SDA) and State Agricultural Universities (SAUs), ICAR (ATARI) and Department of Agriculture & Cooperation DAC and other allied state level/district level field functionaries also seems to be bleak and visible with the absolute communication gap in conduction/organization of FLDs, and cluster demonstrations, FFS, IPM, etc.

2. SUGGESTIONS 2.1. INPUT RELATED INTERVENTIONS

Input related constraints are the major bottlenecks in increasing area and production of

pulses in the country, following may, therefore, be suggested:

(i) Commensurate to the requirement of quality certified seed, the existing (2011-12) seed

replacement rate (SRR) in arhar (22%), mung (30%), urd (34%), gram (20%) and masoor

(22%) has to be brought at the level of at least 33% upto the terminal year of XII plan

(2016-17). Comprehensive five year seed rolling plan (variety-wise/Season-wise) for all

three stages of seeds viz breeder – foundation – certified seed production may be prepared

by SDA.

(ii) A tie-up arrangement amongst state + ICAR (breeder seed producers), Seeds and NFSM Divisions, Government of India, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare need to be more strengthened for advance indenting of breeder seeds. For


production of foundation and certified seed, besides making cent-per cent utilization of centrally sponsored schemes on pulses (NFSM). States need to enter in to MoU with the private seed producers, NGOs and FPOs/SHGs/FOs/FIGs etc.

(iii) On going seed hub programme project under NFSM, operational since 2016-17, need serious implementation by KVKs and other associated agencies for their sustainability.

(iv) To ensure the timeliness, availability of quality inputs at cost effective and approachable common panchait/village place, each potential district, its blocks should identify village-clusters, formulate Pulses Self-Help Groups (PSHG). Under the chairmanship of Rural Agriculture Extension Officer (RAEO) or ADO. A committee, comprising of representatives from PSHG, Cooperative society, local rural bank, pesticide dealer, block Electricity Board and panchayt representative may be constituted. The committee should prepare season-wise Strategic Pulses Production Plan (SPPP), delineating input requirement, much in advance. The SPPP should be fine-tuned by the ADO-further refined by the Deputy Director Agriculture for final appraisal/review/approval by Chief Executive Officer/District Magistrate, Chairman of DFSMEC/ATMA.

(v) Supply of electricity for critical irrigation at the critical period of crop growth, credit support and all such vital input aspects may be properly addressed in an institutionalized manner by the DFSMEC.

2.2. PRODUCTION RELATED INTERVENTIONS Based on the analysis of production and productivity on all India basis (crop-wise analysis), ten potential districts each for pigeonpea, chickpea, blackgram, greengram and lentil, categorised as the major contributors (5-40 per cent of total all India production in the specific pulse crop), may be adopted by the respective SDAs/SAUs. These districts may be saturated with the entire pulse related development and research programme on cent per cent implementation basis. At least 20 number of each FLDs, FFS,IPM, infrastructural development and minikits demonstration need to be taken in each block/panchayat on cluster demonstration basis: Crop-wise ten potential districts are indicated below:

(TABLE–16.7):CROP-WISE POTENTIAL DISTRICTS WITH 20-30% PROD. SHARE–AI S.No. Crop Districts 1. Gram Kurnool, Vidisha, Sagar, Raisen, Ashok nagar, Dewas, Rajgarh,

Dhar, Chhatarpur, Panna 2. Arhar Prakasam, Kurnool, Betul, Fatehpur, Hamirpur, Seoni, Sonbhadra,

Mirzapur, Jabalpur, Morena 3. Moong Jagatsingpur, East Godavari,Nayagarh, Kedrapara, Puri, Bolangir,

Vizianagarm, Thiruvarur, Mahoba, Jhansi 4. Urd Krishna, Lalitpur, Guntur, Jhansi, Mahoba, Srikakulam, Unnao,

Damoh, Sagar, Jabalpur 5. Lentil Bahraich, Sagar, Vidisha, Panna, Hamirpur, Balrampur, Jhansi,

Damoh, Chitrakut, Shivasti 6. Field Pea Jalaun, Lalitpur, Jhansi, Mahoba, Panna, Sagar, Chhatarpur,

Narsingpur, Seoni, Allahabad 7. Total Pulses Raisen, Dewas, Rajgarh, Dhar,Vidisha,Guntur, Panna, Bahraich,

Mahoba, Betul


To address the production related constraints amongst the pulse growers, usually with low socio-economic status (SES), poor resource base and least exposure to human resource development (HRD), followings may be suggested:

i) Strong Development – Research interface need to be in place to intensify research efforts to evolve still high yielding varieties and management recommendations suited to dry farming/moisture-stress conditions/utera under rice-fallow areas and for different agro-ecological situations (AESs).

ii) There is need to evolve crop-management modules and low cost technology with best inter-cropping recommendations for various agro-climatic and agro eco-situations). These modules may be helpful to meet-out any contingent situation associated with such production constraints.

iii) State Agriculture University/Agriculture Colleges/Zonal Research Station (ZRSs)/Krishi Vigyan Kendres (KVKs), etc. in consultation with the State Department of Agriculture now need to develop season-wise nutrient-use efficiency (NUE) plan for each districts on AES basis. Instead of simple recommendations of fertilizers based on the nutrient management practices, there is need to group and plan the practices as:

• Match between nutrient supply from soils and demand by crop on the basis of soil testing and optimization of split fertilizer application and soil and plant nutrition factors (soil moisture, pH, temperature, physical properties etc.).

• Improving nutrient application methods such as broad-casting, band placement, split application).

• Improving physical properties of fertilizers and use of inhibitors to reduce losses. • Improving soil conditions, crop and water management practices, tillage, regulating soil

moisture regimes, crop-rotations, weed control, residue management, break and catch crop etc.

iv) To be more serious on the sustainability of cropping system and judicious use of natural resources in the rainfed regions, depleting ground water level and frequent drought, State Department of Agriculture may draw the successful experience/results from within the best districts.

v) State may put a system and policy frame for pulses cultivation. This strategy would not only benefit the small and marginal pulse growers but would prove a boon to states’ proposed crop-diversification programmes involving horticulture etc.

vi) Liberal credit policies and extending insurance cover under PMFBY with low premium offered by the Government of India also need to be aggresively addressed by the states.

vii) State Department of Agriculture, in view of the state’s potential in a particular/group of pulse crop, may constitute a ‘Pulse Board’ (similar to‘Tur Board’ in the state of Karnataka) and procurement policy adopted by A.P. involving private sector, NGO etc, to seriously watch the interest of pulse producer. The ‘Pulse Board’ could be a multi-disciplinary approach agency taking full care of marketing, domestic level processing, pricing, value addition, Import-Export, and consumption behaviour of states socio-economic-group of farmers

2.3MARKETING RELATED INTERVENTIONS To motivate the pulse growers of different socio-economic-status (SES) in various agro-eco-situations (AES) of the state, following interventions may be suggested.

i) To minimize the price-gap in the chain of producer to consumers, it is important to assign active role and accountability to some institutional buyer like cooperatives, civil supplies, MARKFED etc. State Government may fix a procurement target of at least 20% of the total production in order to build an effective a purchase and price security environment.

ii) The SDAs should strongly put-forth its procurement share during the all India rabi and kharif procurement meetings organized at the behest of National Agricultural Marketing Federations Ltd. (NAFED), Govt. of India, New Delhi.


The targetted pulses within the purview of Price support Scheme (PSS) are pigeonpea, gram, lentil, pea, mungbean and urdbean. In view of its major production share in the country, states need to strongly pursue its position to central nodal agency (DAC) for recommendation of more cash credit limit (CCL) to NAFED to be sanctioned by RBI through SBI (up to 75% of hypothecation of stock keeping a margin of 25% in accordance to banking norms). State Marketing Federations can also initiate a similar PSS system in the larger interest of pulse growers by way of provisioning a revolving fund commensurate to proposed procurement.

2.4 EXTENSION RELATED INTERVENTIONS Monitoring of pre-TMOP and post-TMOP projects (NPDP/ISOPOM) including ongoing NFSM-Pulses by the Directorate of Pulses Development, Bhopal conclude that pulse growers are usually resource poor, small and marginal group of farmers. The socio- economic status (SES) of this group inhibits them to have an immediate access to technology in put. It is, therefore, in the interest of this group in particular and the enhancement of pulses production and nutritional security of the country in general, under mentioned are suggested:

i) For strengthening technology dissemination and extension education, potential pulse producing districts/blocks should be identified. In each block, FPOs constituted during XIth and XIIth plan group of progressive farmers, FOs, SHGs, Cooperatives, NGOs, KVKs, FIGs, Women’s Group; Agri-business Companies and Input dealers etc should be organized, strengthened to function as local information kiosks or extension education points.

ii) The district agriculture officer (DDA) should facilitate these private sectors in terms of local news papers, departmental scheme details, technical literature, credit and insurance consultancy, TV/internet facilities etc through on-going central sector or centrally sponsored, State Government run programmes, banks and input dealers in the field of fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, implements etc.

iii) DDA/SDO/ADA to facilitate the group in organizing the meetings at common panchait place, developing of Kharif, Rabi and Zaid crop-cultivation seasonal action plan clearly indicating the input requirements. The district administration should also provide all administrative/technical input and help in interactions with all other stake-holders or service providers.

iv) A certain percentage (10-15%) of total allocated developmental programmes (central sector/centrally sponsored/state-run) should be assigned to these identified groups (agents). Block demonstration, IPM demonstrations, production of certified seed etc components may also be given to these agencies for more accountability and ownership feelings.

v) Under the varietal diversification programme commonly known as seed minikit distribution under the ongoing NFSM programme, at least 10% of the minikits, alongwith the technology package, be given to these FOs/SHGs/FIGs/NGOs. The SDA may also start their own seed minikit programme.

vi) Each potential block is identified as processing centre and at least one small/domestic dal mill like IIPR dal chakki, CIAE Dal mill may be provided. The responsibility of running the mill is rest with the NGOs/Farmers Organization.

vii) Methodologies and package of practices for improving fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) under various soil conditions and different crops, as brought out by Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) be documented in vernacular language by the state Directorate of Agriculture under the funds on publicity provided through NFSM-pulses and made available to these groups by the district agriculture officer/farmers.


PRODUCTION TARGETS AND STRATEGY TO AUGMENT PRODUCTIION

As per 4th advance estimates for the year 2016-17, total pulses are cultivated on 29.47 million hectares with total production of 22.95 million tonnes. Major states producing total pulses are Madhya Pradesh (6.25 million tonnes), Maharashtra (3.81 million tonnes) Rajasthan (3.08 million tonnes),Uttar Pradesh (2.19 million tonnes) and Karnataka (1.72 million tonnes) followed by Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal producing less than 1.0 million tonnes each. Total production of gram is 9.33 million tonnes. Major states producing gram are: Madhya Pradesh (3.54 million tonnes), Maharashtra (1.69 million tonnes), Rajasthan (1.39 million tonnes), Uttar Pradesh (0.63 million tonnes), Karnataka (0.58 million tonnes)and Andhra Pradesh (0.42 million tonnes). Total production of Tur (Arhar) is 4.78 million tonnes. Major states producing Tur (Arhar) are Maharashtra (1.46 million tonnes), Karnataka (0.91 million tonnes), Madhya Pradesh (0.78 million tonnes), Gujarat (0.40 million tonnes), Uttar Pradesh (0.36 million tonnes) and Telangana (0.21 million tonnes). Moong is cultivated in Kharif and Rabi on 4.33 million hectares with total production of 2.17 million tonnes. Similarly Urd is cultivated in Kharif and Rabi on 4.51 million hectares with total production of 2.81 million tonnes.

1. PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF XIIth PLAN &TARGET 2017-18

Commensurate to the tentative demand of pulses by 2017-18 arrived at 22.90 million tonnes, on the basis of behaviouristic approach (including seed, feed and wastage), proposed targets for area, production and productivity are 24.29 million ha, 22.90 million tonnes and 943 kg respectively, which already achieved during 2016-17 as summarized below:

(TABLE-17.1): CROP-WISE PRODUCTION TARGET {Area = Million ha, Production = Million tonnes, Yield = kg/ha}

Crops Season XIIth Plan (2012-13 to 2016-17)

Target 2017-18

A P Y A* P Y Tur Kharif 4.20 3.23 769 3.93 4.25 1081 Urd Kharif 2.70 1.47 544 2.48 1.85 746

Rabi 0.82 0.63 768 0.79 0.75 949 Total 3.52 2.10 597 3.27 2.60 795

Mung Kharif 2.48 1.04 419 2.34 1.65 705 Rabi 0.97 0.57 588 0.93 0.65 699 Total 3.45 1.61 467 3.27 2.30 703

Gram Rabi 8.94 8.48 949 8.68 9.75 1123 Other Pulses Kharif 1.81 0.78 431 1.81 1.00 552

Rabi 3.36 2.61 777 3.33 3.00 901 Total 5.17 3.39 656 5.14 4.00 778

Total Pulses Kharif 11.19 6.52 583 10.56 8.75 829 Rabi 14.09 12.29 872 13.73 14.15 1031 Total 25.28 18.81 744 24.29 22.90 943

Target 2017-18 Area*- Normal (Ave. 2011-12 to 2015-16).


2. PROPOSED STRATEGY – LONG TERM MEASURES TO INCREASE PRODUCTION OF PULSES

Considering the import burden of pulses, thin global market, and volatile prices in domestic markets, India ought to become self-sufficient in pulses. Therefore, the production of pulses needs to be increased on sustainable basis to meet the ever increasing domestic requirement and projected production of pulses of 23.50 million tonnes by 2020 and 27.5 million tonnes by 2025. The production of pulses may be proposed to be increased through the twin objectives of (i) area expansion and (ii) increase in the productivity level. This would inter-alia include popularization of pulses in non-traditional areas under irrigated system, inter/mixed cropping, multiple cropping, replacing upland and rain-fed paddy with pulses and also targetting a large Rice fallow land. The major strategies are:

(TABLE-17.2): STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING DESIRED PRODUCTION LEVEL

Sl. No.

Approach Target Target by 2020 Target by 2025

1 Productivity Enhancement

Improving productivity from 786 kg/ha to 1000 kg/ha

Production: 23.50 million tonnes Productivity: 900 kg/ha

Production: 27.50 million tonnes Productivity: 1000 kg/ha

2 Increasing the area under cultivation

Bringing 3.0-4.0 million ha additional area under cultivation from existing 24.0 million ha

26.0 million ha 27.5 million ha

3 Reducing duration of crop

Diversification of cropping system into new system and niches

Reduction in maturity duration of existing varieties (in days) Mungbean: (for spring/summer season and rabi rice fallow): (10-12 days) to duration of 50-55 days Cowpea: (10-12 days) to crop duration of 55-65 days

Reduction in maturity duration of existing varieties (in days) Urdbean: (for spring/ summer season and rabi rice fallow) : (10- 12 days) to duration of 60-65 days Chickpea/lentil: (for rice fallow): (15-20 days) to crop duration of 100-110 days Early duration


2.1 PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT

In recent years, wide spread deficiency of sulphur and zinc has been noticed in pulse growing regions, which constrains productivity of pulses. In the major pulse growing areas, 44 districts have shown 40-60% sulphur deficiency and 82 districts with 50-60% zinc deficiency. Very encouraging response to application of S and Zn has been found with cost benefit ratio of 10-21%.

About 40% pulse growing regions have low to medium population of native rhizobium. Seed inoculation with biofertilizer (Rhizobium and PSB) - low cost inputs - can increase pulse productivity by 10-12%. Lack of quality culture in adequate quantity is one of the major constraints in popularization of biofertilizers.

The frontline demonstrations conducted in different agro-climatic regions on important pulse crops with a view to demonstrate and assess the befefits of new varieties and technologies under diverse cropping systems have revealed the existing potential of productivity to be exploited through technological interventions. A package technology like improved cultivar, Rhizobium inoculation, use of sulphur, INM, application of pendimethalin, foliar spray of urea, IPM etc may be vigorously pursued. For attaining production of pulses 23.50 million tonnes in 2020 and 27.50 million tonnes in 2025, there is need of increase in productivity of pulses up to 900 kg/ha and 1000 kg/ha, respectively. The following initiatives are being under taken to attain required production of pulses.

• Focus is on key areas like seeds of improved varieties, irrigation tailored to pulses (especially micro irrigation), bringing new niche areas under pulse cultivation, attractive minimum support price (MSP) and markets that allow farmers to increase their profitability aligned to improved farmer welfare.

• Total of 7.85 lakhs minikits of newer varieties are allocated for the year 2016-17 free of cost to farmers through State Governments for faster spread of seed of newer varieties.

• Demonstrations of pulses on 31,000 hectares on improved production technology including seed are being conducted by 534 KVKs to spread seed of newer varieties and create awareness among the farmers.

• Government of India is committed to accord high priority to water conservation and its management. To this effect Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has been formulated with the vision of extending the coverage of irrigation ‘Har Khet ko pani’ and improving water use efficiency ‘More crop per drop' in a focused manner with end to end solution on source creation, distribution, management, field application and extension activities. PMKSY is being extended to pulse growing districts so that protective irrigations are made to pulses through micro irrigation system.

2.2 INCREASING THE AREA UNDER CULTIVATION: The additional production of rabi pulses comes from additional area coverage in rice fallows mainly gram in Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.

• Lentil in Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam and moong and urd in rice fallow costal region.


• In addition intercropping gram with barley, mustard and linseed in Rajasthan, UP, Bihar, Vidarbha (Maharashtra) and intercropping of gram/ lentil with autum planted ratoon sugarcane in UP, Maharashtra, Bihar.

• The additional production of kharif pulses comes from additional area coverage (diversion to other crops like cotton, oilseeds, coarse cereals, cultivation of kharif pulses as intercrop, planting of red gram on rice bunds, cultivation of minor pulses in niche areas.

• The additional production of summer pulses comes from Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Gujarat.

• Detailed action plan for increasing area under pulses is given below:

(TABLE-17.3): AREA EXPANSION THROUGH INTERCROPPING/CATCH CROP/RICE FALLOWS

Sl. No.

Potential crop / cropping systems

/ niche

Specific area Potential area

(m ha)

Total Target

area (m ha)

Target of additional

production (m ton)

Agencies involved

2020 2025 2020 2025 1. Intercropping

Mungbean with Sugarcane (irrigated) Mungbean with Cotton and millets (rainfed uplands)

Western U.P., Central U.P., Eastern U.P., Bihar Maharashtra, A.P. and T.N.

0.70 0.30 0.40 0.10 0.15 Developmental Agencies-State Department of Agriculture, DAC&FW, KVKs, SAUs, ICAR

Pigeonpea with soybean, sorghum,cotton, milletsand groundnut (rainfed upland)

A.P., Malwa Plateau of M.P., Vidarbha ofMaharashtra,North Karnataka, T.N.

0.50 0.30 0.30 0.20 0.20

Chickpea with barley, mustard, linseed and safflower (rainfed)

South East. Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, U.P., Bihar, Vidarbha ofMaharashtra

0.50 0.10 0.20 0.05 0.10

Chickpea/lentil with autumn planted /ratoon sugarcane

Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar

1.00 0.30 0.50 0.20 0.30

2. Catch crop : Mungbean spring / summer

Western U.P., Central U.P. Haryana, Punjab, Bihar, West Bengal

1.00 0.50 0.70 0.20 0.30

3. Rice fallows Chickpea Eastern U.P., Bihar,

Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, W.B.

0.40 0.20 0.30 0.15 0.30

Urdbean / mungbean

A.P., Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Karnataka

0.50 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.20

Lentil Eastern U.P., Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Jharkhand

0.30 0.10 0.30 0.05 0.20

Lentil/fieldpea North-East 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.05

Kharif fallow Urdbean / mungbean in Bundelkhand

1.20 0.30 0.40 0.10 0.15

Total 6.2 2.4 3.5 1.2 1.95


2.3 COMPARATIVE NET RETURN ANALYSIS OF PULSES VIS-À-VIS WHEAT AND PADDY The cost of cultivation of pulses and wheat and paddy is taken into consideration to analyze net returns of pulses with fine cereals (rice and wheat). The comparative analysis is worked out on basis of yield enhancement and higher MSP to equalize the net return of pulses with fine cereals. The outcome of analysis is given below:

• Normal yield of Arhar is 7.25 q/ha and at current MSP, net return is Rs. 13115/- which is slightly less than net return (Rs. 15575/-) of paddy. With the 10% increase in Arhar productivity and 10% enhancement in MSP (Rs.5555/-) equalize the same return as of paddy.

• Normal yield of moong is 4.56 q/ha and at current MSP, the net return is Rs. 7990/- which significantly less than net return of paddy (Rs. 15575/-). With 10% increase in the yield of moong and 20% increase in MSP (Rs. 6010/-) would not equalize the net return of paddy and it yields half of the net return of the paddy.

• Similarly normal yield of urd bean is 5.41 q/ha and at current MSP the net return is Rs. 7660/- which is half of the net return of paddy (Rs. 15575/-). With the 10% increase in the yield level and 20% increase in MSP (Rs. 6000/-) will result into net return of Rs. 13320/- which is marginally less than the paddy.

• Normal yield of Gram is 9.42 q/ha and at current MSP the net return is Rs. 12910/-which is about 60% of the net return of wheat (Rs. 21840/-). With the 10% increase in the yield level and 20% increase in MSP (Rs. 4200/-) will result into net return of Rs. 17970/- which is around 83% of net return of wheat.

• In case of Lentil with the 10% increase in yield level and 20% in MSP (Rs. 4080/-) will result net return of Rs. 7960/- which is approximately one-third of net return (Rs. 21840/-) of wheat.

• With the increase in MSP and increase in productivity level of Arhar only can equalize the net return of paddy crop in Kharif season and same as increase of rabi season, enhancement of yield and increase of MSP of chickpea result into near to the net return of wheat.

• In irrigated area and prevalent paddy-wheat cropping system there is only potential to replace some extent low profitable paddy with Arhar and chickpea with wheat growing in limited irrigated areas with focused approach for increase in yield of pulses along with substantial increase in MSP.

(Table-17.4): Comparative analysis of pulses vis-a-vis other cereals like wheat and paddy at enhanced Yields and MSP

S.N. Crop Yield (q/ha) Average cost of cultivation (Rs/ha)^

MSP for Kharif 2016 (Rs/q)

Gross Returns (Rs/ha)

Net Returns (Rs/ha) Normal* Enhanced 2016 Enhanced

1 Paddy 35 36575 1490 52150 15575 2 Arhar 7.25 23498 5050 36613 13115

7.61* 27130^ 5555# 42273 15143 7.98** 28450^ 5555# 44330 15880

3 Moong (Green Gram)

4.56 18536 5225 23826 7990 4.79* 21410^ 5750# 27540 6130 5.02** 22440^ 5750# 28865 6425 5.02** 22440^ 6010$ 30170 7730


4 Urd (Black Gram)

5.41 19390 5000 27050 7660 5.68* 22380^ 5500# 31240 8860 5.95** 22380^ 5500# 32725 10345 5.95** 22380^ 6000$ 35700 13320

Rabi cereal crops 5 Wheat 30 23910 1525 45750 21840 Rabi-pulses 6 Chickpea

(Bengal Gram)

9.42 21110 3500 34020 12910 9.89* 24380^ 3850# 38080 13700 10.36** 25540^ 3850# 39890 14350 10.36** 25540^ 4200$ 43510 17970

7 Lentil 4.28 9305 3400 14552 5247 4.5* 10755^ 3740# 16820 6065 4.71** 11260^ 3740# 17615 6355 4.71** 11260^ 4080$ 19220 7960

Normal Yield (2010-11 to 2014-15) was taken into consideration to workout intercrop parity 5%* and 10%** enhancement level in yield of kharif and rabi pulses over normal yield ^10% increase in cost of production as per CACP Reports on price policy for kharif crops and rabi crops 2016-17 10%# and 20%$ increase in MSP of all kharif & rabi pulses and incase of Arhar only 10% increase in MSP 2.4 REDUCING DURATION OF CROP ICAR, State Agricultural Universities and CGIAR institutes like ICRISAT have already initiated research work to develop short duration varieties of various pulses to be best fitted in prevalent cropping systems particularly in irrigated and rice fallow areas. The detailed plan for various pulses is as under: (TABLE-17.5): PLANNING FOR REDUCING CROP DURATION

Crop Present duration Research strategy Target Time frame

Mungbean 65-70 days Hybridization using cultivated germplasm and wild accessions for combining different components of maturity duration for reducing the crop duration and increasing per day productivity

50-55 days 2020 Cowpea 65-75 days 55-60 days 2020 Urdbean 75-85 days 65-70 days 2025 Lentil 110-130 days 100-110 days 2025 Chickpea 110-130 days 100-110 days 2025 Pigeonepa (short duration)

120-150 <120 days 2025

2.5 AGRONOMIC STRATEGY FOR AREA EXPANSION IN RICE FALLOW

(i) Usually legume face a problem of delayed sowing caused by late harvest of rice (in late November or December). This problem can be overcome by introducing short duration high yielding rice varieties with its earlier planting as dry seeding/ DSR and early transplanting.

(ii) Relay sowing (uttera cropping) of lentil, khesari, small seeded chickpea and pea can also solve the problem of late sowing.


(iii) For maximum yield, DAP or SSP application is recommended for better and sturdy root development, so as to enable the crop to extract moisture and nutrients from deeper zone for a longer time.

(iv) Recently released chickpea varieties viz. wilt resistant (JAKI 9218, JG 6, WCG 3, RVG 201, RVG 101, PKV Harita (AKG 9303-12), Wilt tolerant varieties (RSG 902, BGD 103, Phule G 0517, GJG 3, PKV Kabuli 4, RVG 203) and Ascochyta blight resistant varieties (GJG 0809, Samarat (GNG-469) PBG-5, CSG 515) supplemented with management practices for wilt and root rot are the best options. Varieties suitable for saline areas GG-2 & PKV-2. The heat tolerant desi chickpea variety JG 14 was evaluated under late sown condition in UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, MP, Chhatisgarh and Odisha. JG 14 gave 10 to 25% higher yield than the check cultivars n late sown conditions.Use short duration varieties Desi: JG-11, JG 14, JG 16, JAKI 9218 & Kabuli : IPCK 2002-29, IPCK 2004-29, KAK 2, JGK-1 and for Rice fallow condition Pant G 186, BG 372, Rajas, RSG 963, Pusa 547, Vaibhav.

(v) For good crop establishment, adopt seed priming (soaking the seeds over night in water surface, drying and sowing next day), seed treatment with effective Rhizobium strain, sowing of seed into deeper moist soil (in case of chickpea), lime pelleting for acidic soil and gypsum in saline areas must be encouraged.

(vi) To avoid major biotic stresses likely to threat pulses grown after rice (viz wilt root rot and seed rot), various integrated pest and disease management strategies should be followed, including seed treatment etc., with fungicides as basic strategy.

(vii) In the identified target sites, it will be necessary to conduct on farm demonstrations of the technologies with necessary minimum affordable inputs. This would be best done through farmers-managed trials, soliciting participation in the total exercise at the outset.

(viii) As per FAO recommendation for integrated plant nutrient management for pulse based cropping system in rice-rice-greengram/soybean system, N should be applied to both the rice crops, P to dry season rice and K, S and Zn to the second crop.

(ix) In rainfed rice-pulse system, fertilizers should be applied to rice only. If moisture conditions are favourable, 20 kg P2O5/ha may be applied to pulse.

(x) In maize+pulse intercropping system, N should be applied to maize, P to both the crops and K,S and Zn to maize, if needed.

(xi) Utilization of fallow lands which remain unutilized because of inadequate irrigation water with the convergence of different on going programmes (Central/State-run). An additional area of 4.47 million hectares may be brought under pulses through various cropping systems (Rice fallow + Intercropping etc.).

2.6 GENERAL STRATEGY FOR YIELD ENHANCEMENT

• Increase in cropping intensity through multiple/inter/mixed cropping, etc. • A campaign on pulses for sustainable rain-fed agriculture under on going schemes may be

vigorously pursued harnessing the progress made on short duration pulse varieties for increasing the adaptability of pulses in different cropping systems.

• Increasing the existing productivity trend at about 744 kg/ha realised during the XIIth Plan, need to be paralleled with the world’s average yield of 909 kg/ha. Moisture/nutrient stress, vulnerability to biotic stress, lack of availability of quality seeds of descriptive varieties may be given strong programme back-stoppings.


• Higher productivity may be achieved through application of improved production technology, use of critical inputs. The results of FLD have displayed sizeable yield potentials which can be exploited in selected crops.

• Adoption of tailor-made improved rain fed farming management. • Adequate and timely use of critical inputs with assured quality. • Developing more effective and adaptive integrated management practices for major

diseases. • Dove-tailing of NFSM-pulses with those of other similar schemes viz. NWDPRA,

Technology Mission on Cotton, RKVY, NREG etc, for better synergy. • Institutionalized and effective monitoring mechanism involving Panchayti Raj Institutions

(PRI), ATMA, District Food Security Mission Executive Committee (DFSMEC)-NFSM, State Level Monitoring Team (SALMOT) and National Level Monitoring Team (NALMOT), constituted under NFSM.

• Adaption of cluster demonstration approach for cost effective, judicious, timely and efficient use of inputs management practices at farm level, especially concentrating on ten highest contributor districts in the country.

• Bacillus and Pseudo are efficient PGPR for early root colonization secrete a variety of secondary metabolites and contribute considerably in plant protection and production. it enhance level of flavonoid like compound in roots of legumes, which on seed bacterization, might be an additional factor in nodule promotion by these bacteria. PGPR and PSB improve BNF by enhancing nodulation through colonizing root system and suppressing growth of deleterious macro organisms. So, combined effects of PGPR + Rhizobium + PSB give a synergetic effect on BNF and grain yield over single and dual inoculation.

• Dual inoculation (double culturral treatment of seed) with ‘Rhizobium’ and ‘PSB’ takes care of ‘N’ as well as reduces 25-30% of phosphorus requirement by making available the initial fixed soil ‘P’ to the plants, need to be popularised.

• Rhizobium inoculation is must after paddy as it is an aerobic bacteria and most of its population die during flooding and compaction in absence of oxygen.

• In-situ management of rice straw/residues takes care of Zinc and other micronutrient and no need to apply them separately.

• Ensuring timely availability of quality rhizobium and PSB cultures in adequate quantity • Supply of sulphur either through SSP (along with P application) or through Gypsum

application, available at subsidized rate under NFSM, need to be ascertained. • All India district-wise Nutrient map on Micronutrient deficiency prepared by IIPR,

Kanpur, IISS, Bhopal,& NBSS &LUP, Nagpur NFSM may be taken by all the states to identify and ensure supply of specific Micronutrient to a particular district under NFSM.

2.7 ENSURING FERTILIZER USE EFFICIENCY • Being energy rich crop, phosphorus requirement of pulses is quite high. hence assure

supply of DAP and SSP on subsidized rate at the sowing time • Drill 15-20 kg N and 40 kg P2O5 per hectare at the time of sowing. • Apply P fertilizer for the first and second crop in a cropping system and grow the third

(pulse) crop without P application to enrich and encash the residual effect. • Application of K at 20 kg K2O per hectare along with NP proved beneficial in K deficient

areas.


• For higher S use efficiency, SO4 – S containing S sources Viz. SSP, gypsum, ammonium sulphate have to be applied as basal or before planting. Other source like Pyrites or elemental S should be broadcasted 2-4 weeks before sowing.

• Apply 20 Kg S per hectare in addition to recommended dose of NP at the time of sowing. • Integrated use of FYM/compost/biogas slurry at 2.5 tonnes per hectare with 50%

recommended dose of fertilizer plus Rhizobium inoculation helps in saving 50% of chemical fertilizers (especially recommended for low fertile and paddy soils).

• Seed inoculation should be done 10-12 hours before sowing. To inoculate 10 Kg seed of pulses, add 100 g gur (jaggery) + 20g gum arabica + heat-up for 30 minutes to prepare homogenous mixture, cool and add a packet (200-250 g) of culture and mix thoroughly. Pour this slurry over the heap of seed to be treated. Mix the seed homogenously with hands. Spread the treated seeds over clean surface for drying for about an hour before sowing.

• In acid soils Rhizobium inoculated seed should also be treated with 1.5 Kg of finely powdered lime (CaCO3, 300 mesh) and keep for 5 minutes after thorough mixing to make uniform pellets.

• Use of micro-nutrients like Zn, B, Mo and Fe helps in improving productivity. • Foliar spraying of 0.5 kg ZnSo4 ha with 0.25 kg lime for Zn deficiency. • One kg Sodium molybdate per hectare for Mo deficiency. • Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha to one crop on Zn deficient soils is helpful to both,

the crops and pulse based cropping system. • Foliar spray of B @ 0.5-1.0 kg per hectare or soil application of 5-10 kg borax per hectare

enhances grain yield on boron deficient soils. • Spray 1% FeSO4 to recoup from Fe deficiency. • Liming is essential for pulse crops grown on acid soils. • Give 2 post-sowing irrigation (at branching & flowering) for better fertilizer utilization. • Weeds cause a reduction of 25-75% in seed yield of pulses. The field, therefore, must be

free from weeds especially between 4 and 6 weeks after sowing of crop.

2.8 MARKET STRATEGY/MSP

In all developing economics a positive agricultural price policy is incresingly being recognized as integral part of growth policy. A suitable price policy is likely to accelerate and sustain the growth of pulses output by protecting the interest of the farmers on a long-term basis particularly in respect of deficit commodities. It would also help in bringing about a balance in the relative quantitites procured of various commodities.

The price support scheme (PSS) in pulses to protect the interest of the farmers, is operational since three decades. NAFED is the nominated nodal agency for undertaking price support operation in identified oilseeds and pulses. However, congenial procurement policy at the field level has yet to initiate by identifying potential districts.

• Based on the experience gained during implementation of NPDP/ISOPOM and NFSM-pulses it has been realized that it requires some modifications in the line of approach for marketing. Market Policy of Government of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, enabling the


marketing environment by way of specific bonus, over and above M.S.P., may be replicated.

• Aggresive awareness campaign on required FAQs for different pulses, rates of M.S.P. along-with the bonus prices, if any, proposed designated procurement points etc. need to be published to make the farmers aware of the policy.

• Grade specifications, general characteristics of grain and maximum permissible limits for support price need to be given wide publicity by the SDA; Grade specifications anounced and MSP for different pulses are as under:

(Table - 17.6): Grade specifications and M.S.P. prescribed for PSS (FAQ Grade)

Crop Maximum permissible limits of different refractions (per cent) Allowed moisture

% Foreign matter

Other food grains

Damaged grains

Slightly damaged touched grains

Immature shriveled &broken

grains

Admixture of other varieties

Weevilled grains

Gram 1.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 14.0 Lentil 2.0 - 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 12.0 Arhar 2.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 12.0 Urd & Moong

2.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 12.0

2.8.1 Required characteristics for grain to qualify under MSP procurement

• This should be the dried mature grains. (of Cajanuas cajan, syn. Cajanus indicus/Phaseolus, syn. Phaseolus ratiatus/Phaseolus mungo/Lentilla jens, syn. lens culinaris, Lens esculenta, Ervum lens/Pisum arvensu/Phaseolus acontifolius);

• The grains should have reasonably uniform size, shape and colour; • It should be sweet, clean, wholesome and free from moulds, weevils, obnoxious smell,

discolouration, admixture of deleterious substances and all other impurities except of the extent indicated in schedule;

• The grain/lot should be in sound merchantable condition; and • It should have good cooking quality to confirm to PFA rules.

(Table - 17.7):Minimum support price of pulses

Commodity

Year 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

Gram 3000 3100 3175 3500** 4000^ 4400@ Lentil 2900 2950 3075 3400** 3950@ 4250* Arhar 3850 4300 4350 4625^ 5050^^ 5450^ Urd 4300 4300 4350 4625^ 5000^^ 5400^ Moong 4400 4500 4600 4850^ 5225^^ 5575^ * Including Bonus of Rs. 100 per quintal. ** Including Bonus of Rs. 75 per quintal . ^ Including Bonus of Rs. 200 per quintal. ^^ Including Bonus of Rs. 425 per quintal. @ Including Bonus of Rs. 150 per quintal.


2.9 VALUE ADDITION/STRATEGY PROCESSING

• There is a need for systematic listing of available various value additions/processing Technologies developed by various research institutes (ICAR/CSIR/CFTRI/SAUs etc) and publication of these for wider circulation in vernacular languages. Steps to avoid wasting the vast potential of the post harvest business in pulses sector need to be urgently addressed.

• Development of cheaper and acceptable Dal supplements/substitutes to ease out pressure on pulses through PHT.

• Export oriented crop cultivation and milling, need diversification and modernization of post harvest technology with special emphasis on export oriented processing. The varieties having export value e.g. bold-seeded lentil (sagar masra) and chickpea varieties like Gulabi chana and “kateela chana” and special Baigani arhar (grown in Mandla, Baiga tribes), need popularization.

• Cost effective processing plants/units need to be set up at potential pulse pockets to avoid farmers’ hardships for transportation and carriage.

• HRD programmes on scientific technologies/storage may be imparted for food preservation, value addition of by-products.

• There is need for cost effective/easy to access containers and chemicals for processing which should be within the reach of the poor farmers.

• Possibilities of import of tin containers, whose cost appears to be prohibitive in the indigenous market or its alternative, need to examine.

• Various incentives and social amenities need to be provided to the farmers to encourage them for maximum production of the raw-materials (pulses) to feed the processing industries for corresponding output. This may be achieved through formulations of Self Help Groups (SHGs) in the potential pulse areas.

• Modern techniques of pulse production is the foremost thing without which, processing and value addition of Pulses are not possible. Farmers, therefore, need up-to-date techniques along with proper transfer of technology.

• Appropriate food processing facilities cannot only avoid the wastage of food, but will also lead to value addition thereby, income generation in the centralized fashion in rural areas.

• Traditional food processing technologies as well as high-tech and environment friendly production technology should be encouraged.

• The food processing industry/machinery has to conform to high hygienic standard. Strict adherence to the standard prescribed by competent authorities has to be ensured.

• There is need to make better coordination mechanism between State Departments of Agriculture, marketing, mandi boards and Food Ministry at state level so that even marginal/small farmers could process their own produce without going to the far-flung bigger industries/plants. Small scale pulse mills could also be installed at community level through Farmers’ Interest Groups (FIGs)/SHGs etc.

• Pulse growers must be provided with storage bins and other equipment required in post harvest operations to increase the durability of produce that will further go to the processing units for value added by-products.


2.10 STRATEGY RELATED TO RESEARCH ISSUES

• To break the yield barriers, development of physiologically efficient plant types,Use of Biotechnology for speedy transfer of genes, conferring resistance to important diseases and pests for e.g. transfer of Bt gene in chickpea and pigeonpea for control of pod borer, pre-harvest sprouting of mungbean and also the mutation breeding.

• Exploitation of heterosis breeding by way of use of CMS in pigeonpea, need aggressive research to develop and refine the process cost effective seed production Technology.

• Integrated approach for the management of diseases, pests, drought, nutrient etc. need multi-disciplinatry research, development of multiple disease resistant varieties, transgencies for Helicoverpa pod borer and drought in chickpea and pigeonpea and MYMV in urdbean and mungbean and development of varieties having tolerance to temperature extremitie, etc are urgently needed to address ‘low and unstable yield’ constraints in pulses.

• Research on validation and refinement of technologies, development crop modules, forecasting and fore-warning the incidence of pests/diseases need to be initiated and developed.

• Research emphasis on minor pulse (mothbean, cowpea, horsegram, fababean, rajmash and lathyrus) need to be strengthened on regional basis alongwith development of technology dissemination modules for different situations.

• Research back-up needed for change from low point input to optimum input technology for various cropping systems as well as for cultivation as sole crop alongwith the need for development of nutrient and water use efficient genotypes.

• Pulse Ideotype requirement for Irrigated Medium stature semi-erect and compact, responsive to high input and high HI

• For multiple cropping, quick growing, short statures and synchronous in maturity. • Under rainfed conditions, erect, tall, main stem with open canopy early flowering, larger

size and number of leaflets with low osmotic adjustments are more desirable traits. (Table-17.8): Crop Specific Strategy/Recommendations (var./ plant protection)

Pigeonpea - Early maturing pigeonpea can be grown in irrigated tracts of north-west Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and western U.P. and as post-rainy season crop in September in U.P., Bihar, Odisha, southern Gujarat, A.P. and West Bengal.

- In case of M.P. inter crop or mixed crop with Soybean (late variety) in un-irrigated area may be taken especially in Vidisha, Raisen, Sehore, Bhopal and Narsinghpur districts.

- Popularization of Dharwad system (transplanting Pigeonpea), Seedlings are raised in polythene bags, transplanted in main field at 45 days with the apacing of 5 feet X 3 feet under rainfed condition and 6 feet X 3 feet in irrigated condition.

- Nipping (2 times) of pigeonpea after 45 and 55 days. - The productivity is proposed to be increased by adoption of improved crop

production technology i.e. use of improved seed, NPV for control of Heliothis, providing irrigation at critical stages, use of gypsum and bio-fertilizers etc.

- For reducing the vagaries of diseases Integrated Pest Management


comprising of deep summer ploughing, mixed cropping with sorghum, discouraging ratooning or perennial cropping, planting in well drained field, seed treatment with Benomyl or thiram or carbendazim+thiram @ of 2-3 g/kg for reducing incidence of wilt and root rot and selection of diseases resistant varieties for cultivation. For biological control of wilt and root-rot, seed dressing with standard formulations of Tricodermaviridaeor T. harzianum @ 4 g/kg should be promoted.

- Use micro irrigation (precision) through drip irrigation. - Cultivation of pigeonpea on raised beds by using Broad Bed Furrow (BBF)

Planter. - Use Sterlity Mosaic Resistant Var. (BDN 708, GTH-1, BRG 2, BDN 711,

Bahar, BSMR 736, Sharad, Pusa 9, BSMR 853), Phytophthora resistant (TJT 501, CORG 9701, JKM 189, Pant Arhar 291 etc.) Wilt resistant (VL Arhar 1, Vipula, GT 101, Maruti, BDN 2, BSMR 736, MA 6 ).

- Use Pre-emergence herbicides like Pendimethalin @ 750-100 g/ha , Pigeonpea - Metribuzin 250-100 g/ha for weed control.

- GTH-1 is the hybrid variety for tasgenic (Cry gene) against pod borer. Chickpea - The frontline demonstrations conducted by ICAR have clearly shown the

potential to exploit the gram yields with the available technology. Improved varieties, use of recommended does of fertilizers, providing irrigation at critical stages of crop growth, application of gypsum/bio-fertilizers, use of NPV for control of Heliothis.

- For Integrated Diseases Management (IDM), deep summer ploughing, crop rotation with non legumes, deep or late sowing, wider spacing and inter-cropping with any one among wheat, barley or mustard for effective control of wilt, root rot, ascochyta blight and other soil borne diseases, seed treatment with Benlate, Benomyl, Carbendazim or Thiram @ 2-3 g/kg is recommended with the T. viridae or Bacillus subtilis or Gliocladiumvirens@ 4 g/kg of seed and select wilt resistant (JAKI 9218, JG 6, WCG 3, RVG 201, RVG 101, PKV Harita (AKG 9303-12), Wilt tolerant varieties (RSG 902, BGD 103, Phule G 0517, GJG 3, PKV Kabuli 4, RVG 203) and Ascochyta blight resistant varieties (GJG 0809, Samarat (GNG-469) PBG-5, CSG 515) supplemented with management practices for wilt and root rot are the best options. Varieties suitable for saline areas GG-2 & PKV-2.

- Heat tolerant chickpea cultivars would be required for all late sown conditions (in rice-fallows; after a short season catch crop, such as potato and vegetables, in rabi season.

- The heat tolerant desi chickpea variety JG 14 was evaluated under late sown condition in UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, MP, Chhatisgarh and Odisha. JG 14 gave 10 to 25% higher yield than the check cultivars n late sown conditions.

- Use Pre-emergence herbicides like Oxyfluoren @ 150-250 g/ha , Pendimethalin 750-1000 g/ha for weed control.

- Use short duration varieties Desi: JG-11, JG 14, JG 16, JAKI 9218 &Kabuli : IPCK 2002-29, IPCK 2004-29, KAK 2, JGK-1 and for Rice fallow condition Pant G 186, BG 372, Rajas, RSG 963, Pusa 547, Vaibhav.

Blackgram (Urd)

- Yellow mosaic virus resistant varieties, namely VBN 6, IPU 94-1, Mash 391, LAM 752, Mash 479, IPU 2-43, LBG 625, LBG 685, Improved early maturing varieties with a large number of clusters like Mash 1008 and Pant U-30; Azad Urd 1,; PDU 1 Variety for spring season in north India PDU-1, Azad Urd 1, Shekhar 2 (KU 300), WBU 109, Mash 414 powdery mildew resistant variety CO 6, VBN 4 & 7, Gujarat Urd 1, IPU 2-43, WBG 26 and LBG 402, LBG 625, 685 & 623 (Prabha), KU 301, TU 94-2 for Rabi season.


CO 6, ADT 5, Vamban 6 for rice fallows condition. - To enhance the kharif productivity selection of appropriate variety resistant

to YMV, in-situ moisture conservation to escape terminal drought, IPM, application of gypsum, use of bio-fertilizer.

- In case of summer urd, crop has to be grown under better management conditions, mostly inter-cropped with sugarcane and sunflower. It is necessary to use only recommended varieties for summer cultivation, seed treatment, use of gypsum, etc. In rice-fallow areas during Rabi, varieties resistant to powdery mildew are required to give more thrust in addition to other agronomic practices.

- IPM Management : Seed treatment with Thomethoxam 35 FS @ 2g/kg seed; installation of yellow sticky trap @ 20 /acre; sowing of 1 row of maize or tur after every 30 rows of mungbean as a barrier crop; removal of weeds and disease plant from the crop; spray of NSKE 5 % after 25 DAS or on

Blackgram (Urd)

- appearance of pest; foliar spray of thiomethoxam @ 0.3 g or Trizophos @ 4.0 ml/lit water.

- Control for Tobacoco caterpillar : Novaluron 10 EC @ 150 ml or Acepate 75 SP @ 800 g or Chloropyriphos 20 EC @ 1.5 lit. using 100 lit. of water/acre at the appearance of pest and repeat after 10 days if necessary.

- Use Pre-emergence herbicides like Oxyfluoren @ 150-250 g/ha , Imazethapyr 75-100 g/ha for weed control.

- Apply Pendimethalin + Imazethapr (Pre mix) 0.9 kg/ha as pre emergence or Imazerhaapyr 100 gm /ha as eraly post or Imazethapyr + Imazamox 50g/ha as early post for effective control of weeds in mostvof the pulsecrops.

- Hoeing of 20 & 40 DAS recorded higher weed control efficiency and it was comparable with EPOE Imaethapyr + Imazamox (RM) 70-80g/ha.

- Proper water management-border irrigation under flood and sprinkler/micro-irrigation under limited water availability particularly at pod filling stage.

- Timely availability of quality seeds of recommended varieties. - Good tillage and crop stablshment practices-laser land levelling, use of new

type seed-drills, Zero-tillage sowing in proper moisture, residue retension of previous crop.

- Use of pre-emergence herbicides (Pendamethalin @ 0.75-1.50 kg ai/ha) and one need based hand weeding.

- Use of phosphorus and Sulphur particularly after wheat and intercropping with sugarcane.

- Control of Thrips in Mungbean at pre-flowering (use of Dimethoate or emidacholoprid).

- Promising varieties against White fly OBG 33, KUG 503, AKU 10-2. Greengram (Moong)

- In cropping system manipulation, sugarcane can be intercropped with mungbean in U.P. and northern Bihar cotton, pearl millet and groundnut can be inter-cropped in rainfed uplands of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamilnadu.

- The increase in productivity during kharif season is to be achieved by use ot improved seed, seed treatment, use of weedicides, control of insects/pests through IPM, application of gypsum, providing irrigation in absence of rains, wherever possible. The average productivity obtained under the Frontline Demonstrations is about 7.8 qtl per ha suggested that the present productivity can be improved further with the use of available technology.

- Early sowing during spring (around 15th March), soil application of insecticide like Phorate or Carbofuran G. @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha for effective control of YMV and fungal diseases or chemical (7 Carbendasim + Thiram)


seed treatment for reducing incidence of wilt and root rot disease. - IPM Management : Seed treatment with Thomethoxam 35 FS @ 2g/kg

seed; installation of yellow sticky trap @ 20 /acre; sowing of 1 row of maize or tur after every 30 rows of mungbean as a barrier crop; removal of weeds and disease plant from the crop; spray of NSKE 5 % after 25 DAS or on appearance of pest; foliar spray of thiomethoxam @ 0.3 g or Trizophos @ 4.0 ml/lit water.

- Control for Tobacoco caterpillar : Novaluron 10 EC @ 150 ml or Acepate 75 SP @ 800 g or Chloropyriphos 20 EC @ 1.5 lit. using 100 lit. of water/acre at the appearance of pest and repeat after 10 days if necessary.

- Select short duration YMV resistant varieties of Mungbean like HUM 16, IPM 2-3, IPM 02-14, Pusa 0672, SML 668, Samrat (PDM-139), Pant mung-2, 4 & 6, IPM-99-125 (Meha) and having a potential to increase area in

Greengram (Moong)

- spring/summer in U.P., Bihar, West Bengal, MP, Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana. Powdery mildew resistant varieties like TJM 3, VBN 3, AKM 9904, PKV Green Gold TM 96-2, TARM-1 & 2, TARM-18, JM-721. Large seeded Pant M-5, Pusa Vishal, SML 668, HUM 16, TMB 37.

- Promising varieties against Thrips SML 1807, 1814, 1810, 1836, 1837, LGG 486 and for White fly ML 1774, ML 1779.

- Use Imazethapyr 30 g/ha as a Pre & Post-emergence & Imazapic 10 g/ha as a post-emergence for weed control whereas, Co-7, Vamban 3, ADT 5 for Rice fallow condition.

- Proper water management-border irrigation under flood and sprinkler/micro-irrigation under limited water availability particularly at pod filling stage.

- Timely availability of quality seeds of recommended varieties. - Good tillage and crop stablshment practices-laser land levelling, use of new

type seed-drills, Zero-tillage sowing in proper moisture, residue retension of previous crop.

- Use of pre-emergence herbicides (Pendamethalin @ 0.75-1.50 kg ai/ha) and one need based hand weeding.

- Use of phosphorus and Sulphur particularly after wheat and intercropping with sugarcane.

- Control of Thrips in Mungbean at pre-flowering (use of Dimethoate or emidacholoprid).

Lentil - Bold seeded varieties namely, DPL 15 and DPL 62, DPL 4046, Sapna, Priya, Pant L 5, Mallika, JL 3, IPL 81. Rust resistant varieties with different plant types – VL-126, IPL 406, Pusa Masur 5, Shekhar Masur 2 & 3, Pant L-024, PL-8. Wilt resistant variety viz .VL 125, Moitree WBL 77, Pant L-6, VL Masur 129 & VL-133. Small seeded varieties Pant L 4, IPL 406, Pusa vaibhav, Pant L 406 & 639, KLS 218, HUL 57. Pusa vaibhav, KLS 218, Pant L 639, DPL 62, Pant L 5.

- Provide seeds of improved varieties resistant to wilt and rust, seed treatment with fungicide and Rhizobium culture, irrigation at critical stage (pod stage) of crop growth, use of gypsum, as a source of sulphur and use of IPM for the control of pest/diseases.

- Use Pre-emergence herbicides like Oxyfluoren @ 150-250 g/ha, Imazethapyr 75-100 g/ha for weed control.

Peas - Use of leafless dwarf types of Peas with high yield for closer planting (JAY (KPMR 522), HFPD 24, KPMR 400). Powdery mildew resistant varieties (IPF 99-25, IPFD 1-10, Paras, Pant Pea 14, VL Matar 42, Pant Pea 25 & 42 and Rust resistant variety Swarna Trapti, VL Matar 47, Aman (IPF 5-19).

- Under the Frontline Demonstrations, yield levels to the tune of 1790 kg/ha


have been reported which is almost double the normal yield levels. Field peas normally receive better management and thus farmers pay adequate attention to this crop. However, the targeted productivity would be achieved by providing seeds of better varieties resistant to powdery mildew, seed treatment, application of gypsum, managing rust disease and providing irrigation, etc.

- Early sowing (during 1st week of October) to escape onset of powdery mildew and rust diseases in NEPZ.

- Fungal seed treatment to reduce incidence of seed rot and root-rot, two-three foliar spray of wettablesulphur (0.3% ) for control of powdery mildew and rust.

- Use Pre-emergence herbicides like Oxyfluoren@150-250 g/ha, Pendimethalin 750-1000 g/ha and Metribuzin 250-100 g/ha for weed control.

Lathyrus - Lathyrus is most commonly grown as Utera in rice. Important states are Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.

- Increase in productivity in case of lathyrus would be obtained by better management of utera cultivation.

- Variety Bio L 212 (Ratan), Prateek (ODAP-0.109%) & Mahateora (ODAP-0.074%) a low toxin Lathyrus can be grown in rice fallows of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal and Chattisgarh.

- Strees tolerant varieties Prateek, GNG 1581, Mahateora. Moth - Adoption of improved crop production technology i.e. use of improved

seeds, NPV, irrigation IPM, INM disease resistant varieties, weed management and other package of practices at critical stage.

- Yellow Mosaic resistant varieties TMV-1, Rajasthan Moth 257, RMO 2004, CZM-45 & 99, JMM-259 and for Drought tolerant is RMO 423.

Rajmash - The cultivation of Rajmash may be promoted mainly in North East Plain Zone.

- Rajmash and other beans can be grown profitably in irrigated areas of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat

- Varieties suitable for the plains of northern India for Rabi season available in different grain colours, namely, Variegated (PDR 14 or Uday), Red (HUR 137) and White (HUR 15).

- Anthracnose resistant varieties are Phule Surekha (KOF B-4), Varun (ACPR 94040), VL Rajma 125, VL Bean 2 and rresistant to Bacterial Blight Mosaic Virus (BCMV)- Amber (IPR 96-4), IPR 98-5 (Utkarsh), IPR 98-3-1 (Arun) etc.,

2.11 POLICY RELATED STRATEGY

• In order to make a break-through in expansion of area under pulses, short duration varieties of pigeonpea to need based replacement of soybean, and short duration early maturing chickpea varieties for late sown conditions after paddy harvest, need popularisation, through demonstration.

• Better package of practices especially the inter-cropping Package, developing effective and adaptive IPM against major disease and Crop Management etc. need to be documented and popularized across the country.

• Development/promotion of perfect technology for uteracultivation with a view to divert an existing area of about 6 to 7 lakh ha under lathyrus towards chickpea lentil, cultivation.


• Dove-tailing and convergence concept should be materialized; provisions of assured irrigation in rabi and summer/spring season should be made on priority-basis.

• Developing strong seed production and distribution chain to achieve seed replacement rate of 33 % by 2016-17 for all pulses.

• Creation of seed banks to meet seed shortage needs and for calamity situations by associating public as well as private sector seed companies. Monitoring of seed hub by SDA.

• An area of approximately 1.3 million hectares of a large tracts of Rice-fallow land (because of unirrigated conditions and properties of soils to hold moisture for shorter duration), and 2.47 million hectares under inter cropping in different cropping situations may be brought under pulses through aggressive crop coverage campaign.

• Delineation of un-exploited potential belts in non-traditional areas like watershed, introduction of pulses during non-traditional seasons under irrigated conditions, inter/mixed-cropping, summer cropping etc.

• Creation of production units for Nuclear Polyhydrosis Virus (NPV) with all the KVKs and integration of development and research at district level.

• Emphasis on sprinklers and micro-irrigation systems to promote pulses in irrigated area with efficient water management.

• Provide an effective market mechanism to pulses by minimizing the price fluctuations. FPOs, Self-help groups (SHGs), Farmers Interest Groups (FIGs) for effective market improvement can be organized.

• Development and Dissemination of location specific agronomic package of practices by SAUs, Skill development packages etc., by aggressive ToT programmes.


POLICY INTERVENTION

1. PROJECTS/PROGRAMME ON PULSES DEVELOPMENT

With the unabated population increase in the Country, pulses production, the main source of protein/balanced diet particularly for the rural mass also thought to be paralleled in proportionate to population growth.Accordingly the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare launched various development programmes on pulses during different Plan periods.

Plan interventions in the pulses sector were brought by the Govt. Of India, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare since Fourth Five year Plan with more focused approach since VIth Plan onwards as under: “Pulses Development Scheme” a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, was initiated from the IVth

Plan (1969-70 to 1973-74). The focused area was the introduction of production technologies and improved varieties amongst the farmers.

• Seventh plan (1985-90): conceived the National Pulses Development Project (NPDP), merging all the earlier centrally sponsored schemes on pulses. To further supplement the efforts under NPDP, a “Special Food Grain Production Programme (SFPP) on Pulses” was also implemented during 1988-89 on a 100% Central assistant basis.

• Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO 1985-86): To ensure the accelerated development of certain priority areas of economic and social concern, the Government of India adopted a compressive approach and launched Six Technology Missionsviz. i) Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission ii) Immunization Mission iii) National Literacy Mission iv) Tele-communication Mission v) Dairy Development (Operation Flood-II): and vi) Maximization of indigenous production of vegetable oilseeds/oils etc. For accelerated development and successful implementation of the mini-missions approach, three strategic Committees were also set up for Structural innovation viz. (i) Empowered Committee (EC) (ii) Technical and Advisory Committee (TAC) (iii) Standing Committee (SC). The TMO remained operational under the supervision of ICAR till 1987-88. From 1988-89 onwards, the implementation and responsibilities were transferred to Department of Agriculture and Co-operation to harness the best of production, processing management technologies harmonizing the interest of farmers, consumers and accelerate self-reliance in oilseeds and edible oils. The TMO pursued a Mission-Mode-Approach by forming a consortium of concerned department and stake holders.

• TMOP (1990-91): Pulse development programmes were brought to the ambit of the Mission in August 1990. Thereafter Oilpalm (1992-93) and Maize (May,1995) also became the part of it, renaming the TMO as Technology Mission on Oilseeds, Pulses and Maize (TMOP&M). The Seventh Plan ongoing interventions under National Pulses Development Project (NPDP) became the part of TMOP&M. TMOP&M had four-pronged strategy approach under its four Mini Missions involving the concerned department and agencies to facilitate the task of handling specialized focused areas of development viz. MM-I - Crop Protection Technology: DARE with ICAR as


nodal deptt., Department of Bio-Technology and SAUs as implementing agencies; MM-II - Post Harvest Technology: Department of Scientific & Industrial Research with CSIR as nodal deptt. and Department of civil supplies as participating agencies; MM-III- Input and service support to farmers: DAC as nodal agency with SDAs, NDDB, NABARD and NOVOD Board, as implementing agencies and MM-IV- Price support, storage, processing and marketing: DAC as nodal deptt. with participating agencies as NCDC, NDDB, NAFED, Department of civil supplies KVIC and NOVOD Board.

• ISOPOM (2004-05 to 2009-10): From April 2004 to March 2010, on the advice of the

Planning Commission, “Integrated Schemes of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oilpalm and Maize (ISOPOM)” has been under implementation by merging 4 ongoing schemes of NPDP, OPP, OPDP and AMDP. The ISOPOM had a more focussed and integrated approach. To strengthen the market invention and effective pricing policies were some of the added features of this programme.

• NFSM-Pulses (2007-08): From 2007-08 (Rabi), in pursuance of the resolution adopted in 53rd meeting of National Development Council, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme on” National Food Security Mission was launched. It was resolved to enhance the production of rice, wheat and pulses by 10, 8 and 2 million tonnes, respectively by the end of XII Plan. The implementation of the NFSM scheme is continued beyond the XII Plani.e. 2017-18.

The NFSM aimed at increasing production of rice, wheat and pulses through area expansion and productivity enhancement; restoring soil fertility and productivity; creating employment opportunities; and enhancing farm level economy to restore confidence of farmers of targeted districts. The basic strategies were implementation of interventions in a mission mode through active engagement of all the stake holders at various levels. These interventions includes promotion and extension of improved technologies i.e., Seed, Integrated Nutrient Management (micro-nutrient, soil amendments), IPM and resource conservation technologies along with capacity building of farmers. Flow of fund closely monitored to ensure that intervention reach the target beneficiaries on time, Interventions proposed were integrated with the district plan and target for each identified district was fixed. Constant monitoring and concurrent evaluation were done for assessing the impact of the interventions for a result oriented approach by the implementing agencies.

• NFSM + Special initiatives (2010-11 to 2013-14): To accelerate the pulses production, a

centrally sponsored Accelerated Pulses Production Programme (A3P) (2010-11 to 2013-14)-cluster demonstration approach from; Special initiatives for “pulses and oilseeds in dry land area” under RKVY during 2010-11; Integrated development of 60000 Pulses villages in Rainfed Areas under RKVY during 2011-12 and “Special plan to achieve 19+ million tonnes of Pulses production during Kharif 2012-13” were also been implemented. Strong Research and Development efforts during XI Plan had spectacular achievement realising more than 20% increase in the production of Pulses at the terminal year of XI Plan (2011-12).

• NFSM-Pulses XII Plan: During 2017-18, the Pulses development scheme under NFSM

was under implementation in 29 states viz. Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Praedsh, Jharkhand, J&K, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar


Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal with additional production target of 4 Million tonnes by the end of XII Plan (2016-17). During 12th Plan, the NFSM with the other four Missions, viz. NMAET, NMSA, NMOOP & MIDH is continued. The pattern of Central assistance under NFSM has been 60:40 per cent up-till 2016-17.

The Twelfth Plan NFSM (2012-13 to 2016-17), revamped from 2014-15 and is under implementation with five components viz.i) NFSM- Rice, ii) NFSM-Wheat, iii) NFSM-Pulses, iv) NFSM-Coarse Cereals (millets) and v) NFSM-Commercial Crops (Jute, Cotton, Sugarcane).

• A target of an additional production of 25 million tonnes of food grains i.e. from 259.29

MT to 284.29 over the base year of XI Plan (i.e. 2011-12) comprising Rice-10 million tonnes, Wheat - 08 million tonnes, Pulses - 04 million tonnes & Coarse Cereals-03 million tonnes, is targeted to be achieved at the end of 12th Plan (2016-17).

The existing Centrally Sponsored Scheme have also been rationalized and 03 schemes viz. (i) Krishi Unnati Yojana (ii) National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP) and (iii) Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) are operational since 2015-16. NFSM-2015-16 is a part of KrishiUnnatiYojana (State Plan). From 2016-17, the revamped NFSM under State Plan Scheme – Krishi Unnati Yojana (State Plan) with interim sharing pattern of 60:40 for plains and 90: 10 for hilly states between Centre and State is under implementation in 29 states. A Central Share of Rs. 1700 Crores has been approved during 2016-17. The basic strategy of the Mission is to focus on low productivity high potential districts, promote and extend improved technology package, implementation of cropping system centric interventions on technological package, agro-climatic zone wise planning and cluster approach demonstrations, Further 30% of total demonstrations would be Cropping System Based Demonstration (CSBD) with technical backstopping of ICAR/State Agricultural Universities (SAUs)/ on Rice, Wheat, Pulses; distribution of certified HYV seeds/Hybrid seeds, Resource Conservation Technology (RCT) tools, irrigation machineries/MIS, trainings and undertaking local initiatives to the tune of 9% of total budgetary allocation to improve productivity. Special emphasis has also to be given by targeting reclamation of problematic soils, water logging areas and mitigation of adverse effects of climate change for high productivity areas, value chain integration (FPOs), assistance to Custom Hiring Centre (CHCs). 30% of budgetary allocation has to be earmarked for women beneficiaries. To ensure equity, of the total budgetary allocation to a district proportionate expenditure under Special Component Plan (SCP) for SCs, Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) – SMF and Women farmers at 16%, 8%, 33% and 30% respectively is mandatory. Assistance for various interventions like cluster demonstrations on improved package of practices, demonstrations on cropping system, cropping system based training of farmers, seed distribution of HYVs , manual sprayer, power sprayer, tractor mounted sprayer, chiseller (deep ploughing), water carrying pipes, mobile raingun, sprinkler set, pump set (up to 10 HP), seed drill, zero till seed drill, multi crop planter, zero till multi crop planter, ridge furrow planter, rotavator, multi crop thresher, laser land leveller, plant protection chemical and bio pesticides, weedicides, gypsum/phospho-gypsum, bio-fertilizers, micro nutrients, local initiatives are provided under NFSM-Pulses programme.


Concerted efforts are being made for promotion of cultivation of pulses as inter-crop with cereals, oilseeds, commercial crops.At least 30% of the cluster demonstrations under NFSM and BGREI are being conducted by adopting cropping system approach to promote pulses as second crop in rice fallow areas. Formation of Farmer-Producer Organizations (FPOs) is also being promoted particularly to support the small and marginal farmers to offer collective strength for seed production, procurement and access to improved technologies. Besides, for primary processing of pulses, assistance is provided for establishment of mini dal mills under NFSM. State Agriculture Universities/ Indian Council of Agricultural Research Institutes/ International Research Organizations are also involved to address various researchable issues of pulses and demonstrations of latest technologies for better yield realization at farmers’ field. Government of India has allocated Rs.2201.23 crores (CS-1395.00 Cr + SS-806.23 Cr) for NFSM for 2017-18, out of which an amount of Rs. 1371.11 (CS- 850.00 Cr + SS- 521.11 Cr) crores is earmarked for pulses.

• FLD on Pulses through ICAR-IIPR: Rs. 0.97 crore • Establishment/Strenghtening of Biofertilizer and Bio-control Production Units (24

centres/Institutes) : Rs. 29.61 crores. • FPOs: (111) Rs. 52.1084 crores. • Seed Minikit: Total allocation Rs. 150 Crore

(TABLE-18.1): PLAN-WISE INTERVENTION (VIIITH TO XIITH PLAN) Sr. No.

Plan Period (VIIIth To XIIth Plan) States Covered VIIIth -IXth and Xth Plan

1. National Pulses Development Project (NPDP) (1990-91 to 2003-04) 28 + 02 UT 2. Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oilpalm and Maize (ISOPOM)- Pulses

(2004-05 - 2006-07) 14

XIth Plan 1. Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oilpalm and Maize (ISOPOM)- Pulses

(2007-08 - 2009-10) 14

2. National Food Security Mission-Pulses (Rabi, 2007-08 to 2011-12)-Pulses component of ISOPOM merged with NFSM w.e.f.1.4.2010

16

3. Accelerated Pulses Production Programme (A3P) (2010-11 to 2011-12) 16 4. Special initiatives for pulses and oilseed in dry land areas under RKVY (2010-11) 07 5. Integrated Development of 60000 Pulses villages in Rainfed Areas under RKVY

(2011-12) 11

6. Macro Management of Agriculture (MMA) (2004-05 onwards) Other than NFSM XIIth Plan (2012-13 to 2016-17) 2012-13 to 2013-14

1. National Food Security Mission (NFSM)–Pulses 16 2. Accelerated Pulses Production Programme (A3P) 16 3. Special Plan to achieve 19+ million tonnes of Pulses prod. during Kharif 2012-13 08

2014-15 to 2016-17 1. National Food Security Mission (NFSM)–Pulses 2014-15 27 2. National Food Security Mission (NFSM)–Pulses 2015-16 27 3. National Food Security Mission (NFSM)–Pulses 2016-17 29 4. Seed Hub-ICAR 150 5. Breeder Seed Production Programme -ICAR 08 6. Seed Minikit NFSM States 7. Cluster FLDs – Pulses through 549 KVKs 31366 ha 8. Establishment/strengthening of Bio-fertilizer and Bio-control Production Units 24 Nos. 9. Farmer Producer Organization (FPOs) 111 Nos.


(TABLE-18.2): INTERVENTIONS UNDER NFSM-PULSES

Sr. No.

Head Interventions

1. Technology Demonstrations • Cluster demonstrations • Cropping system based demonstrations • Front Line Demonstrations by ICAR/SAUs

2. Seed • Distribution of HYVs seed 3. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) • Micro-nutrients

• Lime/Gypsum/80% WG Sulphur • Lime • Bio-fertilizers

4. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) • Distribution of Plant Protection chemicals • Weedicides

5. Resource Conservation Technologies/Tools

• Power Knap Sack Sprayers • Manual Sprayer • Zero Till Seed Drills • Multi Crop Planter • Seed Drills • Zero Till Multi Crop Planters • Ridge Furrow Planters • Rotavators • Chiseller • Laser Land Levelers • Tractor mounted sprayer • Multicrop Thresher

6. Efficient Water Application Tools • Sprinkler Sets • Pump Sets • Pipe for carrying water from source to the field. • Mobile Rain guns

7. Cropping System based trainings • Four Sessions in a crop season (One before Kharif and Rabi Season & one each during Kharif and Rabi Crops).

8. Miscellaneous Expenses (Project Management Support & Monitoring)

• Project Management Team & other miscellaneous expenses at District and state level

9. Local Initiatives • On project basis, up to 9% of the total allocation to the state 10. Other • Specialized projects for high productivity areas

• Support to institute/organizations including NGOs in remote areas.

• Value chain integration of small producers • Assistance to Custom Hiring Centres • Marketing support for pulses


(TABLE-18.3): SUMMARY OF RESEARCH PROJECT FUNDED UNDER OF NFSM-PULSES IN YEAR 2017-18 (Rs. in lakh)

S.No. Project Title Implementing Agency

Project Duration

Total Allocation

Allocation for 2017-

18

Unspent balance/ Revalid.2016-17

1st Release

2nd

Release

Location/ Varieties

1 Enhancing breeder seed production for increasing indigenous production of pulses in India

IIPR, Kanpur 2016-17 to 2018-19 2039.00

407.80 (20 % of

allocation)

Rel-2016-17 Rs. 815.60

2 Creation of seed –hubs for increasing indigenous production of pulses in India

IIPR, Kanpur 2016-17 to 2017-18

22531.08 ( 150 hubs) 11164.26

768.18 4895.50

3 Generation advancement and development of new genotypes through pre-breeding in Lentil and Kabuli Chickpea"

ICARDA 2013-14 to 2016-17

320.196 (Revised)

4.89

4 Enzymatic pre treatment in the processing of Pigeonpea

JAU, Junagarh (Gujarat)

2014-15 to 2016-17 0.21 Junagarh /

Var. BDN-2

5

Enhancing productivity through introduction of new high yielding varieties, production technologies in chickpea, green gram, black gram & cowpea.

UAS, Dharwad , Karnataka 2016-17 11.02

6

Enhancing mothbean and mungbean productivity through high yielding varieties, nutrient management and IPM practices in Western Rajasthan

SKRAU, Bikaner 2014-15 to

2016-17

1.83623

7 Development of suitable technology for increasing the production of pulses in rice fallows

OUAT, Bhubaneswar

2014-15 to 2016-17

80.37 1.24532 Greengram, Blackgram and Bengalgram

8 Scaling up and popularization of high yielding pigeonpea hybrids for enchancing productivity of small and marginal farmers of Maharashtra,Karnataka& Odisha States of India

ICRISAT, Hyderabad, Telangana

2016-17 77.965 19.49 (committed liability of 2016-17)

ICPH 2740

ICRISAT, Hyderabad, Telangana

2018-19 649.685 Approved for 2018-19 ICPH 2740 & ICPH3762

9 Addressing phytophthora blight disease : An emerging threat of pigeonpea expansion and production

ICRISAT, Hyderabad

2013-14 to 2016-17

400.923 (Revised)

3.33 (committed expen. of 2016-17)

80.0

10 Identification of salt tolerant chickpea varieties for coastal regions of Gujarat.

NAU, Navsari (Dr. P.B. Patel)

2014-15 to 2016-17

32.123 (Revised)

2.11788


2. PERFORMANCE OVER-VIEW–(FIRST TO TWELFTH PLAN)

AN ANALYSIS TO PRE, POST TMOP AND DURING NFSM INTERVENTIONS For comparative analysis, the average area covered, the production, productivity and percentage of pulse area under irrigation have been taken into consideration on Five Year Plan basis. Annual plans (1966-69, 1979-80 and 1990-92), during which the five year plans could not be enforced/implemented, have, however, been excluded for the purpose of analysis. The analytical review of pulses status prior to TMOP, during the TMOP and during NFSM period is briefly analyzed as below: (TABLE- 18.4): PLAN-WISE TREND OF GROWTH IN PULSES

{Area-Mha., Production- MTons, Yield- kg/ha} Plan Average

Area Average

Production Average

yield Average % of

irrigation coverage

Pre-TMOP Periods Ist Plan (1951-56) 21.09 10.04 475.2 9 IIndPlan (1956-61) 23.71 11.75 494.8 8 IIrd Plan (1961-66) 23.85 11.14 466.8 9 IVthPlan (1969-74) 22.21 10.90 491.4 9 Vth Plan (1974-79) 23.32 11.71 501.4 8 VIthPlan (1980-85) 23.08 11.77 509.8 8 VIIthPlan (1985-90) 23.08 12.54 543.0 9 Post-TMOP Period (includes two annual plans (1990-92) VIIIthPlan (1992-97) 22.47 13.34 593.6 12 IXth Plan (1997-02) 21.97 13.15 597.4 13 Xth Plan (2002-07) 22.44 13.35 593.8 14 NFSM Plan Period XIth Plan (2007-2012) 23.97 15.85 662 16 XIIth Plan (2012-2017) 25.28 18.81 744 19

2.1 AREA EXPANSION

During the first five year plan (1951-56), the average pulse acreage of 21 million hectares maintained an increasing trend till Third plan (1961-66) where an area of about 24 million ha was occupied. However, there was a slight drop in area coverage i.e. 22.21 million hectares during the Fourth plan (1969-74) despite the introduction of first centrally sponsored Pulses Development Scheme. It is also a fact that the normal average area of pulses enhanced to about three million ha during IInd five year plans, the periods when average per cent coverage under pulses was about 8-9 percent. It is observed that the role of plan funds had catalytic role especially in stabilization of area coverage under pulses as beyond the IIIrd five year plan, the normal five year plan area has been between 22-23million hectares, a visible two million hectares increase over the Ist plan period. Another most important observation is stability in pulse area from eighth plan(1992-97) period to tenth plan period (2002-07)and significantly increased eleventh to twelfth plan period (2007-12 to 2012-2016). The plan period had the critical intervention in pulses sector through the Technology Mission (TMOP) and National Food Security Mission (NFSM) with the increase in irrigation coverage, 16% and 19 % of total pulses stablized in irrigated area.


2.2 PRODUCTION ENHANCEMENT

During the initial phase of the Ist Five year plan (1951-56), the production of pulses was 10 million tonnes. There was a slight fall during the IVth Plan (1969-74) from the IIIrd plan recording the average production of 10.90 Million tonnes. However, there was a homogeneous increase thereafter. With the inclusion of pulses development under TMOP during August 1990, the beneficial impacts were realized during the VIIIth Plan (1992-97) and Xth Plan (2002-07) the country witnessed an average plan period production of 13.34 Million tones and 13.35 million tones respectively, the maximum ever achieved during the pre TMOP Five year plans periods. During Xth plan (2002-07), inspite of the consecutive droughts/flood in the major pulses growing states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra and stagnant area coverage, the country harnessed an average production of 13.35 lakh tonnes which may be attributed to TMOPs critical intervention and Central funding support under NPDP/ISOPOM making a dent on seeds/irrigation and other infrastructural support to farmers. During the course of implementation of NFSM XIIth plan (2013-14 & 2016-17), the country witnessed a significant increase in production of pulses i.e. 19.25 Million tons and 22.95 Million tons respectively, the maximum ever achieved during 2016-17. 2.3 PRODUCTIVITY

Productivity of pulses has also increased during the TMOP period. Pre-TMOP plan period average yield during the first plan (1951-56) was only 475 Kg/ha and the Third Plan (1961-66) even exhibited minimum productivity of about 467 kg/ha whereas, maximum average yield was recorded (598 Kg/ha) during the Nineth Plan (1997-2002), Approximately 131 Kg/ha increase in productivity levels between the Pre-TMOP (1961-66) and during the TMOP period recorded. Similarly, during the NFSM plan period, XIth and XIIth plan, productivity was achieved 662 kg/ha and 744 kg/ha respectively. Although this productivity is still below the world’s average productivity of 909 kg/ha and as also what has been realized under the frontline demonstrations of ICAR. A productivity gap of 56% under total pulses between the FLDs and State average yield is the existing potential and a challenge for both the research and development agencies to harness. 2.4 IRRIGATION

The production and productivity increase during TMOP period against the stagnant area coverage under pulses may be attributed to adoption of modern technology based package of practices, more coverage of area under irrigation including various inputs. These could be possible because of the launching of TMOP in 350 districts of 30 states/Union Territories, nation-wide. It can be assumed that if the pace of pulses production in the country is constantly maintained, the pulse requirement could be easily met in the long run.

Inadequate irrigation facilities, especially the supply of critical irrigation, are the main cause of low production of Indian pulses. Taking the average of the five years of the first Five Year Plan (1951-56), the coverage of area under irrigation was hardly 9.18%. There was a decreasing trend till the Fifth plan. However, the increasing trend was restored from the Sixth plan with the maximum coverage of 12-13% from eighth plan onward i.e. the initial phase of the launching of TMOP, attributing the productivity enhancement i.e. about 600 kg/ha (VIIIth

–Xth plan) During the NFSM plan period, irrigation increased upto 19%, attributing the productivity enhancement from 594 kg/ha during Xth Plan (Before NFSM) to 744 kg/ha during XIIth Plan.


2.5 CONCLUSION

The demand for pulses is projected to grow at about 2% per year on account of the increase in population and growth in direct demand. This growth rate is almost four times the growth rate experienced in the domestic production of the food grains including pulses during the last decade. This has created serious imbalnces between domestic production and demand which for some time was met by liquidating stocks and cutting down on exports. If the growth rate of dometic production of pulses fails to rise to the required level, it would result in lead to increase dependence on imports to meet the domestic demand. If we want to meet the domestic demand of pulse requirement, we must increase production or depend on imports. As Agriculture growth is limited, imports will help improve the supply situation in the short term whereas, the long term, we will need to focus on productivity increase, through public capital formation in irrigation, quality seeds of promising varieties and their availability at least 33% SRR, research and efficient use of water, plant nutrition and other necessary inputs on infrastructure, especially the primary processing storage and value addition.

Policy initiatives must lead for efficiency and help in maintaining balance between domestic production and demand. If we strive to achieve these potential yield levels, then the increasing demand requirement of the country can be met in future. In order to give the much needed fillip to pulse production, the government has given emphasis on pulses through various developmental programmes and has been significantly increasing the MSP for most pulses. This has resulted in an above normal growth in pulses production in recent years.

In the past four years, there has been significant increase in pulse consumption averaging 50 grams due to somewhat higher production and larger imports, however, prevailing market prices of pulses below the MSP need to be strengthened/stabilized for stabilization of area, production and net return of pulses.

****************************


ANNEXURE- I

1. NFSM – PULSES

S. No. Intervention Approved rates /Unit

1

*Demonstrations on Improved Technologies: (a) Cluster Demonstrations (of 100 ha each) Rs.7500/-ha (b) Cropping System based Demonostration (Pulse(Urad,moong, Moth,Cowpea, Pigeonpea) -Wheat)

Rs.12500/-ha

2 Distribution of Seed minikits on Pulses & Oilseeds Free of cost

3

Distribution of Certified Seeds: (a) HYVs seeds Rs.2500/-Qtls Integrate Nutrient Management: (a) Micro-nutrients Rs.500/-ha (b) Gypsum/80% WG Sulphur Rs.750/-ha (d) Bio-fertilizers Rs.300/-ha

4 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) (a) Distribution of PP Chemicals Rs.500/-ha (b) Weedicides Rs.500/-ha

5

Resource Conservation Technologies/Tools: (a) Manual Sprayer Rs. 600/Unit (b) Power Knap Sack Sprayer Rs.3000/Unit (c) Zero Till Seed Drill Rs.15000/Unit (d) Multi Crop Planter Rs.15000/Unit (e) Seed Drill Rs.15000/Unit (f) Zero Till Multi Crop Planter Rs.15000/Unit (g) Ridge Furrow Planter Rs.15000/Unit (h) Chiseller Rs.8000/Unit (i) Rotavator Rs.35000/Unit (j) Laser Land Leveler Rs.150000/Unit (k) Tractor mounted sprayer Rs. 10000/Unit (i) Multi crop thresher Rs. 40000/Unit

6 Efficient Water Application Tools: (a) Sprinkler Sets Rs.10000/- (b) Pump Sets Rs.10000/Unit (c) Pipe for carrying water from source to the field Rs. 15000 or Rs.25/m (d) Mobile Rain gun Rs. 15000/Unit

7 Cropping System based trainings Rs.3500/ Sess. Rs.14000/ Trai. 8 Miscellaneous Expenses

Project Management Team & Other Miscellaneous Expenses at District level

Rs. 14.00 lakh unit of state PMT

9 Local Initiative (a) Seed Treatment Drum Rs. 1000/Unit (b) Spiral Grader Rs. 2000/Unit 10 Demonstrations by (KVK) Rs.7500/ha 11 Miscellaneous Expenses (Other Miscellaneous Expenses at

Distt. level


ANNEXURE-II

DISTRICT COVERED (IDENTIFIED ) UNDER NFSM - PULSES

SI.No. States Total Number of Districts in states

Total Number of Districts

covered under - NFSM 1 Andhra Pradesh 13 13 2 Arunachal Pradesh 17 17 3 Assam 27 27 4 Bihar 38 38 5 Chhattisgarh 27 27 6 Goa* 2 2 7 Gujarat 26 26 8 Haryana 21 21 9 Himachal Pradesh 12 12

10 Jammu & Kashmir 22 22 11 Jharkhand 24 24 12 Karnataka 30 30 13 Kerala* 14 14 14 Madhya Pradesh 51 51 15 Maharashtra 35 33 16 Manipur 9 9 17 Meghalaya 11 11 18 Mizoram 8 8 19 Nagaland 11 11 20 Odisha 30 30 21 Punjab 22 22 22 Rajasthan 33 33 23 Sikkim 4 4 24 Tamil Nadu 32 30 25 Telangana 10 9 26 Tripura 8 8 27 Uttar Pradesh 75 75 28 Uttarakhand 13 13 29 West Bengal 19 18

Total 644 638 *Goa & Kerala States Information updated Ministry Letter No 1-8/2014-NFSM as on

Dated:03/02/2016


ANNEXURE-III

PULSES: ALL INDIA- CROP CALENDER: PACKAGE OF PRACTICE

Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Chickpea

States

Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, West Uttar Pradesh, Plains of Uttrakhand

East Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Assam, J&K

M.P., Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and (Bundelkhand Region of UP)

A. P., Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Odisha

J&K, H.P., Uttrakhand NEH States (Sikkim, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh)

Sowing time Rainfed Areas 1st fortnight of Oct. 1st fortnight of Oct. 1st fortnight of Oct. 1st fortnight of Oct. 1st fortnight of Oct. -2nd fortnight of

Oct. Irrigated Areas Last week of Oct. - 1st

week of Nov. Last week of Oct. - 1st week of Nov.

Last week of Oct. - 1st week of Nov.

2nd fortnight of Nov. - 1st fortnight of Dec.

1st fortnight of Nov. - 1st fortnight of Dec.

Late sown Areas

1st fortnight of Dec. -2nd fortnight of Dec.

1st fortnight of Dec. -2nd fortnight of Dec.

1st fortnight of Dec. 2nd fortnight of Dec. 2nd fortnight of Dec.

Seed Rate Small size 60-70 kg/ha 70-80 kg/ha 70-80 kg/ha 70-80 kg/ha 70-80 kg/ha Medium size 80-90 kg/ha 80-90 kg/ha 80-90 kg/ha 80-90 kg/ha 80-90kg/ha Bold size 100- 120 kg/ha 90-100 kg/ha 100- 120 kg/ha 90- 100 kg/ha 100- 120 kg/ha Spacing Timely Sown 30 X 10 cm 30 X 10 cm 30 X 10 cm 30 X 10 cm 30 X 10 cm Late Sown 25 X10 cm 25 X10 cm 25 X10 cm 25 X10 cm 25 X10 cm Irrigated 45 X 10 cm 45 X 10 cm 45X 10 cm 45 X 10 cm 45 X 10 cm Seed Treatment Fungicide

2 gm Thiram + 1 gm Carbendazim or Carboxin (Vitavax) 2 gm/kg of Seeds





Insecticide

Thiamethoxam 70 W.P. @ 3 gm/kg Seed





Rhizobium Rhizobium 5 gm + PSB 5 gm/kg

Rhizobium 5 gm + PSB 5 gm/kg


Rhizobium 5 gm + PSB 5 gm/ kg



Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Fertilizer (kg/ha) (Soil test based applied as Basal) Macronutrients

N:P:K:S

18-20:40-60:20:20

N:P:K:S 15-20:40-60: 20 : 20

N:P:K:S 20:40:20:20

N:P:S 15:30-40:20

N:P:K:S 20-25 :40:20:20

Micronutrients

ZnSo4 @ 25 kg /ha, Mo (Na-Molybdate) @ 3.5g for seed treatment

ZnSo4 @ 25 kg /ha, Mo (Na-Molybdate)

@ 3.5g for seed treatment




Foliar Spray (Need based)

Urea @ 2% at 45-55 DAS, DAP @ 2% Boron @ 0.2% at flowering (50-60 DAS)





Irrigation

Two irrigations 1st at Branching (40 -50 DAS) & 2nd at pod initiation (70-80 DAS)

Two irrigations 1st at Branching (40 -50 DAS) & 2nd at pod initiation (70-80 DAS)

Two irrigations 1st at Branching (40 -50 DAS) & 2nd at pod development (70-80 DAS)

One irrigation at pre flowering (45-55 DAS), and 2nd at pod development stage (70-80 DAS)

One irrigation at pod development stage (70-80 DAS)

Weed Management Manual One hand weedings at 25-

30 DAS One hand weedings at 25- 30 DAS

One hand weedings at 25- 30 DAS



Chemical

Pendimethalin at PE stage @ 1-1.25 Kg a.i. /ha or Fluchloralin @ 0.75 kg a.i. /ha.

Pendimethalin at PE stage @ 1 – 1.25 kg a.i. /ha

Pendimethalin at PE stage @ 1 – 1.25 Kg a.i./ha



Maturity/ Harvesting Rainfed

130-140 DAS Early March- Early April

120-140 DAS Mid -March- April

120-140 DAS Mid -Feb- Mid March

120-140 DAS Mid- Jan-Last March

120-140 DAS Mid -March- Early April

Irrigated

120-140 DAS Mid- March- Mid April

120-140 DAS Mid -March- Mid April

120-140 DAS Mid- March- Mid April

120-140 DAS Early March-Last April

120-140 DAS Mid -March- Mid April

Late Sown

120-130 Last March-Last April




120-130 DAS Last March-Last April

Cropping System

Chickpea+ Barley (4:2 row) Chickpea + Mustard (4-6:1 row)

Chickpea + Mustard (4:1) Chickpea+ Linseed, Chickpea + Safflower (4:1)

Chickpea + Safflower (2 : 1) & Chickpea+ Coriander (4:1 )

Chickpea + Mustard (4:2 and 6:2) Chickpea + Wheat (2:2)


Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Pigeonpea States





J& K, H.P., Uttrakhand NEH States (Sikkim, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Aru.Pradesh)

Sowing time Normal

2nd fortnight of May - 1st fortnight of June Summer: Mid-April-1st week of May

Early: 1st fortnight of June Late: 1st fortnight of July Rabi: Mid Sep.- Mid Oct.

Rainfed: 1st fortnight of July Irrigated: 2nd fortnight of June Rabi: Mid Sep.- Mid Oct.

Kharif: Onset of Monsoon/ 2nd fortnight of June Rabi: Mid Sep.- Mid Oct.

Early: Mid May-Mid July

Transplant (Bidar/Dharwad)

- - 1stfortnight of May-1stfortnight of June

1stfortnight of May-1stfortnight of June

-

Seed Rate & Spacing Normal

18-20 kg/ha; 45X15 cm

Early: 18-20 kg/ha,45X15cm Late - 12-15kg/ha ,60X10cm Rabi: 25-30 kg/ha;30X10 cm

Early:18-20kg/ha,45x15cm Late:15-18kg/ha;60X20cm Rabi: 25-30 kg/ha;30X10 cm

Early:15-18kg/ha;45x10cm Rabi:25-30kg/ha;30X10cm

Early:18-20 kg/ha,45X15cm

Transplant (Bidar/Dharwad)

Seed Rate- 2-5 kg/ha Spacing: Irrigated: 5ftX 3ft Rainfed 6ftX 3 ft (MP- Shahdol, Rewa, Maharashtra- Vidarbha and some parts of MH)

Seed Rate- 2-5 kg/ha Spacing: Irrigated: 5ftX 3ft Rainfed -6ftX 3 ft Karnataka- Gulbarga, Bijapur, Bidar, Dharwad etc. and some parts of AP, TN and Telangana)

Seed Treatment Fungicide Thiram @ 2gm +

Carbendazim @ 1gm or Thiram @3 gm or Trichoderma 5 gm / kg

Thiram @ 2gm + Carbendazim @ 1gm or Thiram @3 gm or Trichoderma 5 gm / kg





Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Insecticide

Thiamethoxam 70 W.P. @ 3 gm/Kg Seed





Rhizobium 10gm/kg 10gm/kg 10gm/kg 10gm/kg 10gm/kg Fertilizer (kg/ha) (Soil test based as Basal dose)

N:P:S: ZnSo4 15-20:40:20:25

N:P :S: ZnSo4 15-20:40:20:25

N : P : S 15:40:20

N: P: S 15:30:20

N:P:S: ZnSo4 15-20:40 : 20:25

Irrigation

One irrigation pod development stage if required (100-110 DAS)

Early – Pre-monsoon irrigation as per requirement Rabi – After 40 to 60 DAS & 100- 110 days if required




IC Operation (Nipping)

- - 1st at 40-45 DAS & 2nd at 55-60 DAS

1st at 40-45 DAS & 2nd at 55-60 DAS

-

Weed Management Manual Two hand weedings at 25

& 45 DAS Two hand weeding at

25 & 45 DAS Two hand weedings at 25 & 45 DAS

Two hand weedings at 25 & 45 DAS

Two hand weeding at 25 & 45 DAS

Chemical Application of Pre-emergence Pendimethalin /Alachlor/Metachlor @ 1 – 1.5 a.i. Kg/ha.

Application of Pre-emergence Pendimethalin /Alachlor/Metachlor @ 1 – 1.5 a.i. Kg/ha.




Maturity/Harvesting Kharif 190-200 DAS Oct.-Dec. 190-200 DAS Nov.-Jan. 175-190 DAS Oct.-Jan. 150-170 DAS Sep.-Oct. 200-230 DAS Oct.-Dec. Rabi - 240-260 DAS Jan.- Feb. 200-230 DAS Jan.- Feb. 200-230 DAS Jan.- Feb. - Summer 190-200 DAS Oct.-Nov. - - - - Dharwad - - 180-200 DAS May-June 180-200 DAS May-June - Cropping System

Pigeonpea-wheat sequential cropping Intercropping with Urdbean or Moongbean (1:1 row)

Early - Pigeonpea- wheat Late –Pigeonpea +Sorghum Moong/Urd/Sesame by pairing pigeonpea row at 40/80 cm & planting one row of intercrop

Pigeonpea+ Groundnut (4 :2 )Pigeonpea + Soybean ( 4: 2) Pigeonpea + Sorghum ( 2:1) Pigeonpea +Urdbean( 1:1)

Pigeonpea+ Sorghum (2:1) Pigeonpea + Groundnut (4: 2) Pigeonpea+Mung/Urdbean/ Cowpea (1:1)

Pigeonpea:Sorghum (1:1) Pigeonpea:Pearl millet (1:1) Pigeonpea+ Cauliflower/Capsicum


Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Mung/Urd States Punjab, Haryana, Delhi,

Rajasthan, West Uttar Pradesh, Plains of Uttrakhand





Sowing Time Kharif

1st fortnight of July/ Onset of monsoon

1st fortnight of July/ Onset of monsoon

2nd fortnight of June 2nd fortnight of June 1st week of July to 1st week of Aug.

Rabi

- - 2nd fortnight of Oct.- 2nd fortnight of Nov.

2nd fortnight of Oct.- 2nd fortnight of Nov.

-

Spring/ Summer 2nd fortnight of March - 1st week of April

2nd fortnight of March -1st week of April

2nd fortnight of March -1st week of April

Summer: 2nd fortnight of March -1st week of April Spring: 1st fortnight of Dec.

-

Seed rate & Spacing Kharif 15-20 kg/ha; 45X10 cm 15-20 kg/ha;45X10 cm 15-20 kg/ha;45X10 cm 15-20 kg/ha;45X10 cm 15-20 kg/ha;45X10 cm Rabi - - 25-30 kg/ha;30X10 cm, 25-30 kg/ha30X10 cm, - Spring/ Summer 30-35 kg/ha , 25X5 cm

20-25Kg/ ha ,45X10 cm 30-35 kg/ha , 25X5 cm 20-25Kg/ ha , 45X10 cm

30-35 kg/ha , 25X5 cm 20-25Kg/ ha , 45X10 cm

20-25 kg/ha; 30X10 cm

-

Seed Treatment Fungicide Thiram @ 2gm +

Carbendazim @ 1gm or Thiram @ 3 gm or Trichoderma 5 gm / kg

Thiram @ 2gm + Carbendazim @ 1gm or Thiram @ 3 gm or Trichoderma 5 gm / kg




Insecticide






Rhizobium Rhizobium@5gm/kg seed Rhizobium @5gm/kg seed Rhizobium @5gm/kg seed Rhizobium@5gm/kg seed Rhizobium@5gm/kg seed


Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Fertilizer (kg/ha) (Soil test based applied as basal dose) Kharif

N:P:K:S 10:40:20:20 as (Basal) Mo (Na-Molybdate) @ 3.5g for seed treatment

N:P:K:S 10:40:20:20 as (Basal) Mo (Na- Molybdate) @ 3.5g for seed treatment

N:P:K:S 10:30-40: 20 :20 as (Basal) Mo (Na-Molybdate) @ 3.5g for seed treatment

N:P:K:S 15-20:30-40 : 20 :20 as (Basal) Mo (Na-Molybdate) @ 3.5g for seed treatment

N:P:K:S 10 : 40 : 20 : 20 as (Basal) Mo (Na-Molybdate) @ 3.5g for seed treatment

Rabi

- - N:P:K:S 20-25:30-40:20:20

N:P:K:S 20-25:30-40:20:20

-

Spring/Summer N:P:K:S- 10:30:20:20 N:P:K:S- 20:30:20:20 N:P:K:S- 20:30:20:20 N:P:K:S 20-25:30-40:20:20

-

Irrigation Rabi

- - As per requirement of crop in absence of rain

As per requirement of crop in absence of rain

-

(Spring/Summer) 1st at 25 DAS subsequent as per requirement

1st at 25 DAS subsequent as per requirement



-

Weed Managment Manual One hand weeding at 30

DAS One hand weeding at 30 DAS

One hand weeding at 30 DAS



Chemical Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75-1Kg/ha.

Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75-1Kg/ha.




Maturity/Harvesting Kharif 70-90 DAS; Sep.-Oct. 70-90 DAS; Sep.-Oct. 75-85; Sep.-Oct. 70-90 DAS; Sep.-Oct. 65-85 DAS; Sep.-Oct.

Rabi - - 75-85 DAS; Jan-Feb 75-85 DAS; Jan-Feb - (Spring/Summer) 70-90 DAS; May-June 70-90 DAS; May-June 70-90 DAS; May-June 70-90 DAS; May-June

70-90 DAS; Mar.-April -

Cropping System

Intercropping of Moong bean /Urdbean with summer planted – sugarcane (2:1) and Sunflower (6:2 row ratio)

Intercropping of Moong bean /Urdbean with summer planted – sugarcane (2:1) and Sunflower (6:2 row ratio)

Intercropping of Moong bean /Urdbean with summer planted Sunflower (6:2 row ratio)

Rice – Rice-Greengram/ Blackgram Mungbean/Urdbean+ Sugarcane(2:1)

Intercropping of Moong bean /Urdbean with summer planted – sugarcane (2:1) and Sunflower (6:2 row ratio) Moong/Urd: Capsicum


Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Lentil States Punjab, Haryana, Delhi,





J& K, H.P., Uttrakhand NEH States (Sikkim, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Aru. Pradesh)

Sowing time

2nd fortnight of Oct. to 1st fortnight Nov.

2nd fortnight of Oct. to 1st fortnight Nov.

1st fortnight of Oct. - 1st week of Nov.- 1st week of Dec.

Seed Rate & Spacing Small 40-45 kg/ha;30x5 cm 40-45 kg/ha;30x5 cm 45-50 kg;30 x 5 cm - 40-45 kg/ha; 30x5 cm Bold 50-60 kg/ha; 20X5cm 50-60 kg/ha; 20X5cm 50-60 kg/ha; 20X5cm - 50-60 kg/ha; 20X5cm

Utera - - Utera sowing 50-60 kg - -

Seed Treatment Fungicide




- Thiram @ 2gm + Carbendazim @ 1gm or Thiram @3 gm or Trichoderma 5 gm / kg

Insecticide

Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @8 ml/Kg of seed


Chlorpyriphos 20E.C. @8 ml/Kg of seed

- Chlorpyriphos 20EC @8 ml/Kg of seed

Rhizobium Rhizobium + PSB, one packet each for 10 kg seed

Rhizobium + PSB, one packet each for 10 kg seed

Rhizobium + PSB, one packet each for 10 kg seed

- Rhizobium + PSB, one packet each for 10 kg seed

Fertilizer (kg/ha) (Soil test based applied as Basal dose) N:P:K:S

20:30-40:20:20 N:P:K:S 20:30-40:20:20

N:P:K:S 15-20:30-40: 20 :20

- N:P:K:S 20:30-40:20: 20

Weed Management

Manual

One hand weedings at 30 DAS



- One hand weedings at 30 DAS

Chemical

Pre- emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75-1.0 Kg/ha.

Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75-1.0 Kg/ha.

Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75-1.0 Kg/ha.

- Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75-1.0 Kg/ha.


Zone/States

Crop NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Lentil Continued Maturity/ Harvesting

120-140 DAS March-April



- 120-140 DAS March-April

Cropping System

Inter cropping with barely, rape / mustard (2:2) Inter cropping with autumn sugarcane (2:1).

Rice- lentil sequential cropping in Northern Bihar

Rice-lentil Utera cropping in Chhattisgarh. Intercrop with Linseed, Barley and Mustard

-

Inter cropping with barely, rape & mustard (2:1) Lentil + Vegetable crops intercropping

Fieldpea States Punjab, Haryana, Delhi,






Sowing time Third week of Oct. – Ist week of Nov.

Third week of Oct. – Ist week of Nov.

Third week of Oct. – Ist week of Nov.

2nd week of Oct- 2nd week of Dec

Third week of Oct. – Ist week of Nov

Seed rate & spacing Tall 60-70 kg; 30x10 cm 60-70 kg; 30x10 cm 60-70 kg; 30x10 cm 60-70 kg; 30x10 cm 60-70 kg; 30x10 cm

Dwarf 80-100kg; 22X10 cm 80-100kg:22X10 cm 80-100kg; 22X10 cm 80 -90 kg/ha; 22X10 cm 80-100kg; 22X10 cm Seed Treatment Fungicide






Insecticide






Rhizobium Rhizobium culture 10gm/Kg

Rhizobium culture 10gm/Kg




Fert. Dose (kg/ha) (Soil test based

applied as Basal)

N:P:K:S 20-40:60:20:20

N:P:K:S 20-40:60:20:20

N:P:K:S 20-40 : 60:20:20

N:P:K:S 20-40 : 60:20:20 N:P:K:S 20-40:60:20:20


Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Weed management Manual






Chemical Pendimethalin @1 kg a.i. as pre-emergence

Pendimethalin @1 kg a.i. as pre-emergence




Maturity/ Harvesting



130-150 DAS Mid Feb- Mid- March

120-140 DAS Feb- March

120-140 DAS Feb- March

Cropping System

Sequential cropping after rice, maize or pearl millet

Wheat-Pea Sorghum/soybean/Pearl millet – pea

- Sequential cropping after rice, maize or pearl millet Field pea- Vegetable crops

Lathyrus Sowing time Rabi - Last week Oct. to early

Nov. Last week Oct. to early

Nov. - Last week Oct. to early

Nov. Utera - - Last week of Sep to First

week to Oct - -

Seed Rate /Spacing Line Sowing - 40-60 kg/ha

(30X10 cm) 40-60 kg/ha (30X10 cm)

- 40-60 kg/ha (30X10 cm)

Utera(Broadcast) - 70-80 Kg/ha 70-80 Kg/ha - 70-80 Kg/ha Seed Treatment

Fungicide




Insecticide

- Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @8 ml/kg of seed

Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @8 ml/kg of seed

- Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @8 ml/kg of seed

Rhizobium - Rhizobium culture 10gm/kg.

