FINAL REPORT
ON EXTERNAL INSPECTION OF WOMEN
BENEFICIARIES/ UNITS FINANCED BY NSFDC ((Study of Beneficiaries benefitted in
2010-11 & 2011-12)
IN THE STATE OF
MAHARASHTRA
Prepared for :
NATIONAL SCHEDULED CASTES
FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT
CORPORATION (NSFDC)
DELHI
(2012-2013)
Submitted by :
HARDICON
HARDICON Limited
(A Joint Venture of IFCI Ltd., SIDBI, SBI, PSU Banks & State Financial Corporations)
D-28, Flatted Factories Complex, Jhandewalan, New Delhi 110055
www.hardicon.co.in [email protected]
INDEX
Chapter Particulars Page
Executive Summary 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 8
Chapter 2 Maharashtra – SC Profile 23
Chapter 3 Profile of Women Beneficiaries 30
Chapter 4 Project Details 39
Chapter 5 Project Performance 47
Chapter 6 Success Stories 62
Annexures
LIST OF CHARTS
Particulars Page
Age wise Distribution of beneficiaries 31
Distribution by previous activity 34
Operational Units 47
Problems in Getting loan 57
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation, (NSFDC), New Delhi in particular to The Chairman and Managing Director, NSFDC for entrusting us the Impact Assessment Study of Women Beneficiaries financed under NSFDC schemes in the state of Maharashtra. We are also thankful to the officials of NSFDC, Mahatama Phule Backward Classes Development Corporation (MPBCDC), Sant Rohidas Leather Industries & Charmkar Development Corporation (LIDCOM) and Lokshahir Annabhau Sathe Development Corporation (LASDC) for providing valuable insight and data on implementation of the schemes. Last but not the least, we acknowledge our sincere thanks to all the women beneficiaries of NSFDC schemes, who extended full co-operation and assistance during the course of field survey. Managing Director HARDICON Limited Dated : 30.03.2013
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This chapter provides a summary of the major findings and
conclusions derived from the data presented in the foregoing
chapters and the suggestions with respect to improving the
implementation of the schemes.
Survey Findings
1. As per the details provided by NSFDC, approximately 3962 Women
Scheduled castes were extended financial assistance under NSFDC
schemes in the State of Maharashtra during the period 2010-11 and
2011-12. The women beneficiaries to whom the loans have been
disbursed by the Mahatama Phule Backward Classes Development
Corporation (MPBCDC), Sant Rohidas Leather Industries &
Charmkar Development Corporation (LIDCOM) and Lokshahir
Annabhau Sathe Development Corporation (LASDC) in the state of
Maharashtra are spread across the State. However, the sample size
considered is 6% of the total units of Women Beneficiaries as
indicated by NSFDC for Regular Schemes (1174 nos.), Micro Credit
Finance (243 nos.) Mahila Kisan Yojana (115 No.) and Mahila
Samriddhi Yojana (2430 nos.). The sample has been considered in
the districts of Pune, Nashik, Wardha, Jalgaon, Aurangabad,
Buldhana, Jalna, Mumbai, Nagpur and Akola having large
concentration of beneficiaries in order to elicit representative
outcome of the entire schemes vis-a-vis beneficiaries. Keeping in
view the actual funding by SCA under various schemes, the sample
beneficiaries visited / contacted in the State under Regular, MCF,
MKY & MSY were 63 Nos., 1 No., 7 No. and 166 Nos. respectively.
2. The financial assistance has been provided under three schemes
of NSFDC viz. Regular, Mahila Samriddhi Yojana (MSY), Mahila
Kissan Yojana (MKY) and Micro Credit Finance (MCF). The
assistance extended to each beneficiary under MCF and MSY
Schemes is upto Rs.0.30 lakh, upto Rs. 0.50 lakh under MKY and
that under General Scheme ranges between Rs. 0.40 lakh to Rs.
5.00 lakh.
3. The age of beneficiaries at the time of survey ranged between 19
years to 60 years. Maximum number i.e. 48% of the beneficiaries
are in the age group of 36-50 years followed by 38% in the age
group of 26-35 years. The maximum age of beneficiary with 52 years
was provided assistance under the scheme. (Refer Para 3.1)
4. 100% of the units are operated from premises owned by the family
of women beneficiaries. 38% units are set-up in rural areas and
remaining 62% units are set-up in semi-urban and urban areas.
(Refer Para 4.2)
5. Only 5% of beneficiaries are either graduates or post graduates.
19% of the beneficiaries are having qualification between 1st to 5th
standard, 43% between 6th to 10th standard, 11% are having plus
two qualification and remaining 22% have no formal education.
Preference has been given to beneficiaries having formal education
which is due to considerable literacy level among schedule castes in
Maharashtra. ( Refer Para 3.3 )
6. 84% of women beneficiaries are married, 12% of women
beneficiaries are un-married and remaining 4% of women
beneficiaries are Widow. The average family size of the beneficiary
is 5 persons. ( Refer Para 3.2 )
7. 96% of women beneficiaries were house-wives /unemployed
/student before availing financial assistance, whereas only 4%
beneficiaries in one way or other were already involved in casual
employment on daily wages before availing loans under NSFDC’s
schemes. (Refer Para 3.5 )
8. Nearly 62% of women beneficiaries’s family monthly income was
less than Rs.2000/- before availing financial assistance under
NSFDC schemes where as 32% had family earnings around Rs.
3000/- per month. ( Refer Para 3.6 )
9. The living conditions of the beneficiaries at the time of survey, in
terms of condition of house, source of water, toilet facility, medical
facilities, etc are found to be satisfactory. ( Refer Para 3.7 )
10. Retail trading, Agricultural & Allied Activities and Service emerged as
the major activities selected by the beneficiaries, with 62%, 17% and
11% respectively opting for the same. The Manufacturing and other
sectors accounted for 7% & 3% respectively. Majority (100%) of the
units are set up in their owned shops/premises. ( Refer Para 4.1 )
11. The entire beneficiaries (100%) have ownership as sole
proprietorship. ( Refer Para 4.2 )
12. On an average, the loan component accounted for 85% of the
project cost. The remaining funds were provided to the beneficiaries
by SCDC and also arranged by promoter’s contribution. SCA is
disbursing subsidy to the beneficiaries after liquidation of term loan.
13. The average project cost per unit works out at Rs 0.75 lakh for
regular schemes, upto Rs. 0.30 lakh for MCF and MSY Schemes
and upto Rs. 0.50 lakh under MKY. 14% of units are in range less
than 0.25 lakh. 61% of the units are in the range of Rs 0.26 to Rs
0.50 Lakh. 11% of units are in the range of Rs. 0.76 to Rs. 1.00 lakh
and 14% have loan between Rs. 1.00 lakh to Rs. 5.00 lakh. (Refer
Para 4.3).
14. 8% of the beneficiaries were sanctioned loan in less than two
months from the date of application, 10% between 2 months to 3
months. 26% of the beneficiaries got their loan sanctioned between
3 months to 6 months and remaining 57% above 6 months. ( Refer
Para 4.4 )
15. Of the units established by women beneficiaries under the
schemes of NSFDC, 84% are operational and remaining 16%
units are closed. Out of the 16% closed units, retail trading
units constitute 14% of total units surveyed. The closure of unit
in Regular, MCF and MSY is 13%, 3% and 85% respectively. The
main reasons for closure of operation of the units are poor demand
for products/services (39%), Payment problem (20%), and others
like family problems, self long illness, cattle died or illness etc.
(41%). ( Refer Para 5.1 )
16. The annual average revenue and net profit generated from the units
set up, works out to Rs. 0.63 lakh and Rs. 0.25 lakh respectively.
There has been increase though marginal in income of the
beneficiaries after setting up their ventures/units. However, it is
observed that revenue and net profit generated are not in proportion
to the level of cost of schemes and as well not generating expected
returns compared to the investments.( Refer Para 5.2 )
17. 95% of the total units are being managed by the women
beneficiaries themselves and remaining 5% are taking help of
Husband or family members.
