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ED 254 708
TITLE
INSTfTUTIONSPONS AGENCYPUB DATENOTE
PUB TYPE
EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS
DOCUMENT. RESUME
1.CE.040 984 '
Stationary Efigineers Apprenticeship. Related Trainingt odules; 14.1-14.4 Steam.
e Community,Coll'., Eugene, Oreg.on Statk Dept. of Education,'Salem.
For related document's, .see CE 040 971-990. Manyof the modules are duplicated in. CE 041' 004.'Guides - Clilssroom Use - MaterilAls (Pdr Learrier)',(051)
MF01/PC03 Phis Postage. -
z -
,-*ApprentiCeships; Behavioral Objective-s; Energy;,Energy OcCupations; *Equipment Maintenance; Job
. .
A Skills;-Job Training; Learning Module.; PostsecondaryEduqation; *Power Technology; *Ttade and Indlistria
. /. Education ...*ri.
.
IDENTIFIERS *Stationary Engineering; *Steam; SteamPoner PlantOperators
'ABST4WCT,
This learning module, one in a series of 20 related.training modules for apprentice stationary engineers, deals withsteam. Addressed in the individftl-instruct.ibnal packages included inthe module are the following topics: steamrformation 'and evairration,types of steam, and steam transport and purification. Eachinstructional package in he module contains some Or all of thefollowing: a lesson goal,' performance indicators, a study guide, aVocabulary'list, an introduction,,iRstructional text,'an assignment,a, job. sheet,'a.self-assessment activity; a* post-assessmentinstrument, answers to the post-assessment instrument, and a list. ofrecommended.suppl m btary references. (MN')
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**********************************************.**********************A*Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the bes): that can be made
from he original document.****************t*****************p*************tt*****A************
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U.S. DIPARTNIINT OF IDUCATIONNATIONAL INSTITU1I OF EDUCATION
E0 ATIONAL RESOURCEg INFORMATION, CENTER IERICI
( This document hat been reproduced asreceived from the person or orgenliationoriginating O.
I i Mirror changes like boon made to Improvereproduction quelitY
Points of view or opinions stated in this docu
mem do not neceeasiily represent °Mad NIE'MONA or policy.'
A4
4
"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS .
MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTEk BY
TO THE EDUCATIONALINFORPIATIOkl CENTER (Fill ."
re4
11
ti
ti
STATVENT OF ASSURANCE
/
5'
IT IS THE POLICY OF TH DREGOl\ DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
THAT NO PERSON BE SUB ECTED TO D -S-CRIMINAT\ION ON THE
- BASIS OF RACE, NATIONAL ,ORIGIN, SEX, AGE, HANDICAP,OR
MARITAL STATUS IN ANY PROGRAM, SERVICE OR ACTIVITY FOR
-WHICH THE OREGON DEPARTMENT Of EDUCATION IS RESPONSIBLE:
1.11 DEPARTMENT WILL COMPLY 'WITH THE REQUT IREKNTS OF STATETHE n
AND FEDERAL LAW CONCERNI NONDISCRIMINATIONNODISCRIMINATION AND WILL
STRIVE.BY ITS ACTIONS TO ENHANCE THE DIGNITY AND WORTH
OF ALL PERSONS,-
J
gATEMENT OF DEVELOPMENTete
THIS PROJECT WAS DEVELOPED. AND PRODUCED UNDER A SUB-CONTRACT
FOR THE OREGON DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION BY LANE COMMUNITY
.COLLEGE, APPRENTICESHIP DIVISIONI_EUGENE,OREGON,'
LANE COMMUNITY COLLEGE IS AN AFFIRMATIVE ACTION /EQUAL
OPPORTriNITY JNSTITUTION I
I,
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f
. ,
APPRENTICESHIP-
STATIONARY ENGINEERS
Page I/
,.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4.
RELATED, TRAINING 'MODULES
COMPUTERS
44
II
k
Digital LvguageDigital LogicComputer OverviewComputer Software
SAiTTY
2.1 General Safety t2.2 Hand Tool SafetyZ.3
2.4Power Tool SafetyFire SafetyHygiene Safety
..0,
2.6 Safety and Electricity.1
DRAWING I I
44,
3.1 Types of Drawings and Views 03.2 Blueprint Reading/Working Drawings
* 3.3
3.4Scaling and Dimensioning
( Machine and Wielding Symbols t
TC1S
4.1
4.2Measuring, Layout and Leveling ToolsBoring and Drilling Pools ,
4.3... Cutting Tools, Files and Abrasive40 Holding And Fastening Tools
,4.5 Fastening. Devicestr
ELECTRICITY/ELECTRONICS
5.1 Basics of Energy44.,, 5.2 Atarilic Theory
5.3 Electrical Conduction5.4 Basics of Direct Current5.5 IntroductiOn to Circuits
' 5.6' 'Leading Scales5.7 Using .a V.O.M.
,5.8 OHM'S LAW'5.9 Power andWatit's Law5.10 Kirchoff's Current Law5.11 Kirchoff's Voltage Law5.12 .Series Resistive Circuits5.13 Parallel Resistive Circuits5.14 Series Parallel Resistive Ci
14
t
.11
4.
4
5.15
5.16
5.17
'6.1,6.2
6.4
6.5
6.7
6.8,
6.96.10
6.14.
6.12
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.57.6
7.7
7.8
-7.97.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
'7.14
8.1
8.2
8.3
\-8.48.5
8.6
8.38.8
8.9
8.10
8.118.12
8.13
dr
Switches, and Relays _ .