Rhizobium culture 10gm/kg.

- Rhizobium culture 10gm/kg.


Zone/States

Crop NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Lathyrus Continued Fertilizer (kg/ha)

(Soil test based applied as basal)

- N:P:K:S 0:40-60:0:0

N:P:K:S 0:40-60:0:0

- N:P:K:S 0:40-60:0:0

Irrigation One irrigation (60-70 DAS)

One irrigation (60-70 DAS)

- One irrigation (60-70 DAS)

Weed Management Manual (if soil condition permits)

- one hand weedings at 30 – 35 DAS

one hand weedings at 30 -35 DAS

- one hand weedings at 30 -35 DAS

Chemical -. Application of Pendimethalin as pre-emergence stage @ 1 – 1.5 kg a.i./ha

Application of Pendimethalin as pre-emergence stage @ 1 – 1.5 kg a.i./ha

- Application of Pendimethalin as pre-emergence stage @ 1 – 1.5 kg a.i./ha.


- 110-120 DAS 95-100 DAS - 110-120 DAS

Cropping System

- - Can be grown with Rice as relay/ Utera

- -

Horsegram States Punjab, Haryana, Delhi,






Sowing Time Kharif Last June - last July - - - Last June – last July

Rabi - Last Oct.- early Nov. Ist fortnight of Sep. -early Oct.

Ist fortnight of Sep. -early Oct.

-

Seed Rate /Spacing Line Sowing 22-30 Kg/ha

40-45X25-30 cm 22-30 Kg/ha

40-45X25-30 cm 22-30 Kg/ha

40-45X25-30 cm 22-30 Kg/ha

40-45X25-30 cm 22-30 Kg/ha

40-45X25-30 cm Broadcast 40-50 kg/ha 40-50 kg/ha 40-50 kg/ha 40-50 kg/ha 40-50 kg/ha


Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ


Bavistin@ 2g/kg or Trichoderma @ 4g/kg

of Seed


of Seed

Bavistin@ 2g/kg or Trichoderma @ 4g/kg of

Seed


of Seed

Bavistin@ 2g/kg or Trichoderma @ 4g/kg of

Seed Insecticide

Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 8 ml/kg of seed

Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @8 ml/kg of seed

Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 8 ml/kg of seed

Chlorpyriphos 20 EC@ 8 ml/kg seed

Chlorpyriphos 20EC @ 8 ml/kg of seed

Rhizobium Rhizobium culture 10gm/Kg.

Rhizobium culture 10gm/Kg.




Fertilizer (kg/ha) (Soil test based applied as basal)

N:P:K:S 10:20:0:0

N:P:K:S 10:20:0:0

N:P:K:S 10:20:0:0

N:P:K:S 10:20:0:0

N:P:K:S 10:20:0:0

Irrigation Grown as rainfed Grown as rainfed Grown as rainfed Grown as rainfed Grown as rainfed Weed Management Manual one hand weedings at

20-25 DAS one hand weedings at



20-25 DAS one hand weedings at 20-

25 DAS Chemical

Application of Fluchloralin at pre-

emergence stage @ 2 ml/l of water









Maturity/ Harvesting 80-100 DAS Sep.-Oct.

80-100 DAS Jan.-Feb.

80-100 DAS Dec.-Jan.

80-100 DAS Dec.-Jan.

80-100 DAS Sep.-Oct.


Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Ricebean

States






Sowing time Kharif (Grain Purpose)

2nd fortnight of August - - - 2nd fortnight of August

Rabi (Fodder Purpose)

Upto September - - - Upto September

Seed Rate Grain Purpose

40-50 kg/ha; 45-60X5-10cm - - - 40-50 kg/ha 45-60X510cm

Fodder 60-75 kg/ha; 45-60X5-10cm

- - - 60-75 kg/ha; 45-60X5-10cm



of Seed

- - - Bavistin@ 2g/kg or Trichoderma @ 4g/kg of Seed

Insecticide


- - Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @8 ml/Kg of seed


- - - Rhizobium culture 10gm/Kg.

Fertilizer(kg/ha) (Soil test based applied as basal)

Grown on residual soil fertility.

- - - Grown on residual soil fertility.

Irrigation Grown as rainfed - - - Grown as rainfed Weed Manag. Manual

One hoeing @ 30 DAS is enough

- - - One hoeing @ 30 DAS is enough


Kharif: 120-130 DAS Dec-Jan; Rabi: Jan-Feb

- - - Kharif: 120-130 DAS Dec-Jan; Rabi: Jan-Feb

Cropping System

- - - - Mixed with Jute, Maize, Finger millets


Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Mothbean

States






Sowing time 2nd fortnight of July - 2nd fortnight of July - -

Seed Rate

10-15 kg/ha 30-60-40X15cm - 10-15 kg/ha

30-60-40X15cm - -


Bavistin@ 2g/kg or Trichoderma @ 4g/Kg

of Seed

- Bavistin@ 2g/kg or Trichoderma @ 4g/Kg

of Seed

- -

Insecticide


- Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @8 ml./Kg of seed

- -


- Rhizobium culture 10gm/Kg.

- -

Fertilizer (kg/ha) N:P:K 10:40:0

- N:P:K 10:40:0

- -

Irrigation As per requirement - As per requirement - - Weed Management Manual One hoeing at 30 DAS - One hoeing at 30 DAS - - Chemical Pre Plant incorporation

of fluchloralin (Basalin) @ 0.5 to 1 kg a.i./ha

- Pre Plant incorporation of fluchloralin (Basalin) @ 0.5 to 1 kg a.i./ha

- -


120-130 DAS Nov.-Dec.

- 120-130 DAS Nov.-Dec.

- -

Cropping System

Mothbean+Pearlmillet (2:1)

- Mothbean+Pearlmillet (2:1)

- -


Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Rajmash

States






Sowing time Kharif - - - - last week June to first week of

July Rabi

2nd fortnight of October

2nd fortnight of October

2nd fortnight of October 2nd fortnight of October

-

Spring - - - - Spring (Lower hills) 2nd fortnight of March

Seed Rate Kharif - - - - 100-125 kg/ha

45-50X8-10 cm Rabi/Spring

100-125 kg/ha Rainfed:40cmx10 cm Irrigated: 30cmx10cm

100-125 kg/ha Rainfed: 40cmx10cm Irrigated:30cm x10cm

100-125 kg/ha Rainfed: 40 cmx10 cm Irrigated: 30cmx 10cm

100-125 kg/ha Rainfed: 40 cmx10cm Irrigated:30cmx10cm

100-125 kg/ha Rainfed: 40 cmx 10cm Irrigated: 30 cm x 10cm


Bavistin@ 2g/kg or Trichoderma @ 4g/Kg of Seed





Insecticide

Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 8 ml/Kg of seed










Fertilizer(kg/ha) (Soil test based applied as basal)

N:P:K 90-120:60-80:0

N:P:K 90-120:60-80:0

N:P:K 90-120:60-80:0

N:P:K 90-120:60-80:0

N:P:K 90-120:60-80:0

Irrigation

25 DAS followed by irrigation at 75 DAS. 2 to 3 irrigation as per requirement






Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Rajmash Continued Weed Management Manual

One hand weeding at 30-35 DAS





Chemical Pendimethalin @ 1 to 0.75-1 kg a.i./ha in 500-

600 liters as pre-emergence

Pendimethalin @ 1 to 0.75-1 kg a.i./ha in 500-




Pendimethalin @ 1 to 0.75-1 kg a.i./ha in

500-600 liters as pre-emergence

Pendimethalin @ 1 to 0.75-1 kg a.i./ha in 500-600 liters as pre-

emergence

Maturity/ Harvesting Kharif

- - - - 80-120 DAS Nov.-Dec.

Rabi

80-120 DAS Feb.-March




-

Spring - - - - 80-120 DAS Aug.-Sep.

Cropping System

- - - - Early Potato-Rajmash (2:2 or 2:3)


Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Cowpea

States






Sowing time Kharif

Early June - End of July

Early June - End of July

Early June - End of July - -

Rabi

- - - 1st fortnight of Oct.-1st fortnight of Nov.

-

Summer - - - - Grain Purpose: 2nd to 4th week of March Fodder purpose: February Green Manuring: April- May

Seed Rate Pure crop 20-25 Kg/ha 20-25 Kg/ha 20-25 Kg/ha 20-25 Kg/ha 20-25 Kg/ha Fodder/Green Manure 30-35 Kg/ha 30-35 Kg/ha 30-35 Kg/ha 30-35 Kg/ha 30-35 Kg/ha

Spacing Bushy 35X10 cm 35X10 cm 35X10 cm 35X10 cm 35X10 cm

Spreading 45X15 cm 45X15 cm 45X15 cm 45X15 cm 45X15 cm Seed Treatment Fungicide






Insecticide












Zone/States Crop

NWPZ NEPZ CZ SZ NHZ

Cowpea Continued Fertilizer (kg/ha)

(Soil test based applied as basal)

N:P:K 15-20:50-60:10-20

N:P:K 15-20:50-60:10-20

N:P:K 15-20:50-60:10-20

N:P:K 15-20:50-60:10-20

N:P:K 15-20:50-60:10-20

Irrigation As per requirement As per requirement As per requirement As per requirement As per requirement Weed Management Manual

One hand weeding at

20-30 DAS One hand weeding at

20-30 DAS One hand weeding at 20-

30 DAS One hand weeding at

20-30 DAS One hand weeding at 20-30 DAS

Chemical Pendimethalin @ 1 to 0.75-1 kg a.i./ha in 500-






Pendimethalin @ 1 to 0.75-1 kg a.i./ha in

500-600 liters as pre-emergence

Pendimethalin @ 1 to 0.75-1 kg a.i./ha in 500-600 liters as pre-

emergence

Maturity/ Harvesting Kharif 90-100 DAS

Oct.-Nov. 145-150 DAS

Oct.-Nov. 65-85 DAS Sep.-Oct.

-

-

Rabi - - - 80-120 DAS Dec.-Jan.

-

Summer - - - - Grain Purpose: 85-105 DAS (May-June) Fodder Purpose: 90-110 DAS (April-May) Green Manure: 90-120 (Sep.-Oct.)

Cropping System

Sorghum+ Cowpea (1:1)

- Pigeonpea+ Cowpea (1:1)

Maize+ Cowpea (1:1) Sorghum+Cowpea (1:1)


ANNEXURE-IV INPUT USE TABLE: READY RECKONER

Sl.No. Inputs Amount i. Rhizobium & PSB One packet each (Urd, Moong, Cowpea, Moth and

Pigeonpea) Two packet each (Lentil, Lathyrus & Horsegram) 3-4 packet each (Gram-Pea) 3-4 packet of PSB (Rajmash)

ii. Fungicide for seed treatment. (Carbendazim or vitavex 50% WP) or Microbial (Trichoderma viridae)

12-16 g (Urd, Moong, Cowpea, Moth) 60-80 g (Gram, Pea, Lathyrus) 40-45 g (Lentil, Horsegram) 25-35 g (Urd, Moong, Cowpea, Moth & Pigeonpea) 70-100 g Lentil, Lathyrus, Horsegram 100-150 g Gram, Pea & Rajmash

iii. Fertilizer (DAP) Gypsum

40 kg for Urd, Moong, Cowpea, Moth, Lentil 40-60 kg Pea, Gram, Pigeonpea (High amount for late sown crop) 50 kg (1 bag) DAP+50 kg Urea - Rajmash 40-50 kg

iv. Herbicides (Pendimethalin 30 EC PE) Lasso/Alachlor 50 ECPE

1.3 to 2 kg commercial product depending on soil type and weed intensity 750 g commercial product depending on soil type and weed intensity

v. Insecticidal spray Indoxacarb 15.8% EC

300-400 ml in 500-1000 liters of water per spray for all pulse most critical spray at flowering.


ANNEXURE- V SPECIFIC STANDARDS PRESCRIBED FOR CERTIFICATION AT FIELD STAGE FOR PULSES

Sl No Crop Minimum number of inspection

Isolation distance in

meter

Off type plants/ earheads

Inseparable other crop

plant

Objectionable weed plant

Plant affected by seed borne

diseases

Remarks

FS CS FS CS FS CS FS CS FS CS 1 Black gram Bengal

gram Horse gram 2 10 5 0.1 0.2 - - - - - - -

2. Green gram 2 10 5 0.1 0.2 Halo blight 3. Cowpea

fresh bean 2 10 5 0.1 0.2 - - - - 0.1 0.2 Disease for cowpea Aschochyta

stem blight and Anthracnose Aschochyta blight & Cowpea mosaic for French bean bacterial blight Anthracnose, As chochyta blight & bean mosaic

4. Moth bean 2 10 5 0.1 0.2 - - - - - - - 5. Lentil 2 10 5 0.1 0.2 - - - - - - - 6. Peas 3 10 5 0.1 0.2 - - - - - - - 7. .

Pigeon pea 2 250 100 0.1 0.2 - - - - - - -

8 Rice bean 2 50 20 0.1 0.2 - - - - - - -


ANNEXURE- VI SEED STANDARD

Crop Pure seed(Min)

Innert matter(max)

Other crop seed(max)

Total weed seed(max)

Objectiona-ble weed seed (max)

Germination (min)

Moisture ordinary container

Maximum vapour proof container

Other distinguishable varieties (ODV)

F C F C F C F C F C F C F C F C F C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Blackgram/ green gram

98.0 98.0 2.0 2.0 5/ Kg 10/Kg 5/ Kg 10/ kg - - 75 75 9.0 9.0 08 08 10/ kg 20/ kg

Cowpea 98.0 98.0 2.0 2.0 none 10/Kg none 10/ kg - - 75 75 9.0 9.0 08 08 5/ kg 10/ kg French bean 98.0 98.0 2.0 2.0 none none none 10/ kg - - 75 75 9.0 9.0 07 07 5/ kg 10/ kg Gram 98.0 98.0 2.0 2.0 none 5 /Kg none none - - 85 85 9.0 9.0 08 08 5/kg 10/ kg Horsegram 98.0 98.0 2.0 2.0 none 10/Kg none none - - 80 80 9.0 9.0 08 08 5/kg 10/ kg Lentil/Khesari 98.0 98.0 2.0 2.0 5/ kg 10/Kg 10/kg 20/ kg - - 75 75 9.0 9.0 08 08 10/ kg 20/ kg Redgram 98.0 98.0 2.0 2.0 5/ kg 10/Kg 5/kg 10/ kg - - 75 75 9.0 9.0 08 08 10/ kg 20/ kg

F-Foundation Seed, C-Certified seed.


ANNEXURE– VII

LIST OF ORGANIZATION INVOLVED IN PULSES RESEARCH – INTERNATIONAL/ NATIONAL

INTERNATIONAL FAO - Food and Agricultural Organization

FAO Representative: KHADKA, MR SHYAM BAHADUR e-mail: [email protected] site: www.fao.org/india

CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

CGIAR System Organization Mailing address, CGIAR System Management Office 1000, Avenue Agropolis, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5 Phone Tel. + 33 4 67 04 7575; E-mail contact (at) cgiar (dot) org; Fax+33 4 67 04 75 83

ICRISAT - International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

Patancheru Hyderabad-502324 Telangana Email [email protected]; Phone +91 40 30713071; Fax +91 40 30713071

IRRI - International Rice Research Institute

International Rice Research Institute ; India Office, First Floor, CG-Block, NASC Complex, Dev Prakash Shastri Marg, Pusa Campus; New Delhi - 110 012 INDIA Tel:+91-011-66763000

IWMI - International Water Management Institute

2nd Floor, CG Block C, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, Pusa, Opp Todapur, New Delhi 110 012, India Tel: +91 11 25843536, 25840812 & 65976151; Fax: +91 11 25840811 Email: [email protected]

NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRES ICAR-NCIPM ICAR-National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management

Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, Ph.: 011-25843936, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

ICAR- CRIDA Central Research Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad , Santoshnagar, Hyderabad - 500 059 Phone : +91 -040 24532243, 24530161 E-mail : [email protected] Web : http://www.crida.in orhttp://crida.in

ICAR- Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun

ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, 218, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun-248 195 (Uttarakhand) Tel. : 91-135-2758564; Fax: 91-135-2754213, 2755386 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Website: www.cswcrtiweb.org

ICAR-IGFRI Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi - 284003, India Email: [email protected] , [email protected] Phone: 0510-2730666 Fax: 0510-2730833


INTERNATIONAL ICAR-IISS Indian Institute of Soil Sciences, BhopalNabibagh, Berasia Road,

Bhopal - 462038 Madhya Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected] , [email protected] Phone: (Off.) 0755-2730946 Fax: 0755-2733310

ICAR-NIBSM National Institute of Biotic Stresses Management Baronda, Raipur 493 225, Chhattishgarh, India, Directors office, Fax No. (0771) 2225351; Telephone No. (0771) 2225352Office Telephone No. (0771) 2225333

ICAR-NIASM National Institute of A biotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Maharashtra Malegaon-Karhavagaj Road, Khurd, Baramati, Maharashtra 413115 Phone: 02112 254 057

ICAR - IIFSR ICAR- Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, ModipuramModipuram Meerut, Email [email protected] Phone : 0121-2888711

ICAR-IIOR Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500 030, Ph: 040-24598444, 24016141 Fax : 040-24017969, Email : [email protected]

ICAR- IIWM ICAR-Indian Institute Of Water Management Opp. Rail Vihar, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar - 751023, 0674-2300010/2300016, FAX 0674-2301651 EMAIL [email protected]

ICAR- CIWA Central Institute for Women in Agriculture, Plot No. 50-51, Mouza - Jokalandi, P.O. - Baramunda,, Bhubaneswar - 751003, Odisha, India E-mail : [email protected] Phone No : (0674)-2386940, 2386241, Fax : (0674) 2386242

ICAR-IISR Indian Institute of Seed Science, Mau-275103, Uttar Pradesh, India Phone: (+91) (0547) 2530326, Fax: (+91) (0547) 2530325 Email: [email protected], [email protected]

ICAR-CAZRI, Jodhpur

Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Near Industrial Training Institute (ITI), Light Industrial Area, Jodhpur - 342 003 (Rajasthan) Telephone : +91 291 2786584, Fax : +91 291 2788706

ICAR-C I A E, Bhopal

Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal - 462038 (Madhya Pradesh) INDIA Director: 91-755-2737191 E-mail: [email protected]

ICAR-CIPHET Central Institute on Post harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana, P.O. PAU LUDHIANA (PUNJAB) , -141004 Off. Phone: 0161-2313101 Fax: 0161-2308670; Email: [email protected]@gmail.com


INTERNATIONAL FAO - Food and Agricultural Organization

FAO Representative: KHADKA, MR SHYAM BAHADUR e-mail: [email protected] site: www.fao.org/india

CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

CGIAR System Organization; Mailing address, CGIAR System Management Office 1000, Avenue Agropolis, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5 Phone Tel. + 33 4 67 04 7575; E-mail contact (at) cgiar (dot) org; Fax+33 4 67 04 75 83

ICRISAT - International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

Patancheru Hyderabad-502324 Telangana Email [email protected]; Phone +91 40 30713071; Fax +91 40 30713071

IRRI - International Rice Research Institute

International Rice Research Institute ; India Office, First Floor, CG-Block, NASC Complex, Dev Prakash Shastri Marg, Pusa Campus; New Delhi - 110 012 INDIA Tel:+91-011-66763000

IWMI - International Water Management Institute

2nd Floor, CG Block C, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, Pusa, Opp Todapur, New Delhi 110 012, India Tel: +91 11 25843536, 25840812 & 65976151; Fax: +91 11 25840811 Email: [email protected]

NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRES ICAR-NCIPM ICAR-National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management

Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, Ph.: 011-25843936, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

ICAR- CRIDA Central Research Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad , Santoshnagar, Hyderabad - 500 059 Phone : +91 -040 24532243, 24530161 E-mail : [email protected] Web : http://www.crida.in orhttp://crida.in

ICAR- Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun

ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, 218, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun-248 195 (Uttarakhand) Tel. : 91-135-2758564; Fax: 91-135-2754213, 2755386 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Website: www.cswcrtiweb.org

ICAR-IGFRI Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi - 284003, India Email: [email protected] , [email protected] Phone: 0510-2730666 Fax: 0510-2730833


NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRES ICAR-IISS Indian Institute of Soil Sciences, BhopalNabibagh, Berasia Road,

Bhopal - 462038 Madhya Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected] , [email protected] Phone: (Off.) 0755-2730946 Fax: 0755-2733310

ICAR-NIBSM National Institute of Biotic Stresses Management Baronda, Raipur 493 225, Chhattishgarh, India, Directors office, Fax No. (0771) 2225351; Telephone No. (0771) 2225352Office Telephone No. (0771) 2225333

ICAR-NIASM National Institute of A biotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Maharashtra Malegaon-Karhavagaj Road, Khurd, Baramati, Maharashtra 413115 Phone: 02112 254 057

ICAR - IIFSR ICAR- Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, ModipuramModipuram Meerut, Email [email protected] Phone : 0121-2888711

ICAR-IIOR Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500 030, Ph: 040-24598444, 24016141 Fax : 040-24017969, Email : [email protected]

ICAR- IIWM ICAR-Indian Institute Of Water Management Opp. Rail Vihar, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar - 751023, 0674-2300010/2300016, Fax 0674-2301651; Email [email protected]

ICAR- CIWA Central Institute for Women in Agriculture, Plot No. 50-51, Mouza - Jokalandi, P.O. - Baramunda,, Bhubaneswar - 751003, Odisha, India ; E-mail : [email protected] Phone No : (0674)-2386940, 2386241, Fax : (0674) 2386242

ICAR-IISR Indian Institute of Seed Science, Mau-275103, Uttar Pradesh, India Phone: (+91) (0547) 2530326, Fax: (+91) (0547) 2530325 Email: [email protected], [email protected]

ICAR-CAZRI, Jodhpur Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Near Industrial Training Institute (ITI), Light Industrial Area, Jodhpur - 342 003 (Rajasthan) Telephone : +91 291 2786584, Fax : +91 291 2788706

ICAR-C I A E, Bhopal Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Nabi Bagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal - 462038 (Madhya Pradesh) INDIA Director: 91-755-2737191; E-mail: [email protected]

ICAR-CIPHET Central Institute on Post harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana, P.O. PAU LUDHIANA (PUNJAB) , -141004 Off. Phone: 0161-2313101 Fax: 0161-2308670 Email: [email protected]@gmail.com


CENTRAL AND STATE AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITIES CONTACT LIST

S. No. Name, email & website Address 1 Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University

Website: http://www.angrau.net ; Email: [email protected], raghuvardhanreddy_ Administrative Office, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad-500030, Andhra Pradesh

2 Agriculture University Jodhpur Website: http://www.au-ju.org ; Email: [email protected]

Mandor, Jodhpur-342304

3 Agriculture University Kota ; Website: http://aukota.org ; Email: [email protected] Borkhera, Kota-324001 4 Anand Agricultural University

Website: http://www.aau.in ; Email: [email protected], [email protected] Anand 388110, Gujarat

5 Assam Agricultural University Website: http://www.aau.ac.in;Email:[email protected], [email protected]

Jorhat 785013, Assam

6 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Website: http://www.bckv.edu.in;Email:[email protected],[email protected]

Mohanpur, Nadia-741252, West Bengal

7 Bihar Agricultural University ; Website: http://www.bausabour.ac.in Email: [email protected] Sabour,Bhagalpur 813210, Bihar 8 Birsa Agricultural University

Website: http://www.baujharkhand.org; Email: [email protected] Kanke, Ranchi-834006, Jharkhand

9 Central Agricultural University Website: http://www.cau.org.in Email:[email protected],

P.O. Box 23, Imphal-795004, Manipur

10 Chandra Shekar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology Website: http://www.csauk.ac.in; Email: [email protected]

Kanpur-208002, Uttar Pradesh

11 Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Website: http://www.hau.ernet.in; Email: [email protected]

Hisar-125004, Haryana

12 CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya Website: http://www.hillagric.ac.in ; Email: [email protected]

Palampur-176062, Himachal Pradesh

13 Dr Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Website: www.dbskkv.org ; Email: [email protected]

Dapoli Distt, Ratnagiri 415 712, Maharashtra

12 Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth Website: http://www.pdkv.ac.in ; Email: [email protected]