18. From the survey, it emerged that 57% beneficiaries are regular in
their repayment of loan installments, 43% of the beneficiaries have
overdues and 1% of the beneficiaries have fully paid / A/c closed.
(Refer Para 5.4 )
19. The main reasons for non-repayment are Inadequate generation of
funds, closure of units, family problems, Self long illness, etc.
20. Only 0.5% of the beneficiaries have expressed to expand/diversify
their activities. ( Refer Para 5.9 )
21. 37%, 34%, 16% and 13% of the beneficiaries got the information
about the schemes through SCDC office, Newspaper, Community
Leaders/NGO and friends & relatives respectively. (Refer Para
5.10).
22. There is improvement in household income and overall
standard of life of majority of the beneficiaries and almost 84%
of beneficiaries are of the opinion that the scheme has been
useful to them. (Refer Para 5.11 )
Recommendations
The schemes, though fairly successful in achieving its objectives,
can be improved to make the implementation of the scheme more
effective. Based on the details provided in the report, the following
recommendations may be considered.
A few of the eligibility criteria may be modified as:-
1) The Project cost/loan amount of MCF/MSY schemes may be revised
from present level of Rs. 30,000/- to Rs. 50,000/- & Rs.60,000/- in
view of increase in various components of project cost.
2) Advertisement may be published in the beginning of financial year
about the schemes / funds allocation to the state for SC population
and Awareness camps may also be organised before seeking
applications for the Loan.
3) During the survey, it was observed that the beneficiaries lacked in-
depth knowledge about the successful operations of their activity. It
is suggested that entrepreneurial training be provided to all those
beneficiaries, who have been sanctioned loans, under NSFDC
schemes. The training course contents/modules should be done by
laying more emphasis on practical aspects, imparting training
through audio-visual aids in the local dialect and imparting
Motivational inputs which would comprise of psychological exercises
aimed at increasing the participants understanding and in
developing positive entrepreneurial personality/behavior. The
motivational inputs would encourage the entrepreneurs to run the
activity efficiently and with a sense of devotion. In the bigger districts
training programme can be organised at Block level to avoid
unnecessary travelling of applicants. Some potential / suggestive /
recommended training trades are given below:
1) Soft Toys Manufacturing
2) Retail Sales
3) Health Care
4) Beauty Parlour
5) Cooking/Food Processing
4) As observed during visit to Maharashtra, the loan may be provided in
the following fields :
1) Restaurants
2) Fast Food Centre
3) Gym / Health Care Centre
5). Powers should be given to the District Level Managers of SCDC for
sanction/disbursement of loan to a certain acceptable amount.
CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Prologue 1.1.1 The problem of social and economic development especially of
Scheduled Castes (SC) has become a challenge before the
country. Besides, the higher growth rate of un-employment
amongst the educated people has made the situation more
alarming because on one side, being educated, they do not want to
work in farm sector and unorganised private sector and on the
other hand they do not have sufficient capital to start income
generating activities. Therefore, they are forced to remain
economically and socially backward and unemployed.
1.1.2 Financing of micro projects/activities has gained significance as an
extremely useful and effective instrument of promoting small
enterprises, entrepreneurial capabilities and poverty alleviation. It
helps to bridge the gap that conventional commercial banks and
financial institutions are unable to do. Such financing reaches the
poorest of the poor in improving their economic conditions enabling
them to live with dignity and self-respect. In other words, it acts as
an important tool to facilitate improvement of the poor and
backward people in the society. Although the main motive of the
concept is poverty alleviation, it includes the spirit of small savings,
fellow feelings and co-operation, formation of self-help group, self-
employment generation and confidence building for living a
dignified life. The beneficiaries of such financing activities are
dealing in the myriad variety of activities who seek or sustain their
livelihood viz. petty manufacturers of wide ranging items, home
based producers engaged in occupations associated with farm and
non-farm sector, small activities like Auto, Jeep (Taxi), Beauty
Parlour, Kirana Shop, Cloth/Vessel/Vegetable Vendors, Petty
business, Tea Stall, Shuttering, Tailoring, Flour Mill (Atta Chakki),
Furniture, shoe making/repairing, cycle repairing, dairy unit,
cow/buffaloes/ etc. The concessional Project Finance as well as
Micro Finance helps the beneficiaries in their working capital,
inventory supplies, furniture & fixtures and tools and equipment.
The aid of micro-finance makes it possible to give poor people
easy access to financial services especially when micro-financing
institutions are located in their own areas/ neighbourhood.
1.2 NSFDC’s Schemes
To promote economic and social development of the SC’s living in
the country, National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development
Corporation (NSFDC) is one of the agencies who are playing a key
role in poverty amelioration amongst the SCs using micro-finance
as an important instrument. NSFDC was set up in February 1989
under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment,
Government of India.The major activities carried out by NSFDC
are:
a) Financing income-generating schemes for SCs through the State Channelising Agencies (SCAs).
b) Providing Micro Credit Finance to the target groups through the SCAs.
c) Providing grants for skill development programmes SCAs.
d) Providing advisory services to target groups and SCAs.
e) Upgrading the skill levels of the SCAs.
f) Providing grants to the SCAs for computerization.
These activities are carried through 36 State Channelising Agencies
(SCA) and other recognized institutions nominated by the State/
Union Territory governments spread across almost all the states in
the country, by implementing different financing schemes.
i) Eligibility Criteria a) The beneficiaries carried under the scheme should be from
Scheduled Caste community.
b) Annual family income of the beneficiary/members of co-operative
society or any other forms of legal association should not exceed
Double the Poverty Line (DPL) income limit (presently Rs. 81,000/-
p.a. for rural areas and Rs. 1,03,000/- p.a. for urban areas.)
c) Individuals/partnership firms/ co-operative societies / any other forms
of legal associates are eligible to undertake income generating
activities. However, proposals submitted by partnership firms, co-
operative societies and any other firms of legal associations are
considered subject to the following:
All members belong to scheduled cast community.
Annual family income of each member/applicant should be below
double the poverty line income limit.
ii) Financing Pattern – Schemes
a) Term Loan
Quantum of Assistance
NSFDC provides term loan upto 90% of the cost of project,
subject to the condition that the SCAs contribute their share of
assistance as per their schemes and also provide the required
subsidy besides tying up of the financial resources from other
sources available.
Unit Cost
NSFDC provides term loan for project(s) units(s) costing upto Rs.
30.00 lakh.
Promoter’s (proposed Beneficiary) Contribution
SI. No.
Project/Unit Cost Minimum Promoter’s Contribution as % age of
Project cost
(a) For Projects costing upto Rs. 1.00
lakh
Not to be insisted upon
(b) For Project costing above Rs. 1.00
lakh and upto Rs. 2.50 lakh
2%
(C) For Project costing above Rs. 2.50
lakh and upto Rs. 5.00 lakh.
3%
(d) For Projects costing above Rs. 5.00
lakh and upto Rs.10.00 lakh.
5%
(e) For Projects costing above Rs. 10.00
lakh and upto Rs.20.00 lakh.
7%
(f) For Projects costing above Rs. 20.00
lakh and upto Rs.30.00 lakh.
10%
Note: However, under the Central – Sector Scheme of Special
Central Assistance to the Special Component Plans, the Below
Poverty line Beneficiaries are eligible for subsidy @ Rs. 10,000/- or
50 % of the unit cost, whichever is less.
Interest rates
SI. No.
Amount of Loan per unit/profit Centre (NSFDC’s Share)
Interest per Annum Chargeable to
SCAs Beneficiaries
(a) Upto Rs. 5.00 lakh 3% 6%
(b) Above Rs. 5.00 lakh and upto
Rs.10.00 lakh.
5% 8%
(c) For Projects costing above Rs. 10.00
lakh and upto Rs.20.00 lakh.