Basics of AlternatingCurFenfh,Magnetism ,,.
HUMAN RE TIONS
Communications Skills '
FeedbackIndividual Strengths .
Interpersonal ConflictsGroup; Problem Solving, Goal-setting and Decision-making
Ubticsite . °
ResumesInterviewsWbuOilabits and AttitudesWider rhfluences and ResporlsibilitiesPeisonal Finance
,4
Expectations
TRADE MATH,
Linear - Measure'Whole NumbersAddition and SubtractIon of Common Fractiop and Mixed'NUmbers.Multiplication and. Division of Common Fractions and Whole ,and,
Mixed Numberi.
Compound NumbersPercentMathematic'al FOrmidas°
Ratio and ProportiOn
Page II .10
9 1
Perimeters, Areas and VoldmesCircumference and ide Area of CirclesArea of Planes, Figures, and Volumes of Solid FiguresGraphBasic TrigonometryMetrids
*to
UYDRAULICS,
Hydraulics - LeverHydraulics - Transmission'ofhydraulics - Symbols -'
Hydraulics - Basic Systems '
Hydraulics - PumpsHydraulics - Pressure 'Relief ValveHydraulics - ReservoirsHydraulics -. Directional Control Valve
Hydraulics 7 CyiindersHydraulics - Forces, Area, PressureHydraulics'.- .Conductors and Connectors
Hydraulacs TroubleshootingHydraUlics MaintenAnce
Force
J
S
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REFRIGERATION
9.1 , Refrigeration. -.Introduction
.. 9.2 .Refrigeration - Compressors9.3 Refrigeration - Temperature Controls9.1 Refrigeration - Condenseri and Evaporation .:,-
9r5 Refrigeration - Purge,' Evpcuate, Recharge9.6 Refrigeration ..., Troubleshooting
, .
10.1
10.2y1.0.3
- 10.4
10.5
.I.
.4
MACAINE COMfONENTS .
Machine CaTor retits - Shafts
Machine Components - Bearirigs
Machine Components Seals and Gaskets"
;Madhine Cc portents -)Chain Shafts-Machine Componerits'- Belts and PUlleys
:LupRICATION ,//
11,1 Lubrication.- Introduction
,11.2 LUbrication - _Standards and Selection of Lubficants
BOILERS
12.1. ,Boilers
12.2 Boilers12:3 Bpiiers
12.4 Boilers12.5 .Boilers12.6 Boilers
12.7' Boilers
12.8 Boilers
12!9 Boilers
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
14.1
14.2
,14.3
14,4
15.1
15.2
PUMPS
?umps -Pumps --
Punips
Pumps -Pumps -Pumps.-
STEAM
e
Fire Woe. Types.
- .Watertube Types
- Constructionrittipgas /
- Cperttion- Cleaning- Heat Recovery Systems
- Instruments and Controls
/Piping and teain,Traps
Types and ClaesificationApplicationsConstructionCalculating Heat and Flow. .
OperationMonitoring and TroubleshootingMaintenance
Steam 7 Formation and WaporationSteam - Types-Steam - TransportSteam - Fprificatioax
4 1
TURBINES
Steam Turbines -.Typelk
Steam Turbines Components
,
I
Page TIP
15.3
15.4
16.1
16.2
16.3.16.4
16.'5
Steam Thrbines AuxiliariesSteath Turbines Operation and ,thaintertanceGag Thrbines
.CCMHUSTION
Canbustion - Procession - Types of Fuel
Air and Fuel Gaseson -Heat Transfer
ion Wood
FEEMATER
17.1 Feedwater lypas and Equitinent
t7es3
Feedwater - Water Treatments.Feedwater - 'floating
GENERA
.
18.1 Generators r 'Types and Construction
18. Ckoneratorfo Operation; .
AIR (COMPRESSORS
19.1 Mr Canpressors Types..
19.2 Mr Caupressoes, - Operation did Maio# nance
MI SCETIANEOUS
20.1 Transformers21.1 Circuit.Protection
22.1 Installation Ebundations,
22.2 Installation - Alignment(23.1 Trade 'Dorms
C
.
' , t
ENGINEER
SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCE' DIRECTORY.
All reference packets aee .numbereilo.
, ,,
theF Upper. eight7hand corner of tile-, respectiim cover ppgei
'SupplementaryPacket # Description
12.1
12.2
12,3.
12.7
'Correspondence Course,, Lecture 1 , Sec. 2, Steam Generators;;', Types,of Boilers I, .S.A. I ;I.', 'Calgary, Alberta Canada". ,
Related Traini n9,M3dUl e
12,1 re'Tube Type'
;Correspondence Course,, 'Lecture, 2, Sec'. 2, Steam Generators., TypeS.of Boi I ers' I I , S.A. I ,T. , gary berta , Canada
Correspondence Course, Lecture '2, Sec. 2, Steam t6nerators'r, BoilerConstruction & Erection, S . A: I Calgary Alberta,. Candda,-Col-responderre Course, Lecture 4, sa. 2 ;" Steam Geoeritors,' BoilerFittipgs II, S.A. I.T. Calgary,Mberta, Canada
or esonde ce Co. rse, LectOre 4, Sec. 2, Steam GeneratolIC,1,Bol 1 er*(
Fitt S.A. I .T Calgary, Al berta, Canada.t!
. fili
CorrespontlenceVse, lAgfike it10,, Sec. 2,, Steam'. Generation, Boi 1 e-i OperaWn, Main Onte,f+Uspection., S.A: I,.. Calgary,',A1 ber\a $ .
Eanad4 ik( '''..,, 0
.-- I -
I
- %, ftly,i, ( 4 4 i itc,
,, .....--sk, ft.
a
COrrespondence Course; Lecture 3, ,Sec. 24/4Steam Generation, BOtler'(retails, S.A.1.1": , 6,algary ., . Al berta'; Cairathl 4
4s ,
i 11 , :.14, 11. '''11
12 ti sBoi I ei:s
4111
12.3 Boil ers
.Wdter rube Type
:obstruction,12.4 Boilers; Fittings.. .
12:4 Boil erss
.12..5' .4.1 -hers , Operatipn
12:8 ' Refer to reference packet 144p/12.8.
13.1)3.213,4
- 13.6 ;
13.7 *:.11
13.3 . ,
13.5
*11".
i ,
12.7 B I 1 ers Heat Recovery/- Systems
,Correpondence CouA ; Lecture 9 Sec. 2,, ;Steam'Get4ator',. 'PowerPlant Jumps, S.A. I .T. , Cal garY , Alberta.; -Canada
,.
Corresppndence Course, Lecture ,6, Sec, 3, Steam Generators , Pumps
S.A. I Calgary, A) 'Arta , Canada4
PUMPS
13.1 Types & Cdrisi fi cad on134.2 Applications13,4 Calculating Heat & Flow13.6' Monitoring & 'troubleshooting13.7 Maintenance
13.3 Construction1,3.5 Operation
a
A
Stationary EngineerSupplementary:Reference Directory
Page.2:
Supplementaiy 4
Packet # Descr;iption.
*. e
14.3 .Correspondence Course,Lecture 6; Section 3, Steam Generators, Steam
12.8 Generator Controls, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
14.4 Correspo dence.Course, Lecture 11, Section 2, Steam Generators.,
-Piping 1, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
15.1 Corre
"Steam
pondenkce Course, LeC'ture 1\, Sec. 4, Prigie Movers &
urbines, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
,T5.2 Correspondence Course, Lecture 4, Sec! 3, Prfhle Movers, Steam
Turbines I, Calgary, Alberta, Canada /
15.3 CorrespondenceCoure, Lecture 2, Sec. 4.Prime Movers & Auxiliaries,
Steam Turbine Auxiliaries; S.A.IT., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
15.4 Correspondence Course, Lecture 6,, Sec. 3, Prime Movers, Steam Turbine
Operation & Maintenance, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
15.5 Correspondence Course, Lecture 8, Sec. 3, Prime.Movers,. Gas TuAines,
S.A:I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada 4
16.2 Boilers Fired with.Wood and Bark Residues D.D. Junge, F.R.L., O.S.U.
1975
16.2
16:3
17.1
Correspondence Course, Lecture 5, Sec. 2, Steam Generators, Fuel.
CombuStion, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, COW
'Correspondence Course, Lecture 5,Sgc. 2,.Plant Services, Fuel &
Combustion, Calgary,,Alberta, Canada
Correspondence Course, Lecture 12, Sec. 3, Steam Generation, Water
Treatment, S.A.I.T,, Calgary,' Alberta, Canada
Correspondence Course, Lecture 12, Sec.'2,:Steam Generation,' Water
Treatment, Calgary,iAlberta, Canada..
ig
0,)
x
Related Training Module
14.3 Steam, Transport12.8 Boilers, Instruments &
Contols
14.4 Steam, Purification
15.1 Steam Turbines, Types
15.2 Steam Turbines, Components
15.3 Steam Turbines, Auxiliaries
15.4 Steam Turbines, Operation &Maintenance
15.5 GasJurbines
16.2. Combustion Types of Fuel,46
16,2 Combustion Types of. Fuel
7
16.3 Combustion, Air & Fuel Gases
17.1 Feed katdi Types &
Oreration
17.2 Feed eater, Water Treatments
Stationary Englneer-Supplementary Reference.Directory
Paige 3
..Supplementary,
.Packet Description '
wA Correspondence pouqe, Lecture 7, SeFeed Water Treatment, 5%A.I.T..,.Calg
17.3
18.1
144., ,
Ste*,Generators,'BoilerAlberta, Canada
CorreSPOndence Course, Lecture 2, Sec. 5,;-Electricity Direct
Current Machines, S,A.I.T.,.Calgary, Alberta, Canada'
18.1 Correspondence Curse,, LeCture 4, Sec 4 ^5, dectricity, Alternating
18,2 Current ,Geneeatorsi.S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
0,
19.1 Corrspondence CoursY, Ature 5, Sec. 4, Prime Movers &Air CoMpressor. J, S.A.I,T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
immlot19.1
19.2
20.1
21:1.
22.1
12
.4
Related Training Module
17 3 ""Fed Watdr, Testing.!
Correspondence Course, Le4ure 6, Sec..4, Prime Movers & Auxiliaries, 19.1
Air' Compressors II, S.A.L.1., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Basic Electronics,fower Transformers, EL-BE-51
Correspondence Course, Lecture 7, sec. 5, Electricity, Switchgear
& Circuit, Protective'Equipment,.S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta,/ CanadaAi
1Correspondence Course, Lectore,10, Sec. 3, Prime Movers, Power Plant
Erection & Installation, S.A.I.T., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
.4)
eneratois, Types.&Construction
Oenerators, Types &
Construction .
Generators, Operation
Air GOmpressorsi Types
Atr CompressoYs, Types
19.2 Air Compressors, Operation
& Maintenance
20.1 'Transformers
11
21,1 CirCuit Protection
22.1 Installation Foundatl'ons.
1 3
RECOMMENDATIOtS FOR' USIG TRAINING MMUS 'r-
The-following'pages modules and their corresponding numbers for this
,particular-"apprenticeship trade. As related training classroom hour
vary 'for different reasons throughout the s te, we recommend that
theindivdual apprenticeship committees di ide the total packets to
fit their 'individual class schedutes.
Therp are over,130 modules available. Apprentices can complete the
whole set by the end of theirindentured.apprentfceships. Some
apprentices may already have knowledge and skills that are covered
in particular modules. In those .cases, pelliaps credit could be
granted for those subjects: allowing apprentcies to advance to tfle
'remaining modules.
We suggest the the apprenticeship instructors assign the modules in
numerical order to make this learning tool most effective.
.r
I
-Tape 1:
- c.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
ON CASSETTE TAPES c<
O
Eire TUbe Boilers - Water TUbe Boilersand Boildr Manholes and Safety. Predautions
Tape 2: , Boiler Fittings, Valves, Injectors,Nips and Steam Traps
Tape 3: Combustion, Boiler Care and Heat Transfe.and Feed Water Types
Tape 4:-. Boileafety and Steam Turbines
NOTE: The above cassette tapes are intended as additionalreference material for the respective moduled, asindicated,. and not designated as a required assignment.
0
Goal:
l
14.1-*
STEAM -- FORMATION AND.EVAFORATION
The'apprentice will be able todescribe.steam formation andevaporation.
4*/
1
' ;
Performance Indicators: w
1. Describe temperatures forsteam formation.
2. Describe types of heat. .
3.. Describe formation'of steam.'
4. Describe evaporation.
; 9
.
. .
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNIN
glo
7StUdy G
4.00080Moran000400.....0.00.
0,
A
IRead-the goal. and performance indicators tojfind-what is to be learned from.package.
Read the vocabulary list to find new words that will-be.used. package;
Read the introduction 4iid information sheets.
4I
Complete the job sheet.
Complete the self-assesament.'
Colplete the post-assessment.
.
44
44.
1
i.
J I
QP%0 Iv
o
e.
,
O
.
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING' SYSTEMS
O
a :104
4
Vocabulary
* Celsius staleLL
* Condensation
*. Evaporation
* Fahrenheit. scale
Latent heat
.Latent heat of fusion
* jatent heat of evaporation
* Saturation temperature,
.A
1 4
t
Sensible heat
* 'Temperature of evaporation
..* Temperature of vaporization
* Vapor
;
pp
o
al
.
9 tOk
, .
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
°Introduction
Steam formation requires water to be'changed from a'liquid to a vapor 'stat.
. Thia.requires that water be heaterto the boiling point. 'Two types of- :heat are
wed,.. in converting iwater-to.steam. One is a sensible heat that. raises the
temperature to boiling dnd a latent heat '-that will change the state of water'without further rise in temperature4-
..
. .
. .
The apprenticefshould(havea theoretical understanding of .the ,steam formatiol
profess.1
.
..I
.
.
ti
4
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A
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING' SYSTEMS .
nformatign\iiiTilLOLVE1
ow
....
.
Heat is used to convert solid's into liquids and liquids intes. Steam isI'
.regarded as a vapor instead of a gas.because it does not fol ow all of the rulesof gaseous behavior The process of converting water to steam requires 10090.
The Fahrenheit sod* which is common to:Americanthought.has a freezing point of320'and a boilinePoint of 212°. Regardless of theAeasuring scale, Nateralustreach boiling point before steam is produced.
The boiling. point will vary lit differentlevations above sea level. Also, theboiling,point will vary with the pressUr s.that ape. placed upon the liquid. The100° C is based on atmospherid pressure. Liquids under pressure will boil at a.range of temperatures which are controlled by the pressure. --Water will boil at4high altitudes much quicker than at sea level.
Types of Heat
110
0,
Sensible heat is heat that can be Sensed and measured with a thermometer.Latent heat is a hidden heat that may cause, a state of change in anothersubstance withoutchanging the temperature of the substance. If ice is beingchanged into its liquid state, the welting temperature is 0 C. As the icecontinues As melting, the temperature'will remain at (PC until it is water.'When latent heat is used to convert a solid'to a liquid, it is called thelatent heat of fusion.
If 'latent heat is.applied to water at 10eC, the water will change to a vaporstate. The water will continue to boil at 100'1C. The heat that ,convertsliquids to a vapor form is ed the latent heat of evaporation.
Formation of Steam
Water is heated to the boiling point with sensible heat. After boiling point,the, latent heat changes :the water into steam. Steam is formed at the boilingpoint temperatube. That temperature may bemore or less than a 100'C, dependingon the pressure in relation to atmospheric pressure: That.boiling point is
called the temperature of _vaporization or temperature of evaporation or
saturation temperature. That is the temperature at which steam formation takesplace. '
Evaporation
If we set a pan of water in the sun, it will slowly disappear throughevaporation, If we add heat to the pary,.the water will evaporate much quicker.
IN RUQTIONAL ',EARNING SYSTEMS
InformIn:the process,' of vaporation; the water simply turns into vapor form and flbats
,away. In steam oduction, he process of evaporation is,cOntrolled by steam
. =
se,peration.losuip ent,- Conde ion is the opp,site ofevaporation.' As the
vapor cools, i s converted lack ailiquid state.
I
v.
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SY TEIstiS
nment
Complete the job sheet.
Complete the self-assessment and check( answer
* Complete the post-assessment and ask the.inst uctor tocheck hnswers.
.44
CA I
4
s
22
, .
\LINSTRUCTIPNAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
A .
ob SheetCHECK BOILING TEMPERATURE
,* .Obtain a Celsfus scale thermometer that records beyon1000C.
* Place a teapot or water on the burner and place thermometer in water so-that.it can be read. (Note temperature of water.)
* Light burner and bring water to boiling.point.-
4C Allow water to continue Wiling for 10 minutes.
* Which temperature readings show sensible heat?
* temperature readings show latent heat?
'* What is the bqiling point. of water?
(Note temperature4).
(Note temperature.)
e
Assessment1.1
MATCH THE'FOLLOWING 'VRMS AN1rPHRASES.
1
......
. Celsius scale
2. Fahreiheit scale
3. Latedt heat
.4. Latent heat of fusion
5. Sensible heat
6. Latent heat of evaporation
7. Temperature of evaporation
8. Condensation
f.
41I
10. 0
9. Evaporation
0
s.
..01^"las
As Chan a quid t9 gas
N
. Changes solidAllo liquid.
C. Boiling point 1000.
)'D. Changing of liquid y) vapor.
E. Boiling point 2126.
F.: Freezing point on Celsius.
G. Hidden heat that changes formsof substances with changingin temperature.
H. The boiling point after..adjustment lor4pressurq.
I. The opposite of evaporation.
J. Heat that can be snsed ormeasured.
1
.
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS'A
S.cl# Assessment.Answers, 1)
9
. -
'1 4
9,2.
G 3.
B 4.
J, 5. S.
A0
H 7. '
I 8.
D 9.
9
c!.
9
.c
}
,.
L."
.INSTRUCTIONA LEARNING SYSTEMS
*PostAssessment
liormirmormomworsomommumsommermy
gar
1." The .
point Of 20110.
2. The.
of 1000'.
4.
r .
scale has ,a freezing .point *of 320 and a boiling
scale has a freezing point o 0 and a boiling point..
3. The exact point at which water boils'is determined, by theon the water.
4. Steam is regarded as a.
to
behave by the 'rules of most gases.because ,it does not
5. A heat that can be sensed. and measure is calledheat.
6. A . hiddentemperature
7. A heat that
heat that changes `water to steam without ibtreasiOg thei9 called heat.
I
converts a solid into a liquid is called the latent heat oft
8. The exact boiling point /.where steam.is formed is called the temperature,of
is the opposite of evaporation.
10. The Vaporization of a liquid is,called
4.1
I # .
1'
A
y.
4
INSTA TION61.. LEARNING SYSTEMS
Iristructor.
Post AssessmentAnswers
Fahrenheit
Celsius
3. Pressure
4. Vapor
5. Sensibl
6. Lat
7. 'Fusion
h.
0
Vaporization or evapOration or satdration
9. Condensation
ro. Evaporation
12
l
ft,
1
gr.
t
INSTRUCTIONALLEARNINCi SYSTEMS:
SupplerrientaryRferences
t
dr
* Select own reacting material for this paCkage.
41
r,.
111
D.
13
2d
c
0.
1 ,
14.2 4
STEAM. -- TYPES
p
I.
4
Goal:
The apprentice will, be able to_describe. types 44 steam.
".
4
1
Performance Indicators:
' 1. .Describe saturated steam.
2. Describe diy Steam.
3. Describe wet steam..,
4. Describe superheated steam.
5. Descdbe steam tables.
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING tYSTEMS
I
'Study Guide
Read the goal and performance indicators to find what is to-be.learned frompackage.
.Read the vocabulary list to find new words that will be used in package.
Read the introduction. amd information sheets.
Complete the job sheet,
Complete self-adsessment.
Complete post-assessment.
.0,
4,
O
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
'Vocabularysaturated steam
* Sa prated steam
Steam tables
Thermodynamic properties
Wet steam
3
r
1
INiSrAUCTIONALLEARNING SYSTEMS
IntroductionAlthough all steam is formed at the temperature of evaporation, it will differin its thermodynamic properties. These differences can affect the efficiency ofplant operption unless they are understood..
Some steam has heavy concentrations of suspended water particles which cancreate problems for turbine blades. Most plants use'superheaterstowaise thetempeAtture of the steam beyond the temperature of evaporatidn. .An operatormust understand the basic types of steam in order to,deal with its applicationsin pdwer production.
ek.
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INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
Information6
Water turns to steam when heated,to a 1000C at atmospheric pressure. This
bo ing' point temperature is. the saturation temperature. The saturation
to perature will vary according to the .pressure on the,water.
Saturated Steam
Saturated steam is steam at the temperature of saturation or evaporation. It iS
steam that has just undergone conversion from the liquid'to.a.vapor'state:
Wet Steam
A. .
Saturated'steam with particles'articles Of water suspended within
steam.
ury Saturated Steam
stem is called wet
Saturated steam 14thout suspended water particles is called dry saturated 'steam.
Superheated Steam,
Steam 'cools and-starts reverting to water. This creates a wet steam that is
undesirable. To avoid wet steam, saturated steam is heated beyond the
temperature of saturation. Steam with temperatures higher .than saturation
levels is called superheated stean%; uPerheated steam is used. in turbines. so
that erosion of blades by wei steam can e avoided.
Steam Tables,
.
The properties of steam will vary with the pressure. Steam tables have been
developed #to Show the thermodynamic _properties of steam at various pressures.
The thermodynamic properties include volume, latent and sensible heat values,
relationships of,heat and pressure and internal energy values of steam...Steam
tables are available for saturated and su erheated steam. The operator must
know how to read the steam tables andinte prat the information for practical
applications,,' The following steam table, shows the saturation temperatures under
,pressures ranging from 1/4 pound to 3206 pounds absolute., .
