Incident

CHAPTER -IncidentCHAPTER -Incident

WHAT IS INCIDENT?WHAT IS INCIDENT?

An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events

That occurs through a combination of causes

RESULT OF INCIDENTRESULT OF INCIDENT

Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an individual,

•Damage to property,

•A near-miss, a loss

•Any combination of these effects

ACCIDENTACCIDENT

Unplanned event results in mishap (personal injury or property damage).

Accidents are the result of the failure of people, equipment, materials, or environment to react as expected.

All accidents have consequences or outcomes.

PREVENTION OF INCIDENTPREVENTION OF INCIDENT

Good ManagementHow:1. Management and workers

must fully cooperate2. Top management must lead3. There must be an OSH policy

PREVENTION OF INCIDENTPREVENTION OF INCIDENT

Good ManagementHow:4. Must have organization and

resources to implement policy 5. Best available information (and

technology) must be applied

TYPE OF INCIDENTTYPE OF INCIDENT

1. Serious Personal Injury - A injury/disease cause at work

that need:a. To given emergency medical

treatment by a registered medical practitioner

b. treated in a hospital as a casualty, without being admitted to the hospital; or admitted to hospital;

EXAMPLE OF SPI EXAMPLE OF SPI

1. a wound which requires sutures (stitches)

2. a fracture of any part of the body

3. knocked unconscious


2.Fatality - death

3. Incapacity 30 or more days- An employee is unable to work for

30 or more consecutive days or shifts


4. Minor injury- An employee is injured and is:a. Unable to work for between 1 and

4 daysb. Sees a doctor, nurse, or first aid

attendant and attend medical centre but is not given emergency medical treatment

EXAMPLE OF MINOR INJURY EXAMPLE OF MINOR INJURY

1. Minor cuts or bruises.

2. Grazes


5.Exposure - An event where an employee

comes into contact with a substance or circumstance which does not lead to an immediate injury or illness.

EXAMPLE OF EXPOSURE EXAMPLE OF EXPOSURE

1. Radiation

2. Hazardous substances

3. Noise

4. Biological agents


6. Dangerous Occurrence - An incident where no person is

injured, but could have been injured, resulting in Serious Personal Injury, Incapacity or Death. Commonly called a ‘near miss.’

EXAMPLE OF DANGEROUS EXAMPLE OF DANGEROUS OCCURENCE OCCURENCE

1. Emergency evacuation from a facility

2. Negligent Discharge (ND) of a weapon

3.Plant or property damage that could have killed or injured a person but didn’t.

HEINRICH’S THEORYHEINRICH’S THEORYHEINRICH’S THEORYHEINRICH’S THEORY

THE THEORY…THE THEORY…

1. injuries result from a complete series factor, one of which is the accident itself

2. An accident occur only as a result of unsafe act by person/physical/mechanical hazard

1. injuries result from a complete series factor, one of which is the accident itself

2. An accident occur only as a result of unsafe act by person/physical/mechanical hazard

THE THEORY…THE THEORY…3. accident are result of unsafe

behavior by people

4. An unsafe act by person or unsafe act by condition does not always immediate result in accident/injury

5. the reason why people commit unsafe act can serve as helpful guide in selecting corrective action

3. accident are result of unsafe behavior by people

4. An unsafe act by person or unsafe act by condition does not always immediate result in accident/injury

5. the reason why people commit unsafe act can serve as helpful guide in selecting corrective action

THE THEORY…THE THEORY…6. the severity of an accident is largely

fortuitous and the accident that are cause are largely preventable

7. The best accident prevention techniques are analogous with the best quality and productive technique

8. Management should assume responsibility for safety since it is in the best position to get result. Supervisor is an important person

6. the severity of an accident is largely fortuitous and the accident that are cause are largely preventable

7. The best accident prevention techniques are analogous with the best quality and productive technique

8. Management should assume responsibility for safety since it is in the best position to get result. Supervisor is an important person

HEINRICH’S SAY…HEINRICH’S SAY…

The factors can be visualized as a series of dominoes standing on edge; when one falls, the linkage required for a chain reaction is completed

The factors can be visualized as a series of dominoes standing on edge; when one falls, the linkage required for a chain reaction is completed

HEINRICH’S MODEL…HEINRICH’S MODEL…

FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORYFACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY

1. Lack of management system and control

Example : negative character - Recklessness,

stubbornness, bad work practices fail to establish OSH management no PPE, safety training, absent caution

sign, no emergency procedure

1. Lack of management system and control

Example : negative character - Recklessness,

stubbornness, bad work practices fail to establish OSH management no PPE, safety training, absent caution

sign, no emergency procedure


2. Job FactorExample : complex job and tasks high risk job (work with machineries,

working at high place) lack of engineering control (e.g.

engineering barrier) Worn out tool, bad quality part, unstable

process

2. Job FactorExample : complex job and tasks high risk job (work with machineries,

working at high place) lack of engineering control (e.g.

engineering barrier) Worn out tool, bad quality part, unstable

process


3. Personal FactorExample : Worker who have not acquired the

necessary skill level and inexperience Doing task which is not familiar Attitude of worker Stress level of the worker

3. Personal FactorExample : Worker who have not acquired the

necessary skill level and inexperience Doing task which is not familiar Attitude of worker Stress level of the worker


4. Unsafe and substandard work condition

Example : Inadequate guards/barrier/caution and

warning level Messy housekeeping crowded and congested work station

4. Unsafe and substandard work condition

Example : Inadequate guards/barrier/caution and

warning level Messy housekeeping crowded and congested work station


5. Unsafe act or substandard practice

Example : Bad working habit Ignoring their work safety Doing task dangerously

5. Unsafe act or substandard practice

Example : Bad working habit Ignoring their work safety Doing task dangerously


6. Accident Example : Fall Impact of moving object Trapp in moving system Burn/Fire Explosion

6. Accident Example : Fall Impact of moving object Trapp in moving system Burn/Fire Explosion


6. IncidentExample : Infliction of human body When there is an injury or property

damage

6. IncidentExample : Infliction of human body When there is an injury or property

damage

MULTIPLE CAUSATION THEORY

THE THEORYTHE THEORY1. There are may be many contributory

factors, causes and sub-causes and that certain combinations of these give rise to accidents.

2. May be more than one cause, not only in sequence, but occurring at the same time

3. Accident is the result of single cause or act –Simple accident (single cause) major accident (multiple cause)

1. There are may be many contributory factors, causes and sub-causes and that certain combinations of these give rise to accidents.

2. May be more than one cause, not only in sequence, but occurring at the same time

3. Accident is the result of single cause or act –Simple accident (single cause) major accident (multiple cause)

THE THEORYTHE THEORYCause a

Cause b Unsafe Act

Cause c

Accident Injury or Damage

Cause d

Cause e Unsafe Condition

Cause f

CONTRIBUTORY FACTORCONTRIBUTORY FACTORBehavioural.

- This category includes factors pertaining to the worker, such as improper attitude, lack of knowledge, lack of skills and inadequate physical and mental condition.

Behavioural. - This category includes factors pertaining to the worker, such as improper attitude, lack of knowledge, lack of skills and inadequate physical and mental condition.

CONTRIBUTORY FACTORCONTRIBUTORY FACTOR Environmental. This category includes

improper guarding of other hazardous work elements and degradation of equipment through use and unsafe procedures.

Environmental. This category includes improper guarding of other hazardous work elements and degradation of equipment through use and unsafe procedures.

BIRD LOSS MODELBIRD LOSS MODEL

THE THEORYTHE THEORY

THE THEORYTHE THEORYFrank E. Bird Jr. renamed the domino's

and made clear the relation between the undesired event and its consequences and the Management System via Direct and Basic or "root" Causes.

Frank E. Bird Jr. renamed the domino's and made clear the relation between the undesired event and its consequences and the Management System via Direct and Basic or "root" Causes.

THE THEORYTHE THEORYThe Loss Causation Model should be

applied to each barrier in turn, effectively treating each barrier failure as a loss. This is in contrast to the original approach of applying the model to the entire incident.

The Loss Causation Model should be applied to each barrier in turn, effectively treating each barrier failure as a loss. This is in contrast to the original approach of applying the model to the entire incident.

CAUSE OF INCIDENT-CAUSE OF INCIDENT-BASIC CAUSEBASIC CAUSE

CAUSE OF INCIDENT-CAUSE OF INCIDENT-BASIC CAUSEBASIC CAUSE

BASIC CAUSESBASIC CAUSES

the real cause(s) of an accident/incident and the reasons why it occurred

an incident is a cause that, when corrected, would result in long-term prevention of similar incidents.

Example:inadequate design, lack of knowledge or skill,

physical and physiological stress

the real cause(s) of an accident/incident and the reasons why it occurred

an incident is a cause that, when corrected, would result in long-term prevention of similar incidents.

Example:inadequate design, lack of knowledge or skill,

physical and physiological stress

9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES

1. Lack of Knowledge (Training) A person doesn’t have the knowledge to

safely perform the job. The person couldn’t perform the task

safely if his/her life depended on it If questioned, the person couldn’t tell you

how to safely perform the task.

1. Lack of Knowledge (Training) A person doesn’t have the knowledge to

safely perform the job. The person couldn’t perform the task

safely if his/her life depended on it If questioned, the person couldn’t tell you

how to safely perform the task.


2. Employee Placement The person placed on the job: has a physical deficiency (bad eyesight,

weak back, etc); is not physically capable of performing the

job safely (small stature, out of shape, etc).

2. Employee Placement The person placed on the job: has a physical deficiency (bad eyesight,

weak back, etc); is not physically capable of performing the

job safely (small stature, out of shape, etc).


3. Not Enforcing Safe Work Practices Established safe work practices are not

followed because: • they lack credibility, eg they are

inconsistent, unrealistic• it is believed that they conflict with other

company goals, eg production; • the method used is the normal, accepted

practice.

3. Not Enforcing Safe Work Practices Established safe work practices are not

followed because: • they lack credibility, eg they are

inconsistent, unrealistic• it is believed that they conflict with other

company goals, eg production; • the method used is the normal, accepted

practice.


4. Engineering The system is such that it: • requires extra effort to be safe; • contains built-in hazards, eg nip points,

etc; • doesn’t safely meet job requirements.

4. Engineering The system is such that it: • requires extra effort to be safe; • contains built-in hazards, eg nip points,

etc; • doesn’t safely meet job requirements.


5. Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• Personal protective equipment is not provided.

• The equipment selected is not adequate to protect against the hazards.

5. Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• Personal protective equipment is not provided.

• The equipment selected is not adequate to protect against the hazards.


6. Inadequate Inspection/Maintenance Systems

Systems are not: • established to ensure that critical items

are inspected and maintained; • being followed due to inadequate tracking

systems.

6. Inadequate Inspection/Maintenance Systems

Systems are not: • established to ensure that critical items

are inspected and maintained; • being followed due to inadequate tracking

systems.


7. Purchasing Inadequate/Inferior Equipment

Equipment is purchased that: • lacks safety features, eg railings,

guarding, etc; • is inadequate to safely meet job

requirements

7. Purchasing Inadequate/Inferior Equipment

Equipment is purchased that: • lacks safety features, eg railings,

guarding, etc; • is inadequate to safely meet job

requirements


8. Inadequate Feedback System • The person’s behavior was motivated by

the perception that management recognition, peer acceptance, saving time, etc, is more important than performing the job safely.

• Insufficient or no feedback is given regarding actual versus expected safety performance.

8. Inadequate Feedback System • The person’s behavior was motivated by

the perception that management recognition, peer acceptance, saving time, etc, is more important than performing the job safely.

• Insufficient or no feedback is given regarding actual versus expected safety performance.


9. Unsafe Method • Established or accepted safe work

practices prove to be unsafe. • A newly developed safe work practice

proves to be unsafe

9. Unsafe Method • Established or accepted safe work

practices prove to be unsafe. • A newly developed safe work practice

proves to be unsafe

DIRECT CAUSEDIRECT CAUSEDIRECT CAUSEDIRECT CAUSE

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

1.The direct cause of an incident is the immediate events or conditions that caused the incident

2. The direct cause is usually the result of one or more unsafe acts or unsafe conditions, or both

3. Direct causes are the unsafe acts or conditions that directly cause the safety incident.

1.The direct cause of an incident is the immediate events or conditions that caused the incident

2. The direct cause is usually the result of one or more unsafe acts or unsafe conditions, or both

3. Direct causes are the unsafe acts or conditions that directly cause the safety incident.

DIRECT CAUSE MAY HAPPEN…DIRECT CAUSE MAY HAPPEN…

1. causes that are related to a person and an act, and

2. causes that are related to the actual (work) environment or conditions.

1. causes that are related to a person and an act, and

2. causes that are related to the actual (work) environment or conditions.

CATEGORY OF DIRECT CAUSECATEGORY OF DIRECT CAUSE

Substandard (or unsafe) actOperating without authority Failure to warn

Substandard (or unsafe) condition Inadequate guards/barrierDefective tool, material, equipment

Substandard (or unsafe) actOperating without authority Failure to warn

Substandard (or unsafe) condition Inadequate guards/barrierDefective tool, material, equipment

INDIRECT CAUSEINDIRECT CAUSE


other factors relating to an accident/incident in the workplace which do not directly cause the accident/incident.

Indirect causes can be the physical or emotional conditions that could allow unsafe acts to occur or the can be individual inadequacies caused by a poor work environment or social conditions.

other factors relating to an accident/incident in the workplace which do not directly cause the accident/incident.