6% 9%
(d) For Projects costing above Rs. 20.00
lakh and upto Rs.27.00 lakh.
7% 10%
The above rates of interest are not on slab basis.
Repayment period
Term loan is to be repaid in quarterly/ half yearly installments, within
a maximum period of 10 years (including moratorium period).
b) MICRO-CREDIT FINANCE SCHEME
(i) Quantum of Assistance
NSFDC provides loans upto 90% of the project cost. However, under
the Central-Sector Scheme of Special Central Assistance to the
Scheduled Castes Sub Plan, the Below Poverty Line (BPL)
beneficiaries are eligible for subsidy @ Rs. 10,000/- or 50% of the
unit cost, whichever is less. Wherever the beneficiaries are not
provided subsidy, the SCAs shall provide their share of margin
money.
(ii) Unit Cost
NSFDC provides Micro-Credit Finance for unit costing upto Rs.
50,000/-.
(iii) Interest Rates
NSFDC shall charge the interest @ 2% from the SCAs, which in
turn, shall charge 5% from the Beneficiaries.
(iv) Repayment Period
Loan under Micro-Credit Finance is to be repaid in quarterly-
installments within 3 (three) years from the date of each
disbursement, (including the moratorium period of 90 days for fund
utilization).
On repayment of loans under Micro-Credit, through the concerned
SCA, the eligible beneficiaries can avail any loan under NSFDC
schemes.
C) MAHILA SAMRIDDHI YOJANA
(i) Quantum of Assistance
NSFDC provides loans upto 90% of the project cost. However, under
the Central-Sector Scheme of Special Central Assistance to the
Scheduled Castes Sub Plan, the Below Poverty Line (BPL)
beneficiaries are eligible for subsidy @Rs. 10,000/- or 50% of the
unit cost, whichever is less. Wherever the beneficiaries are not
provided subsidy, the SCAs shall provide their share of margin
money.
(ii) UNIT COST
NSFDC provides loans under Mahila Samriddhi Yojana for units cost
upto Rs. 50,000/-.
(iii) INTEREST RATES
NSFDC shall charge interest @ 1% p.a. from the SCAs, which in
turn shall charge 4% p.a. from the Beneficiaries.
(iv) Repayment Period
Loan under Mahila Samriddhi Yojana is to be repaid in quarter
installments within three years (including the moratorium period of
90 days for fund utilization) from the date of each disbursement to
SCAs.
On repayment of loan under Mahila Samriddhi Yojana through the
concerned SCA, the eligible beneficiaries can avail any loan under
NSFDC schemes.
(v) Disbursement of Funds
Funds are disbursed by NSFDC to only SCAs and not to
beneficiaries on specific request. Disbursement is subject to
fulfillment of conditions like execution of various loan agreements by
respective SCAs, providing State Govt. Guarantees, letter of intent,
etc.
vi) Fund Utilisation
SCAs are expected to utilise funds drawn from NSFDC within 90
days of its release.
vii) Progress Report
The SCAs shall send scheme wise progress reports on the utilisation
of the NSFDC funds, each quarter as per prescribed format.
viii) Recall of Unutilized Money
The NSFDC can recall the amounts lying unutilized with SCAs
beyond 180 days.
ix) Security
SCAs are supposed to provide Government Guarantee to NSFDC
for the funds sanction to them.
1.3 Origin
NSFDC and Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment,
Government of India, have signed a Memorandum of Understanding
(MOU), which has a parameter of performance on evaluation of the
schemes of NSFDC for the beneficiaries extended financial
assistance under Regular Scheme, Micro Credit Finance & Mahila
Samriddhi Yojna during the year 2010-11 and 2011-12. In order to
get feed back on implementation of its schemes for women
beneficiaries in the State of Maharashtra, NSFDC assigned
HARDICON Ltd. to carry out a survey of a sample of beneficiaries to
assess the impact of its schemes viz. General Term Loan (Regular
Scheme), Micro Credit Finance & Mahila Samridhi Yojna. The
present report assesses the impact of these schemes in the state of
Maharashtra.
1.4 Objective of Study
The objective of the Impact Assessment Study of Women
Beneficiaries of the various NSFDC schemes in the state of
Maharashtra include :
a) Development of key indicators for impact assessment
b) Detailed analysis of the life- cycle of the sanctioned projects in
terms of
(i) Their reach to the real beneficiaries (ii) Sanction and disbursement process (iii) Level of technology (iv) Viability (v) Linkages (vi) Post disbursement problems (vii) Sustainability of returns and (viii) Repayment by the beneficiaries to the SCAs.
c) The extent to which the schemes have addressed the goal of
generating sustainable income at household level.
1.5 Sample Size
Total number of Women beneficiaries to whom financial assistance
has been provided under NSFDC’s schemes in the State of
Maharashtra stood at Approx. 3962 for the years under study and
pertain to almost all the districts of the state. The details of sample
women beneficiaries contacted scheme wise as well as district &
trade-wise and from whom data could be elicited are given below:-
General Term Loan Scheme
(Numbers)
S. No. District Retail Transport / Service
Mfg. Agricultural & Allied
Activities
Others
1. Pune 3 3 2 - -
2. Nashik 8 - 2 - -
3. Wardha 2 - - - -
4. Jalgaon 5 - - - -
5. Aurangabad 7 1 - - 1
6. Buldhana 6 3 - - -
7. Jalna 3 - 1 1 -
8. Mumbai 2 1 1 - -
9. Nagpur 2 - - 1 -
10. Akola 6 2 - - -
Total 44 10 6 2 1
Total = 63
Micro Credit Finance Scheme
(Numbers)
S. No. District Retail Transport /
Service Mfg. Agricultural
& Allied Activities
Others
1. Pune - - - - -
2. Nashik - - - - -
3. Wardha - - - - -
4. Jalgaon - - - - -
5. Aurangabad - - - - -
6. Buldhana - - - - -
7. Jalna 1 - - - -
8. Mumbai - - - - -
9. Nagpur - - - - -
10. Akola - - - - -
Total 1 - - - -
Total = 1
Mahila Samriddhi Yojana (Numbers)
S.No. District Retail Transport / Service
Mfg. Agricultural & Allied
Activities
Others
1. Pune 7 2 1 - -
2. Nashik 13 3 - 1 -
3. Wardha 20 3 1 1 -
4. Jalgaon 7 - 2 9 1
5. Aurangabad 7 - - 3 -
6. Buldhana 5 1 1 7 -
7. Jalna 2 1 1 8 -
8. Mumbai 10 2 1 - -
9. Nagpur 20 3 2 - 3
10. Akola 12 2 1 2 1
Total 103 17 10 31 5
Total = 166
Mahila Kisan Yojana (Numbers)
S.No. District Retail Transport / Service
Mfg. Agricultural & Allied
Activities
Others
1. Pune - - - 1 -
2. Nashik - - - - -
3. Wardha - - - - -
4. Jalgaon - - - - -
5. Aurangabad - - - 2 -
6. Buldhana - - - 1 -
7. Jalna - - - 2 -
8. Mumbai - - - - -
9. Nagpur - - - - -
10. Akola - - - 1 -
Total - - - 7 -
Total = 7
The above beneficiaries have been provided assistance through
three SCA viz. Mahatama Phule Backward Classes Development
Corporation (MPBCDC), Sant Rohidas Leather Industries &
Charmkar Development Corporation (LIDCOM) and Lokshahir
Annabhau Sathe Development Corporation (LASDC) in the state of
Maharashtra. The overall details of beneficiaries, district-wise and
scheme wise contacted and from whom the feed back have been
received are given below :-
YEAR-WISE DETAILS OF BENEFICIARIES CONTACTED
(Numbers)
S.No. DISTT. 2010-11 2011-12 TOTAL
1 Pune - 19 19
2 Nashik - 27 27
3 Wardha 27 1 28
4 Jalgaon - 24 24
5 Aurangabad - 20 20
6 Buldhana - 23 23
7 Jalna - 20 20
8 Mumbai 12 5 17
9 Nagpur 29 3 32
10 Akola 8 19 27
Total 76 161 237
SCHEME-WISE DETAILS OF BENEFICIARIES CONTACTED (Numbers)
