Inclusive Design for Street Vendors in India
Centre for Urban Equity (CUE) CEPT University
Ahmedabad
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1. Introduction 3
2. Issues and Challenges 4
3. DesignProcess 6
4. DesignParameters 8
5. UrbanDesignInnovations 12
6. PlanningInnovations 18
Appendix:Design&theLaw 25
Contents
With Cardiff University PreparedunderanESRC/DFIDfundedresearchprogrammeentitledMakingSpaceforthePoor:Law,Rights,RegulationandStreetTradeinthe21stCentury.
Contributors Prof. Darshini Mahadevia, Prof. Alison Brown, Suchita Vayas, Tejas Patel and Self Employed Women’sAssociation(SEWA)
Disclaimer The comments and opinions in this paper are of the author(s) and not of the Centre for Urban Equity orCEPT University.
©Centre for Urban Equity & Cardiff University - 2014
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1. Introduction
For generations, street vending has providedvibrancy, colour and a market outlet in Indiancities. However, as the 21st century progresses,thedynamic growthof city populations, the scaleofphysicaldevelopment,andglobalisingeconomiescreatenewchallengesforstreetvendors,whofacechanging political, economic and social contextsandincreasingcompetitionforspace.
Today,modern street vending plays a vital role inthe urban economy, as a source of jobs, revenueand ‘valueadded’ to theeconomy.Streetvendingprovidesaflexible link ineconomic supply chains,gives vitality to urban streets, and providesaffordable goods for many urban residents. Yetstreet vending exacerbates congestion at busysites(eg:citycentreswherecompetitionforspaceisacute)andvendors lackthefacilitiesfor ‘decentwork’.
This Design Guide explores the challenges ofmanaging street vending in modern India, andexplores how inclusive urbandesign can generateimaginativeuseofspace.TheDesignGuideadoptsa‘rights-basedapproach’todevelopment,buildingon the paradigm of the right to the city, whichargues for a right for all urban inhabitants to access thebenefitsofurbanlife,includingstreetvendors.TheguidedrawsonworkundertakenbytheCentrefor Urban Equity at CEPT University, and is partof the ESRC/DFID research programme entitledMakingSpaceforthePoor:Law,Rights,RegulationandStreetTradeinthe21stCentury,runbyCardiffUniversity .
1 ESRC/DFIDAwardRES-167-25-0591
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2. Issues and Challenges Opportunities of street vending
Interestingcityenvironment
Keeps street busy Outlet for formal sector goods
Employment for many people
GoodsavailableatconvenientlocationsProvidesaffordablegoods
Street vending providesmany opportunities: goods and services at convenient locations, and affordableprices;self-employmentfor largenumbersofpeople; linksformalsectorwithclients;keepsstreetsclean,busyandsafe,createsaninterestingcityenvironment.
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Problems for other street users
Problems for street vendors
No space for street vendorsNo street furniture
Noutilities
Noparkingspace
Nostormwaterrun-offs
Nowalkingspace
Lackof space (eg: surfacedpavementsandsecurevendingsites)and lackof facilities (eg: shelter, streetdrainage,waterandtoilets,orstorage)causemajorproblemsforvendors.
Vendingalsotakesupstreetspace,blockingpavementandparkingspaceandcausingcongestionforotherroad users.
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3. Design Process
Takingdesignworkonsite
Vendorsindesignworkshops-SEWAAhmedabad Vendorsindesignworkshops-SEWAAhmedabad
Vendorleaders,Khodiyarnagar
Participatory design
Street vendorshave innovative ideasofhow space conflicts canbe resolved, andwhen secured vendingspaceisassuredmanyvendorassociationscanmanagethevendingspace.Managementmayinclude,spaceallocation,collectionoffeesorlicensepayments,andcleaningandlittercollection.
