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REGISTRATION

No-ONE is a legally qualified medical practitioner unlesshis name appears on the Medical Register kept by theGeneral Medical Council. The council is a standardisingbody, ensuring that there is a prescribed minimum ofmRftir.a.l education and examination reauirements ; it is

Numbers starting study and registering.* *

also responsible for discipline within the profession.The Medical Act, 1950, which received the Royal Assentin July, provides that after qualification and beforefull registration an applicant must for a period holda resident post at an approved institution. Thisnew condition of registration will not, however, beimplemented before 1952 at the earliest.The approximate number of second-year students

admitted to medical schools in the United Kingdom and

in Ireland was 2498 during 1945-46, 2793 during 1946-47,2722 during 1947-48, 2573 during 1948-49, and 2734during 1949-50. The numbers newly registered were :in 1946, 2237 ; in 1947, 2787 ; in 1948, 3968 ; in 1949,3109. Doctors temporarily registered by virtue ofDefence Regulation 32B or of the Polish ResettlementAct have been enabled to apply for admission to"‘ thepermanent register, provided that they are residentin Great Britain ; and at the end of last year only 53names remained on the temporary foreign register.* The numbers shown as starting study are taken from the Medical

Students’ Register up to 1938 ; and since then from returnsmade by the medical schools to the General Medical Council.Both forms of registration are incomplete, but latterly returnshave been received from almost all schools.

Postgraduate Education

IN LONDON

A JOINT board has been established to effect cooperationbetween the British Postgraduate Medical Federation(University of London) and the three Royal collegesin providing postgraduate education in the medical anddental specialties in London, supplementing the provisionsat the undergraduate medical schools and teaching hos-pitals. Each of the three Royal colleges arranges coursesof lectures in the clinical aspects of their specialties, andthe Royal College of Surgeons provides, in addition,courses of lectures and demonstrations in the basicsciences for potential surgical and dental specialists, andin anaesthetics. Each Royal college provides expertadvice and guidance on suitable hospital appointmentsand programmes of study for candidates for its higherqualifications and other graduates visiting this countryfor further study, and the services of the staff of thecentral office of the Federation are available to allpostgraduates. The Federation is arranging a courseof advanced lectures, entitled " The Scientific Basis ofMedicine," to be held on Tuesdays and Thursdays at5.30 P.M. during the autumn and winter terms of the1950-51 session. The lectures are designed especiallyfor research-workers and specialists in training and willbe open to all registered medical practitioners without fe4;.

British Postgraduate Medical Federation

The British Postgraduate Medical Federation, whichis a school of the University of London, comprisesthe Postgraduate Medical School at HammersmithHospital, with its university departments of generalmedicine, general surgery, and pathology, and institutesin the following clinical branches of medicine and surgeryassociated with the special hospitals : cardiology,child health, dermatology, diseases of the chest, laryngo-logy and otology, neurology, obstetrics and gynaecology,ophthalmology, orthopaedics, psychiatry, urology, anddental surgery. These are in various stages of develop-ment, and the numbers of students that can be admittedto the clinical practice of some of the hospitals are

limited. Appointments of the house-officer and registrartypes in the hospitals and institutes provide the mostvaluable form of postgraduate education, and there areopportunities for research by selected graduates. At allthe institutes courses of instruction are given throughoutthe academic year; they are suitable for graduatesin the early stages of their specialist education and alsofor those who have completed their practical training.Two or more years of hospital work in general medicineand general surgery after graduation are normallyadvisable before commencing work in the special branches.The work at the institutes is of an advanced type and issufficiently comprehensive to enable graduates withsuitable practical experience to prepare for higherdegrees and diplomas. Emphasis is placed on clinicaland laboratory teaching, supplemented by lectures anddemonstrations.

The POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL OF LONDONis associated with the Hammersmith Hospital, DucaneRoad, W.12. It has university departments in medicine,surgery, and pathology. The teaching in the clinicaldepartments, based on ward work, is continuous and issupplemented by lectures during three ten-week termsstarting in January, April, and October. A course for theUniversity diploma in clinical pathology, lasting one year,is available for a limited number of selected students.The department of radiology of the hospital providescourses for the diplomas in medical radiology of theUniversity and the Conjoint Board. All these coursesbegin in October. Long-term and short-term tuition inanaesthetics is provided for a small number of students.