S. No.
DISTT. Regular MCF MSY MKY TOTAL
1 Pune 8 - 10 1 19
2 Nashik 10 - 17 - 27
3 Wardha 3 - 25 - 28
4 Jalgaon 5 - 19 - 24
5 Aurangabad 8 - 10 2 20
6 Buldhana 8 - 14 1 23
7 Jalna 5 1 12 2 20
8 Mumbai 5 - 12 - 17
9 Nagpur 4 - 28 - 32
10 Akola 7 - 19 1 27
Total 63 1 166 7 237
1.6 Methodology
The study is based on limited desk research followed by intensive
field survey efforts. In the first stage, limited desk research was
carried out, in order to develop key indicators for impact
assessment. The desk research primarily depended on the
information/data made available by beneficiaries, SCAs, office of
NSFDC and the expertise of HARDICON. Based on these a
questionnaire was designed by NSFDC for collecting the data from
the beneficiaries and the sample questionnaire given at Annexure-I
has been supplied by NSFDC to HARDICON.
The second stage included formation of a team of properly trained
in-house investigators for undertaking the survey. The team visited
the offices of Mahatama Phule Backward Classes Development
Corporation (MPBCDC), Sant Rohidas Leather Industries &
Charmkar Development Corporation (LIDCOM) and Lokshahir
Annabhau Sathe Development Corporation (LASDC) in the state of
Maharashtra to collect the names and addresses of beneficiaries
along with the activities for which loans were availed by them. Based
on the information/data thus collected, an intensive field survey was
undertaken by field investigators. The survey was conducted in such
a way, so as to get representation of all major activities and was
undertaken in those districts which had pre-dominant number of
beneficiaries to elicit information / data for deriving overall
representation of the outcome of all the schemes. The officials of
HARDICON randomly verified the questionnaires filled by the
investigators. Finally, all the information gathered was arranged and
analysed to arrive at conclusions as required under the objective of
the study. Findings of the study are systematically complied and
presented in the format of a report.
1.7 Chapter Scheme
The report is presented in five Chapters. Chapter-1 gives
introduction of the report, Chapter-2 provides the Scheduled Castes
Profile / socio-economic scenario of Maharashtra State, Chapter–3
provides the profile of the beneficiaries, Chapter–4 provides the
project details Chapter–5 provides details of performance of the
units set up whereas Chapter–6 provides details of some successful
beneficiaries (Success Stories).
CHAPTER – 2
2.0 MAHARASHTRA : SCHEDULE CASTES PROFILE
LOCATION OF MAHARASHTRA
2.1 Maharashtra, located in Western India, covers an area of 3.08 lakh square
km and has a population of 112,372, 972 (2011 census). Mumbai is the
capital of Maharashtra and is also the largest city and financial capital of
India. Nagpur and Pune are other important cities in the state. Marathi is
the official language of Maharashtra. Maharashtra is divided into 35
districts and 6 administrative divisions, namely; Mumbai (Konkan), Pune,
Nashik, Aurangabad, Amravali and Nagpur. The 35 districts are divided
into 109 sub-divisions and 357 taluks. The overall literacy percentage of
the State was 71.09%.
MAHARASHTRA – AT A GLANCE
Area - 308000 Sq. km
Total Population - 112372,972
Males 58361397
Females 54011575
Sex Ratio - 925
Urbanaisation 42.83
Literacy Rate - 82.09%
Female Literacy - 67.03%
Per Capita Income 48121
Scheduled Caste Population - 9881656
SC Literacy Rate - 71.09%
Female Literacy - 60.03%
Regions 6
Districts - 35
Sub Division - 109
Taluka - 357
2.2 Scheduled Castes Profile of the State
Population :
The Scheduled caste population in Maharashtra State is 9,881,656
persons which is 10.2% of the total population as per 2001 census. The
percentage of District-wise Scheduled Castes Population is given below :
% AGE OF DISTRICT-WISE SCHEDULED CASTES POPULATION
– MAHARASHTRA
S.No District Percentage (%)
1. Ahmadnagar 12
2. Akola 10.3
3. Amravati 17.1
4. Aurangabad 12.0
5. Bhandara 17.8
6. Bid 13.0
7. Buldhana 10.8
8. Chanderpur 14.3
9. Dhule 6.4
10. Gadchiroli 11.2
11. Gondia 14.0
12. Hingoli 10.2
13. Jalgaon 7.8
14. Jalana 11.2
15. Kolhapur 12.8
16. Latur 19.4
17. Nagpur 17.1
18. Nanded 17.3
19. Nadurbar 3.2
20. Nashik 8.5
21. Osmanabad 16.5
22. Purbhani 10.0
23. Pune 10.5
24. Raigarh 2.4
25. Sangli 12.1
26. Satara 8.8
27. Sindhudurg 4.4
28. Solapur 15.0
29. Thane 4.2
30. Wardha 12.8
31. Washim 15.9
32. Yavatmal 10.3
Total Scheduled Castes population in Maharashtra is 9881656 persons
comprising 5063062 males and 4818594 females. Out of the total SC
Population, 6093829 persons are residing in rural area and remaining
3787827 persons are living in Urban area.
Sub-Castes :
The Government of Maharashtra has approved the sub-castes of Scheduled
caste population in the State and the details of same are given below :
LIST OF SUB-CASTES OF SCHEDULE CASTE IN MAHARASHTRA
S.NO. SUB-CASTE S.NO. SUB-CASTE
1 Ager 29 Kankayya, Dohor, Dom, Dumar
2 Anamuk 30 Ellamalvar, Ganda, Gandi, Garo
3 Aray Mala 31 Garodam Ghasi, Ghasia,Halleer
4 Arwa Mala 32 Halsar, Haslar, Hulasvar, Holar
5 Bahna, Bahana 33 Valhar, Holaya, Holer, Holeya,
6 Bakad, Bant 34 Holiya, Kaikadi, Katia, Pathara
7 Balahi, Balai 35 Khangar, Kanera, Mirdha
8 Basor, Burud, Bansor, Basod 36 Khatik, chikwa, Chikvi, Kori
9 Beda Jangam, Budga, Jangam
37 Kolupulvandhu, Lingader, Madgi, Madiga, Mahar, Mehra,
10 Bedar 38 Taral, dhegu, Megu, Dhed, Maru
11 Bhambi, Bhambhi, Asadaru, 39 Vankar, Mahyavanshi, Mala
12 Asodi, chamadia, 40 Mala, Mala Dasari, Hannai, Jangam
13 Chamar, chamari, Chambhar 41 Mala Masti, Sale, Netkani, Sanyasi
14 Haralayya, Harali, Khalpa, 42 Mang, Matang, Minimadig,Dankhni
15 Machigar, Mochigar, Madar 43 Mang, Mahashi, Madari, Garudi,
16 Madig, Mochi, Telgu Mochi, 44 Radhe Mang, Garodi, Garudi,
17 Kamati, Mochi, Ranigar, 45 Manne, Mashti, Meghval,
18 Rohidas, Nona, Ramnami, 46 Menghvar, Mitha Ayyalvar, Mukri,
19 Rohit Samgar, Samagara, 47 Nadia, Hadi, Pasi, Sansi,
20 Satnami, Surjyabanshi, 48 Shenva
21 Surjayaramani, Charmkar, 49 Chenva
22 Pardeshi Chamar, 50 Sedma
23 Bhangi, Mehtar Olgana, 51 Ravat
24 Rukhi, Malkana, Halalkhor, Lalbegi, Balmiki, Karor, Zadmalli, Hela
52 Sindhollu,
25 Bindla, Byagara, Chalvadi 53 Chindollu
26 Channayya, Chenna Dasar, 54 Tirgar,
27 Holeya Dasari, Dakkal, 55 Tirbanda
28 Dokkarlwar, Dhor, Kakkayya, 56 Turi
Literacy :
According to 2001 Census, the overall literacy percentage of
Scheduled castes in Maharashtra was 71.9% and the female literacy
rate is 60% amongst the SC Population compared to 67% among
females of the State.