4 1.
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INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS40.1.8WINNIIMNIMMIMMNINIIVrINNWIIMIINNO=MIO
Information
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2.0 126.08 * loo 327.81 290 414.23 480 462.821. 875 528.66 2400 662.12
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INSTRUCTIONALLE INQ SYSTEMS
issignment0
Complete job. sheet.
Complete the self-assessment and check answers.
Completethe post-assessment and ask the instructor to check your answers.
35
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
I I.
Job Sheet1
ring a saturated steam table, find the saturation temperatures at the followingtessures.
1. 14.6 pounds
2. 40 pounds
3. 420_Rounds
4. 1600 pounds
ti 5.r3206 pounds
es
F
What issatmospheric pressure at sea level? -.
-AftII, What absolute pressure?
I
0
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IN§TRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
Self.-,.Assessment.
4
Match the following terms and phrases.
IFIIII=0 1. Saturated steam
A. Dry steam
3. Superheated steam
4. Wet steam
5. Steam tables
l
A. Steam with temperatureshigher than temperature, ofevaporation.
B. Steam with suspended water.particles.
C. Steam without suspended waterparticles.
D. Shows thermodynamic propertiesof steam.
Steam at tempOrature ofevaporation.
q4
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
Self AssessmentAnswers
V 1)
a
17
a
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INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS.
1PostAssessment
4
1. Where can an operator find the thermodynamic values of steam atsteam
levels of pressure?
various
2, Why is superheated steamfused for.turbine operation?'
3. What is saturated steam called ten it has water.'particlea suspendedthe steam?
within
,Aere
What is steam called when at the'temperature..of evaporation?
5. What is the temperature.of evaporatiOn at atmospheric pressure?
V
1
11
39
INSTRUCTIQ I. LEARNING SYSTEMS'
Instructorcost AisessmeptAnswers e.
A
a
21 d
4
1,' Steam tables'
2. Preyent erosion of turbine blades by wet steam..
3. ,Met steam
40+. Saturated steam
5. 100°C
0
1.
12
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INSTRUCTIONAL LEARN 1:3 SYSTEMS.
*SupplementaryReferences
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.
* Saturated Steam, Tdbles proviOd by instructor or from reference' library.
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6
14.3
STEAM -- TRANSPORT
1.
4
4)
Goal:
le apprentice will be able todftcribe steam transport.
Ns)
Performance Indicators:
1. Describe condensate removal.
Describe piping, pipe insulationand valve control.
3. Describe separators and traps.
INSTRUCTION L LEARNING S'YST
Study Guide
*
MS
Read. the goal and performance indickors to find what is to be learned from
package.
Read the vocabulary list to find new words that will be used in package.
Read the Introduction and information sheets.
Complete the job sheet.
Complete self-assessment.4
* Complete post-assessment.
INSTRUCTIONAL, LEARNING SYSTEMS
Vociibulary* Drip or drain line
Insulation .
K value
Steam separaktor
Steam trap
Thermal conductivity4
* Water hammer
19
iINSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
°Intro ucti
This package briefly described the movement of steam throutt-cptOfig and
provisions for removing condensate from the steam line: Other packages have
dealt with the specifics of piping, steam purification and valves. Although
these items are important to the transport of steam, they will not be repeated in
detail in this package.
t
5,
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEM
Information6
V
The transport.of steam through piping must be carefully controlled. Water mustbe continually drained.from the steam. The presence of water ip the steam willcreate the condition known as water hammer. Water hammer can cause an explosionin the lines and equipment damage. Air.and carbon dioxide must also be removedfrom the lines. Drainage must be.provided for'all types of 'steam includingsunbrheated teami Any cooling of the steam produces condensate which candamaga, turbines and other equipment. Drains and drip lines must be installedat all where.condensate is likely to collect.
Drip or Drain Lies
Drip or drain lines should by installed at natural drainage points such as:
* At the ends of mains* Ahead of risers
Ahead\of Apansion joints and bends* Ahead,of'valves and regulators
O
A drip leg should be provided at each drainage The drip leg should bethe same diameter as the pipe. The drip leg allOS gravity drainage of waterfrom the, steam flow.
Water Hamer
4. Water hammer is.
.a condition in the line that results in shock Wavies that
resemble hammer blows. It usually occurs in steam lines as a' result ofcondensate in'the line. The water or condensate tends to trap pockets of,steam.The cooler water condenses the steam which creates a pressure pocket.Equalization o this-pressure pocket causes shock waves in the pipe.
Most water hammer can be avoided by installing drains, drip pockets and trapg toremove the condensate from the steam lines. Steam valves should be opened.slowly; with drain\valves open, allowing the line to warm up. Hot steam:in acold line can create' condensate and water hammer.
Pipe Insulation
Powel plant pipe is covered with insulation tb prevent heat loss . andcondensation.- The insulation is also a safety feature to prot ct employees fromgetting' burns. The material should be of high insulation value and able towithstand corrosion." Insulation materials are selecte on the basis of. their
41114 thermal conductiviti jC value. The K value indicates the a unt of heat that will'di
4
.s,
iNSTROCITIPNAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
°Informalbe transmitted through a material.' Since insulation is the exact opposite ofconductivity, the lower the:Uvalue of a material, the better is .its insulatingquality. Some common insulating materials and their K values are:
* Plastic foams .09 .28 K* Glass fiber .29 .35 K* Magnesia .35 .42 K* Calcium silicate .37 .60 K* Asbestos .37 .72 K
* .Reflective metal .66 K t
* Diatomaceous silica :70 .80 K
Valves
40Several types of)valves are used in the transport of steam. Valves are selectedaccording to their specific functions in the movement of steam. Valves havebeen discussed in detail, in other packages on boiler piping and boiler fittings.