Indirect causes can be the physical or emotional conditions that could allow unsafe acts to occur or the can be individual inadequacies caused by a poor work environment or social conditions.


Some indirect causes could be the a culture of inattention or indifference to safety policies, inadequate leadership, excessive work or physical arrangement or orderliness of the work place

Some indirect causes could be the a culture of inattention or indifference to safety policies, inadequate leadership, excessive work or physical arrangement or orderliness of the work place

BASIC,DIRECT , INDIRECTBASIC,DIRECT , INDIRECT

Direct Causes Indirect Causes Basic Cause

Struck by/against

Failure to secure

No oversight

Falls Guarding Poor maintenance.

Impact (vehicle) Defect Engineering

Contact with…. Environmental Stress

PREVENTION COSTPREVENTION COST

DESIGN COSTDESIGN COST

Cost that are used to develop prevention equipment for accident/incident in workplace.

Example :a. install machine guardb. Warning Sign

Cost that are used to develop prevention equipment for accident/incident in workplace.

Example :a. install machine guardb. Warning Sign

OPERATIONAL COSTOPERATIONAL COST

Cost that are used to aware workers on Safety and health in workplace

Example:a. OSH training Costb. PPE Cost

Cost that are used to aware workers on Safety and health in workplace

Example:a. OSH training Costb. PPE Cost

SAFE GUARDING OF THE FUTURE SAFE GUARDING OF THE FUTURE COSTCOST

Cost that are used to make sure safety in workplace

Example:a. health surveillance, b. audits

Cost that are used to make sure safety in workplace

Example:a. health surveillance, b. audits

PREVENTION PROGRAMPREVENTION PROGRAM

MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT

1. Employer, plant manager must willing to take responsibility for OSH as an integral part of their job

2. How:a. establish OSH policies

b. stimulate awareness on safety and healthc. Employ a competent person to coordinate the safety and health program. d. Educate Worker

1. Employer, plant manager must willing to take responsibility for OSH as an integral part of their job

2. How:a. establish OSH policies

b. stimulate awareness on safety and healthc. Employ a competent person to coordinate the safety and health program. d. Educate Worker

ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAMACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAM

Basic activity must be carried:a Organizing OSH promotions and environmental awareness programsb. Provide training and awareness programc.Provide PPE,housekeeping,MSDS and chemical handling programd. Safety inspection and safety audit at workplace

Basic activity must be carried:a Organizing OSH promotions and environmental awareness programsb. Provide training and awareness programc.Provide PPE,housekeeping,MSDS and chemical handling programd. Safety inspection and safety audit at workplace

TRAINNINGTRAINNINGDepartmental Training must be done to give

new employee additional safety training before they begin work, such as:A. Hazard inherent on the job or within the departmentB. Safeguards and precautionary measures for those hazardC. PPE required on the job, instruction for its proper care and useD. Location of emergency, exit and telephoneE. Location of fire extinguisher

Departmental Training must be done to give new employee additional safety training before they begin work, such as:A. Hazard inherent on the job or within the departmentB. Safeguards and precautionary measures for those hazardC. PPE required on the job, instruction for its proper care and useD. Location of emergency, exit and telephoneE. Location of fire extinguisher

TYPE OF TRAINNINGTYPE OF TRAINNING

1. Housekeeping Training

2. PPE Training

3. Safety and Health Training

1. Housekeeping Training

2. PPE Training

3. Safety and Health Training

SAFETY TRAINNINGSAFETY TRAINNINGThe new employee needs to given

orientation to acquire knowledge:A. Company OSH rulesB. Employee’s responsibility towards OSHC. Type of PPE availableD. Location of medical/first aid facilitiesE. Procedure for reporting job related injuries/job hazard/defective or unsafe equipment/condition.

The new employee needs to given orientation to acquire knowledge:A. Company OSH rulesB. Employee’s responsibility towards OSHC. Type of PPE availableD. Location of medical/first aid facilitiesE. Procedure for reporting job related injuries/job hazard/defective or unsafe equipment/condition.

TRAINNING ARE NEEDED TOTRAINNING ARE NEEDED TONewly hired employeeEmployees reassigned to others jobEmployee returning to work after external

layoff period or medical leaveWhen new equipment and process are

introduced or installedWhen need arises to improve or update

safe work practice and procedure

Newly hired employeeEmployees reassigned to others jobEmployee returning to work after external

layoff period or medical leaveWhen new equipment and process are

introduced or installedWhen need arises to improve or update

safe work practice and procedure

Date post:	20-May-2015
Category:	Education
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Incident

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