The INSTITUTE OF CARDIOLOGY is associated with theNational Heart Hospital, Westmoreland Street, W.l.Seven appointments of the registrar type are offered eachyear to physicians in training as cardiologists whoalready have a sound grounding in general medicine.General physicians may enrol for full-time or part-time

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instruction for one term of approximately three months.There are three terms annually, commencing in January,May, and October. Three intensive courses of lecturesand demonstrations, each lasting a fortnight, are held inFebruary, July, and November.

The INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH is associated with theHospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, andthe Postgraduate Medical School at HammersmithHospital; the Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children,Hackney, also participates in the clinical teaching of theinstitute. The institute provides tuition throughout theyear in three terms of three months each, commencingin January, May, and September, and in addition aseries of lectures by specialists and experts in variousspheres is given each term.

The INSTITUTE OF DERMATOLOGY is associated withSt. John’s Hospital for Diseases of the Skin, 5, LisleStreet, W.C.2. Clinical teaching takes place in theoutpatient department twice daily. There are alsofacilities for study and tuition in the pathologicallaboratory, but owing to the restricted accommodationno ward instruction is possible yet. A short course oflectures is given in the summer months, and a longerand more systematic course in the winter. Clinicalassistantships are arranged for more advanced students.

The INSTITUTE OF DISEASES OF THE CHEST is associatedwith the Hospitals for Diseases of the Chest (BromptonHospital, S.W.3, and London Chest Hospital, E.2).Students may enrol for three months or more on anapproximately half-time course, and arrangements aremade for students who intend to specialise in diseasesof the chest to attend whole-time. Courses consist ofclinical work in wards and outpatient departments,lectures, and demonstrations. A small number of studentswith adequate experience can be accepted for trainingin thoracic surgery. There are three terms annually,commencing in January, April, and October.

The INSTITUTE OF LARYNGOLOGY AND OTOLOGY isassociated with the Royal National Throat, Nose, andEar Hospital at Gray’s Inn Road, W.C.l, and GoldenSquare, W.I. A comprehensive full-time course lasting8 months is held twice a year commencing in Februaryand September ; the first three months are devoted toa study of the basic sciences of the specialty, and thefollowing five months are concerned with the clinicalaspect of the subject. A part-time advanced revisioncourse lasting 10-12 weeks, suitable for students pre-paring for the higher qualifications, is held twice yearly,approximately from February to May and from Septemberto November. There are a number of appointmentsopen to students, after completion of basic training inthe specialty, which give good opportunities for acquiringand extending clinical experience.

The INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGY is associated with theNational Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square,W.C.I. The teaching is mainly by attendance on thehospital practice, supplemented by lectures and demon-strations. Two whole-time courses in clinical neurologyare held annually commencing in October and January,and a course in neurosurgery is held annually commencingin May. Courses of weekly clinical demonstrations areheld regularly three times a year. More advancedstudents are appointed as clinical clerks in the wardsor attached to the special departments and researchlaboratories.

The INSTITUTE OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY isassociated with the Queen Charlotte’s Maternity Hospital,the Chelsea Hospital for Women, and the department ofobstetrics and gynaecology at the Postgraduate MedicalSchool. The teaching is based on ward work and issupplemented by lectures and demonstrations duringthree ten-week terms commencing in October, January,and April. Short intensive courses of a fortnight’sduration, held twice a year, are suitable for studentspreparing for the higher qualifications. A limited numberof posts suitable for junior specialists receiving advancedtraining is available.

The INSTITUTE OF OPHTHALMOLOGY is associated withthe Moorfields, Westminster and Central Eye Hospital.In addition to teaching by means of attendance on thehospital practice, a routine lecture and tutorial course,lasting 4-5 months, is held twice a year commencing inMarch and October ; the first part of the course isdevoted to anatomy, embryology, histology, physiology,optics, and elementary clinical instruction, and thesecond part comprises bacteriology, pathology, operativesurgery, medical ophthalmology, and all aspects of

ophthalmic disease. Clinical teaching and lectures aregiven at a higher level for advanced students. Thereare facilities for research for suitably qualified candidates.