Religion :
Out of the SC Population of Maharashtra, 67% are Hindus and 32.9
% are Buddhists. There is a small 0.1% Sikh Population among
SCs. Mahar numerically the largest SC in the State have recorded
56.2% Buddhists, 43.7% Hindus and 0.1 % sikhs at 2001 Census.
CHAPTER – 3
PROFILE OF WOMEN BENEFICIARIES
3.0 This Chapter details the profile of the women beneficiaries in the
State of Maharashtra who availed financial assistance under the
schemes of NSFDC.
3.1 Age
The age wise distribution of the women beneficiaries is shown in the
table and chart below:
Table 3.1
Distribution by Age
Age Number %
Less than 18 years
19 – 25 years
26 – 35 years
36 – 50 years
51 – 60 years
Above 60 year
-
31
91
114
1
-
-
13%
38%
48%
1%
-
Total 237 100%
The table and the chart indicate the age of women beneficiaries at
the time of survey. From the above chart, it is evident that the
maximum number of women beneficiaries, i.e., 48% is in the age
group of 36-50 years, followed by those in the age group of 26-35
years (38%), 13% in the age group of 19-25 years and in the age
group of 51-60 years (1%). The Maximum age of women
beneficiary financed under the schemes is 52 years.
It emerges from the above, that the schemes have been able to
attract beneficiaries from all age groups, particularly up to 50 years
age group indicating willingness on part of beneficiaries to improve
their economic status.
3.2 Marital Status
Age wise Distribution of Women Beneficiaries
0%
13%
38%
48%
1%
less than 18 19 - 25 26 - 35 36 - 50 51 - 60
The distribution of beneficiaries by marital status is presented in the
table below.
Table 3.2
Distribution by Marital Status
Marital Status Number %
Married
Un-married
Widow
199
28
10
84%
12%
4%
Total 237 100%
84% of women beneficiaries surveyed were married whereas 12% of
the beneficiaries were unmarried and 4% were Widow.
3.3 Educational Qualification
The distribution of beneficiaries by educational qualifications is given
below in table 3.4.
Table 3.3
Distribution of beneficiaries by Educational Qualification
Educational Qualification
Number %
- No formal Education
- 1 – 5 Standard
- 6 – 10 Standard
- Plus 2
- Graduation/Dip.
- Post Graduation
52
45
102
27
9
2
22%
19%
43%
11%
4%
1%
Total 237 100%
From the above table, it can be drawn out that only around 16% of
more educated among Scheduled Casts have taken up their own
activities with assistance from NSFDC. Those among the SCs who
have educational qualification less than plus two account for around
84% of beneficiaries of NSFDC schemes. This implies that a large
majority of beneficiaries, with qualification less than plus two have
taken up self-employment activities. It may be mentioned that
literacy level among Schedule Castes in the State is 71.9%.
3.4 Size of the Family
The distribution of women beneficiaries by family size is presented in
the following table.
Table 3.4
Distribution by Family Size
Family size Number %
Upto 2
3 – 5
6 – 10
> 10
5
214
18
-
2%
90%
8%
-
Total 237 100%
90% of beneficiaries have a family size in the range of 3-5 members,
8% of beneficiaries have a family of 6-10 persons. The average size
of the family of one beneficiary works out to 5 persons.
3.5 Activity Pursued before availing Loan 3.5.1 The survey reveals that majority of 96% of women beneficiaries
were Housewives / students/ unemployed and remaining 4%
beneficiaries in one way or other were already involved in gainful
employment, before availing loans under NSFDC’s schemes. The
distribution of beneficiaries, based on their previous activities is
given below in chart.
3.6 Annual Income prior to starting the project
The distribution of women beneficiaries based on their family annual
income earned prior to setting up the project is given below in table
3.6.
Distribution by Previous Activity
96%
4%
Unemployed /
Student / housewives
Casual employment
Table 3.5
Annual Income wise Distribution of Beneficiaries
The table 3.6 reveals that 1% had average monthly income of less
than Rs. 12000/- per annum. Around 8% of women beneficiaries had
family income between Rs. 12001/- to Rs. 24000/-, 64% had
between Rs. 24001/- to Rs. 36000/- and 11% had above Rs.36000/-
per annum. From the above, it is observed that 63% of the
beneficiaries below Rs. 24000/- with Annual Family income have
been provided financial assistance under all the four scheme.
3.7 Living Conditions
The indicators to the social well being of a community considered
are the condition of dwellings, sources of water, healthcare facilities,
toilet facilities and so on.
3.8.1 Condition of House
Particulars Beneficiaries Income After
Project Implementation
Previous Family Annual Income
Family Annual Income After
Project Implementation
% % %
- < Rs.12,000/-
- Rs. 12,001/- to Rs. 24,000/-
- Rs. 24,001/- to Rs.
36,000/- - Above Rs. 36,000/-
- No Income
( Due to closure )
1%
8%
64%
11%
16%
1%
62%
32%
5%
-
-%
17%
47%
36%
-%
Total 100% 100% 100%
The survey of the beneficiaries revealed that 45% among them were
living in hutment/kuchha house. 12% of beneficiaries have living in
cement/solid structure houses where as the remaining 43% are
living in brick walled houses.
Table 3.6
Distribution by Type of House
Type of House Number %
Hutment/Kuchha home
Brick walled house
Cement/Solid structure
107
103
27
45%
43%
12%
Total 237 100%
3.8.2 Source of Water
The distribution of beneficiaries by source of water supply for the
family is presented in the table below.
Table 3.7
Distribution by Source of water
Source of Water Number %
Water authority
Own well/Hand pump
Others
174
31
32
73%
13%
14%
Total 237 100%
73% of beneficiaries have water supply into their houses direct from
government authorities.
3.8.3 Toilet Facility
The distribution by toilet facilities are given in the following table.
Table 3.8
Distribution by toilet facilities
Toilet facilities Number %
Covered Toilets
Open Toilets
Public Toilets
110
88
39
47%
37%
16%
Total 237 100%
47% of beneficiaries have covered toilets in their houses, 16% of
beneficiaries make use Public Toilets and remaining 37% of
beneficiaries make use of open toilets.
3.8.4 Medical Facility
Availability of medical facility is a necessity, which cuts across all
castes. 100% of the beneficiaries covered under survey claimed that
the medical facility was available to them in and around their
localities.
3.8.5 Living Infrastructure Facilities
Table 3.9
Living Infrastructure Facilities-237 Nos. Sample Size
Assets Owned Before Project
(%) After Project
(%)
Electricity 98% 99%
Radio/Music System
T.V
Fridge
Gas connection
Pressure Cooker
Two Wheeler
Telephone
87%
19%
8%
45%
81%
1%
54%
87%
40%
17%
69%
84%
7%
93%
98% of the beneficiaries had electricity connection whereas some of
them had about 45% gas connection, 81% pressure cookers and
19% T.Vs before launching of their projects. There has been
increase in the percentage of beneficiaries who have acquired TVs,
Fridges, Gas connections, telephones and Two wheelers, after
commencement of their projects through the accrued income from
the units.
CHAPTER – 4
PROJECT DETAILS
4.0 The present chapter provides the details about the projects set up by
women beneficiaries under the NSFDC’s schemes.
4.1 Type of Projects Set up
4.1.1 The projects set up under the schemes of NSFDC, can be classified
under five major heads.
a) Retail Trading
b) Agriculture & Allied Activities
c) Manufacturing of Products
d) Services
e) Others
The activity-wise distribution of sample beneficiaries is given below
in table 4.1.