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Mappingstreetvending
Recordingactivitiesatdifferenttimesofday
Understanding the road space
Understanding the context
Context analysis
Mapping the existing situation
Thecontextanalysisexplorestheroleofthemarketinitswiderarea,lookingat:• Surroundinglanduses(includinggeneratorsofpedestriantraffic)• Existingaccessforpedestrians,autorickshaws,motorcycles,carsandmarketgoods• Nearbylandmarksthatdrawpeopletothearea• Typeofmarket,eg:citylevel,arealevel,roadside,busstandetc• Maingoodssold:daily(eg:vegetables,perishables),consumergoods(eg:clothes,household,etc.)• Understandthelinkages(supplies,customers,roleinurbanretailhierarchy)
Detailedmarketmappingiscrucial,becauseoftenofficialplanningprocessesdonotshowwhatishappeninginformally,andthusthereisnodocumentedinformationonthescaleandsizeofvendingactivities.Marketmappingisbestundertakenwithorbyvendorassociations,whounderstandthedailyandweeklyfluctuationoftrade.Themappingshouldconsider:numbersofvendorsatdifferenttimes;typesofgoodssold;locationoffacilities,eg:toilets,taps.Anyredesignorrearrangementofspaceshouldaccommodateallexistingvendors,otherwisethoseexcludedwillsufferincreasedhardshipandpoverty.
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4. Design Parameters Display space for different vending activities
4) Small space required withplatformsellingflowers
6) Temporary structure requiredwithplatformforbreadseller
2) No storage and structure for vending on ground (display space 1.8X1.2m)
7) Selling fruits on movingcart with temporary weatherprotection(displayspace1.8X1.05m)
8) Cots and beds used to displaygoodsbyoldclothes’vendors(displayspace2X1m)
5) Platform created with boxes,heightismodifiedasperneed
10) Designed moving cart to sell ice-cream
9)Designedmovingcart
1)Balloonman
Study of street vending, Ahmedabad, 2011, CUE
3) Using compound wall as todisplayclothes’
ThesesketchesshowsomeofthemostcommonformsofvendingdisplayinAhmedabad.AcharacteristicofstreetvendinginIndia,lesscommonelsewhere,isthewidespreaduseofthelari (cart) for display and moving goods.
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Roadclosedonmarketday Roadopenonnormalweekday
The sketches below showminimum cross-sections of streets used for vending if no obstructions occur.Pavementwidthsof2.0m-2.5mallowtwopeopletopass.Seatedvendorswithastallorstandusuallyrequireafurther2.0mtodisplaytheirgoods.
Street space requirements
Broad pavement
Narrow pavement
Temporary vending areas
Source: STREET VENDORS IN INDIAN CITIES : strategy, toolbox and public space design : KANPUR AS AN EXAMPLE, 2011,http://issuu.com/felixx.design/docs/2011-11-03_kanpur_boek_small.
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CityMarket
N e i g h b o u r h o o d market
Type of market or street vending area
Thetypeofmarketorstreetvendingarea,andthespacerequirements,alsodependsonitsfunctionwithinthecityretailinghierarchy,thetypeofgoodssold-whethergeneralorspecialist,andthetimesofoperation.Eachmarketorstreetvendingareahasitsowncharacteristics,butfourbroadtypesofmarketcanbeidentified:
City market - selling specialist clothes or goods; Neighbourhood market-sellingday-to-daygoods,suchasvegetables,meat,orbread; Street market -servingpassingtrade,eg:withcookedfood,vegetables,etc.; Hub market-atbusypedestrianlocations,eg:atransportnode,religiousplace,orhospital;
Inaddition therearemanyspecialistmarkets,eg: sellingflowersorusedclothes. Temporarymarketsorvendingareasmaytakeplaceonspecificdaysoftheweek.Festivalmarketstakeplaceatspecifictimesofyear.
Natural markets
SEWA2,whichrepresents1millionself-employedworkers,hasdevelopedtheconceptofa‘natural market’,aplacewithparticularpotentialforstreetvendingbecauseofitshighpedestrianflows.Thismaybeacitycentresite,abusterminal,areligiousbuildingoranimportantroadjunction.SEWAhasundertakenastudyidentifying165streetmarketsinAhmedabad3.Itisoftendifficulttorelocatevendorsfromnaturalmarkets,butimportanttoresolvetheconflictsthatarecommonatsuchsites.
StreetMarket
Hubmarkets(eg:transport stands)
Streetmarket
Citymarket
Temporarymarket
Neighbourhoodmarket
2Self-EmployedWomen’sAssociation
3Citation–thecorrectcitationisintheReportofSurvey
Design Parameters...ctd.
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DifferenttypesofmarketsinAhmedabad:Studyoflocation,typeofvendinganddisplay,andtimeperiod
Goods sold and time of operation
Citycentre/specialistmarket
Location
Used clothes
Goods Timing
Neighbourhoodmarket Vegetables/cookedfood
Streetmarket Newclothes,eveningmarket
Hubmarket/publicleisuregarden Cookedfood
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5. Urban Design Innovations
Pedestrian area Service lane
Frontage area
2 m 2 m
Vending area
[1]
Pedestrian area
Storage
Service lane
Frontage zone
2.3 m 1.7 m
Vending area
[2]
Pedestrian area
Storage
Service lane
Frontage zone
2 m 2 m
Vending area
[3]
Pavements Inclusivedesignoftenmeansmakingthebestuseofexistingspacethroughbetterspacemanagementortime-sharing(eg:foraneveningorSundaymarket).Thesketchesbelowshowdifferentwaysinwhicha4mpavementwidthcanaccommodatevending,withorwithoutfixedstructures.
Lariwithshadeumbrellaandseatingarea,eg:forvegetables or household goods
Lockablestorage,displayshelvesandsun/rainshade,eg: for phone accessories
Cookedfooddisplaywithseatingarea,shade,andstorage space for utensils andingredients,eg:forroti
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Small mobile cart on platform,eg:forsellingchai
Moveableseat,displayboxesandumbrella,eg:forvegetable seller
Wallandfloordisplaywithfixedshelter,eg:forT-shirts
Moveableseatandumbrella,eg: for shoe-mender
[4]
Pedestrian area
Mobile carts
Service lane
Frontage zone
2.3 m 1.7 m
Vending area
Storage
Pedestrian areaService lane
Frontage zone
2 m 2 mVending area
[5]
Pedestrian areaService lane
Frontage zone
Vending area2.3 m 1.7 m
Net wall
Elevation[6]
Pedestrian areaService lane
Frontage zone
2.8 m 1.1 mVending area
[7]
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Analysis of a street market in Ahmedabad shows how vending spaces can be better arranged
Shoes displayed on ground Old clothes displayed on bed
Selling vegetables on ground
Vegetablesonmovingcart
Road Service road Pedestrian Private
Road space
ThefollowingsketchesarebasedonastreetmarketinAhmedabad,toshowhowunorganisedtradinginaservicelanecouldberearrangedtoallowforbetterspacesharing,toreducetheconflictbetweenvendors,vehicles and pedestrians.
Urban Design Innovations...ctd.
Vegetablessoldfromabasket
Types of vending activity
Vegetablessoldfromalari
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Alternative 1Thisschemeshowsanarrowedserviceroadanda4mpavement.Thereisnowscopefortree-plantingontheroadandtheprovisionofawatertap,andtrashbin.
Road Service road Pedestrian Private
Elevati
on
Section
Section Elevation
Plan
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Alternative 2This scheme also shows a narrowed service road and a 4m pavement, but is specifically designed toaccommodate traders using a lari.
Urban Design Innovations...ctd.
Road Service road Pedestrian Private
Section
Elevation
Plan
Section Elevation
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Source: STREET VENDORS IN INDIAN CITIES : strategy, toolbox and public space design : KANPUR AS AN EXAMPLE, 2011,http://issuu.com/felixx.design/docs/2011-11-03_kanpur_boek_small.
UtilitiesDrinkingwater,awashroom,andcleantoiletsarebasichumanneeds.Everymarketshouldprovidetheseforthevendors.Inaddition,vendorsneedshadeandsheltertoprotectthemandtheirgoodsfromsun,rainanddust,wastecollectionfacilities,andstoragesotheydonothavetocarrytheirgoodsawayfromthemarketeachday.Customersneedgoodpedestrianaccessandparking.
Toilet Water
Waste Electricity
Shelter Storage
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6. Planning Innovations
Normalplanningproceduresprovidevariousopportunitiesforvendingonunder-usedspace,ortheallocationofspacethroughnormalplanningandzoningprocedures.Thischapterusescasestudiestoillustratethreetypesofplanninginterventionthathaveprovidedspaceforstreetvendors:1. Useofincidental(orleft-over)space2. Allocationofvendingspaceinhousingschemesandinstatutory/formallocalplansandplanning schemes3. Spacesharingovertime(eg:forweeklyorSundaymarkets)
JamalpurMarket,Ahmedabad,isavegetablemarketaccommodatingabout675vendors,attheeasternendofSardarBridgeatthejunctionofBhagtacharyaRoadandJamalpurRoad,whichareconnectedbyanewflyover.The informalmarket liesoutside theSardarPatelAgriculturalProduceMarketCommittee (APMCmarket),thevegetableandgrainwholesalemarketforthedistrict.Vendorsbuyinbulkfromthemainmarketandsellinsmallerquantitiesalongthestreet.Ahistoryofthemarketisoutlinedbelow.
MarketalongtheroadnexttoAPMC Wastedspace,withpotentialfortrading
Trading from the ground - before improvement Thenewplatforms-notyetinuse
Town planning initiatives
Incidental space – identified through community-led design: Jamalpur
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Manyvendorsweredisplacedbyconstructionoftheflyover,butthisalsocreatedanopportunity. LedbySEWA,whichhasastrongmembershipinthemarket,thevendorsarguedthatshiftingthemarketundertheflyoverwouldreducetrafficconflictsandgiventhemshelter.In2011,SEWApreparedadesignproposaltoaccommodate249vendorsundertheflyover,andnegotiatedwithAMCforapproval. Theschemeisnowimplementedandatthetimeofwritingwasabouttobeoccupied.Therestofthevendorswouldbegivenspaceneartheflowermarket.
Source:SEWAProposal,useofincidentalspaceunderJamalpurbridge,Ahmedabad
Many attempts have been made to solve congestion problems at Jamalpur…
1975 APMCshiftedtoJamalpur;wholesalemarketattractedafewvendors1979 Vendornumbersincreasedto901985 Riots–morevendorsshiftedtoJamalpurforsafety1996 VendorsgivendemarcatedspaceunderCleanCitycampaignbyAMC2002 AMCbuiltplatformsforvendingatanopenplotbesidethebridge2003 Marketandsecuritypoor,sovendorsshiftedbacktotheoriginalplace2004 SEWAformatrustforvendormembers,JamapurVechnaraBajarSewaSamiti2004 AMCwantedtoallotriversidespacetoothervendors;vendorsfiledacase2006 Courtpassedstayorder2008 Increaseofvendorsduetofinancialcrisis;SEWAregulatesvendors2008 FlyoverbuiltunderJNNURMprojecttoreducetrafficcongestionatjunctionSource:ResearchbySEWA,2012
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TinShedforVendors
VegetableMarketatSaiyadpuraMarketLocationMap
Planning Innovations...ctd.
Under the Gujarat Town Planning and Urban Development Act, 1976, Town Planning Schemesmust bepreparedforexistingandnewareas.Theseallowfortheallocationoflandforhousing,retailingetc.InSurat,theGTPUDhasbeenusedtoallocatevendingareasforconveniencegoods(vegetablesandfooditems)inhousingschemes,asinSaiyadpuraMarketbelow.
Saiyadpura isprimarilyameatmarket,cateringtothelocalarea.Themarketalsoincludesavegetablemarket,constructedbytheSuratMunicipalCorporation(SMC).SMChasprovidedthevendorswithplatformsandhasconstructedasemi-permanenttinroofoverthewholemarket.SMCcollectsRs.2-3/-perdayforusingthespace,andthereisstorageinsidethemarket.
Markets identified through planning legislation
Saiyadpura market
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MarketLocationMap
BhatarMarke-spaceforlari Fixedstallsonraisedplatform
AtBhatarMarket, in2011SuratMunicipalCorporation (SMC)allocatedspaces for streetvendorsnext toanSMChousingscheme.Vendingtimesare10:00–13:00andthenagain16:00–22:00.SMCofficialsvisitonceortwiceinamonthtocollectmonthlyfeesofRs.50/-toRs.100/-.Vendorscanstoretheirgoodsandaccessoriesinthemarketitself.
Bhatar market
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ParkingspaceDifferent coloured tiles to demarcatespace
Temporary shade
Toilet
Vending area
Parking
MapshowinglocationofBittenMarket
Planning Innovations...ctd.
InBhopal,Bitten Marketoperatesfor3daysaweekonTuesdays,ThursdaysandSaturdays.Onotherdays,vendorssellelsewhereinthetown.Themarketislocatedonalargeopenspacethatisusuallyaplaygroundandpark.BhopalMunicipalCorporation(BMC)hasprovidedbasicfacilities,includingaraisedplatformforthemarket.Themanagementarrangementsincludethefollowing:• DailyvendingfeeofRs.20/-collectedbyBMC• Electricityprovidedbyprivatecontractor,forwhichvendorspayanextraRs.20/-day• Vendingareademarcatedfromfootpathsbydifferentcolouredpaving,butwithnochangeoflevel• Seatingprovidedonraisedplatforms• Shelterprovidedbyvendorswhoputuptemporaryshade,usingplasticsheets,bambooandrope• Paytoiletsanddrinkingwaterprovided(seemap)• Spaceallocationforeachvendoris1.8mx2.4m• Vendorsarenotlicensed.