The INSTITUTE OF ORTHOPEDICS is associated with theRoyal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Great PortlandStreet, W.l. The practice of both the central hospitaland the country hospital at Stanmore is open to post-graduate students. Selected students have opportunitiesfor taking an active part in the work of the institute andthe hospital and of spending in the institute up to twoyears of their training. Formal courses of various lengthsare held during academic terms. Twice a year, in Apriland September, a one-week course in advanced clinicalorthopaedics is held.

The INSTITUTE OF PSYCHIATRY is associated with theMaudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, S.E.5, and the BethlemRoyal Hospital. Training normally covers 2-3 yearsafter experience elsewhere in general medicine, and isbased on responsible hospital duties under supervision.Regular series of lectures and demonstrations are giventhroughout each of the university terms ; clinical trainingcontinues throughout the year and includes seminars andcase discussions. Students who, because of previousexperience, do not wish to take the comprehensive two-year course will be able to attend limited series of lecturesand clinical instruction. There are facilities for originalinvestigations under supervision in the clinical depart-ments and in the psychological, neuro-anatomical,electrophysiological, and biochemical departments.

The INSTITUTE OF UROLOGY is associated with St.Peter’s and St. Paul’s Hospitals, Henrietta Street, W.C.2.Three courses of fourteen weeks’ duration are heldannually, commencing in January, April, and September.An intensive two-week course suitable for students takinghigher examinations is held in September, March, andJune. Resident appointments and clinical assistantshipsare available for selected students with a sound trainingin general surgery. Courses in venereology, each,lastingtwo months, are held at intervals.

The INSTITUTE OF DENTAL SuRGERY is associated withthe Eastman Dental Hospital. The object of the institute isto train dental practitioners in the special branches of pre-ventive and therapeutic dentistry, both for children andadults, by means of clinical experience, lectures, demonstra-tions, and research. Opportunities for limited numbers ofstudents are available in orthodontics, conservative dentistry,periodontia, preventive dentistry, prosthetics and oral

surgery, the courses varying from four to twelve months induration. There are house-officer and registrar appointmentsavailable for selected students.

It is essential for prospective postgraduates to maketheir arrangements well in advance. Those sponsoredby their universities, governments, or other officialbodies receive first consideration in the allotment ofvacancies. Established specialists from overseas, herefor a relatively short time, who wish to see something ofthe practice of this country, are always welcome; theyare regarded as visiting colleagues, and the experts intheir specialties are always ready to receive them andlet them accompany them in their work and teaching.In addition refresher courses and other forms of continuingeducation for general practitioners are arranged athospitals throughout the four Metropolitan regions withthe assistance of the regional advisers in postgraduatemedical education. The director of the Federation isSir Francis Fraser, F.R.c.p., and the central adminis-trative office is at 3, Gordon Square, London, W.C.1. Aninformation bureau of postgraduate activities in Londonand other university centres is maintained.

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Royal Colleges, Hospitals, Schools, &c.

The ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF LONDON holdsa series of advanced postgraduate lectures, includingsome on pathology, biochemistry, &c. The lecturersare drawn from the provinces as well as London. Theaudience is limited to 200. Details can be obtained fromthe secretary of the college, Pall Mall East, London,S.W.1.

The ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND has

arranged a number of lectures and demonstrations to beheld at the college. In surgery two series, each of 24 lec-tures, will be given during October and April, and atthe same time clinical conferences will be arranged atselected hospitals. Between October and January, andalso between April and July, there will be a series of 30lectures and practical demonstrations in anatomy,applied physiology, and pathology. In anaesthesia twoseries, each of 45 lectures and tutorials, will be given inOctober and March and, in addition, there will be coursesof lectures in the basic sciences for anaesthetists. Coursesextending over a period of from one to two years arearranged. Lectures and clinical demonstrations in oral,dental, and general surgery will be held in conjunctionwith the Eastman Dental Clinic in November andMarch ; and lectures and practical demonstrations on theapplication of the basic sciences to dental surgery will beheld in July and January-February. Lectures andcourses are arranged during the year jointly with theInstitute of Laryngology and Otology, and the Instituteof Urology. Specialists are available for consultation onpostgraduate training in general surgery, dental surgery,and anaesthetics. Facilities are now available for adviceon postgraduate Orthopaedic training through the Post-graduate Orthopaedic Committee which has its head-quarters at the college. Residential accommodation isavailable in the college. Information on all these coursesmay be had from the secretary of the PostgraduateEducation Committee, Royal College of Surgeons,Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, W.C.2.

