OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR VETERINARY HEALTH SCIENCES — OKLAHOMA ANIMAL DISEASE DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY Winter 2018 • Volume 15 Faculty Director: Dr. Keith L. Bailey – Pathology Microbiology/Molecular Diagnostics: Dr. Akhilesh Ramachandran Pathology: Dr. Melanie A. Breshears Dr. Anthony W. Confer Dr. Rupika DeSilva Dr. Grant Rezabek Dr. Jerry Ritchey Dr. Tim Snider Parasitology: Dr. Yoko Nagamori Serology: Dr. Grant Rezabek Assistant Director/Quality Manager: Emily J. Cooper Graphic Design/Layout: Clarissa Walton In this Issue Bovine Anaplasmosis..................... 1 Survey of Intestinal Parasites ....... 2 Ethylene Glycol Toxicosis in a Cat ............................................. 2 Brucella canis Abortion in an Oklahoma Dog ............................... 3 Director’s Note................................ 4 Getting to Know Us ....................... 4 Request for Feedback ..................... 4 Cases of clinical anaplasmosis are diagnosed year round in Oklahoma cattle; however, the incidence is high- est during late summer and fall. The most commonly reported clinical signs of anaplasmosis are unexpected death, respiratory distress, lethargy, anorexia and abortion. OADDL offers two rapid diag- Bovine Anaplasmosis nostic tests for bovine anaplasmosis. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test detects pathogen-specific DNA of Anaplasma marginale in whole blood or blood-rich tissues such as the spleen. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detects antibodies in the serum. – B. Peake & Dr. A. Ramachandran Photo by Todd Johnson, Oklahoma State University, Agricultural Communications
Transcript
OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR VETERINARY HEALTH SCIENCES — OKLAHOMA ANIMAL DISEASE DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY
Pathology:Dr. Melanie A. BreshearsDr. Anthony W. Confer
Dr. Rupika DeSilvaDr. Grant RezabekDr. Jerry RitcheyDr. Tim Snider
Parasitology:Dr. Yoko Nagamori
Serology:Dr. Grant Rezabek
Assistant Director/Quality Manager:Emily J. Cooper
Graphic Design/Layout:Clarissa Walton
In this IssueBovine Anaplasmosis .....................1Survey of Intestinal Parasites .......2Ethylene Glycol Toxicosisin a Cat .............................................2Brucella canis Abortion in an Oklahoma Dog ...............................3Director’s Note ................................4Getting to Know Us .......................4Request for Feedback .....................4
Cases of clinical anaplasmosis are diagnosed year round in Oklahoma cattle; however, the incidence is high-est during late summer and fall. The most commonly reported clinical signs of anaplasmosis are unexpected death, respiratory distress, lethargy, anorexia and abortion. OADDL offers two rapid diag-
Bovine Anaplasmosisnostic tests for bovine anaplasmosis. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test detects pathogen-specific DNA of Anaplasma marginale in whole blood or blood-rich tissues such as the spleen. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detects antibodies in the serum.
– B. Peake & Dr. A. Ramachandran
Photo by Todd Johnson, Oklahoma State University, Agricultural Communications
Winter 2018 • Vol. 15 OADDL E-NEWS Page 2
Ethylene Glycol Toxicosis in a CatEthylene glycol (antifreeze) toxicosis was recently diagnosed in a cat submit-ted to OADDL. The patient exhibited an acute onset of lethargy and died within few hours. Microscopic examination of the kidney showed renal tubular necrosis throughout the cortex (Figures A and C), along with the presence of numer-ous intratubular oxalate crystals that were birefringent under polarized light (Figures B and D). Ethylene glycol intoxication in cats and dogs occurs most common-ly in the fall, winter and early spring. The lethal dose in cats (1.4 mL/kg) is much lower than in dogs (4.4 mL/kg). Following ingestion, ethylene glycol is rapidly absorbed by gastrointesti-nal tract. Highly-toxic metabolites of ethylene glycol are formed following liver metabolism with accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney, resulting in acute renal failure and death.
– Dr. R. Chien
Figures A-D: Cat kidney. Renal tubular degeneration and necrosis (A and C). Numerous intratubular oxalate crystals that are birefringent under polarized light (B and D). HE stain.
A 5-Year Survey of Intestinal Parasites in CatsA total of 2,188 fecal samples from cli-ent-owned (1,683) and shelter (505) cats were examined from 2013-2017. Intestinal parasites were not iden-tified in the majority of the samples (72.1%). The five most commonly detected parasites were Cystoisospora spp. (11.8%), Toxocara cati (8.0%), Giardia spp. (4.3%), Alaria spp. (3.6%), and tapeworms (taeniid and Dipylidium caninum; 2.6%). Less commonly identified parasites (1.2%; “OTHERS”) included Capillaria spp., Physaloptera spp., Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, trichomonads, Spirometra spp., Platynosomum spp., Toxascaris leonina, Mesocestoides spp., and Sarcocystis spp. Interestingly, the prevalence of intestinal parasites in client-owned and shelter cats was comparable. Veterinarians should be aware of
Alaria spp., as the incidence of infection with this parasite has been increasing in Oklahoma since 1990 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28358635). In addition to identifying intestinal
Fecal Examination Results in 2,188 Cats: 2013-2017
72.1
negative
11.8
cystoisospora spp.