Krishinagar,Akola-444104, Maharashtra

13 Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Website: http://www.gbpuat.ac.in Email: [email protected]

Pantnagar-263145,Distt Udham Singh , Nagar , Uttaranchal

14 Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Website: www.igau.edu.in Email: [email protected]

Krishak Nagar, Raipur-492006, Chhattisgarh

15 Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Viswavidyalaya Website: http://www.jnkvv.nic.in Email: [email protected]

Krishi Nagar, Adhartal Jabalpur-482004, Madhya Pradesh

16 Junagadh Agricultural University;Website: http://www.jau.in; Email: [email protected] Univ. Bhavan,Motibagh; Junagadh-362001, Gujarat


S. No. Name, email & website Address 17 Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth

Website: http://www.pdkv.ac.in Email: [email protected] Krishinagar,Akola-444104, Maharashtra

18 Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Website: http://www.gbpuat.ac.in Email: [email protected]

Pantnagar-263145,Distt Udham Singh , Nagar , Uttaranchal

19 Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Website: www.igau.edu.in ; Email: [email protected]

Krishak Nagar, Raipur-492006, Chhattisgarh

20 Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Viswavidyalaya Website: http://www.jnkvv.nic.in; Email: [email protected]

Krishi Nagar, Adhartal Jabalpur-482004, Madhya Pradesh

21 Junagadh Agricultural University Website: http://www.jau.in ; Email: [email protected]

Univ. Bhavan, Motibagh Junagadh-362001, Gujarat

22 Kerala Agricultural University Website: http://www.kau.edu Email: [email protected] , [email protected]

Vellanikara, Trichur 680656, Kerala

23 Maharana Pratap Univ. of Agriculture & Technology Website: http://www.mpuat.ac.in ; Email: [email protected]

Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001

24 Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth Website: http://mpkv.mah.nic.in ; Email: [email protected]

Rahuri-413722, Maharashtra

25 Manyavar Shri Kanshiram Ji University of Agriculture and Technology Website: http://www.mskjuat.edu.in/; Email: [email protected]

Banda - 210001, Uttar Pradesh

26 Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology Website: http://www.nduat.ernet.in; Email: [email protected]

Kumarganj, Faizabad -224229, Uttar Pradesh

27 Navsari Agricultural University Website: http://www.nau.in ; Email: [email protected]

Navsari-396450 Gujarat

28 Orissa Univ. of Agriculture & Technology Website: http://www.ouat.ac.in ; Email: [email protected] ,

Bhubaneshwar-751003, Orissa

29 Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University Website: www.pjtsau.ac.in ; Email: [email protected]

Admn. Office: Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030

30 Punjab Agricultural University Website: http://www.pau.edu ; Email: [email protected]

Ludhiana-141004, Punjab

31 Rajendra Agricultural University Website: http://www.pusavarsity.org.in ; Email: : [email protected]

Pusa, Samastipur 848125, Bihar

32 Rajmata Vijayraje Sciendia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Website: http://www.rvskvv.nic.in ; Email: [email protected]

Race Cource Road, Gwalior 474002 Madhya Pradesh

33 Rani Laxmi Bai Central Agricultural University Website: http://www.rlbcau.ac.in ; Email: : [email protected]

Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh


Name, email & website Address 34 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology

Website: http://www.svbpmeerut.ac.in ; Email: [email protected] Modipuram, Meerut - 250110 Uttar Pradesh

35 Sardarkrushinagar-Dantiwada Agricultural University Website: http://www.sdau.edu.in ; Email: [email protected]

Sardar Krushinagar, Distt Banaskantha, Gujarat-385506

36 Sher-E-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences & Technology Website: http://www.skuast.org; Email: [email protected]

Railway Road, Jammu 18009, J&K

37 Sher-E-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir Website: http://www.skuastkashmir.ac.in Email: [email protected] , [email protected]

Shalimar Campus, Shrinagar-191121, Jammu & Kashmir

38 Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University Website: http://sknau.ac.in Email: [email protected] , [email protected]

Jobner-303329, Jaipur(RAJ.)

39 Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University Website: http://www.raubikaner.org; Email: [email protected]

Bikaner-334006,Rajasthan

40 Tamil Na Agricultural University Website: http://www.tnau.ac.in ; Email: [email protected]

Coimbatore-641003, Tamil Nadu

41 Punjab Agricultural University Website: http://www.pau.edu ; Email: [email protected]

Ludhiana-141004, Punjab

42 Rajendra Agricultural University Website: http://www.pusavarsity.org.in; Email: : [email protected]

Pusa, Samastipur 848125, Bihar

43 Rajmata Vijayraje Sciendia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Website: http://www.rvskvv.nic.in ; Email: [email protected]

Race Cource Road, Gwalior 474002 Madhya Pradesh

44 Rani Laxmi Bai Central Agricultural University Website: http://www.rlbcau.ac.in ; Email: [email protected]

Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh

45 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology Website: http://www.svbpmeerut.ac.in ; Email: [email protected]

Modipuram, Meerut - 250110 Uttar Pradesh

46 Sardarkrushinagar-Dantiwada Agricultural University Website: http://www.sdau.edu.in ; Email: [email protected] Sardar Krushinagar, Distt Banaskantha, Gujarat-385506

47 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Website: http://www.tnau.ac.in ; Email: [email protected]

Coimbatore-641003, Tamil Nadu

48 University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore Website: http://www.uasbangalore.edu.in ; Email: [email protected] , [email protected]

GKVK,Bengaluru-560065, Karnataka

49 University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad Website: http://www.uasd.edu ; Email: [email protected]

Dharwad-580005, Karnataka

50 University of Agricultural Sciences, Shimoga Website: http://www.uasbangalore.edu.in/asp/agriShimoga.asp

Shimoga, Karnataka


Name, email & website Address 51 University of Agricultural Sciences

Website: http://www.uasraichur.edu.in; Email: [email protected] PB 329, Raichur – 584101 Karnataka

52 Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya Website: http://www.ubkv.ac.in;Email:[email protected],[email protected]

P.O. Pundibari, Dist. Coach Bihar-736165,West Bengal

53 Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University Website: http://www.mkv2.mah.nic.in Email: [email protected]

Parbhani-431402, Maharashtra


ANNEXURE-VIII

LIST OF BIO-FERTILIZER MAKING CENTERS

State Mailing address of the Bio fertilizer Production Units

Andhra Pradesh

Sri Aurbindo Institute of Rural Development (SAIRD) SAIRD, Gaddipalli, Garidepalli Mandal, Nalgonda-508 201 (AP) Acharya N.G. Ranga Agriculture University, Agriculture Research Station Scientist (Soil Science) & Head, Agriculture Research Station, Amaravathi-522 020 (AP), Distt. Guntur ; e-mail: [email protected] Krishna Agro Bioproducts Vikshmitra, 9/1A-1 Road No. 16, IDA Nacharam Hyderabad (AP) Madras Fertilizers Ltd, Bio Unit Vijayawada (AP) Prathista Industries Ltd. S. Lingotam Village Chotuppal, Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh Radar Biotech Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh Regional Soil Testing Laboratory (RSTL) Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh Rovar Biotech, Vijaywada, Andhra Pradesh Sri Sai Agro Bio Lab Cheerumpally, Vijaynagaram Varsha Biosciences and Technology 17-1-382/SN/1/2, MNR Colony, Balaji Nagar, Hyderabad (AP) Godavari Fertilisers and Chemicals Ltd., Beach Road, Kakinada - 533 003, Dist. East Godavari; Tel: (0884) 2302420-27

Assam

Directorate of Research, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-785 013 Brahmaputra Valley Fert. Corpn. Ltd., Namrup, P.O. Parbatpur Dist. Dibrugarh - 786 623;Email: [email protected] North East Green Tech Pvt. Ltd., Anuradha Complex, Barum Maidan, Guwahati Orgaman R&D Division, Nehru Park, T.R. Phukan Road, Dist. Jorhat

Bihar Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Limited, AHPO Urbaraknagar, Distt. Begusarai-851 115 (Bihar) Association for Social Economic Transformation, Barauni, Bihar

Gujarat

National Agricultural Research Project Biofertilizer Project Gujarat Agriculture University, Anand Campus, Anand-388 110 (GUJ.) Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd., P.O. Fertilizernagar - 391 750, Dist. Vadodara Tel: (0265) 2242651, 2242451; Fax: 0265 2240966; Email: [email protected] Gujarat State Co-operative Marketing Federation Ltd.Sahakar Bhavan, Relief Road, AHMEDABAD-380 001 (GUJ) CORDET-Kalol, Cooperative Rural Development Trust, Biofertilier Production Unit, P.O. Kasturinagar, Dist. Gandhinagar, Tel: (02764) 224066, Email: [email protected] Krishak Bharati Cooperative Ltd., KRIBHCO Nagar Hazira; Surat-394 515 Tel: (0261)2862766-70 Fax: (0261)2860283


Haryana

Prof. And Head of Microbiology, Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar. Choudhury Charan Singh, Haryana Agricultural University Dept. of Microbiology, Hisar Regional Biofertiliser Development Centre; Assistant Microbilogist, 149-P, Sector 15-A, HISSAR-125 001 (HAR). Ganpati Bio Organic Limited, Jind Road, SAFIDON Distt. Jind (Har)

Jharkhand Dept of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Birsa Agricultural University Ranchi - 834 066 Tel: (0651)2450621 Fax: (0651)2451106 Swarnarekha Enterprises, Ranchi

Karnataka

Regional Biofertiliser Development Centre Regional Director 34-II main Road (Near Baptist Hospital), Hebbal, BANGALORE-560 024 Karnataka Agro Industries Corporation Limited Joint General Manager (A.I.D.), Hebbal Bellary Road, BANGALORE-560 024 Chaitra Fertilizers & Chemicals (P) Ltd., No. E-1, Sri Krishna Complex D. Banumaiah Circle, Mysore Madras Fertilizers Ltd., Bio Unit, Jigani, Bangalore University of Agricultural Sciences, Head, Biofertiliser Scheme, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, UAS, GKVK, BANGALORE-560 065 (KA) University of Agricultural Sciences, Professor & Head, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Dharwad-580 005

Madhya Pradesh Regional Biofertiliser Development Centre, Assistant Microbiologist, Hira Bhawan, Building No.21, New Chungi Nagar, Adhartal, JABALPUR-482 004 (MP) Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Ltd.,Neem Road, “ Makka Building”, Jinsi, BHOPAL-462 008 Agri Business & Development Cooperative, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh Indore Biotech Input & Research (P) Ltd., Indore, Madhya Pradesh Jawahar Lai Nehru Krish Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNZKW), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh The M.P. State Cooperative Oil seed Growers' Federation Ltd.1, Arera Hills, Behind Govt. Press Bhopal - 462 011 M.P. State Agro Industries Development Corporation Ltd. Biofertiliser Plant, Agro Complex, C-Sector, Indrapuri, Bhopal - 462 022, Madhya Pradesh Tel: 2756142, 2757400 NAFED Biofertilizer, 51-A, Sector F, Sanwer Road, Indore, Email: [email protected] National Fertilizers Ltd., Vijaipur-473 111, Dist. Guna, Madhya Pradesh, Fax: (07544) 273109, M.P. State Agro Industries Development Corporation, Biofertiliser Plant, Agro Complex, Indrapuri C, Raisen Road, , Bhopal (MP)


Madhya Pradesh NAFED Biofertilizer, 51-A, Sector F, Sanwer Road, Indore- e-mail: mailto: [email protected] / [email protected] National Fertilizers Limited, N.F.L. Plot No. 22, Secotr-B, Sanwer Road, Near Metalman Factory, Indore-452 015 (MP)

Maharashtra

Regional Bio-fertiliser Development Centre, New Secretariat Building, East Wing,Nagpur-440 001 Arun Bio-fertilisers, Near MSEB Power House, Kurundwad, Tal. Shirol, Dist. Kolhapur Institute of Natural Organic Agriculture (INORA), 11 B, Kularani Bungalow, Shikshak Nagar Poud Road, Pune, Maharashtra BAIF Development Research Foundation, Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation Central Research Station, Urulikanchan Pune, Maharashtra Deenee Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., 37/9, MIDC Road, Padoli, Chandrapur, Maharashtra Department of Agriculture, Govt of Maharashtra Lanja, Maharashtra Ellora Biotech, 20, Udyogmitra Industrial Estate, Chitegaon, Paithan, Aurangabad, Maharashtra Bioira Technologies, B-15, Corporation Building, First Floor, Link Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra Choudhury Agrotech, Sri Devi Complex, Agyaram Devi Chowk, Subash Road, Nagapur,Maharashtra Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Agri.l Microbiology Section, College of Agri.,Pune-411 005

Orissa

Regional Biofertiliser Development Centre, A-156, Shahid Nagar, Bhubneshwar-751 007 (Orrisa) Orrisa Agro Industries Corporation Ltd., 95,Satyanagar, BHUBNESHWAR (Orrisa) Deputy Director of Agriculture (PP), Bhubneshwar (Orrisa) Department of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar, Orissa Maa Kanak Biofertilizer, Bhubaneswar, Orissa The Orissa Agro Industries Corporation Ltd., (A Govt, of Orissa Undertaking) 95, Satyanagar, Bhubaneswar - 751 007, Orissa, Tel:(0674) 2503746Fax:(0674) 2503396, Email:oaic7@ hotmail.com

Punjab Microbiological Laboratory, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. Bio-fertiliser Production Unit, Office of the Chief Agriculture Officer, LUDHIANA (PB)

Rajasthan

Nafed Biofertilizer, SPL-80 RIICO Industrial Area, BHARATPUR-321 001 (RAJ) Mahaveer Bio Lab, 49, Sunderwas (North), Udaipur, Rajasthan Department of Agricultural Chemistry &, Soil Science, Rajasthan College of Agriculture Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur-313 001 Rajasthan, Tel: (0294) 2417492, Fax: (0294) 2420447, Email: [email protected] NAFED Biofertiliser, SPL-80, RIICO Industrial Area, Bharatpur, Rajasthan State Biofertilizer Quality Control Laboratory, Department of Agri., Durgapura, Jaipur Rajasthan Rhizobia Scheme Agriculture Department , Agri.Research Station, Durgapura, JAIPUR-302 018 , e-mail-mailto:[email protected]/ [email protected]


Tamil Nadu

Regional Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,, Piyur-635 112, Via-Kaveripattinam, Dharmapuri District Elbitech Innovations Ltd., 46 & 48, 2nd Floor, Masilamani Road, Balajinagar, Chennai-606 014 Tamil Nadu Esvin Advanced Technologies Ltd., ESVIN House, Perungudi, Chennai - 600 096 Tamil Nadu, Tel: (044) 66849358, Fax: (044) 24960156, Email: [email protected] Foliage Chemicals Private Ltd., No.45, Ambattur Road, Puzhal, Chennai - 600 066, Tamil Nadu Bio Fertilizer Production Unit, Department of Agriculture, Kudumianmalai - 622 104, Pudukottai Bio Fertilizer Production Unit, Department of Agriculture, Collectorate Post RTO Office Road, Ramanathapuram - 623 503, Tamil Nadu Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agriculture College and Research Institute, , Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai-625 104 Innova Agrotech (P) Ltd., 2/527-1, East Street, Kulloorchanadai, Virudhanagar-626 001, Chennai Jaypee Biotechs, 25, Chinniah School Street, Virudhnagar- 626 001, Tamil Nadu

Uttar Pradesh Biofertilizer Production Unit, Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Tamil Nadu, Jamal Mohd. College Post, Khajamalai, Trichy-620 020 (TN) Bio Fertilizer Production Unit, Department of Agriculture, Govt, of Tamil Nadu Sakkottai, Thanjavur-612 401, Tamil Nadu Bio Fertilizer Production Unit, Department of Agriculture, Gundusalai Road, Sommandalam, Cuddalore - 607 001, Tamil Nadu Bio Fertilizer Production Unit, Department of Agriculture, Kajamalai, Jamal Mohamed College (PO) Trichirappalli - 620 020, Tamil Nadu Bio Fertilizer Production Unit, Department of Agriculture, Seelanaickenpatty, Salem - 636 201 Krishna Bharati Cooperative Ltd, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh Motilal Nehru Farmers Training Institute , IFFCO Biofertiliser Unit, Motilal Nehru Farmers Training Institute, CORDET, Ghiyanagar, Phulpur, Allahabad-212 404 (UP), e-mail: [email protected]/ [email protected]

West Bengal Process Development and Analytical Control Research Laboratory, 92/3, Acharya P.C. Road, Kolkatta-700 009 Hindustan Fertilizer Cooperation Ltd., 52 A, Shakespeare Sarani,Kolkatta-700 017 (WB) Department of Agriculture, Govt, of West Bengal, West Bengal Excel Biotech Pvt Ltd, 24 Parganas Kolkata, West Bengal Nitrofix Laboratories, (A Colloboration Unit of West Bengal Forest DevelopmentCorporation Ltd.) 25, Bansdroni Avenue, Kolkata - 700 070, West Bengal, Tel: (033)4718486 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyala, Survey, Selection & Mass Production of Nodule Bacteria Mohanpur, Nadia, P.O. Krishi Viswavidyalaya - 741 252, West Bengal,Tel: (03473) 222269 Extn. 38 Vivekananda Institute of Biotechnology, 24 Parganas, Kolkata, West Bengal


ANNEXURE – IX

PRODUCTION TARGET OF BIO-FERTILIZERS/ BIO- CONTROL AGENTS UNDER PROJECT

S. No. Centres Present status of production

Additional Quantity to be produced during

Total additional quantity to be

produced

Total quantity to be produced

2016-17 2017-18 R T R T R T R T R T

1 ANGRAU, Guntur Andhra Pradesh 221 1 200 80 250 100 450 180 671 181 2 Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 10 5 150 50 220 70 370 120 380 125 3 Dr. RPCAU, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar 11.6 0 190 70 350 90 540 160 551.6 160 4 Bihar Agriculturr University, Sabour 0 0 100 50 120 90 220 140 220 140 5 IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 8 40 400 70 400 100 800 170 808 210 6 AAU, Anand, Gujarat 30 20 400 90 450 100 850 190 880 210 7 Birsa Agriculture University, Ranchi, Jharkhand 5 10 150 40 120 100 270 140 275 150 8 UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka 2600 22 350 70 400 100 750 170 3350 192 9 UAS, Raichur, Karnataka 0 0 290 70 530 100 820 170 820 170 10 JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 5 10 390 70 450 140 840 210 845 220 11 RVSKVV, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 1 1.5 70 30 120 50 190 80 191 81.5 12 MPKV, Rahuri, Maharashtra 33 63 340 70 450 90 790 160 823 223 13 MAU, Parbhani, Maharashtra 150 20 270 70 450 90 720 160 870 180 14 OUAT,Bhubneswar (Odisha) 0 0 240 40 400 90 640 130 640 130 15 PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab 7.93 0 330 40 570 100 900 140 907.93 140 16 MPUA&T, Udaipur, Rajasthan 0.7 1.8 290 40 400 100 690 140 690.7 141.8 17 RAU, Bikaner, Rajasthan 10 5 110 40 167 50 277 90 287 95 18 TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 10 5 390 70 450 100 840 170 850 175 19 PJTSAU,Hyderabad, Telangana 0 0 290 40 430 70 720 110 720 110 20 ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 1 1 70 40 150 50 220 90 221 91 21 BHU, Varansi, Uttar Pradesh 5 20 140 60 120 80 260 140 265 160 22 ICAR, NBAIR, Bangalore, Karnantaka 0 10 80 50 300 50 380 100 380 110 23 ICAR-NBAIM, Mau, Uttar Pradesh 10 10 80 50 367 50 447 100 457 110 24 ICAR-NCIPM, Pusa, New Delhi 0 10 80 50 337 50 417 100 417 110 Total 3119.23 255.30 5400.00 1350.00 8001.00 2010 13401 3360 16520.2 3615.30


ANNEXURE-X

CONTACT DETAILS i) DAC&FW: CROPS DIVISION Designation Name Contact number Email Agriculture Commissioner Agriculture Commissioner Dr. S.K. Malhotra 9968978191(M)

011-23383549 (O) [email protected]

PPS to AC R.N. Sharma 011-23381012(O) [email protected] Joint Secretary (Crops) Joint Secretary (Crops) Dr. B. Rajender 9599428809 (M)


PPS to JS (Crops) Smt. S. Jayasree 9711123632 (M)

[email protected]

PA to JS (Crops) Shri R.N. Bansal 9810863107 (M) 011-23381176 (O)

[email protected]

Additional Commissioner (Crops) Additional Comm. (Crops)/CC Dr. A.P. Singh

(NFSM) 9811137009 (M)

DC (Crops) Dr. M.N. Singh (NFSM & BGREI)

9811572591(M) [email protected]

Director (Crops) Dr. R.K. Trivedi I/C Director (Crops)

9818713591(M) 011-23382021(O)

[email protected]

NFSM Cell AD (Crops), Pulses Shri. Ashok Kumar

Singh 9650669923(M) [email protected]

AD (Crops),(Coordination & CC) Dr. Manoj Kumar 9891090571(M) [email protected] AD (Crops), Research Projects Smt. G. Sandhya 9873319305(M) [email protected] Sr. Programmer(NFSM-Website) Sh. Suraj Prakash 8826836683(M) [email protected] Technical Support Group (TSG Cell) Consultant(NFSM-Rice) Sh. Shamsher Singh 9810284556 (M) [email protected] Consultant (Pulses) Dr. Upkar Singh

Sadana 9815118709 (M) [email protected]


ii) CROP DEVELOPMENT DIRECTORATES

Dr. Virendra Singh, Director Directorate of Rice Development, DAC&FW, Ministry of Agri.& Farmers Welfare, 5th Floor, 'G' Wing, Karpuri Thakur Sadan, Kendriya Karmachari Parisar (GPOA), Ashiana Digha Road, Patna – 800 025 Bihar Tel: 0612-2262720, 2262843 Fax: 0612-2262720 E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. M N Singh, Director Directorate of Wheat Development, C.G.O.Complex – I, 3rd Floor,, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002 (U.P.) Tele : 0120 - 2711380, 2710897 Fax: 0120 - 2711380 E-mail:, [email protected] Website : http://dwd.dacnet.nic.in

Dr. A. K.Tiwari, Director Directorate of Pulses Development, 6th Floor, Vindhyachal Bhavan, Bhopal-462004 (M.P.) Tel : 0755-2550353, 2572313 Telefax : 0755-2571678 E-mail: [email protected];Website: dpd.gov.in

Dr. .K. Manoharan, Director Directorate of Jute Development, Nizam Palace Campus ,234/4, Acharya Jagdish Bose Road, Kolkata- 700020 (West Bengal) Tel. no: 033-22879465/9337/9189 Fax :033-22879521 E-mail : [email protected] ;Website: djd.dacnet.nic.in

Dr. A.L.Waghmare, Director-Incharge Directorate of Sugarcane Development, 8th Floor, Hall No.3, KendriyaBhavan,Aliganj, Lucknow - 226024 (U.P) Tel. no.: 0522-2323913 Fax: 0522- 2323913 ; E-mail: [email protected];Website:dsd.dacnet.nic.in

Dr. Subhash Chandra, Director-Incharge Directorate of Millets Development, Kendriya Sadan Room No. 210, 2nd Floor, Block-A,Sector-10,Vidyadhar Nagar, Jaipur-302023 Tel: 0141-2233004 Fax: 0141-2235631 E-mail: [email protected] ;Website:dmd.dacnet.nic.in

Shri R. P Singh, Director Directorate of Cotton Development, Bhoomi Sarvekshan Bhavan, Near Centre Point School, Katol Road,Nagpur-440013 (Maharashtra) Tel. No 0712-2585831 Fax : 0712-2595505 E-mail: [email protected] Website : dcd.dacnet.nic.in

Dr. K. Ponnuswamy, Director-Incharge Directorate of Oilseeds Development, Telhan Bhavan, Himayat Nagar, Hyderabad-500029 (A.P.) Tel. No.:040-23224381; Fax :040-23224381 E-mail: [email protected] ; Website :oilseeds.dacnet.nic.in

iii) METROLOGICAL CENTRE, GOVT. OF INDIA: BHOPAL (MP)

Name of Officer Designation Contact No. Email Dr. Anupam Kashyapi Director 9425016480 (M);0755-2552743 (O) [email protected] Dr. G.D. Mishra Scientist-A 9425080082 (M);0755-2559892 (O) [email protected] Shri K.K. Devangan Scientist-A 9425028005 (M);0755-2554272 (O) [email protected]


iv) AGRICULTURE INSURANCE COMPANY OF INDIA LTD. Name of Officer designation Contact Email

Shri Krishna Prasad Regional Manager

7471118605(M) 0755-4026101(O) [email protected]

HDFC-ERGO Shri Umesh Soni Regional

Manager 9893473192 (M) 0755-2550807 (O) [email protected]

ICICI-LOMBARD Shri Ravendra Kushwaha

Manager 7389918115 (M) [email protected]

Shri Suman Roy Choudury

Regional Manager

9776644458 (M) 0755-3036534(O) [email protected]

NAFED Biofertilizers Dr. Alok Dwevedi Deputy

Manager 9302113381(M) 0731-2720450 (O) [email protected]

Dr. K.R.Rao Chief Manager 0755-2464775 (O) [email protected]

v) ICAR/ GOVT. OF INDIA INSTITUTIONS IN MP Name of Officer Designation Contact No. Email Address

Central Institute of Agricutural Engineering, Bhopal

Dr. K.K. Singh Director 0755-2737191 (O) 0755-2734016 (F)

[email protected]

Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal Dr. Ashok Kumar Patra Director 0755-2730946 (O)

0755-2733310 (F) [email protected]

Directorate of Marketing & Inspection, Bhopal

Shri L.K. Singh Dy. Agricultural Marketing Advisor

0755-2551847 (O) 0755- 2551847 (F)

[email protected]

Central Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute, Budni

Shri J.J.R. Narvare Director 07564-234729 (O) 07564-234743 (F)

[email protected]

ICAR –Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore

Dr. V.S. Bhatiya Director 9303224211 (M) 0731-2476188 (O)

[email protected], [email protected]

ICAR-I.A.R.I., Regional Wheat Research Centre, Indore

Dr. S.V. Saiprasad Principal Scientist & Incharge

9425957920 (M) 0731-2702921 (O)

[email protected]

vi) MP STATE SEED CERTIFICATION AGENCY (MPSSC)

Division Name of Officer Designation Contact Email Address Office Mob.

Bhopal Shri. K.S. Tekam Managing Director

2600860 9617879099 [email protected]


vii) MP STATE ORGANIC CERTIFICATION AGENCY (MPSOCA)

Division Name of Officer Contact Email Address Office Mob.

Bhopal Shri. R. S. Chamrakar, Managing Director 2600609 9425087499 [email protected]

viii) STATES/UTs: CHIEF SECRETARIES

State Name of the Officer Contact No.& Fax Email Andhra Pradesh

S.P. Thakur 09490115360 (M) 040-23456604/ 23456028 (O) 040-23451861 (F)

[email protected] [email protected]

Arunachal Pradesh

Smt. Sakuntala Gamlin

09402275048 (M) 0360-2212595/ 2006161(O) 0360-2212446 (F)

[email protected]

Assam Sh. V.K. Pipersenia 09435552145(M) 0361-2261403/ 2261120 (O) 0361-2237200 (F)

[email protected]

Bihar Sh. Anjani Kumar Singh

09473191444 (M) 0612-2215804 (O) 0612-2217085 (F)

[email protected]

Chhattisgarh

Shri Vivek K.Dhand 09981107775 (M) 0771-2221207/ 2221208 (O) 0771-2221206 (F)


Gujarat

Shri J.N.Singh 09978405930 (M) 079-23250301/23250302 (O) 079-23250305 (F)

[email protected]

Goa

Shri R.K.Srivastava 07774076440 (M) 0832-2419402(O) 2415201(F)

[email protected]

Haryana Shri Depinder S. Dhesi

09779274455 (M) 0172-2740118(O)2740317 (F)

[email protected]

Himachal Pradesh

Shri V.C.Pharka 09418089118 (M) 0177-2621022(O)2621813 (F)

[email protected]

Jammu & Kashmir

Shri. Brij Raj Sharma 0191-2544338 (O) 0194-2546188 (F)

[email protected]

Jharkhand Shri RajBala Verma 09431307171(M) 0651-2400240(O) 2400255(F)

[email protected]

Karnataka Dr. Subhash Chandra Khuntia

09868247979 (M) 080-22252442(O)22258913 (F)

[email protected]

Kerala Shri S.M. Vijayanand 0471-2333147 (O)2327176 (F) [email protected] Madhya Pradesh

Shri Basant Pratap Singh

0755-2441370 (O) 0755-2551521(F)

[email protected]

Manipur Shri O. Nabakishore Singh

09612160645 (M) 0385-2451144 (O) 2452629(F)

[email protected]

Meghalaya Shri K. S. Kropha 09402196384 (M) 0364-2224801(O) 2225978(F)

cso-meg.nic.in

Mizoram Shri. Lalmalsawma 07085055193 (M) 0389-2322411/2322429(O) 0389-2322745 (F)

[email protected]


ix) STATES/UTS: SECRETARY/ PRINCIPAL SECRETARY (AGRICULTURE)

State Name of the Officer Contact No. & Fax Email Andhra Pradesh

Shri B. Rajshekar Secy (Agri.)

0965225255/ 07032709403 (M) 040-23450356/23450357 (O)

[email protected]

Arunachal Pradesh

Shri Talem Tapok Secretary (Agriculture)

09436895200 (M) 0360-2213136 (O)

[email protected]

Assam Shri A.Baruah Secretary (Agriculture)

09954088272 (M) 0361-2237277 (O)

[email protected]

Shri K.K.Mittal APCTelefax

09854080000 (M) 0361-2237267 (O)

agriculturedepartmentassamgmail.com

Bihar Shri Sudhir Kumar Pr.Secretary (Agri.)

09473191440 (M) 0612-2215373/2217365 (O)

[email protected]

Chhattisgarh Shri Ajay Singh Addl. Chief Secretary (Agri.)

09630030405 (M) 0771-2510962 (O) 0771-2510103 (F)

[email protected]

State Name of the Officer Contact No.& Fax Email Nagaland Shri Pankaj Kumar 09436299175 (M)

0370-2270082(O) 2270057 (F) [email protected]

Orissa Shri Aditya Prasad Padhi

09937067849 (M) 674-2534300 (O) 2536660 (F)

[email protected]

Punjab Shri Sarvesh Kaushal

09872000616 (M) 172-2740860 (O) 2742488 (F)

[email protected]

Rajasthan Shri. Om Prakash Meena

09928924241(M) 0141-2227254 (O) 2227114(F)

[email protected]

Sikkim Shri A.K.Srivastava 09434086959 (M) 03592-202315 (O) 204323(F)

[email protected]

Uttarakhand

Shri. ShtrugnaSingh 07409999000 (M) 0135-2712100 (O)2712500 (F)


Tamil Nadu Dr. P.Ram Mohana Rao 09790311411(M) 044-25671555(O)25672304 (F)

[email protected]

Telangana Dr. Rajiv Sharma 09849026631(M) 040-23452620 (O)23453700 (F)

[email protected]

Tripura Shri.Yashpal Singh 09436120050 (M) 0381-2323200 (O) 2414013(F)

[email protected]

UttarPradesh Shri. Deepak Singhal 09968296672 (M) 0522-2338212 (O) 2239283 (F)

[email protected]

West Bengal Shri. Basudev Banerjee

09903100000 (M) 033-22145858 (O)22144328 (F)

[email protected]

Delhi Shri.K.K.Sharma 09811585352 (M) 011-23392100 (O)23392102 (F)

[email protected]

Lakshadweep Shri.Vikram Dev Dutt 04896-262255(O) 04896-262184 (F)

[email protected]

Daman &Diu Shri. Praful Patel 0260-2230700 (O) 0260-2230775 (F)

[email protected]

Andaman & Nicobar

Shri Anindo Majumdar

03192-233110 (O) 03192-232656 (F)

[email protected]

Pondicherry Shri. Manoj Parida

07867002024 (M) 0413-2334145 (O) 2337575(F)

[email protected]

Chandigarh Shri. D.S.Dhesi 09779274455 (M) 0172-2740581 (O) 2740557 (F)

[email protected]


State Name of the Officer Contact No. & Fax Email Gujarat Shri Sanjay

Prasad Principal Secretary (Agri)

09978406348 (M) 079-23250803(O) 23252365(F)

[email protected]

Goa Shri B.R.Singh Secretary (Agri.)

09075088399 (M) 0832-2419423(O) 2419649 (F)

[email protected]

Haryana Dr. Abhilaksh Likhi Principal Secretary (Agri.)

09417178929 (M) 0172-2740669 (O) 0172-2770203 (F)

[email protected]

Himachal Pradesh

Shri Arvind Mehta, Secretary (Agriculture)

096508764515 (M) 0177-2621894 (O)

Jammu & Kashmir

Shri Sandeep Kumar Nayak Principal Secretary (Agriculture)

09419506789 (M) 0194-2506114 (O) 0194-2506222 (F)

[email protected]

Jharkhand Dr.Nitin Kumar Kulkarni Secretary (Agri.)

09431121011 (M) 0651-2490578 (O) 0651-2490643 (F)

[email protected]

Karnataka Shri Maheshwar Rao Principal Secretary (Agri.)

09448067345 (M) 080-22250284/ 22032595(O) 080-22251420 (F)

[email protected]

Kerala Dr. Raju Narayanaswamy Pr. Secretary (Agri.)

09447713372 (M) 0471-2333043 (O) 0471-2333115 (F)

[email protected]

Madhya Pradesh

Shri Rajesh Rajora Principal Secretary (Agri)

09425680111 (M) 0755-2559542 (O) 0755-2551892 (F)

[email protected]

Maharashtra Shri Vijay Kumar Principal Secretary(Agriculture)

09987109898 (M) 022-22025357 (F)

[email protected]

Manipur Shri T. H. Gopen Metei Secretary (Agriculture)

09436026796 (M) 0385-2451916 (O)

State Name of the Officer Contact No. & Fax Email Meghalaya Shri P Sampat

Kumar, Commissioner Secretary (Agriculture)

099184079 (M) 0364-2500019 (O)2225978 (F)

[email protected]

Mizoram

Shri. B.Lalhmingthan ga, Secretary (Agri.)

09436369867 (M) 0389-2322252(O)2319233 (F)

[email protected]

Nagaland Shri T. Imkonglgmba APC (Agriculture)

09436000108 (M) 0370-2270120 (O)2271019(F)

[email protected]

Orissa Shri Manoj Ahuja Principal Secretary

09937210000 (M) 0674-2391325 (O)2393948(F)

[email protected]

Punjab Shri N. S. Kalsi Addl. Chief Secretary (Dev)

09999997861(M) 0172-2740459 (F)

[email protected]

Rajasthan Smt. Neelkamal Darbari Principal Secretary (Agriculture)

09971860444 (M) 0141-5116893(O)5103626 (F)

[email protected]

Sikkim Shri Puneet Kansal Commissioner-cum Secretary (Agriculture)

09475448463 (M) 03592-231892 (F)

agri.secretary.sikkim.gmail. com


State Name of the Officer Contact No. & Fax Email Uttarakhand Dr. Ranvir Singh

Addl. Chief Secretary (Agriculture)

09412992136 (M) 0135-2712057(O)2712803 (F)

[email protected]

TamilNadu

Shri Gagandeep Singh Bedi Pr. Seceretary (Agri.)

09940067508 (M) 044-25674482(O)25674857 (F)

[email protected]

Telangana Shri C.Partha Sarathi APC & Secy (Agriculture)

09440288188 (M) 040-23452269 (O)23457086 (F)

[email protected]

Tripura Dr.G.S.G.Iyangar Principal Secretary (Agriculture)

09436462735 (M) 0381-2416036 (O)2418065 (F)

[email protected]

Uttar Pradesh Shri Rajneesh Gupta Principal Secretary (Agriculture)

09454410247 (M) 0522-2237617 (O)2235488 (F)

[email protected]

West Bengal

Shri Sanjeev Chopra, Addl. Chief Secretary (Agriculture)

09868504041 (M) 033-22145506 (O)22143045 (F)

[email protected]

Delhi (UT) Shri Sandeep Kumar Secretary cum Comm. (Dev)

09825678400 (M) 011-23941773(O)23957289 (F)

[email protected]

Andaman & Nicobar

Ms.R.Menaka Secretary (Agriculture)

09434286688 (M) 03192-233345 (O)244201 (F)

[email protected]

Puducherry

Shri. D.Manikandan Secretary (Agriculture)

09597706680 (M) 0413-2338300 (O)

[email protected]

Daman & Diu Shri Umesh Kumar Tyagi Secretary (Agriculture)

7874500222 (M) 0260-2230698 (O)2230049 (F)

[email protected]

Lakshadweep Dr.TariqThomas Sec. Agri.

09447703001 (M) 04896-262235 (O) 263180 (F)

[email protected]


x) STATES/UTS: DIRECTOR (AGRICULTURE)

State Name of the officer Contact No. &Fax Email Andhra Pradesh

Shri Dhananjaya Reddy

09849908692 (M) 0863-2216461(O) 0863-2216463 (F)


Arunachal Pradesh

Shri Hage Kano 09436252188 (M) 0360-2244252(O)2244252 (F)

[email protected]

Assam Shri B.N. Faikia 07670004458 (M) 0361-2332215/2333877 (O) 0361-2332796 (F)

[email protected]

Bihar Shri Himanshu Kumar Rai

09431818704 (M) 0612-2204245/2215895 (O) 0612-2204245 (F)


Chhattisgarh Shri M.S. Kerketta

09425542364 (M) 0771-2442015 (O) 2442036 (F)

[email protected]

Gujarat Dr. B.R. Shah 09978405999 (M) 079-23256073 (O) 079-23256227/ 23256159 (F)

[email protected]

Goa Shri Ulhas Pai Kakode

09422457328 (M) 0832-2465443/ 2465840 (O) 0832-2465441 (F)

[email protected]

Haryana Shri Bhupinder Singh

09468296051 (M) 0172-2570662 (O) 0172-2563242 (F)


Himachal Pradesh

Shri Somraj Kalia

09418031268 (M) 0177-2830162/ 2830618/ 2830174 (O) 0177-2830612 (F)

[email protected]

Jammu & Kashmir

Shri Showkat Ahmad Beigh

09419036454 (M) 0194-2310675 (O) 2311569 (F)

[email protected]

Jharkhand Shri

Jatashankar Choudhary

09431115706 (M) 0651-6550124 (O) 2233549 (F)

[email protected]

Karnataka Shri B.Y. Srinivas 07259004007 (M) 080-22242746 (O)22212818 (F)

[email protected]

Kerala

Biju Brabhakar, IAS

09447063200 (M) 0471-2304480 (O) 2304230 (F)

[email protected]

Madhya Pradesh

Shri M.L. Meena

09425036356 (M) 0755-2551336 (O) 2572468 (F)


Maharashtra Shri Vikas Deshmukh Commissioner of Agriculture

09420490003 (M) 020-26123648/ 26126150 (O) 020-26127707 (F)


Manipur Shri Louis Ngasainao

09436032021 (M) 0385-2452019 (O)


Meghalaya Ms. D.Syiemiong

09436104524 (M) 0364-2222460 (O) 2223228 (F)

[email protected]

Mizoram Dr. C. Lalzarliana

09436142745 (M) 0389-2322437 (O) 2322511(F)

[email protected]

Nagaland Smt. Rongsdninla 09436001048 (M) 0370-2243116 (O) 2243116 (F)

[email protected]

Punjab Shri J.S. Bains

09915938757 (M) 0172-2970602(O) 2970609 (F)

[email protected]

Rajasthan Shri Ambrish 09829084089 (M) [email protected]


Kumar, IAS 0141-2227089 (O)2227088 (F) Sikkim Shri Kiran

Pradhan 09832017868 (M) 03592-232942 (O) 231892 (F)

[email protected]

Uttarakhand Shri C. Gauri Shankar

09410996912 (M) 0135-2772677 (O) 2771881(F)

[email protected]

Tamil Nadu

M. Rajendran, IAS

09751534567 (M) 044-28524894 (O) 28521998 (F)

[email protected]

Telangana Smt. G.D. Priyadarshini

09866894624 (M) 040-23232107 (O) 23383520 (F)

[email protected]

Tripura Dr. D.P. Sarkar

09436124922 (M) 0381-2323778 (O)2323883 (F)


Uttar Pradesh Shri Mukesh Kumar Srivastava

09235629301 (M) 0522-2205869 (O) 2206582 (F)

[email protected]

West Bengal Dr. Paritosh Bhattacharyya

09433829300 (M) 033-22627713 (O) 22145307 (F)

[email protected]

Delhi Ms Sakshi Mittal

9910182340 (M) 011-23818601(O)23818298 (F)

[email protected]

Puducherry Dr.A.Ramamurthy 09443235329 (M) 0413-2336977 (O) 2337121(F)

Andaman & Nicobar

Shri Anjan Kumar Das

09434272016 (M) 03192-233257 (F)

[email protected]

Daman & Diu

Shri Debendra Dalai 08980090090 (M) 0260-2230856 (O)

[email protected]

Chandigarh

Shri. Bhupinder Singh

09468296051 (M) 0172-2570662 (O)


xi) MADHYA PRADESH

a) JOINT DIRECTOR Division Name of the officer Contact No. Email

Bhopal Shri. S.M. Balpandey 9424438655 (M) /0755-2540890 (O) [email protected] H”bad Shri. B.L. Billaiya 9424386019 (M) /07574-254098(O) [email protected] Indore Shri. R.S. Sisodiya 9425369155 (M) /0731-2366967 (O) [email protected] Ujjain Shri. D.K. Pandey 9425165585 (M) /0734-2513781(O) [email protected] Rewa Shri. S.C. Singadiya 9826040554 (M) /07662-252078(O) [email protected] Shahdol Shri. K.P. Pandey (I/c) 9424604197 (M) /07652-240005(O) [email protected] Gwalior Shri. Rajeev Joshi 9893287715 (M) /0751-2361250 (O) [email protected] Sagar Shri. D.L. Kori 9424674942 (M) /07582-222810(O) [email protected] Jabalpur Shri. K.S. Naitam 9425163967 (M)/ 0761-2624390(O) [email protected]

b) DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE Division/ District

Name of the officer Contact No. Email

Bhopal Bhopal Shri. A.K. Nema 9826293761 (M)/ 0755/2542829 (O) [email protected] Sehore Shri. Avnish Chaturvedi 9425186313 (M)/ 07562/ 224044 (O) [email protected] Vidisha Shri. P.K. Choukasay 9424729262 (M)/ 07592/ 233153 (O) [email protected] Raisen Shri. A.K. Upadhaya 9926502259 (M)/ 07482/ 222039 (O) [email protected] Rajgarh Shri. R.P.S. Nayak 9926464067 (M)/ 07372/ 255059 (O) [email protected] Hoshangabad H’Bad Shri. J.S. Gurjar 9424454098 (M)/ 07574/ 251003 (O) [email protected] Betul Shri. Shiv Singh Rajput 9827152096 (M)/ 07141/ 234327 (O) [email protected] Harda Shri. M.P.S. Chandravat 9589978791(M)/ 07577/ 225610 (O) [email protected]


Indore Indore Shri.Rameshwar Patel 9425916760 (M)/ 0731/ 2362767 (O) [email protected] Dhar Shri.P.L. Sahu 9425417442 (M)/ 07292/ 222285 (O) [email protected] Khnadwa Shri. O.P. Chore 9425086087 (M)/ 0733/ 2223234 (O) [email protected] Jhabua Shri. G.S. Trivedi 9826213800 (M)/ 07392/ 244241 (O) [email protected] Khargone Shri. Champalal Kevda 9827615021(M)/ 07282/ 232228 (O) [email protected] Barwani Dr. Ajit Singh Rathore 9827089129 (M)/ 07290/ 223471 (O) [email protected] Burhanpur Shri. M.S. Devke 9406637546 (M)/ 07325/ 241753 (O) [email protected] Alirajpur Shri. R.S. Solanki 9424535884 (M)/ 07394/ 234144 (O) [email protected]

c) DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE Division/ District

Name of the officer Contact No. Email

Ujjain Ujjain Shri. S.K. Sharma 9826212740 (M)/0734/ 2513102 (O) [email protected] Dewas Shri. S.K. Meena 9826364078 (M)/07272/ 222060 (O) [email protected] Mandsaur Shri. R.L. Jamre 9826720115 (M)/07422/ 241452 (O) [email protected] Ratlam Shri. K.S. Khapediya 9826779447 (M)/07412/ 270447 [email protected] Shajapur Shri. Sanjay Doshi 9425490730 (M)/07364/ 228936 [email protected] Neemach Shri. N. Rawat 7697386565 (M)/07423/ 230209 [email protected]

Agar Malwa Shri. R.P. Kaneriya 9753889914 (M)/07362/ 258554 [email protected] Rewa Rewa Shri. S.K. Mahore 9589127831 (M)/ 07662/ 250070 [email protected] Satna Shri. R.S.Sharma 9424686245 (M)/ 07672/ 223227 [email protected] Sidhi Shri. K.K. Pandey 9425830492 (M)/ 07822/ 252254 [email protected] Singroli Shri. G.S. Mohniya 9425922984 (M)/ 07805/ 234327 [email protected] Shahdol Shadol Shri. J. S. Pandram 9425484712 (M)/ 07652/ 241318 [email protected] Umariya Shri. N.P. Suman 9425368204 (M)/ 07653/ 222769 [email protected] Annuppur Shri. Ashish Pandey 9424315112 (M)/ 07659/ 222349 [email protected] Gwalior Gwalior Dr. Anand K. Badoniya 9407852416 (M)/ 0751/ 2467920 [email protected] Datia Shri. R.K. Ganeshe 9425374959 (M)/ 07522/ 234582 [email protected] Guna Shri. U.S. Tomar 9425442794 (M)/ 07542/ 252713 [email protected] Shivpuri Shri. R.S. Shakyawar 9826224385 (M)/ 07492/ 234378 [email protected] Ashoknagar Shri.S. S. Marawai 7828912646 (M)/ 07543/ 220361 [email protected] Morena Morena Shri.Vjay K. Chorasiya 9826385520 (M)/ 07532/ 226450 [email protected] Bhind Shri.Dilip S. Kushwaha 9926217911(M)/ 07534/ 230525 [email protected]

Sheopurkalan Shri. Pujya Gujre 9406534523 (M)/ 07530/ 222132 [email protected] Sagar Sagar Shri. P.S. Kirar 9424470305 (M)/ 07582/ 240334 [email protected] Damoh Shri. B.L. Kuril 9425439280 (M)/ 07812/ 222018 [email protected] Chhatarpur Shri. Manoj K. Kashyap 9826254173 (M)/ 07682/ 248206 [email protected] Tikamgarh Shri.Ramswarup Gupta 9425046811(M)/ 07683/ 242346 [email protected] Panna Shri. Ravindra K. Modi 9425372341(M)/ 07732/ 252060 [email protected] Jabalpur Jablapur Dr. Anand M.Sharma 9407852916 (M)/ 0761/ 2624359 [email protected] Mandla Shri. R.B. Sahu 9425419673(M)/ 07642/ 250728 [email protected] Chhindwara Shri. K.P. Bhagat 9424718910 (M)/ 07162/ 247163 [email protected] Dindori Shri. Salil K. Dhagat 9826884595 (M)/ 07644/ 234058 [email protected] Balaghat Shri. Rajesh Tripathi 9406904009 (M)/ 07632/ 241355 [email protected] Seoni Shri. Sushil K. Nigam 9039494735(M)/ 07692/ 220509 [email protected] Narsinghpur Shri. Jitendra Singh 9425153450 (M)/ 07792/ 230364 [email protected] Katni Shri. A.P. Suman 8719984018 (M)/ 07622/ 221982 [email protected]


d) PRINCIPALS OF STATE AGRICULTURE EXTENSION & TRAINING CENTRE District Training centre Officer Name Contact No. Email Address Raisen Obbedullaganj Shri. S.D. Raut 9425664299 (M)

07480/ 224058 (O) [email protected]

H’bad Pawarkheda Shri. B.R. Lokhande

9826018549 (M) 07574/ 227254 (O)

[email protected]

Betul Betul Bazar Shri. K.P. Phole 9752453029 (M) 07141/ 268205 (O)

-

Indore Indore Shri. R.C. Mahore 9406840160 (M) 0731/ 2360046 (O)

[email protected]

Khargone Satrathi Shri. S. Chouhan 9827839980 (M) 07285/ 280834 (O)

-

Ujjain Ujjain Smt. Neelum S.Chouhan

9424356521 (M) 0734/ 2521117 (O)

[email protected]

Ratlam Jaora Shri.Prithvi S. Chouhan

8120435047 (M) 07414/ 228361 (O)

[email protected]

Sagar Sagar Shri. Namdev Hedau

9827851941 (M) 07582/ 222018 (O)

[email protected]

Nogaon Shri. N.K. Jain 9406948186 (M) 07685/ 256324 (O)

[email protected]

Jabalpur Shri. D.D. Vishvakarma

8959841086 (M) 0761/ 2680380 (O)

[email protected]

Balaghat Baraseoni Shri. Rajesh Tripathi

9406904009 (M) 07633/ 253026 (O)

[email protected]

Narsinghpur Shri. K.L. Koshta 9926660844 (M) 07792/ 236583 (O)

[email protected]

Dindori Dr. Suresh K. Patel

9407062973 (M) 07644/ 234713 (O)

[email protected]

Gwalior Aantry Shri. O.P.S. Narwariya

9425757986 (M) 07525/ 272227 (O)

-

Shivpuri Shri. R.S. Shakyawar

9826224385 (M) 07492/ 222858 (O)

-

Morena Shri. Vijay K. Chourasiya

9826385520 (M) 07532/ 234225 (O)

-

Sheopur Shri. Rajeev Shukla

9827626635 (M) 07530/ 223363 (O)

Rewa Kuthlia Shri. U.P. Bargri 9630720097 (M) 07662/ 296236 (O)

[email protected]

Singroli Shri. M.P. Kumhar

9893903836 (M) [email protected]

e) DIRECTORATE OF AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING

Division Name of Officer Designation Contact No.

Directorate Shri. Rajeev Choudhary Director 9425152693 (M); 0755-2583313 (O) Shri. Pawan Singh Shyam Joint Director 9425338890 (M); 0755-2589893(O) Shri. Santosh Kumar Gorani Agri. Engineer 9827227828 (M); 0755-2612427 (O)

Bhopal Shri. Sharad K. Naranvare Agri. Engineer 9826289760 (M); 0755-2736200 (O) Indore Shri. Deepak Padlikar -do- 9826323082 (M); 0731-2368440 (O) Gwalior Shri. Rajesh Tiwari -do- 90099785588 (M); 0751-2364595 (O) Rewa Shri. Gopichand Marssakolle -do- 9424351916 (M)07662-222223 (O) Jabalpur Shri. S.K. Chourasiya -do- 8871270421(M); 0761-2680928 (O) Sagar Shri. Vinaykant Sonwani -do- 9893421277 (M); 07582-241554 (O)


f) DIRECTORATE OF HORTICULTURE & AGRO-FORESTRY (Website- www.mphorticulture.gov.in) Division Name of Officer Designation Contact No.

Directorate of Horticulture Bhopal Shri.Dharam Singh Deputy Director 7898861196 (M); 0755-2550768 (O) Directorate of Agro-Forestry Bhopal Shri. Satyanand, IFS Director 0755-2578491/ 0755-2768159 (O)

Shri. Anil K. Kharache Joint Director 9406527414 (M);0755-2760200 (O) Shri. M.L. Hirwane Joint Director 9907081500 (M);0755-2767413 (O) Shri. R.B. Patel Joint Director/I/c 9425406136 (M); 0755-2770889 (O)

Hoshangabad Shri. S.R. Asati -do- 9407252016 (M);07574-252160 (O) Training Centre Panchmarhi

Shri. S.P.S. Parihar -do- 997178138 (M);0758-252643 (O)

Gwalior Shri. R.B. Rajodiya -do- 9425973234 (M);0751-2463722 (O) Indore Shri. S.L. Nagar -do- 9425165038 (M);0731-2710085 (O) Ujjain 9425165038 (M);0734-2510358 (O) Rewa Shri. P.K. Singhal -do- 9425376757 (M);07662-256516 (O) Jabalpur Shri. P.K. Singhal -do- 0761-4626543 (O) Sagar Shri. T.R. Katwale -do- 9479539356 (M);07582-227879 g) STATE AGRICULTURE MARKETING (MANDI) BOARD (Website:www.mpmandiboard.com) Division Name of Officer Designation Contact No. Email Address

Head Office Bhopal

Shri. Arun Kumar Pandey (Managing Director)

MD 9425036003(M) 0755-2553429

[email protected]

Shri. Gyan Singh Thakur Add. Director 9826187751 (M) 0755-4082125(O)

[email protected]

Shri. Rajesh Singh Kourav -do- 8989218495 (M) 0755-2556210(O)

[email protected]

Shri. A.P.S. Solanki -do- 9425012170 (M) 0755-4270561(O)

[email protected]

Dr. Hardayal Verma 9893257267 (M) 0755-2577846(O)

[email protected]

Bhopal Shri. Vinay Nigam Additional Director

9425010706 (M) 0755-2550834 (O)

-

Ujjain Shri. C.S.Vashishta Joint Director 98262286220 (M) 0734-2518120 (O)

-

Gwalior Shri. S.K. Kumre -do- 9425425281 (M) 0751-2472504 (O)

-

Sagar Shri. R.P. Chakravarthy -do- 9425174685 (M) 07582-231440 (O)

-

Jabalpur Shri. Nagesh Singh Deputy Director 906527240 (M) 0761-2677945 (O)

-

Rewa 07662-221131 (O) Indore Shri. Praveen Verma -do- 9826468529 (M)

0731-2400487 (O) -


h) MP STATE SEED & FARM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (MPSSFDC) (Website: www.mpsfdc.org)

Division Name of Officer Designation Contact No. Email Address Head Office

Dr. R.K. Gupta, IFS Managing Director 2775048 (O) - Shri. R.G. Gupta Finance Manager/I/c

Marketing Manager 8889514967 (M) 2775045 (O)

-

Shri. N.K. Agrawal Ass.Finance Manager 9826648410 (M) - Bhopal Shri. R.L. Aousari Area Manager 9826391262 (M)


Indore Shri. Virendra Singh Baghel

-do- 94075660400 (M) 0731-2461709 (O)

[email protected]

Ujjain Shri. S.S. Bariya -do- 9926531983 (M) 0734-2512181

[email protected]

Gwalior Shri. B.K. Gupta -do- 9893602609 (M) 0751-2420322 (O)

[email protected]

Sagar V.K.S. Gaur -do- 9425026281 (M) 07582-236773 (O)

[email protected]

Jabalpur Shri. B.L. Jatav -do- 9424313621 (M) 0761-2647453 (O)

[email protected]

Satna Shri. P.K. Sahu -do- 9826576303 (M) 07672-223107 (O)

[email protected]

i) SEED TESTING OFFICER Division Name of Officer Contact

Office Mob. Bhopal Shri. S.P. Ahirwar 0755-2589971 9993383916 Jabalpur Shri. S.K. Dhariwal 0761-2681952 9893068697 Indore Shri. Sheel Kumar Singh 0731-2386285 99264112380 Ujjain Shri. A.S. Bhanvar 0734-2524968 9425478365 Dhar Shri. S.S. Verma 9981541580

14. STATE INSTITUTES/SAUs/ORGANIZATION Office Name of

Officer Designation Contact No. E-mail Address

Disaster Management Institute

Dr. Rakesh Dubey

Director 9893250923 (M) 246671(O); 2466653 (F)

[email protected]

M.P. Council of Science & Technology

Prof. Promod K. Verma

DG, Scientific Advisor

[email protected]

IFFCO Shri M.L. Joshi State I/c [email protected] KRIBHCO Shri J K Yadav Senior Manager

(Marketing) 9425301374 (M) 2572164 (O)

-

IFFDC Dr. Devendra Singh

Project Manager 9425014829/ 9981173983 2481317 (O)

-

NABARD Shri. R.N. Kulkarni

Chief General Manager

2464775 (O) -

PHD Chamber of Commerce & Industries

Shri Rajendra Kothari

Resident Director


National Dairy Development Board

Dr. Subhankar Nanda

Deputy Manager



Office Name of

Officer Designation Contact No. E-mail Address

Indian Society of Agribusiness Professionals (ISAP)

Shri Suresh Motwani

Regional Coordinator


MP Water & Land Management Institute

Shri Rajesh Prasad Mishra

Director

2492673 (O) [email protected]

M.P. State Warehousing

Mr. Chandrahas Dubey

Managing Director

2600061 (O) 2587095 (F)

[email protected], [email protected],

Central Warehousing Corporation

Shri. Arvind Chaudhri

Regional Manager


Deptt. of Economics and Statistics

Dr. Rajendra Kumar Mishra

Commissioner


Indian Institute of Forest Management

Giridhar A Kinhal,

Director 2775998 (O)

State Cooperative Seed Federation Ltd.

Shri. S.S. Bhatnagar

Advisor 9425602483 (M) 2551493 (O)

[email protected], [email protected]

National Information Centre

D. Bhaskar Rao 9826987255 (M) 2551265 (O)

[email protected]

National Seed Certification

Shri Aseem Gangwar

Regional Manager

9893655474 (M) 2580638 (O)

[email protected]

RVSKKV, Gwalior Dr S K Srivastava,

Director (Extn) 9425682110 (M) [email protected]

RCVP Noronha Academy of Administration

Smt. Kanchan Jain

Director General

2445000(O) [email protected]

Commisionarate land Record, Gwalior

Shri. Rajeev Ranjan

Commissioner 9479959313 (M) 0751-2441200(O)

-

Directorate of Economics and Statistics, M.P.

Dr. Rajendra Mishra

Commissioner 9406955822 (M) 2551395 (O)

-

Department of Public Relation

Shri. Anupam Rajan

Commissioner 9425161391 (M) 2556831 (O)

-

M.P. State Sahkari Beej Utpadak Vipdan Sangh

Shri. K. K. Dwivedy

Managing Director

9424652412 (M) 2551493 (O)

[email protected]


15. SAUs: RVSKVV, GWALIOR (KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA)

KVKs Name of PC Contact No. Email Address Ashoknagar Dr. B.S. Gupta 9826828842 (M);07543-283505(O/F) [email protected] KVK, Badwani Dr. D.K. Jain 9425511228(M); 07290-26330 [email protected] KVK, Lahar, Bhind

Dr. Rupendra Kumar

9424601102 (M);07529-262019 (O/F) [email protected]

KVK, Datia Dr. Rajkumar Singh Tomar

9425893829 (M);07522/235150 (O/F) [email protected] [email protected]

KVK, Dewas Dr. R.P. Sharma 9754032456 (M); 07272/259139 (O/F) [email protected] KVK, Dhar Dr. Ashok

Kumar Badaya 8989712677 (M); 07292/223351 (O/F) [email protected]

KVK, Aron, Guna

Dr. (smt.) Sunita Mishra


KVK, Gwalior Dr. Raj Singh Kushwah

9575336761 (M);0751/2364090 (O/F) [email protected]

KVK, Jhabua Dr. Indra Singh Tomar

9425188028(M); 07392/244367(O/F) [email protected]

KVK, Khandwa Dr. Dharmendra Kumar Vani

9424095701(M); 0733-2225604 (O) /2222119 (F)

[email protected]

KVK, Khargone

Shri Y.K. Jain 9425450255(M); 07282-231726 (O)/231500 (F)

[email protected]

KVK, Mandsaur

Dr. S.K. Badoriya

9425678634 (M); 220746 (O) [email protected]

KVK, Morena Dr. Satendra Pal Singh

9479309680 (M); 07532/232995 (O/F) [email protected]

KVK, Neemuch Dr. C.P. Pachauri

9329468805(M); 07423/228955 (O/F) [email protected]

KVK,Rajgarh (Biaora)

Dr. K.S. Kirar 8269820257 (M); 07372-282655 (O) /254405 (F)

[email protected]

KVK, Shajapur Dr. Rajeev Umat

9926879645 (M)/ 222290 (O) [email protected]

KVK, Sheopur (Baroda)

Dr. Kayam Singh

9009534624 (M); 07531/276674 (O/F) [email protected]

KVK,Shivpuri Dr. M.K. Bhargava

9926360869 (M); 280388 (O) [email protected]

KVK, Ujjain Dr. A.K. Dixit 9893424607 (M); 0734/2526976 (O/F) [email protected]


16. SAUs: JNKVV, JABALPUR (KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA)

KVKs Name of PC Contact No. Email Address KVK, Badgaon Dr. R.L. Raut 9425896702 (M);07632/246729 (O) [email protected] KVK, Betul Dr. Vijay Verma 9425637718 (M); 07141/229742

(O); 268201 (F) [email protected]

KVK, Chhatarpur Dr. (smt.)Veena Pani Shrivastva

9826742776 (M); 07685/244354(O) 256541 (F)

[email protected]

KVK, Chhindwara

Dr. Surendra K. Pannase

9425844883(M); 07162/225463 (O); 225463(F)

[email protected]

KVK, Damoh Dr. Alok Kumar Dubey

940707550 (M); 07812/226565 (O); 226565 (F)

[email protected]

KVK, Dindori Dr. Harish Dixit 9425029446 (M); 07644/234961(O); 234961 (F)

[email protected]

KVK, Harda Dr. R.C. Sharma 9009801134 (M); 07577/226021(O) 226021(F)

[email protected]

KVK, Jabalpur Dr. D.P. Sharma 9425156657 (M); 0761/2681626 (O); 2681626 (F)

[email protected]

KVK, Katni Mr. A.K. Tomar 9425085385 (M); 07622/268515 (O); 268515 (F)

[email protected]

KVK, Mandla Dr. H.S. Rai 9926223756 (M); 07642/260693 (O); 260279 (F)

[email protected]

KVK, Narsinghpur

Dr. D.K. Pahalwan

9716884438 (M); 07792/237015 (O/F)

[email protected]

KVK, Panna Dr. B.S. Kirar 9425596756 (M); 07732/250510 (O); 253478 (F)

[email protected]

KVK, Powarkheda

Dr. A.K. Shrivastva

9926236942 (M); 07574/227255(O); 227297 (F)

[email protected]

KVK, Rewa Dr. A.K. Pandey 9425124291 (M); 07662/221426 (O); 220857 (F)

[email protected]

KVK, Sagar Dr. K.S. Yadav 9425854876 (M); 07582/271339 (O); 288249 (F)

[email protected]

KVK, Seoni Dr.N.K. Bisen 9424866714 (M); 07692/233765(O); 233765 (F)

[email protected]

KVK, Shahdol Dr.M. Singh 9425181832 (M); 07652/241790 (O/F)

[email protected]

KVK, Sidhi Dr. M.S. Baghel 9827373305 (M); 07822/252384 (O/F)

[email protected]

KVK, Tikamgarh Dr. B.L. Sahu 9425814518 (M); 07683/245034 (O/F)

[email protected]

KVK, Umaria Dr. K.P. Tiwari 9425888060 (M); 07653/222539 (O/F)

[email protected]


17. KVK NGOs

S.No. NGOs Name of Officer Address

1.

President, Lok Mata Devi Ahilya Ba Holkar Social National Mission,

Dr. Ajeet Singh Programme Coordinator O- 07325-253055 09301227210

Maszid Complex, Shanwara, Village Shankarpura Khurd and Sandas Khurd, Burhanpur-450331,

2.

Secretary, Bhopal Bbhoj Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Near Village Naktara, PDKVAAS, (KVK-Raisen)

Dr. Swapnil Dubey Programme Coordinator [email protected]

PO. Bankhedi, NH-86 Ext., Raisen Sagar Road, Distt. Raisen-466 551 0748-2264791, 2761831 9826499725, 9425019337

3

The Chairman, Centre for Rural Dev. & Environment, Bhopal (KVK-Sehore)

Shri. J.K. Kanojia Programme Coordinator [email protected]

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, CRDE, Vill-Sewania Ichhwar, Distt. Sehore-462043 Phone 07561-275075 9926980176,

4

Chairman, Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust, Kasturva Gram, Indore; (KVK-Indore)

Dr. Alok Kumar Deshwal Programme Coordinator [email protected]

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust Kasturabagram , Khandwa Road, Distt. Indore-452 020 Office- 0731-2874552 9826945936, 9425075620

5.

President, Kalukheda Shiksha Samiti, Ratlam (KVK-Ratlam)

Dr. Mukesh Kumar Shrivastava Programme Coordinator [email protected] [email protected]

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Shiksha Samiti, Kalukheda, Distt. Ratlam-457339 O- 07414-276180, 238727, M- 9827317670

6.

Chairman, Deen Dayal Research Institute, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi (KVK-Satna)

Shri. R.S. Negi Programme Coordinator O-07670-263440, M-9425887138

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Majhgaon, Distt. Satna-485 331

7

Ashis Mondal – Managing Trustee and Director Asha, NGO

[email protected] Action for Social Advancement (ASA), E-5/A Girish Kunj, Above State Bank of India, (Shahpura Branch), Arera colony, Bhopal,Madhya Pradesh-462016 Phone :755-2427369, 4057926

8

Smt. Nirmla Buch, Head, Mahila Chetna Manch, NGO

[email protected] Kalyani Working Women Hostel Campus, Shivaji Nagar, Bhopal (M.P) Pin – 462016 Phone No: 0755-25513649752919122

9 Vidisha Social Welfare Organization

[email protected] MN: 9425148866


18. AGRICULTURE RESEARCH CENTRES

A. JNKVV, Jabalpur Research Centre District Contact No. Email Address Zonal Agriculture Research Stations

Chhindwara 07162-225560 (O)/225850 (F) [email protected] Tikamgarh 07683-245136 (O)/ 245034 (F) [email protected] Powarkhera 07574-227257 (O)/ 22725 (F) [email protected] Jabalpur 0761-2681074 (O/F) [email protected]

Regional Agriculture Research Stations

Rewa 07662-220732 (O)/ 220857 (F) [email protected] Sagar 07582-288284 (O)/288250 (F) [email protected] Dindori 07644-234016 (O)/234961 (F) [email protected] Waraseoni 07633-280177 (O)/280178 (F) [email protected]

Agriculture Research Stations

Garhakota 07585-290662 (O)/258775 (F) [email protected] Tendani 07162-280032 (O)/225850 (F) [email protected] Mohgaon 07162-285023 (O)/225850 [email protected]

(B) RVSKVV, Gwalior

Research Centre District Contact No. Email Address Zonal Agriculture

Research Stations Khargaon 07282-231500 (O)/231500 [email protected] Morena 07532-234426 (O)/232287 [email protected] Jhabua 07392-244367 (O/F) [email protected]

Regional Agriculture Research Stations

Ujjain 0734-2517376 [email protected]

Agriculture Research Stations

Bagbai, Gwalior

9926250769 [email protected]

Badwah 0731-2701683 [email protected] Bhind 07534-260005 [email protected] Bhopal 0755-2854340 [email protected] Joura 07414-288163 [email protected]

Sirsod, Gwalior

9406785220 [email protected]


19. CHHATTISGARH a) AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT CONTACT DETAILS Name Designation Contact No. E-Mail Address SECRETARIAT Shri Ajay Singh I.A.S.

Additional Chief Secretary & Agriculture Production Commissioner

2221150 2510962 (O)

[email protected]

Shri Anoop Kumar Shrivastava I.F.S.

Secretary (Agril.) 2221147 (O) 2510103 (F)

Shri K.C. Paikara Joint Secretary (Agril.) 2510933 (O) [email protected] Shri R. K. Rathore Under Secretary (Agril.) 2510763 (O) [email protected] Shri Xavier Kerketta Under Secretary 2510066 (O) DIRECTORATE OF AGRICULTURE Shri M. S. Kerketta Director (Agriculture) 2442015 (O)

2442036 (F) [email protected]

Shri C.J. Khatri Addl. Dir. Fin. 2443702 - Shri D. D. Mishra Addl. Dir. Agril. Engr. 2442031 (O)

2442018 (F) -

Dr. S. R. Ratre Addl. Dir. Agril. 2443733 (O) - Shri P.C. Baghel Joint Dir. Agril. 2442063(O) - Shri C.B. Londhekar Joint Dir. Agril. 2442030(O) - Shri S.K. Agrawal Joint Dir. Agril (Engg.) 2443504(O) - Shri R. K. Chandrawanshi PS to DAG & Dy.

Dir. Agril. 2442015 -

Shri L. N. Sharma Dy. Dir. Agril. 2413523 - Shri Vikas Mishra Dy. Dir. Agril. 2442015 - Shri R.L. Khare Dy. Dir. Agril. 2443420 - Shri B.K. Mishra Dy. Dir. Agril. 2442760 - Shri C.K. Pardeshi Dy. Dir. Agril. 2413523 - Shri N. R. Bhagat Dy. Dir. Agril. 2442015 - DIRECTORATE OF HORTICULTURE Sh. NarendraPandey, I.F.S. Director (Horticulture) 2433001(O)

2433002 (F) [email protected]

Shri S.K. Dubey Addl. Director Horticulture


Shri B.K. Pandey Joint Director Horticulture

2443982 (O) 2443981 (F)

Shri S.R. Verma Director Sh. Himshekhar Gupta, I.A.S. M.D. Markfed. 2432991(O) Shri J.P. Pathak Registrar, Co-operative Dr. S. K. Patil V.C. Indira Gandhi Krishi

V.V. Raipur

Shri Sameer Vishnoe I.A.S.

M.D. (C.G. Rajya BeejAvam Krishi VikasNigam)

- -

Shri H. K. Nagdeo M.D. State APEX Coop. Bank

4057292 (O) 2582748 (O)

Dr. S.K. Pandey Director, Animal Husbandary

2443124(O) -

Shri V.K. Shukla Director, Fishery 2443124 (O) -


Name Designation Contact No. E-Mail Address Shri M. K. Chandrakar M.D. Seed Certif. Agency 2442319 (O)


Shri C. Panna M.D. C.G. State Bank for Agril. & Rural Dev.

2223474 (O) 2023440 (O)

-

Shri G. K. Pidiha Joint Dir. (Agrl. Engg. Testing laboratory)

2430156 (O) -

Dr. N. K. Dixit Dy. Dir. Agrl. (Fertilizer quality control)

2443595 (O) -

Shri. C.L. Jain

State Agri. Mgmt. &Exten. Train. Inst, C.G. Govt., SAMETI

9424242600 (M) 2443982 (O) 2443981(F)

-

DIRECTORATE OF AGRICULTURE, RAIPUR Shri M.S. Kerketta Director Agriculture 94255-42364 (M)

0771-2442015 (O) 0771-2442036 (F)

[email protected]

Shri R.K.Chandravansi PA to Director 94252-11393 (M) 0771-2442015 (O)

-

Shri P.C. Bghel

Joint Director, Nodal BGREI

94242-13551 (M) 0771-2442063 (O)

-


JOINT DIRECTOR AGRICULTURE DISTRICT NAME CONTACT NO. E-MAIL

Raipur Shri J.K.Nirmam 98262-40801 (M) 0771-2228935 (O/F) [email protected]

Bilaspur Shri S.C. Padam 96172-85434 (M) 07752-236290 (O) 414844/ 407975 (F)

[email protected]

Jagdalpur Shri D.K. Bhoyar 94242-25066 (M) 07782-222282 (O) 221881/ 223926 (F)

[email protected]

Sarguja Shri C.N. Singh 94252-31016 (M) 07774-222435 (O) 07774- 236074(F)

[email protected]

DEPUTY DIRECTOR AGRICULTURE

Raipur Shri Gyaram 99261-15510 (M) 0771-2439497 (O) 0771-2439497 (F)

[email protected]

Gariyaband Shri Riyajuddin Khan 98261-39599 (M) 07706-241981 (O/F) [email protected]

Balodabazar Shri M.D.Mankar 94242-34442 (M) 07727-223543 (O/F) [email protected]

Mahasamund Shri V.P. Chobey 75871-03696 (M) 07723-222132 (O) 222132/222941 (F)

[email protected]

Dhamtari Smt.Mnisha Sarkar 98271-58429 (M) 07722-232458 (O) 232458/237114 (F)

[email protected]

Durg Shri G.S. Dhurve 94241-10084 (M) 0788-2323755 (O) 2323755/4013247 (F)

[email protected]

Balod Shri Yashvant Keram 94242-37841 (M) 07749-223912 (O) [email protected]

Bemetara Shri Vinod Varma 97540-00009 (M) 07824-222552 (O/F) [email protected]

Rajnandgaon Shri Ashwani Banjara 98279-10145 (M) 07744-224109 (O/F) 223109 (F)

[email protected]

Kabirdham Shri Nageshvarlal pandey

9424279747 / 8085310358 (M) 07741-232953(O/F)

[email protected]

Bilaspur Shri R.G. Ahirwar 94064-79241 (M) 07752-238648 (O) 412703/220821 (F)

[email protected]

Mungeli Shri Mangaram Tigga 94061-33892 (M) 07755-264180 (O) [email protected]

Janjgir Shri L. M.Bhagat 98264-35113 (M) 07817-222282 (O) 07817-222215 (F)

[email protected]


DISTRICT NAME CONTACT NO. E-MAIL

Korba Shri L.S.Dhruv 94252-47463 (M) 07759-227641(O) 07759-221387 F)

[email protected]

Raigarh Shri M.R.Bhagat 94252-47463 (M) 07762-223078 (O) 224614/220014(F)

[email protected]

Jashpur Shri R.K.Gonekar 98271-87467 (M) 07763-220571 (O) 220571/220811 (F)

[email protected]

Koriya Shri M.G.Shyamkuvar 94241-12012 (M) 07836-232214 (O) 07836-233050 (F)

[email protected]

Surguja Shri M.K.Chouhan 98271-96957 (M) 07774-222722 (O) 07774- 236356 (F)

[email protected]

Surajpur Shri S.K.Prasad 94064-54843 (M) 07775-2666098 (O/F) [email protected]

Balrampur Shri J.P.Chandrakar 99261-74434 (M) 07831-273072 (O) [email protected]

Jagdalpur Shri Kpildev Deepak 94060-12905 (M) 07782-222225 (O) 07782-221881(F)

[email protected]

Kondagaon Shri B.K.Bijnoriya 94061-10175 (M) 07786-242075 (O/F) [email protected]

Kanker Shri Chiranjeev Sarkar 94255-08204 (M) 07868-241661 (O/F) 07868-222930 (F)

[email protected]

Dantewada Shri N.Das 94252-62939 (M) 07856-252360 (O/F) [email protected]

Sukma Shri H.S.Rajput 75874-45403 (M) 07864-284151 (O/F) [email protected]

Bijapur Shri L.P.Ahirwar 94060-12905 (M) 07853-220207 (O/F) 07853-220113 (F)

[email protected]

Narayanpur Shri N.K.Nagesh 94061-10175 (M) 07781-252896 (O/F) [email protected]

Date post:	28-Jun-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	dangminh
View:	214 times
Download:	0 times

farmer.gov.infarmer.gov.in/imagedefault/prospects_2017.pdfPulses in India Retrospect & Prospects...

Documents