Table 4.1
Main Activity wise distribution of sample beneficiaries
Main Classification
of Activity General MCF MSY MKY Total
- Retail Trading - Agriculture & Allied
Activities
- Manufacturing of Products
- Services
- Others
44 (70%)
2
(4%)
6 (9%)
10
(15%)
1 (2%)
1 (100%)
-
(-)
- (-) -
(-) -
(-)
103 (62%)
31
(18%)
10 (6%)
17
(11%)
5 (3%)
- (-)
7 (100%)
- (-) -
(-) -
(-)
148 (62%)
40
(16%)
16 (6%)
27
(11%)
6 (5%)
Total 63
1 166 7 237
4.1.2 Among the Retail trading activities, the activities pursued among the
sample beneficiaries comprise of Kirana Shop, Tool Shop,
Stationery Shop, Confectionery Shop/ Shoe Shop, Vegetable/
Vessel/ Cloth Vendor, etc. The activities under service sector
includes, Beautician, Tailoring etc. The activities under
manufacturing sector mainly comprised of Shoe/Leather purse
Manufacturing, Cement Frame Manufacturing, Paper Cup-Plates
Manufacturing, etc. The activities like dairy (Buffalo/Cow), etc have
been included under Agriculture and Allied activities.
4.2 Constitution and Location of the Projects
4.2.1 Constitution
About 100% (237) units have been set up by individual beneficiaries
under sole proprietorship. 89 (38%) of these are set up in rural areas
whereas 41 (17%) are in Semi-Urban and remaining 45% of them
are in urban areas. It is also revealed during the survey that 237
(100%) of units were operated from premises owned by the
beneficiaries.
4.2.2 Location
All the projects numbering 237 (100%) are located at a distance of
less than 0.5 k.m. from the residence of the beneficiaries.
4.3 Project Cost and Means of Finance
4.3.1 On an average, the total project cost of one unit set up by women
under the schemes of NSFDC ranged between Rs. 0.11 lakh to Rs.
5.00 lakh.
4.3.2 Majority i.e 145 (61%) of the projects set-up by the beneficiaries are
in the project cost range of Rs. 0.26 lakh to Rs. 0.50 lakh followed by
32 (14%) from Rs.0.11 lakh to Rs. 0.25 lakh, 26 (11%) between
Rs. 0.75 lakh to 1.00 lakh, 24 (10%) between Rs.1.00 lakh to Rs.
2.00 lakh, 9 (4%) Rs. 2.00 lakh to Rs.3.00 lakh and 1 between Rs.
4.00 lakh to Rs. 5.00 lakh. A break-up of the projects set-up in
different ranges of project costs are given below :-
Table 4.2
Range of Project Cost
Project Cost (Rs.) Number %
<Rs 10,000/- Rs. 11000/- - Rs. 25000/- Rs. 26000/- - Rs. 50000/- Rs. 51000/- - Rs. 75000/- Rs. 76001/- - Rs. 100000/- Rs. 100001/- - Rs. 200000/- Rs. 200001/- - Rs. 300000/- Rs. 300001/- - Rs. 400000/- Rs. 400001/- - Rs. 500000/-
0 32
145 0 26 24 9 0 1
- 14% 61%
- 11% 10% 3.9%
- 0.1%
Total 237 100%
4.3.3 The project set up under the schemes of NSFDC by the sample
beneficiaries were found to be financed by loan component, SCDC
finance and own contribution in Regular Schemes only whereas no
promoters’ contribution is required under MCF, MKY & MSY
Scheme. Subsidy to beneficiaries is being provided by SCA after
the liquidation of term loan by the beneficiaries.
4.3.4 Majority of the beneficiaries availed term loan assistance from SCA
in setting-up their projects.
4.3.5 70% of the beneficiaries availed term loan assistance below Rs. 0.25
lakh, 4% in the range of Rs. 0.26 lakh - Rs. 0.50 lakh, 13% in the
range Rs. 0.51 lakh to Rs. 0.75 lakh, 12% in the range of Rs. 1.01
lakh to Rs. 2.00 lakh and 0.5% in the range of Rs. 2.00 lakh to Rs.
5.00 lakh respectively. The break-up of the term loan ranges availed
from SCA is given in the following table.
Table 4.3
Term loan Range
Term Loan (Rs.) Number %
< Rs. 25,000/-
Rs. 26,000/- - Rs. 50,000/-
Rs. 51,000/- - Rs. 75,000/-
Rs. 76,000/- - Rs. 100,000/-
Rs. 1,00,000/- - Rs. 2,00,000/-
Rs. 2,00,000/- - Rs. 5,00,000/-
166
10
30
1
29
1
70%
4%
13%
0.5%
12%
0.5%
Total 237 100%
4.4 Sanction and Disbursement of Loans
Generally, once a beneficiary applies for financial assistance, his/her
case is processed and then either rejected or sanctioned financial
assistance. After the sanction of loan, the next step is disbursal of
loan.
The time duration between applying for the financial assistance to
actually receiving it is very important for studying the implementation
of the schemes. The break up of the time lag between the
submission of application and getting loan sanctioned is given
below, in table 4.4.
Table 4.4
Time lag between submission and sanction of loan
Time duration Number %
- Less than 1 month
- 1 month to 2 months
- 2 months to 3 months
- 3 months to 6months
- above 6 months
2
14
24
61
136
1%
6%
10%
26%
57%
Total 237 100%
Only 2% of the beneficiaries were sanctioned loan in less than one
month from the date of application, 6% between 1 month to 2 month,
10% between 2 month to 3 months, 26% of the beneficiaries got
their loan sanctioned between 3 months to 6 months and remaining
57% above 6 months. The break up of the duration between
sanction and actual disbursal of loan is given in table 4.5.
Table 4.5
Time lag between sanction and disbursal of loan
Time duration Number %
- Less than 1 month
- 1 month to 2 months
- 2 months to 3 months
- 3 months to 6 months
- 6 months to 12 months
- above 12 months
2
49
22
47
62
55
1%
21%
9%
20%
26%
23%
Total 237 100%
1 % of the beneficiaries got their disbursement of loan within 1
month, 21% got between 1-2 months, 9% got between 2-3 months,
20% got 3-6 months, 26% got 6 to 12 months and 23 % got the loan
after 12 months.
4.5 Project Commencement
The detail of the projects set-up by beneficiaries is presented in the
following table.
The women beneficiaries contacted under the study have set up
their projects in different years viz. 2010-11 and 2011-12. A majority
of the contacted beneficiaries who set up their projects are during
the years 2011-12. A break-up of above details are in the following
table:
Table 4.6
Distribution of Projects by commencement
Year %
2010-11 2011-12
32% 68%
4.6 Marketing of Projects and Services
The distribution of beneficiaries by area of marketing of their
products and services is presented in the following table
Table 4.7
Distribution by Area of Marketing
Area Number %
Locally
Nearby districts
237
0
100%
-
Total 237 100%
Once the projects were established, the products and services
offered were marketed locally by 100% of beneficiaries. The
activities undertaken by the beneficiaries are of such nature and
scale that it is not feasible for them to market their products and
services in nearby districts.
Almost 100% of beneficiaries did not have any tie-up for marketing
of their products/services.
CHAPTER – V
PROJECT PERFORMANCE
5.0 This chapter provides details on the performance of the units set up
under the schemes.
5.1 Operational Units
5.1.1 Of the 237 women beneficiaries who provided the information during
the survey, about 39 women beneficiaries have closed down their
operations. This means that 84% of units established are operational
whereas the closed units account for 16%. 100% of Beneficiaries
have created assets for which loans were availed irrespective of the
closure of the units.
Opeartional Units
84%
16%
Unit functional
Unit closed
The distribution of closed units vis-à-vis their sectors activity is
presented in the table below.
Table 5.1
Distribution of Closed units vis-à-vis their sectors
Sector Closed units
Nos. % of closed
units
% of total
units
Retail Trading
Manufacturing
Agriculture & Allied Activities
Services
Others
32
1
2
4
-
82%
3%
5%
10%
-
13%
0.25%
0.75%
2%
-
Total 39 100% 16%
A close observation of the data collected reveals that 13% of retail
trading and 2% of service sector have closed down. 0.25% of the
manufacturing and 0.75% of Agriculture & Allied Project sector have
closed down. The scheme wise closure of units is as under :
Table 5.2
Distribution of Closed units scheme wise
S. No
District General Loan
MCF MSY MKY Total
1. Total Units 63 1 166 7 237
2. No. of Closed units 5 1 33 0 39
3. % of Closed units 13% 2% 85% - 16%
5.1.2 Reason for Closure
Table 5.3
Reason for closure of Units
Reason %
- Non Viable Projects
- Inadequate Loan Amount
- Shortage of Raw Materials
- Others (Family problems & Self illness, Death of Live Stocks, Shortage of Working Capital, etc.)
39%
20%
4%
37%
Total 100%
From the table, it is observed that 39% of the units were closed
because of poor demand for products services, 20% because of
inadequate loan amount, 4% because of shortage of Raw Materials
and 37% due to family problems, self illness of beneficiaries and
death of live stock, etc.
5.2 Income Generation
The income generation is one of the main objectives of the schemes
of NSFDC. The average revenue generated by the operational units
works out to Rs. 0.63 lakh per annum. The breakup of revenue
generation vis-à-vis activity is presented in the table 5.4 below.
Table 5.4
Revenue generation vis-à-vis activity
Activity Average annual revenue generated (Rs. Lakh)
- Retail trading
- Transport / Services
- Manufacturing
- Agriculture & Allied Activities
- Others
0.65
0.55
0.70
0.50
0.40
It is clear from the above table, that the largest revenue generating
activity was retail trading followed by services/ manufacturing,
agriculture and others.
5.2.1 The average net income generated by the operational units work-out
to Rs. 0.25 lakh per annum, indicating an average of 40% of net
profit margin. The breakup of net income generation vis-à-vis activity
is presented in the table 5.5 below. The net income indicated is after
the repayment of installments of loan.
Table 5.5
Net income generation vis-à-vis activity
(Rs lakh)
Activity Average annual Income generated (Rs. Lakh)
- Retail trading
- Servicing
- Manufacturing
- Agriculture & Allied Activities
- Others
0.27
0.25
0.22
0.22
0.18
From the above table and the table 5.5, the average net income
margin works out as shown in table 5.6 below.
Table 5.6
Net Income Margin
Activity Net Income Margin (%)
- Retail trading
- Servicing
- Manufacturing
- Agriculture
- Others
42%
45%
32%
44%
45%
From the above tables, it is observed that the most profitable sectors
are retail, service activities from the point of view of Net income to
revenue generation.
5.2.2 An attempt has also been made to study the revenue generation and
profit earned by all the beneficiaries, when all the units were
operational. The breakup of revenue and net income earned is
presented in the tables 5.7 & 5.8 below.
Table 5.7
Breakup of revenue generated
Revenue Generated per annum
%
- Less than Rs.25,000
- Rs.26,000/- to Rs.50000/-
- Rs. 51,000/- to Rs.75000/-
- Rs. 76,000/- to 100,000/-
- Rs. 101,000/- to 150,000/-
- Above Rs.151,000/-
2%
20%
46%
18%
14%
1%
Total 100%
The table indicates that only 2% of the beneficiaries were
generating annual revenues less than Rs. 0.25 lakh, 20% in the
range of Rs. 0.26 lakh to Rs. 0.50 lakh, 46% in the range of Rs.
51000/- to Rs.100,000/- and 15% in the range of Rs.101,000/- to
Rs.151,000/-.
Table 5.8
Breakup of net income earned
Net Income earned per annum %
- < Rs.18000/-
- Rs.18000/- to Rs. 24000/-
- Rs.24001/- to Rs. 40000/-
- Rs.40001/- to Rs. 50000/-
- Rs. 50001/- to Rs. 75000/-
- Above Rs. 75001/-
1%
9%
77%
11%
2%
1%
Total 100%
This table indicates that around 91% of the beneficiaries were
earning average net income of around Rs. 2000/- and above per
month.
5.3 Employment Generation
Besides generating income for the women beneficiaries, the other
main objective of the schemes of NSFDC is to generate employment
opportunities. The accomplishment of this objective is an indicator of
the success of these schemes.
5.3.1 Of all the units surveyed, 95% women beneficiaries were managing
their units themselves without employing anybody and remaining 5%
were taking help of Husband or other Family Members.
5.4 Repayment of Loans
As mentioned above, the schemes of NSFDC are designed to
provide financial assistance, repayable over a period of time, in
order to generate income and employment among Scheduled
Castes. The repayment of loan is essential for successful
continuation of these schemes.
The questionnaires were designed in such a way, so as to elicit the
information about the outstanding amount and the overdue amount,
from the beneficiary. However, during the survey, it was found that
the beneficiaries were not able to distinguish between the two, as
majority of them are not well educated. However, attempt was made
to elicit information about regular, fully paid & against whom over
dues stand from the beneficiaries.
5.4.1 The distribution of beneficiaries who have repaid all their liabilities
and those who are regular in their repayment of loans along with the
position of overdue are presented in table below.
Table 5.9
Repayment Status
Status Number %
Regular Repayment
Overdue
Fully Paid
134
101
2
56%
43%
1%
Total 237 100%
Of the all the beneficiaries surveyed, 56% are regular in their
repayments and 43% are overdue or against whom there are over
dues. Further, only 1% of the beneficiaries have fully paid their dues
5.5 District wise Repayment Position
The geographical district wise repayment position in the State of
Maharashtra is presented in table below.
Table 5.10
District-wise Repayment Position
Figures In Nos.
S.No. District Regular Overdue Fully Paid / A/c closed
Total
1. Pune 12 7 - 19
2. Nashik 12 15 - 27
3. Wardha 10 17 01 28
4. Jalgaon 16 7 01 24
5. Aurangabad 14 6 - 20
6. Buldhana 23 - - 23
7. Jalna 14 6 - 20
8. Mumbai 14 3 - 17
9. Nagpur 6 26 - 32
10. Akola 13 14 - 27
Total 134 101 2 237
From the above, it emerges that the beneficiaries have been regular
in repayment of loan. However, the beneficiaries pertaining to
districts given at Sr. No 2, 3, 9 &10 have more over dues or
defaulted in repayment of their loans.
5.6 Outstanding Amount
Majority of loans outstanding is less than Rs. 0.25 lakh. Around 167
women beneficiaries have outstanding below Rs. 0.25 lakh, 17
between Rs. 0.26 lakh to Rs. 0.50 lakh, 19 between Rs. 0.51 to Rs.
0.75 lakhs, 4 between Rs. 0.76 lakh to Rs. 1.00 lakh, 23 between
Rs. 1.00 lakh to Rs. 2.00 lakh and 1 has outstanding above Rs. 2.00
lakh respectively and 6 women beneficiaries have paid fully / A/c
Closed.
5.6.1 Reasons for non repayment
The beneficiaries, who have loan outstanding against them, have
given different reasons for not repaying. The reasons for non
repayment apart from closure of units or before closure of units are
given it table 5.11, below.
Table 5.11
Reasons for Non Repayment
%
- Poor demand for services / products - Inadequate Generation of Funds - Shortage of Raw Material - Others (Family Problem/Self long
Illness, etc.)
31% 54% 5% 10%
Total 100%
The main reasons for non repayment, as shown in the table above
are Inadequate Generation of Funds, poor demand for products and
Family Problems, Self long illness, etc.
5.7 Problems faced by Beneficiary
During the course of setting up of a unit, right from conceiving of the
unit to managing its successful operation, an entrepreneur has to
overcome a number of hurdles/problems. However, the schemes are
designed in such a manner that the beneficiary faces very few
problems in getting the loan.