8.0
t. cati
4.3
giardia spp.
3.6
alaria spp
2.6
tapeworm
1.0
ancylostoma spp.
0.9
demodex spp.
1.2
others
Fecal flotation examinations were performed at the National Center for Veterinary Parasitology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences,
Oklahoma State University.
parasites, a fecal flotation examination may also assist in diagnosing ectopara-sites such as Demodex and Cheyletiella.
Brucella canis Abortion in an Oklahoma DogBrucellosis was recently diagnosed at OADDL in a 2-year-old American Pitbull with a history of preterm labor and abortion. Two fetuses were pre-sented for necropsy. The primary histologic finding was placentitis with intralesional bacteria. Brucella canis was cultured from fetal lung. The B. canis isolate was forward-ed to the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) for whole genome sequencing. Genome sequence revealed that the Oklahoma isolate was closely related to a B. canis isolate from a Nebraska dog and both shared as a common ancestor an isolate from a Texas dog. The Oklahoma isolate revealed two unique single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs (Fig 1). Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease. Brucella canis, a gram-negative bacterium, is the usual cause of brucellosis in dogs and disease usually involves the reproductive organs. Infection can spread vertically from mother to pup and horizontally by ingestion or contact with bodily excretions or secretions from infected dogs. B. canis infection should be considered in dogs with reproductive failure.
– Dr. A. Ramachandran
Phylogenetic tree detailing the genetic relationship of Brucella canis isolates (n=59) from the NVSL database. The red font indicates the Oklahoma isolate of interest. (Dr. Suelee Robbe-Austerman, NVSL).
Figure 1. Single nucleotide polymorphism comparison table of different Brucella isolates from Texas, Nebraska and Oklahoma (Dr. Suelee Robbe-Austerman, NVSL).
Yes, I plan to attend the Central Oklahoma Cattle Conference on
February 2, 2018
Remit to: Payne County Extension 315 W 6th, Suite 103 Stillwater OK 74074
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Registration due no later than January 29, 2018.
Non discrimination statement Oklahoma State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture, State and Local Govern-ments Cooperating. The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service offers its pro-grams to all eligible persons regardless of race, color, national origin, gender, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran, and is an equal opportunity employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Robert E. Whitson, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and has been prepared and distributed at a no cost to the taxpayers of Oklahoma.
Sponsored by: Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
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OADDL E-NEWS Page 4Winter 2018 • Vol. 15
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Letter from the DirectorAs we begin a new year, I would like to thank all of our clients for their tre-mendous support in 2017! We are very optimistic that 2018 is going to be a successful year for OADDL. January 26 will mark our 42nd year of serving veterinarians and animal owners in Oklahoma. In 2018, we also will celebrate our 40th consec-utive year of full accreditation by the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD). We hope you enjoy the articles in this issue of our e-Newsletter, including a reminder that we see cases of bovine anaplasmosis throughout the year in Oklahoma. Dr. Nagamori has provided parasi-tology results from fecal examinations
on more than 2,000 client-owned and shelter cats over a 5-year period. If you need assistance identifying any of these parasites in your patients, please con-tact us. Also, Drs. Ramachandran and Chien share recent cases of brucello-sis in a dog and antifreeze toxicosis in a cat. As you will see, genetic analysis revealed that the Brucella canis isolate (and its closest relative) appears to have tracked along interstate 35. These newer tools provide valuable informa-tion on the epidemiology of pathogens we see at OADDL. As always, we welcome comments and suggestions to help make our e-Newsletter a more useful resource.
– Dr. K. Bailey
Megan Wohltjen grew up in a military family and has lived in seven different states. She moved to Stillwater, Oklahoma in 2012 to attend Oklahoma State University where she earned a Bachelor’s of Science in Zoology. In January 2017, she began work as a research tech-nician in the College of Veterinary Health Sciences, Veterinary Pathology - Parasitology Laboratory located in the OADDL. In addition to her diagnostic cases, Megan also
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teaches parasitology diagnostics to fourth year veterinary students and is working towards a MS degree in Veterinary Biomedical Sciences with a research focus on the prevalence of Cercopithifilaria in dogs. Megan enjoys staying active and being outdoors. She has two dogs, Junior and Jade. She loves to take them on walks, play fetch and cuddle. Check out some of her fascinating work on the Okstate Parasit D-lab YouTube channel.
