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Inca Mummies and Ancestral Landscapes
John W. Janusek
Vanderbilt University
The Kallawaya of
Mt. Kaata, Bolivia
Vertical complementarity
Quechua: Imanaya Kasanki
The Inca empire: Tawantinsuyu, or four lands tied together
Cuzco: Navel
Inca royal dynasty: AD 1200 1533
Pachakuti: World reformer
Sapa Inca: Unique Inca
Inca society and hierarchy
Sapa Inca: Unique Inca
Capac Inca: Inca nobility
Wawa Inca: Inca by Privilege
Hatun Runa: Non-Inca who worked
the land
There were no slaves
Inca society: life paths for men and women
Inca Cosmology
Dual complementarity:
sun and moon
Centrality: Cuzco at the center of the cosmos
Inca cosmic origins: Island of the Sun, Lake Titicaca
Island of the Sun and sacred rock of Titikala: Dedicated to Inti.
Island of the Moon: dedicated to Paxi
Tiwanaku: Middle Horizon, AD 500-1100
Tiwanaku: Middle Horizon, AD 500-1100
Tiwanakus Sun Portal: the first solar deity?
Tiwanaku statuary: Inca interpret them as representing a primordial epoch
Cuzco: Feline bodily metaphors
Note the four roads
Upper (Hanan) and Lower (Hurin) Cuzco: Dual complementarity
Inca Temples: Fitted stonework
Coricancha: Gold compound
Coricancha: gold plating and gardens
Sacsaywaman
Terraced farming: Domesticating the landscape
Terracing in Moray, Colca Valley, Peru
Salt pans of Maras, Sacred Valley, Peru
Sacred valley of the Urubamba River: Setting for Inca royal estates
Pisac with its Intihuatana (tying the sun to the earth)
Yucay
Ollantaytambo
Inca urbanism and landscape: Machu Picchu
Building living rock into the built environment
Inca social categories
Camayoq: specialists
Yanacona: retainers
Mitima: colonists
Aclla: women chosen to work (e.g.,
weaving and brewing) for the state
Quipu and a Quipu Camayoq
Quipus for recording food storage and distribution
Basic Quipu construction
Aclla: women who wove, cooked, and brewed for Inti and the Inca state
Lived in acllawasi, or aclla houses A high status aclla could Become mamacona
Textiles: Weaving as an important female career
Inca ceremony: social unity
Feasting, dancing, drinking
Inca ceremony: ritual sacrifice to ensure fertility and abundance
October: Uma Raymi December: Capac Inti Raymi
June solstice: Inti Raymi
Ritual offering today
Royal mummy processions: the dead were alive in everyday life
Inca royal mummies
Huaca: sacred place, object, idol, or mummy
Ceque system: radial pathways linking huacas
Saywite monolith: lithic representation of landscape
Ceques divided Cuzco region into four suyus (Tawantinsuyu)
Ceque system organized Cuzco royal ayllus (panacas) in space and annular time
Some ceques used as sightlines for astronomical observations
Ceque system mimics Quipu system
Inca imperial expansion: split inheritance
Road networks: linked roads dating to Middle Horizon, and earlier
Tambos: sited regularly along roads; inns with amenities, shrines, etc. Chaski: messenger.
Kallankas: for local feasts and ceremonies
Mitima (foreign colonist) settlement in Copacabana, Bolivia
Capac Hucha ceremony
Why are children found buried on tops of mountains across the Andes?
Children were the ideal sacrificial offerings for very hungry, telluric forces.
Child sacrifice became a way for ambitious locals to gain prominence in the Inca realm
Mountain veneration, a millennial history: Misti, Peru
Johan Reinhard: determined to find the Ice Maiden
Mt. Copiapo, Chile
Offerings
Llullaico, Argentina
Llullaico, Argentina
Offerings and clothing
Llullaico: Duality and fulfillment
Mt. Ampato, Peru: admittedly, not an easy deal
Mt. Ampato, Peru
How was Juanita killed?
Juanita on Mount Ampato
Capac Hucha offerings
Inca politics grounded in ritual
Post-Inca Quechua traditions thrive today:
Andean geopolitics still grounded in ritual