Pipe
There are many types and sizes of pipe in a power plant. Pipe is selected towithstand specific conditions of pressure, temperature and resistance tocorrosion. Pipe construction is. discussed in a package on boiler piping and willnot be repeated .here. The selection of the proper diameter pipe and pipe'material is important to safe and efficient operation of a steam plant.
(../.Steam Separators and. Steam Traps
Stew separators remove condensate from steam. They are commonly called steampurifiers. The separators are designed with baffles or centrifugal devices thatseparate the water from the steam to prevent water hammer and erosion caused bywet steam. ...\
A steam trap hs-a device wh\h removes water from steam separators and steamlines without the loss:of steam. everal types of traps are used for phis
1 41purpose. 6 ,
A more detailed treatment of steam purifiers and steam traps is included in thenext package of this series -- Steam Purification.
47
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
Assignment.
Read page 1, 20-34 in supplementary reference.
Complete he self-asbessment and check your answers.
Complete theipost-assessment and havethe instructor check your answers.,
p
,41
4
4. 4
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INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
SelfAssessmerit
List 3 plSces where drip or drain lines .should be installed?
2. What causes water hammer in steam lines
How can water hammer be prevented?
0
4.; On insulation materials, what does:the K value mean?
5. "Which of the ollowing insulation material have the best insulation quality?
Asbestos .5 K
* Glass fiber .3 i
4
R 49 \
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
Self AssessmentAnswers C I
1. At end bf mains, ahead of risers, ahead of expansion joints and bends,ahead of valves and regulators.
Condensate
Removing condehsate from steam lines and warming up lines before steam/flow.
4. Thermal conductivity
t I
Glass fibe. The lower value is best.
\-0
I
4'
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INSTRUCTIONAL .LEARNING SYSTEMS
Assessment
Match 4the following terms and phrases:
1. Water hammer.
Drip leg
3. K value
'4. Steam trap
. Steam separator
Ther0e1 conductivity
B. Device for r4oval of water.from separators
C. Steam pUrifier
D. Should be installed at eachdrainage point
E.. Caused by condensate insteam line
51.
N
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INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
InstructorPost AssessmentAntwers
E 1.
D
A
C
2.
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
SupplementaryReferences
1r
,* Correspondence Course. Lecture 11, Section\ 2, Second Class. SteamGenerators. Southern Alberta Institute of Technology. Calgary, Alberta,Canada.
14
x. 4
LEAVWX MUM)
14.4
STEAM -- PURIFICATION
-Goa
r2IP
44,
';/The apprentice will be able to
describe the process of steam
. purification:
4
Performance Indicators
1. Describe
2. Describe
Describe
4. Describe
3.
I
steam Separation,
steam scrubbers.
superheaters.
steam traps.
r.
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING 'SYSTEMS
'Study Gm:le
%t1 Read the goal and performance indicators to find what is to be learned frompackage. w
w.
Read the vocabulary list to find new words that will beiused in package.
d th introduction and information sheets.
Completethe job sheet.
Complete self-assessment.
Complete- post - assessment..
I
2
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V
4
6
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INISTRUCilONAt LEARNING -SYSTEMS
*Vocabulary
* Baffle type separator
* Balanced pressure trap
Ball float trap
* Centrifugal type separator
* Controlled disc trap
* Inv erted bucket trap'
* Liquid expansion trap
4 Mechanical traps
* \Metallic expansion. trap
..* Scrubber elements
Sediment separator
Steam scrubber
* Steam separatOr
* Superheater
* Thermodynamic traps
Thermostatic traps
* Tilting disc impulse trap
3
1
5
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INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
Introductipn44k4
...The purity of steam that entert the turbine will determine its efficiency of
operation and its machine life. Steam purification refers to the removal of
-condensate from steam.
Several pieces -of specialized equipment 'contribute to the purification process.Essentially, steam separators,- scrubbers and superheaters remove the moisturefrom steam: Steam traps collect and dispose of the condensate without a loss ofsteam. Although steam separators are commonly referred to as purifiers,scrubbers, superheaters' and traps are vitalto completion of the 'purificationprocess.
4
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INSI/FIUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMSLI
Information AO
Oki 400411001#
Limr.wwww#######=10.*
Steam purification refers to the removal of condensate from, the steam along with
air and carbon dioxide. As steam flows through a pipe it tells to cool and
condense. This produces condensate (water) which can cause a rupture of the
piping due to water hammer or cause erosion damage to the turbine blades. The
major piece of/equipment for steam purification is the steam separator.
ikeam Separators
There are two basic types df steam separators:
1. Baffle We-'
2. Centrifugal type
The baffle.type steam separator is usually-
.
II located in the main steam drum and .
of the drum internals: It ha t§ corril
baffles and walls which collect moistureand rIverses the steam fl,w4:. The reversal.of steam flow slings the water particlesout of the steam.
The centrifugal type separator uses centrifugal baffles to swirl the steam which
tosses the water particles to the side walls. The separated water drains out.The purified steam passes through the baff10 to the outlet..
CENTRIFUGAL BAFFLES
55 CONDARY BAFFLES DRAIN
441
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INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
0
Information""""assoarmmaaaaa.a.
Steam Scrubbers
I
..1.11Immall1011101111161.1
A secofid stage of purification is performed by steam scrubbers. A scrubberconsists of corrugated steel plates or scrubber elements. The scrubber elements'are closely arranged and overlap slightly. ,.The steam is forced ,to change'directions as it passes over the corrugated sections of the scrubber. Moistureand solids that escaped through the separator are thrown out of the steam flow..The water drains,out and the steam moves upward to the outlet.
di
Superheater
After the saturated steam leaves the drum it is iped to a specialized heatingsurface that is called a superheater: The su rheater wrings all remaining
sture from the steam by heating the steam well beyond the temperature ofaturation. This is the third stage of the purification process. A superheater
consists of several parallel tube circuits that run between headers.
*.y Superheaters are classified according to the wely.in which they receive heat* --radiant, convection or.a combination. They can be classified according to thelocation of the headers -- overdeck, interdeck, interbank and intertube. Somesuperheater arrangements are shown belgw and on the next page,
WASHWAtIKDISI/11004 N* oar PAH
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11100KAISDAATI TRAYS
WIIIIIJAISH PACK
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Steam Washer
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INSTRUCTIONAL EARNING SYSTdM% r.
formation
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Dreiesiole overdo* imperkeetor esApi.y.Me sstom of floso hr xtadirts serfac
Steam TRAPS
Steam traps are an important part oremoved in separation must be drai
the same time. Several-types of tra
from separators and lines. These are
This ellII*1011141 ream* owl amvvoittlwmeporkseter, swamped Is *voila& pool.timpay hos extra large ma 'et the 1101111
4the steam purification process. The water
d off without allowing steam to escape at
s have been devised to remove the water
lassified according to the principles of
operation.
1. Mechanical Traps
a. Ball float type,b. Inverted bucket type
2. Thermostatic Traps
a.
b.
c.
Balanced pressure typeLiquid expansion type'Metallic expansiop type
Thermodynamic Traps
_,. 4.. "
a. Tilting disc impulse typeb. Codtrolled disc trap
BEST COPY AVAILABLEt,
The mechpnical traps operate by a float mechanism which responds to the
differend"e in densities of steam and water. Both the ball float and inverted'
bgcket traps operate on mechanical principles.
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INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
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1.
Ball Float Trap
Inlet4 .
Vent =-
InvestedBucket
The thermostatic trap operates on thedifference*in temperature between waterand steam. The hot condensate entersthe and heats .an alcohol mixture,that is encased in the trap. Theheating of the alcohol causes increased 4,pressure and the discharge valve closes.,.Asthe condensate cools, the pressure
:win be reduced to open the valve. A
balanced pressure trap,is shown.*
8
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INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
Oft).r ationomplummormairismir
4
Thermodynamic traps respond to the beat of thesteam and .condensate,controlled disc tbap diagram is featured below..
CONTROL CHAMBER CONTROLLED DISC CAPSULE INLET ORIFICE
,HEATING CHAMBER OUTLET "USAGES
M11111111111111111111111
Sediment Separator,
Some provision Must.-bemade for keeping scale deposits. from fouling up the s am
.traps. The traps should be fitted with strainers to screen out debtis.
Trap Piping
The installation of traps should allow for clean out and repair. A typical
arrangement for trap piping is shown in the following diagram.
f47.4
, 01614 Valve c
' Gut Valver74!
Gat* Valvt
Tem Valve
Inks
IllowOffValve
BEST COPY AVAILABLE.
INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
Assignment
Read pages 1 - 15 in supplementary reference.
Complete self-assessment and check answers.
Complete post-assessment and have instrulior check answers.
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10
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'INSTRUdTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
Asestment'Match the folloWing terms and phrases.
1. Steam purification
erA
Baffle type
A. A type of superheater
Second stage of purification
3. Balanced pressure C. First stage .of purification
4'. Inverted bucket
5.' Tilting disc impulse1.0
6. Convection type*
7. Steam scrubber
8. Steam separator
9. Superheater'
10. Scrubber element
4, D.' ,Removal of condensate from steam.
E. Third stage of1
:purification
F. A. thermodyn c trap
G. A type of s, team separator
H. A mechaniipal trap
f
I. Corrupted steel plates.
4//J. A th rmostatic,trap,
$ INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
elf AssessmentAnswers
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A.
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1N$TRUCTIONAL LEARNING SYSTEMS
1. List two major. types of steam separators.
)
2, Where are steam separators usually 164t d in the steam plant?
What is steam purifiction?
4. What eqUipment is used in the second stage of stea purification?
5. What are the.corrugated steel plates of a scrubber ailed?
6. What is the name ofthe specialized heating surface that takes over thethird stage purification of steam?
AP
7. List three types of thermostatic traps.
8. List two types of mechanical traps.
List two types of thermodynamic traps.
10. List three types of supereaters based on the Way they receive heat.
7'
Instructor'Post AssessmentAnswers
1. Baffle, centrifugal.
'2. Steam drum .
Removal of condensate
4. Steam scrUbbe
S71"ubbeT elements
'6. Superheater
7. Balanced(pressure, liquid expansion, metallic expansion
8. Ball float, inverted bucket
/NOW
9. Tilting disc iwpulse, contr111ed disc
10. Radiant, convection and combination
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4
INSTAUCTIONAL. LEARNING SYSTEMS
.1
SupplementaryReferences
Correspondence Course., Lecture 11, Settion 2, Second Class.: SteamGenerators. Southern Alberta Institute of Technology. Calgary, Alberta,Canada. :
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15
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