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INCLUSION BODY HEPATITIS SYNDROME
Prepared by:Santosh DhakalB.V.Sc. & A. H.
Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences
Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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IntroductionInclusion body hepatitis syndrome is an acute disease
of young chicken characterized by anemia, hemorrhagic disorders and hydropericardium.
It is called virulent inclusion body hepatitis in America and Europe, Angara in Pakistan, Hydro pericardium syndrome (HPS) in mid Asian countries and Leechi disease in India and Nepal. This is called Leechi because the heart of affected bird resembles the Leechi fruit
Birds of age group 3-5 weeks are highly susceptible to the syndrome.
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Etiology Previously regarded as nutritional disorder:
excess feeding of salt and blood meal caused hydropericardium. Gorden et al. (1957) a toxic factor in the diet of birds (Allen, 1964)poor quality of feed ingredients Asghar (1989)
An Adenovirus was detected in liver homogenate by Khwaja et al. (1988) and Cheema et al. (1989)
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Then what's the exact etiology of IBHS ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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The avian adenovirus of group I are the etiological agents of this condition.
There are 12 serotypes of avian adenovirus. The most common virus isolated from IBHS/HPS belong to serotypes 4 and 8.
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Mode of Transmission
Vertical
Horizontal
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Pathogenesis Entry
Localisation in tonsils and lymph nodes, replication and viremia
Virus has particular tropism for hepatocytes and endothelial cells
Injury to endothelium produces non-specific type of hemorrhage on various muscles and anemia
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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There is disturbance in albumin:globulin ratio
Resultant decrease in colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma
Leakage of fluid into the pericardial sac
Hydropericardium condition
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Clinical signsSudden death without deterioration of body
conditionAbout 4-6 hours before death, birds become
debilitated, showing ruffled feathers and are reluctant to move until they die
Appetite is reduced by more than 50%.The mortality rate on first day of outbreak is
less than one percent and subsequently starts increasing (10-80%) and reaches its peak in 5-7 days. The total course of the disease is about 10-20 days.
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Post mortem findingsMajor lesions are located on heart, liver, lungs and kidney.Heart: excessive accumulation of straw colored fluid, on
removing pericardial sac, reddish heart with some white patches glistening at the apex is seen. ( right side of heart is hypertrophied and dilated )
Liver: enlarged and yellowish foci are seen.Lungs: enlarged, congested, edematous with frothy air
passages.Kidney: nephritis and uratesSpleen: mottled due to grayish spotsBursa of fabricius: atrophiedMuscles of breast, thigh and bone marrow pale and
anemic. Hemorrhage on musclesAbdominal fat: yellowish due to jaundice
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Hepatomegaly
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Nephritis with urate deposition
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Diagnosis 1. Clinical signs: acute death of young chicken
with history of reduced appetite2. Post mortem lesion: anemia,
hydropericardium, hemorrhage on muscles, hepatomegaly, nephritis with urates etc.
3. Typical microscopic finding of intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes
4. Serology: Restriction enzyme analysis and PCR are used to classify adenovirus isolated for clinical cases.
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Differential diagnosis1. Sulphonamide intoxication
Nephrosis with the history of sulpha drugs medication
2. Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD)Watery diarrhea, ruffled feathers, vent picking, closes
eyes Swollen hemorrhagic bursa which later on atrophiesNephrosis with uratesHemorrhage of musclesHemorrhage between gizzard and proventriculusNo hydropericardium
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Differential diagnosis (contd…)3. Chicken Infectious Anemia (CIA) - Pale, yellowish bone marrow, amemia
- Atrophy of thymus- Mild atrophy of bursa- Enlarged liver - Petechial hemorrhage of muscles- No hydropericardium- No intranuclear inclusion bodies
4. Fatty Liver Disease- Disease occurs at peak of egg production mainly.- Mortality low and without any signs- history of sudden onset and change of feed- Enlarged, yellowish, friable liver.- lots of abdominal fat- histopathology shows fatty infiltration on hepatocytes.
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Line of treatmentAs other viral diseases there is no specific
treatment for IBHS/HPSLine of treatment includes i. Antibacterial to prevent secondary bacterial
infection but sulpha drugs contra-indicated. ii. Diuretic agent to remove urates from kidney iii. A liver tonic iv. An immunomodulator v. Multivitamin supplementation
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Line of treatment prescribed at Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Chitwan, Nepal1. Pv. Neodox forte ( Vetcare) ( Doxycycline 100mg, Neomycin 100mg/ gm)
sig: 1 gm/5 ltr of drinking water * 4-5 days2. Liq. Hepatocare ( Varsha)
sig: 10-20 ml/ 100 birds* 7 days3. Pv. E care Se ( Vetcare)
( Vit E 2gm, Se 200 ppm/ 200 gm)sig: 5-10 gm/ 100 birds * 7 days
4. Liq. Nephrocare ( Vesper)( nephromodulator, sodium fluoride, butyric acid, amino nitrogen)sig: 1ml/ ltr drinking water * 7 days
5. Liq. Concitone ( Concept)( vit A, D3, E, C, B2, B6, B12, nicotinic acid, elemental sodium, elemental phosphorous, potassium and chloride)sig: 5-10 ml/ 100 birds * 7 days
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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Prevention and controlVaccination: IBHS/HPS vaccination at 5-7
days, 0.25ml subcutaneouslyProper biosecurity and farm hygieneUse of water sanitizer reduces high mortalityProper ventilation and management for
ammonia eliminationAvoid overcrowding
Saturday, April 8, 2023 Prepared by Santosh Dhakal, B.V.Sc. & A.H.,IAAS,Nepal
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References Chauhan, H.V.S. and S. Roy (2008). Poultry Diseases
Diagnosis and Treatment. Third edition. New Age International (P) limited Publishers, India.
Jordan, F.T.W. and M. Pattison (1998). Poultry Diseases. Fourth edition. W.B.Saunders Company Ltd., London, UK.
Singh,S. (2005). Leechi Disease in Broilers. The Blue Cross Volume 7. Nepal Veterinary Students Association Publication
Giggin T. and Soorej K. (2009/10). Current Indian Veterinary Index. Volume 6. VETads Publications, Kochi, Kerala, India
Case Record Book of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal