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335 Postgraduate Education In London The BRITISH POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL FEDERATION will be a school of the University of London. For the graduate who has already started his specialist training, university departments at the Postgraduate Medical School, Ham- mersmith, and at institutes in association with special hospitals provide organised teaching. Advanced instruc- tion in general medicine, general surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, and pathology is provided at the Post- graduate Medical School. Institutes which are now functioning satisfactorily are those of Laryngology and Otology, Child Health, Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Psychiatry. Institutes of Orthopaedic Surgery, Urology, Diseases of the Chest, Cardiology, Dermatology, , and Dental Surgery are at various stages of development, and are able to provide training for limited numbers. The usual resident appointments are available at the hospitals associated with these schools and institutes. The Postgraduate Medical School of London (formerly the British Postgraduate Medical School) is associated with the Hammersmith Hospital, and has university departments in medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, and pathology. Continuous teaching, based on ward-work, is supplemented by lectures during three fourteen-week sessions. A course for the university diploma in clinical pathology, lasting one year, begins in October. Refresher courses are held in practical anaesthetics. Courses are also provided for the diplomas in medical radiology of the university and Conjoint Board. The Institute of Child Health is in association with the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, and the Postgraduate Medical School at Hammersmith Hospital, and also has an arrangement with the Queen Elizabeth Hospital- for Children, Hackney. The institute provides tuition throughout the year in three terms of three months each. The Institute of Neurology is in association with the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square. The teaching is mainly by attendance on the hospital practice, and there are three terms annually. In addition, whole-time courses, each lasting ten weeks, are held in the autumn and spring terms. The Institute of Laryngology and Otology is in association with the Royal National Throat, Nose, and Ear Hospital at Gray’s Inn Road and Golden Square. -A comprehensive course lasting twenty weeks and designed to cover the whole field of the specialty is held twice a year in January and July. The Ophthalmic Institute, is in association with the Moor- fields group of hospitals (Royal London Ophthalmic, Royal Westminster Ophthalmic, and Central London Ophthalmic hospitals). In addition to teaching by means of hospital practice, a course lasting four to five months is held twice a year, starting in March and October. Institute of Psychiatry (medical school of the Maudsley Hospital).-The present short course will be the last of its kind. The future training in psychiatry will be a long-term training covering two or three years, after preliminary experi- ence elsewhere in general medicine, and it will be based on responsible hospital duties under supervision. The ultimate aim is to provide a wide clinical training in psychiatry, with special experience in one or more of its subdivisions. Institute of Orthopœdic Surgery (medical school of the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital).-In addition to the hospital practice, courses lasting six months are to be held. Institute of Urology (combined school of St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s hospitals).-Three courses of fourteen weeks’ duration are held annually. Institute of Diseases of the Chest (medical school of the Brompton Hospital).-The teaching is primarily by means of attendance on hospital practice. A whole-time programme can be arranged, but the numbers are restricted for the present by lack of accommodation. There are three terms annually. InstEticte of Dermatology (medical school of St. John’s Hospital for Diseases of the Skin, Lisle Street, W.C.2).- Clinical teaching takes place in the outpatient department twice daily. A course is to be arranged for the winter. Institute of Cardiology (medical school of the National Heart Hospital, Westmoreland Street, W.1).-The aim of the institute is to train cardiological specialists and to provide courses of instruction in cardiology for general physicians. Physicians in training as cardiologists are expected to attend whole-time for at least one year. There are three terms annually. Three intensive courses of lectures and demon- strat.ionF’, each lasting a fortnight, are held in February, July, and November. In addition there are series of weekly lectures in the summer and winter for general practitioners. In all the institutes considerable expansion is planned as soon as the necessary trained staff and accommodation are obtained. It is essential for prospective students to make their arrangements well in advance. Those spon- sored by their governments or by other official bodies and selected for training in one of the specialties will receive first consideration in the allotment of vacancies. Established specialists from overseas who wish to see something of the practice of this country, and who are here for a relatively short time, are always welcome. They are regarded as visiting colleagues, and the experts in their specialties are always ready to receive them and let them accompany them in their work and teaching. The work at the institutes is of an advanced type and is sufficiently comprehensive to enable graduates with suitable practical experience to prepare for higher degrees or diplomas. Emphasis is placed on clinical and labora- tory teaching, supplemented by lectures and demonstra- tions. Advanced revision courses in general medicine and general surgery for graduates who have already completed their practical training and wish to sit for higher degrees and diplomas are being developed. In addition, refresher courses for general practitioners are held at non-teaching hospitals in London and the Home Counties. The federation has a central administrative office at 2, Gordon Square, London, W.C.1, to which inquiries should be directed. An information bureau of post- graduate medical activities in London and the other university centres is maintained. The FELLOWSHIP OF POSTGRADUATE MEDICINE, which has a bureau at 1, Wimpole Street, London, W.l, provides general information on postgraduate work, and arranges, at various hospitals, courses of instruction which may be classed under two main headings : 1. Weekend courses, occupying the whole of a Saturday and Sunday, for general practitioners. These are given in various general and special hospitals in such subjects as general medicine and surgery, obstetrics and gyn2e- cology, ear, nose, and throat conditions, children’s diseases, and rheumatic diseases. 2. Short clinical courses for candidates for the n2.R.e.r. and F.R.C.S. (final) given shortly before the examinations. Twice a year revision courses in - anaesthetics are arranged in Oxford and in London ; also lecture-demon- stcations for primary F.R.c.s. candidates, and occasional courses for D.c.H. candidates. Other courses are arranged from time to time in proctology and urology. It is hoped to add to the number and variety of courses as facilities permit. In Scotland The EDINBURGH POSTGRADUATE BOARD FOR MEDICINE, representing the University and the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons of Edinburgh, arranges pro- grammes of graduate studies. Two courses in internal medicine lasting eleven weeks are held, starting in April and October of each year. These classes comprise lectures, lecture-demonstrations, and clinical teaching, and are suitable for graduates wishing to specialise in medicine or who require a refresher course in the current outlook on internal medicine. Two courses in general surgery are held each year, starting in March and October. These courses are of 41/2 months’ duration ; they include lectures on surgical anatomy, surgical pathology, and selected surgical subjects, as well as clinical demonstrations and ward visits for sections of the class. In addition to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, other general and special hospitals in the city cooperate in the provision of clinical teaching facilities. General refresher courses lasting two weeks, for N.H.I. practi- tioners and demobilised general practitioners, are con- ducted according to the demand ; and ten classes of this type, in addition to two short courses in obstetrics, gynaecology, and paediatrics, have so far been held. Open postgraduate lectures on subjects of wide biological interest are arranged each term in connexion with the other organised teaching of the Board. Future plans include the further extension of hospital facilities for clinical teaching, and the provision of hostel accom- modation for graduates.
Transcript

335

Postgraduate EducationIn London

The BRITISH POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL FEDERATION willbe a school of the University of London. For the graduatewho has already started his specialist training, universitydepartments at the Postgraduate Medical School, Ham-mersmith, and at institutes in association with specialhospitals provide organised teaching. Advanced instruc-tion in general medicine, general surgery, obstetrics andgynaecology, and pathology is provided at the Post-graduate Medical School. Institutes which are now

functioning satisfactorily are those of Laryngology andOtology, Child Health, Neurology, Ophthalmology, andPsychiatry. Institutes of Orthopaedic Surgery, Urology,Diseases of the Chest, Cardiology, Dermatology, , andDental Surgery are at various stages of development,and are able to provide training for limited numbers.The usual resident appointments are available at thehospitals associated with these schools and institutes.The Postgraduate Medical School of London (formerly the

British Postgraduate Medical School) is associated with theHammersmith Hospital, and has university departments inmedicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, and pathology.Continuous teaching, based on ward-work, is supplementedby lectures during three fourteen-week sessions. A coursefor the university diploma in clinical pathology, lasting oneyear, begins in October. Refresher courses are held in practicalanaesthetics. Courses are also provided for the diplomasin medical radiology of the university and Conjoint Board.The Institute of Child Health is in association with the

Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, and thePostgraduate Medical School at Hammersmith Hospital, andalso has an arrangement with the Queen Elizabeth Hospital-for Children, Hackney. The institute provides tuition

throughout the year in three terms of three months each.The Institute of Neurology is in association with the National

Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square. The teachingis mainly by attendance on the hospital practice, and there arethree terms annually. In addition, whole-time courses, eachlasting ten weeks, are held in the autumn and spring terms.The Institute of Laryngology and Otology is in association

with the Royal National Throat, Nose, and Ear Hospital atGray’s Inn Road and Golden Square. -A comprehensive courselasting twenty weeks and designed to cover the whole field ofthe specialty is held twice a year in January and July. ’

The Ophthalmic Institute, is in association with the Moor-fields group of hospitals (Royal London Ophthalmic, RoyalWestminster Ophthalmic, and Central London Ophthalmichospitals). In addition to teaching by means of hospitalpractice, a course lasting four to five months is held twicea year, starting in March and October.

Institute of Psychiatry (medical school of the MaudsleyHospital).-The present short course will be the last of itskind. The future training in psychiatry will be a long-termtraining covering two or three years, after preliminary experi-ence elsewhere in general medicine, and it will be based onresponsible hospital duties under supervision. The ultimateaim is to provide a wide clinical training in psychiatry, withspecial experience in one or more of its subdivisions.

Institute of Orthopœdic Surgery (medical school of the

Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital).-In addition to thehospital practice, courses lasting six months are to be held.

Institute of Urology (combined school of St. Peter’s andSt. Paul’s hospitals).-Three courses of fourteen weeks’duration are held annually.

Institute of Diseases of the Chest (medical school of theBrompton Hospital).-The teaching is primarily by means ofattendance on hospital practice. A whole-time programmecan be arranged, but the numbers are restricted for the presentby lack of accommodation. There are three terms annually.

InstEticte of Dermatology (medical school of St. John’sHospital for Diseases of the Skin, Lisle Street, W.C.2).-Clinical teaching takes place in the outpatient departmenttwice daily. A course is to be arranged for the winter.

Institute of Cardiology (medical school of the NationalHeart Hospital, Westmoreland Street, W.1).-The aim of theinstitute is to train cardiological specialists and to providecourses of instruction in cardiology for general physicians.Physicians in training as cardiologists are expected toattend whole-time for at least one year. There are three terms

annually. Three intensive courses of lectures and demon-strat.ionF’, each lasting a fortnight, are held in February,

July, and November. In addition there are series of weeklylectures in the summer and winter for general practitioners.

In all the institutes considerable expansion is plannedas soon as the necessary trained staff and accommodationare obtained. It is essential for prospective students tomake their arrangements well in advance. Those spon-sored by their governments or by other official bodiesand selected for training in one of the specialties willreceive first consideration in the allotment of vacancies.Established specialists from overseas who wish to seesomething of the practice of this country, and who arehere for a relatively short time, are always welcome.They are regarded as visiting colleagues, and the expertsin their specialties are always ready to receive them andlet them accompany them in their work and teaching.The work at the institutes is of an advanced type and

is sufficiently comprehensive to enable graduates withsuitable practical experience to prepare for higher degreesor diplomas. Emphasis is placed on clinical and labora-tory teaching, supplemented by lectures and demonstra-tions. Advanced revision courses in general medicineand general surgery for graduates who have alreadycompleted their practical training and wish to sit forhigher degrees and diplomas are being developed.

In addition, refresher courses for general practitionersare held at non-teaching hospitals in London and theHome Counties.The federation has a central administrative office at

2, Gordon Square, London, W.C.1, to which inquiriesshould be directed. An information bureau of post-graduate medical activities in London and the otheruniversity centres is maintained.

The FELLOWSHIP OF POSTGRADUATE MEDICINE, whichhas a bureau at 1, Wimpole Street, London, W.l, providesgeneral information on postgraduate work, and arranges,at various hospitals, courses of instruction which maybe classed under two main headings : ,

1. Weekend courses, occupying the whole of a Saturdayand Sunday, for general practitioners. These are givenin various general and special hospitals in such subjectsas general medicine and surgery, obstetrics and gyn2e-cology, ear, nose, and throat conditions, children’sdiseases, and rheumatic diseases.

2. Short clinical courses for candidates for the n2.R.e.r. andF.R.C.S. (final) given shortly before the examinations.

Twice a year revision courses in - anaesthetics are

arranged in Oxford and in London ; also lecture-demon-stcations for primary F.R.c.s. candidates, and occasionalcourses for D.c.H. candidates.

.

Other courses are arranged from time to time inproctology and urology. It is hoped to add to thenumber and variety of courses as facilities permit.

In ScotlandThe EDINBURGH POSTGRADUATE BOARD FOR MEDICINE,

representing the University and the Royal Colleges ofPhysicians and Surgeons of Edinburgh, arranges pro-grammes of graduate studies. Two courses in internalmedicine lasting eleven weeks are held, starting in Apriland October of each year. These classes compriselectures, lecture-demonstrations, and clinical teaching,and are suitable for graduates wishing to specialise inmedicine or who require a refresher course in the currentoutlook on internal medicine. Two courses in generalsurgery are held each year, starting in March andOctober. These courses are of 41/2 months’ duration ;they include lectures on surgical anatomy, surgicalpathology, and selected surgical subjects, as well as

clinical demonstrations and ward visits for sections of theclass. In addition to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary,other general and special hospitals in the city cooperatein the provision of clinical teaching facilities. Generalrefresher courses lasting two weeks, for N.H.I. practi-tioners and demobilised general practitioners, are con-ducted according to the demand ; and ten classes of thistype, in addition to two short courses in obstetrics,gynaecology, and paediatrics, have so far been held.Open postgraduate lectures on subjects of wide biologicalinterest are arranged each term in connexion with theother organised teaching of the Board. Future plansinclude the further extension of hospital facilities forclinical teaching, and the provision of hostel accom-modation for graduates.

336

The postgraduate courses are attended by largenumbers of graduates from all over the -world, and appli-cations are so numerous that classes are usually filledmany months in advance. Applicants wishing to attendshould write, giving particulars of their medical qualifica-tions and postgraduate experience, to the Director of Post-graduate Studies, University New Buildings, Edinburgh, 8.GLASGOW UNIVERSITY offers the following full-time

postgraduate courses.: in medicine and in surgery, eachlasting from Oct. 13 to Dec.- 6 ; in obstetrics andgynaecology, from Nov. 3 to 22 ; and in ophthalmology,from Sept. 22 to 27. All these courses consist of clinicalmeetings, pathological demonstrations, and lectures.Similar courses in medicine and in surgery will commencein April, 1948. Shorter courses in ophthalmology,dermatology, and other subjects will be advertised in themedical journals from time to time. Courses are alsoconducted in diagnostic and therapeutic radiology.- For general practitioners refresher courses of a fort-night’s duration are held throughout the year ; the nextsuch course is confined to obstetrics and paediatrics andcommences on Sept. 22. Inquiries should be addressedto the Convener, Committee on Postgraduate MedicalEducation, The University, Glasgow.

Some Special Courses SURGERY

The Royal College of Surgeons of England has arrangeda number of lectures and demonstrations to be heldat the college. In surgery, two series, each of 12lectures, will be given between Oct. 1 and 16, andbetween March 16 and April 2 ; three series in an2es-thesia, each of 12 lectures, will be given between Oct. 6and 21, April 5 and -20, and July 1 and 16. Two seriesin otolaryngology, of 12 lectures each, will be givenbetween Nov. 3 and 19, and April 26 and May 11. Inanatomy, applied physiology, and pathology, a series of40 lectures will be delivered between Nov. 24 and Dec. 19,and of 72 lectures between April 5 and May 25 ; inophthalmology, two series, each of 12 lectures, will begiven between Dec. 29 and Jan. 13, and June 1 and 16 ;and in orthopaedics, two series, each of 12 lectures, willbe held between Jan. 14 and 29, and July 1 and 16.In March, April, and May there will be practical demon-strations in anatomy, applied physiology, and patho-logy. The college maintains a library, museums, andlaboratories for the use of medical graduates from allparts of the world. Fellows and members enjoy thesefacilities by right, but they have also been made open,on suitable introduction, to other graduates of medicine,and to undergraduates. The Arris and Gale and theHunterian lectures provide opportunities for the presenta-tion of original work in anatomy, physiology, pathology,and surgery. The college awards several prizes formeritorious work, as well as many fellowships for thosewho wish to engage in practical work in the museum andlaboratories or to devote some time to research.At St. Mark’s Hospital, City Road, London, E.C.1,

surgeons wishing to specialise in proctology may attenda six-month course, and postgraduate students workingfor higher degrees may come for 1-4 weeks’ whole-timestudy. Intensive courses, each lasting one week, areheld, in conjunction with the Fellowship of Medicine,three or four times a year.The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland has lately held

a two-month full-time course in surgery ; and a furthercourse is planned for this autumn. In October, 1947,a one-year course in anatomy, physiology, and pathologyis to be instituted as a preparation for the primaryfellowship examination.

PUBLIC HEALTH

Most university courses in public health have now beenrevived. New requirements by the G.M.C. have causeduniversities to revise the course for this examination,which is now taken in two parts, the first leading to acertificate in public health (C.P.H.), taken after threemonths’ work, and the second to the diploma. TheLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine offersa course beginning in October and lasting nine months,’and designed primarily for those intending to seekposts as medical officers of health. All vacancies forthe full course for the diploma have been filled, and there

is a waiting-list, but in view of the development andsubdivision of medical work in the public-health- service,some places in the course for the certificate have beenreserved for doctors who intend to undertake public-health work other than that of a M.o.H. The RoyalInstitute of Public Health and Hygiene also offers coursesfor the diploma, conforming to the new regulations;the next course begins in September.

PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE

Courses for the diploma in psychological medicineare at present in abeyance at some universities. At theMaudsley Hospital medical school, now the Instituteof Psychiatry in the British Postgraduate Medical Federa-tion, the usual six-month course of instruction willnot be given in future. Instead, there will be lectures,lecture-demonstrations, seminars, and practical work inthe laboratories, which will cover the relevant aspects ofpsychology, anatomy, and physiology of the nervoussystem, psychiatry of children and adults, delinquency,pathology of nervous and mental disease, and relatedmatters. The subjects of these lectures will be groupedso that they will meet the needs of postgraduate studentsat different stages of their training. At the MaudsleyHospital and associated hospitals and clinics, clinicaltraining will be provided for a limited number of studentsin the various branches of- psychiatry. Informationcan be obtained from the Dean, Institute of Psychiatry,Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, S.E.5.At Edinburgh University candidates for the diploma

are now required to spend at least three years in approvedhospitals, clinics, laboratories, and other institutions.At the end of this period they attend an intensive five-week course before - examination. Intending candi-dates should enter their names with the dean of thefaculty of medicine before starting special study.

. At the Tavistock Clinic the psychotherapy of bothadults and children as outpatients, based on-analytioalconcepts, which has characterised the clinic’s activitiesin the past, is being developed, and particular attentionis being given to group psychotherapy. In addition totherapeutic work, the clinic and the associated TavistockInstitute of Human Relations are studying techniquesin preventive psychiatry. These include mothers’discussion groups, selection techniques, and techniquesfor improving interpersonal relations in school andindustry and similar psychological and sociologicalprocedures.Study and training are organised in three main fields :

(1) individual methods, (2) social methods, and (3)child guidance. Courses, each lasting one year, are heldin all three branches. The course in individual methodsis designed as an introduction or supplement to specialiststudy in psychological medicine or clinical psychology.The course in social methods is concerned with theintegrative application of psychological and othersocial-science techniques for the prevention, diagnosis,and treatment of community, educational, and indus-trial problems. Particulars are obtainable from theTraining Secretary, 2, Beaumont Street, London, W.1.The Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 96, Gloucester

Place, London, W.1, provides training in psycho-analytictheory and technique. The course is part-time and lastsabout four years. It includes a personal analysis, atten-dance at lectures and seminars (held in the evenings),and clinical work done under supervision. Students arerequired to obtain general psychiatric experience at otherclinics and hospitals, since the institute does not set outto teach all aspects of psychiatry. Completion of thecourse to the satisfaction of the training committeequalifies the student for election as an associate memberof the British Psycho-Analytic Society. In addition tothis main course designed for those intending to specialise,the institute gives briefer courses from time to time on theapplication of the principles of psycho-analysis to medicalproblems. These are advertised in the medical press.

TROPICAL MEDICINE

A diploma in tropical medicine is required by thoseseeking appointments in the tropics. Courses are heldat the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, and EdinburghUniversity.


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