5.7.1 The survey of women beneficiaries revealed that out of
Problems faced in getting loan
1%
99%
Problem faced
No problem faced
237beneficiaries, only 22 beneficiaries (1%) faced problems in
getting the loan. The chart below depicts the percentage of
beneficiaries facing the problems in getting the loan.
5.7.2 The distribution of beneficiaries, on the basis of their opinion about
the processing of their applications is presented in table below.
Table 5.12
Distribution by Opinion on Processing Speed
Opinion %
Fast (within 1 month)
Moderately Fast
Slow
Very Slow
-
-
1%
99%
Total 100%
100% of the women beneficiaries were of the opinion that the
processing of their applications was slow or very slow. This more or
less matches with the findings about the time lag between
submission of application and sanction of loans.
5.8 Reasons for Delay in Processing
The reasons for delay in processing of applications are presented in
table below.
Table 5.13
Reasons for delay in processing
Reasons %
No Delay
Processing time / Target / Paper Formality
15%
85%
Total 100%
15% of the beneficiaries attributed that there was no delay in
processing of application,
5.9 Expansion Plans
The distribution of the beneficiaries vis-à-vis their plans for
expansion of their activities is given below in table.
Table 5.14
Distribution by Expansion/Diversification
Expansion/Diversification Number %
Planned
Not Planned
1
236
0.5%
99.5%
Total 237 100%
Only 0.5% of beneficiaries expressed interest in starting any other
project or expansion of their capacities whereas 99.5% of
beneficiaries do not have any expansion plans.
5.10 Awareness about Schemes
Various media are used to create awareness about the schemes
among the target communities by NSFDC. The distribution of the
beneficiaries’ vis-à-vis the media of awareness is presented in table
below.
Table 5.15
Media of awareness
Media %
Through SCDC Office 37%
Through Newspapers
Through Community leaders/NGO
Through Friends & Relative
34%
16%
13%
Total 100%
The most effective media was found to be through SCDC office as
37% of the beneficiaries got information about the schemes from
above. 34% of the beneficiaries got information about the schemes
from newspaper, 16% were informed by Community leaders/NGO
and remaining 13% were informed by friends/ relatives.
5.11 Usefulness of Scheme
The impact of any scheme can also be measured in term of impact it
had on the socio-economic aspects of life of its targeted
beneficiaries. The usefulness of the scheme as remarked by the
beneficiaries is presented in table 5.16 below
Table 5.16
Usefulness of Scheme
Opinion on Usefulness Number %
- Scheme Useful
- Scheme not useful
199
38
84%
16%
Total 237 100%
The table indicates that 84% of beneficiaries are of the opinion that
the schemes are useful.
The aspects of lives of beneficiaries, which had positive impact of
the schemes of NSFDC is depicted in table 5.17 below.
Table 5.17
Aspects of life affected
Aspects of life %
- Household income improved - Standard of living improved - Sending children to private
Schools. - Renovation of House - Treatment with private doctors - Others(self employment)
74% 21%
- -
- 5%
Total 100%
The positive impact on the above mentioned aspects of life, point
towards the priorities of the beneficiaries. The figures imply that the
improvement in household income is more important to the women
beneficiaries as also the opportunity to get self employment.
CHAPTER-VI
Success Story
1. Success Story of the Women Beneficiary Name : Mainabai Sawale Father/Husband’s Name : Sh. Ganesh Sawale Age : 32 years Address : Vill. & Post Devari, Distt. Akola, (Maharashtra) Unit : Dairy Date of Finance : November, 2010. Pre-status of the beneficiary:
The above named beneficiary belongs to Scheduled Caste
community (Boudha). She has no formal education. Prior status
before taking loan, she was unemployed / Housewife having no
permanent source of income. Her family’s annual income was Rs.
16,000/-. There are four members in her family.
In March, 2010, Smt. Mainabai Sawale submitted an application for
seeking loan for setting up of Dairy unit in the office of Mahatama
Phule Backward Classes Development Corporation (MPBCDC),
Akola. In response to her application, the management of the
Corporation after taking into consideration all facts of the case and
genuineness of the beneficiary, sanctioned and disbursed loan of
Rs. 30,000/- under MSY scheme to Smt. Mainabai Sawale for above
Dairy unit in collaboration with National Scheduled Castes Finance &
Dev. Corporation (NSFDC), New Delhi in November 2010. The unit
is functioning since November, 2010 and Smt. Mainabai Sawale is
earning about Rs. 28000/- per annum.
Re-payment status of the beneficiary:
The beneficiary has been regular in repayment to the Corporation
and the outstanding is about Rs. 2,050/- and is likely to be repaid as
per schedule.
Post status of the beneficiary:
From the income of the aforesaid activity, the living standard of the
beneficiary and her house hold income has increased. She has also
requested for refinance to increase the capacity after completion of
existing loan.
2. Success Story of the Women Beneficiary
Name : Poonam Mandve Father Name : Sh. Dyanadev Mandve Address : Devi Khadan, Near Ganesh Kirana, Distt. Akola (Maharashtra) Age : 37 years Unit : Beauty Parlour Date of Finance : January 13, 2011. Pre-status of the beneficiary:
The above named person belongs to Scheduled Caste community (Chamar). She has passed 12th standard and was casual employee in chosen line. She was from a poor family, having no permanent source of income. There were five members of her family. In March, 2010, Smt. Poonam Mandve submitted an application for seeking loan for establishment of Beauty Parlour in the office of Sant Rohidas Leather Industries & Charmkar Development Corporation (LIDCOM), Akola. In response to her application, the management of the Corporation after taking into consideration all facts of the case and genuineness of the beneficiary, sanctioned and disbursed a term loan of Rs. 1,50,000/- and margin money of Rs. 30000/- to Smt. Poonam Mandve for establishment of Beauty Parlour in collaboration with National Scheduled Castes Finance & Dev. Corporation (NSFDC), New Delhi in January 2011. The unit is functioning since January, 2011 and Smt. Poonam Mandve is earning about Rs. 48,000/- per Annum.
Re-payment status of the beneficiary:
The beneficiary has been regular in repayment to the Corporation and the outstanding is about Rs. 80,000/- and is likely to be repaid as per schedule.
Post status of the beneficiary:
From the income of the aforesaid activity, the living standard of the beneficiary and her family has improved significantly. She has also renovated her house.
3. Success Story of the Women Beneficiary Name : Shobha Palsapagar Father/Husband’s Name : Sh. Bhimrao Palspagar Age : 35 years Address : Vill. & Post Rel, Tal. Akot, Distt. Akola, (Maharashtra) Unit : Dairy Date of Finance : November, 2010. Pre-status of the beneficiary:
The above named beneficiary belongs to Scheduled Caste
community (Bodha). She has no formal education. Prior to taking
loan, she was unemployed / Housewife having no permanent source
of income. There were four members in her family.
In February, 2010, Smt. Shobha Palsapagar submitted an
application for seeking loan for setting up of Dairy unit in the office of
Mahatama Phule Backward Classes Development Corporation
(MPBCDC), Akola. In response to her application, the management
of the Corporation after taking into consideration all facts of the case
and genuineness of the beneficiary, sanctioned and disbursed the
total loan of Rs. 30,000/- under MSY scheme to Smt. Shobha
Palsapagar for above Dairy unit in collaboration with National
Scheduled Castes Finance & Dev. Corporation (NSFDC), New Delhi
in November 2010. The unit is functioning since November, 2010
and Smt. Shobha Palsapagar is earning about Rs. 24000/- per
annum.
Re-payment status of the beneficiary:
The beneficiary has been regular in repayment to the Corporation
and the outstanding is about Rs. 2,600/- and is likely to be repaid as
per schedule.
Post status of the beneficiary:
From the income of the aforesaid activity, the living standard of the
beneficiary and her house hold income increased. She has also
requested for refinance to increase the capacity after completion of
existing loan.