At ST. MARK’S HOSPITAL, City Road, London, E.C.1,surgeons wishing to specialise in proctology may attenda six-month course, and postgraduate students workingfor higher degrees may come for 1-4 weeks’ whole-timestudy. Intensive courses, each lasting two weeks, areheld in conjunction with the Fellowship of PostgraduateMedicine three or four times a year.

The LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICALMEDICINE offers a course for the certificate and diplomain public health, beginning in October and lasting oneacademic year (the preliminary part, from October toDecember, being followed by the examination for thecertificate). During the second part of the course,students may elect to make a special study of :(1) industrial health ; (2) statistics and epidemiology ;(3) institutional administration ; or (4) tropical hygiene.The elective course in industrial health is recognised inpart as qualifying for the examination for the diplomain industrial health ; and opportunities are given forvisits to factories and other industrial establishments.The school also provides courses for the academic

postgraduate diploma in bacteriology and for thediploma of the Conjoint Board in tropical medicine andhygiene, and a short course in medical statistics. Thediploma course in bacteriology, starting in October,

’ lasts one academic year and is intended to give advancedinstruction to graduates in medicine or veterinary sciencewho intend to follow a career in bacteriology. Twocourses in tropical medicine and hygiene are held eachyear, beginning in March and October and continuingfor five months. No course for the new academicD.T.M. & H. will be offered in the current year. Thecourse in medical statistics occupies two days a weekfor three months, beginning in April and also in Januaryif applications are sufficient.

The ROYAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH ANDHYGIENE offers courses for the certificate in publichealth, starting approximately at the beginning ofApril and October ; and for the diploma, starting inFebruary and August. The institute also provides a

course for the diploma in industrial health ; the coursefor part 1 is the same as that for the certificate in publichealth, while that for part 2 begins in February andJuly. Any of the courses may be taken either whole-timeor part-time. Further information may be had from thesecretary, 28, Portland Place, London, W.I.

At the TAVISTOCK CLINIC the psychotherapy of bothadults and children as outpatients, based on psycho-analytical concepts, which has characterised the clinic’sactivities in the past, is being developed, and particularattention is being given to group psychotherapy. Inaddition to therapeutic work the clinic and the associatedTavistock Institute of Human Relations are studyingtechniques in preventive psychiatry and social medicine.In the adult department the following activities will beginin the autumn : (1) a course in elementary psychotherapywith special reference to group methods for a limitednumber of psychiatrists ; and (2) short lecture-discussioncourses in psychopathology and clinical psychology fortrainee psychiatrists. In the child-guidance departmentsystematic training is at present available for a limitednumber of psychiatric registrars, educational psycho-logists, child psychotherapists, and psychiatric socialworkers. Both departments of the clinic have in addi-tion : (a) case conferences open to a limited number ofsenior professional workers on request ; (b) open caseconferences for a limited number of allied workers ;(c) a two-year course in clinical psychology for a verylimited number of psychologists ; and (d) elementaryand advanced courses in the use of the Rorschach testmethod. Further information may be had from thetraining secretary, 2, Beaumont Street, London, W.I.

The TAVISTOCK INSTITUTE OF HUMAN RELATIONS isconcerned with applied social research in problems whichmay cover the family, the factory, the hospital, or thecommunity. A programme of lectures and discussionsfor those interested in social and industrial medicine andallied fields is planned to begin in the autumn of 1950.Further information may be obtained from the secretary,2, Beaumont Street, W.I.

The INSTITUTE OF PsycHO-ArrALYSIS, 96, GloucesterPlace, London, W.I, provides training in psycho-analytictheory and technique. The course is part-time and lastsabout four years. It includes a personal analysis, atten-dance at lectures and seminars (held in the evenings),and clinical work done under supervision. Students arerequired to obtain general psychiatric experience at otherclinics and hospitals, since the institute does not set outto teach all aspects of psychiatry. Completion of thecourse to the satisfaction of the training committeequalifies the student for election as an associate memberof the British Psycho-Analytical Society. In addition tothis main course designed for those intending to specialise,the institute gives briefer courses from time to time on theapplication of the principles of psycho-analysis to medicalproblems. These are advertised in the medical press.

The NORTH LONDON POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL INSTI-TUTE holds courses in advanced medicine, advancedsurgery, and obstetrics and gynaecology ; and instructionis given in pathology, anaesthetics, and radiodiagnosis.Clinical instruction is given at Bearsted MemorialHospital, Chase Farm Hospital, North MiddlesexHospital, the Prince of Wales’s General Hospital, andSt. Ann’s General Hospital. During the coming academicyear there will be eight-week courses in advancedmedicine suitable for those taking the M.R.C.P. egamina=tion, eight-week courses in advanced surgery suitable forthose taking the F.R.c.s. examination, and two-weekcourses for those taking the D.OBST. examination.Further information can be obtained on application tothe dean, Dr. J. Browning Alexander, the Prince ofWales’s General Hospital, London, N.15.

The FELLOWSHIP OF POSTGRADUATE MEDICINE, whichhas an office at 1, Wimpole Street, London, W.I, providesgeneral information on postgraduate work, and arrangescourses of instruction as follows :

1. Weekend courses, occupying the whole of a Saturdayand Sunday. These are given in various hospitals in

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such subjects as infectious diseases, general medicine,the rheumatic diseases, orthopaedics, and clinical surgery.

2. Courses specially suitable for, though not restricted to,candidates for the D.A., D.C.H., D.OBST., M.R.C.P., andF.R.C.S. (final). These include general medicine, neurology,general surgery, proctology, midwifery, children’s diseases,and anaesthetics. Some are full-time courses, lasting 1-2weeks. Others are spread over longer periods, takingplace either in the mornings, afternoons, or late after-noons ; they are intended particularly for postgraduatesnot free for full-time study.

The TUBERCULOSIS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE, whichoffers regular refresher courses for doctors, nurses, andsocial workers, is composed of representatives from theJoint Tuberculosis Council and the National Associationfor the Prevention of Tuberculosis. During 1951 it is

proposed to hold a course in Birmingham, with industrialtuberculosis as the main theme. In view of the compre-hensive functions of chest physicians since the introduc-tion of the National Health Service, it is also hoped toarrange a course on non-tuberculous diseases of thechest. Preliminary inquiries are also being made as tothe possibility of holding a course in France or theNetherlands, so that first-hand knowledge may begained of modern methods of treatment and preventionin those countries. Intensive three-day clinical coursesare held regularly throughout the year at the CheshireJoint Sanatorium, Market Drayton, the King George VSanatorium, Godalming, and the Aintree Hospital,Liverpool. In September, a similar course, the first ofits kind to be held in Scotland, will be organised underthe auspices of the institute at the Tor-na-Dee Sana-torium, Aberdeenshire. Two years ago the instituteissued a memorandum on undergraduate teaching intuberculosis to the deans of medical schools in Londonand the provinces, as it was evident that, in some schoolsat least, a student could complete the curriculumwithout seeing a case of tuberculosis. A summary isnow being prepared to show the present-day facilitiesavailable for the undergraduate teaching of tuberculosis.Particulars of courses may be had from the secretary ofthe institute, Tavistock House North, Tavistock Square,London, W.C.1.

OTHER UNIVERSITIES

Each university in the United Kingdom with a medicalschool is responsible for the postgraduate education ofthe region in which it is situated. Each has a post-graduate education committee with a dean or directorof postgraduate studies as its executive officer.

ENGLAND AND WALES

The names and addresses of the regional postgraduatedeans and directors are :

.BM-MMMga/M.—Prof. W. H. WYNN, F.R.C.P., Medical School,Hospitals Centre, Birmingham, 15.

B,ristol.-Dr. A. H. GALE, The University, Bristol, 8.

Cambridge.-Sir LIONEL WHITBY, F.R.C.P., The NavalHut, Downing College, Cambridge.

jDMaM.—Prof. R. B. GREEN, F.R.C.S., Medical School,.King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1.Leeds.-Dr. T. A. DIVINE, School of Medicine, Thoresby

Place, Leeds, 2.

Liverpool.-Mr. J. T. MORRISON, F.R.C.S., The University,Liverpool.

-Wanc7ze,,tei,.-Dr. G. J. LANGLEY, F.R.C.P., The University,Manchester, 13.

Oxford.-Sir ROBERT MCCARRISON, F.R.C.P., 91, BanburyRoad, Oxford.

Sheffield.-Dr. J. G. MCCRIE, F.R.C.P.E., 258, MushroomLaAe, Sheffield, 10.

Cardiff.-Prof. R. M. F. PICKEN, 34, Newport Road,Cardiff.

The LIVERPOOL SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE offersa course of instruction for the diploma in tropicalmedicine and hygiene granted by the University of

Liverpool. Two such courses are held each year, startingat the end of September and the beginning of Januaryand continuing for approximately five months. Onlythose students who hold a medical qualification regis-trable in the United Kingdom or otherwise recognised bythe university, and who have attended the approvedcourse of instruction in this school, are eligible to sit forthe examination for this diploma.The school also provides courses of instruction in public

health, parasitology, and entomology for students takingthe diploma in public health granted by the Universityof Liverpool. Courses of instruction in veterinaryparasitology and entomology are given during eachacademic session to Liverpool University undergraduatestaking the M.R.c.v.s. diploma and B.v.sC. degree.Facilities are offered to certain graduates who wish tocarry out individual pieces of research work.

At ROFFEY PARK REHABILITATION CENTRE residentialcourses lasting one week are held for doctors and others.The syllabus is divided broadly under two headings:(1) maintenance of fitness at work ; and (2) rehabilitationand resettlement. Classes are modelled on the lines of theopen discussion group. Inquiries should be addressedto the secretary, Roffey Park Institute of OccupationalHealth and Social Medicine, Horsham, Sussex.

SCOTLAND

The names and addresses of the Scottish deans anddirectors of postgraduate studies are :

Aberdeen.-Prof. J. CRAIG, F.R.C.P.E., University Buildings,Foresterhill, Aberdeen.

Dundee.-Prof. R. B. HUNTER, M.R.C.P.E., Medical School,University of St. Andrews, Small’s Wynd, Dundee.

Edinburgh.-Sir ALEXANDER BiGGAM, F.R.C.P., Surgeons’Hall, Edinburgh, 8.

. Glasgow.-Prof. G. M. WISHART, F.rt.F.P.a., University,Glasgow, W.2.

The EDINBURGH POST-GRADUATE BOARD FOR MEDICINE,representing the university and the Royal Colleges ofPhysicians and Surgeons of Edinburgh, arranges pro-grammes of graduate studies. The board offers coursesin internal medicine, general surgery, and medicalsciences, and refresher courses for general practitioners.Two courses in internal medicine, lasting 12 weeks, are

held, starting in April and October of each year. Theseclasses comprise lectures, lecture-demonstrations, clinicalteaching, and clinical pathological demonstrations ; theyare suitable for graduates wishing to specialise in medicineor who require a refresher course in the current outlookon internal medicine.

Two courses in general surgery are held each year.starting in March and October. These courses are of12 weeks’ duration ; they include lectures on surgicalpathology and selected surgical subjects, as well as

clinical demonstrations and ward visits for the classin small groups. In addition to the Edinburgh RoyalInfirmary, other general and special hospitals in thecity cooperate in the provision of clinical teachingfacilities.

A comprehensive course in the medical sciences ofanatomy, physiology, pathology, bacteriology, and bio-chemistry is held in the summer; 280 hours of instructionare given in this course, 100 of which are devoted topractical work ; and in connection with it a series of twelve eopen lectures are given by leading authorities in theirvarious specialties. This course is suitable for thoserequiring a final preparation in these subjects. It isdesirable that those taking this course should already haveconsiderable basic knowledge.

General-practitioner courses have been completelyreorganised, with the teaching either at the bedside orby means of lecture-demonstrations. Emphasis is laid onrecent advances in treatment, and free discussion, aswell as constructive criticism by members of the course.is encouraged.Open postgraduate lectures of wide interest are

organised in conjunction with the courses in surgery