Time-sharing of space: rotating market: Bitten Market
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Toilet
Vending area
Parking
Pedestrianised road on Sunday Paidparkingnearopenplot
MapshowinglocationofSundayMarket
Also in Bhopal, the Sunday Market operates only on Sundays,when the roads are pedestrianised. Paidparking is providednearby to supportmarket activities. There areno structures provided. BMC collectsRs.20/-perdayfromeachvendor. Electricity isprovidedbyaprivateserviceproviderviagenerators forwhichRs.20/-perdayischargedseparately.ThesevendorssellinBittenMarketonThursdays,TuesdaysandSaturdays.Thevendorsarenotlicensed.BMChasnotallocatedindividualspacesforvendors,sospacesarecreated through informal arrangements amongst vendors.
Time-sharing of space: Sunday market, Bhopal
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Planning Innovations...ctd.
Inexceptionalcasesitmaynotbepossibletoaccommodatestreetvendorson-street,andoff-streetprovisionmaybetheonlyalternative.However,itmustberememberedthatlocationisacrucialdeterminantofastreetvendor’sincome,andamoveofevenafewmeterscandrasticallyreducetheirdailyearnings.Thelocationonpedestrianroutes,andgoodpedestrianaccessarethuscrucialtothesuccessofoff-streetmarkets.
RajkotMunicipalCorporate(RMC)hasdesignedanoff-streetmarkets,theLaxminagar Hawkers’ Zone. This ismainlyvegetablemarketaccommodating300-350vendors.Therearesomelarissellingcookedfoodononeside,andfruitsellersstandontheroad.Vendorshadbeenhawkingontheroadsideforaround40years,butwere given theoff-site spacebyRMC in around2007. Vendors arenot licenses.Vending is allowedthroughouttheday,butvendorsmainlyoccupythesiteinthelateafternoonandevening,around4-9pm.DuringthemorningtheyvendatChandranagararea.Thevendingareahasthefollowingcharacteristics:• Thevendingareaisdemarcatedbypathwaysofdifferentcolouredfloortilesandbydifferentlevels• Thespaceallocatedtoeachvendoris1.8x2.1m;circulationpathsare2.4mwide• Pay toilets are provided • ElectricityisprovidedbyaprivatecompanyviaabatterywithachargeofRs.40/-perday• ThereisaRs.25/-perdaychargebyRMCforalariinthehawkerszone• Plasticbagsareprohibitedinthehawkerszone• Eachvendorshouldkeepdustbinotherwisehe/shewillbefined• Thereisnoparkingspaceforcustomers.
Toilet
Vending area
Reserved Plot for Public Purpose(Shopping Center)
Reserved Plots for SEWS
MapofT.P.no.3-Rajkot Clearwalkingspacebetweenthevendorstalls
LaxminagarHawkersZone
Off-street provision: Laxminagar Hawkers’ Zone
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National Policy on Urban Street Vendors of India, 2009
Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Bill, 2012
APPENDIX: Design & the Law:
In2009,theMinistryofHousingandUrbanPovertyAlleviationpassedtheNationalPolicyonUrbanStreetVendorsofIndia,advisedbyNASVI(NationalAssociationofStreetVendorsofIndia).Thepolicydemonstrateshow the legal context is crucial in framingdesign, andmanyof the ideas in thisdesignguidehavebeendevelopedtoillustratehowthepolicymaybeimplemented.AfewkeyideasfromtheNPUSVIarehighlightedintheextractsbelow.
Section 4.1 Spatial Planning Norms“There is need for the master / zonal / local / layout development plans to be ‘inclusive’ and address the requirements of space for street vending as an important urban activity through norms for reservation of space for street vendors in accordance with their current population, projected growth of street vendors, based on the rate of growth in the previous five years and the average number of customers that generally visit informal markets in vending zones”.
Section 4.2 Demarcation of Vending Zones“The demarcation of ‘Restriction - free Vending Zones’, ‘Restricted Vending Zones’ and ‘No-Vending Zones ’should be city / town specific.a) Spatial planning should take into account the natural propensity of street vendors to locate in certain places at certain times in response to the patterns of demand for their goods/services.b) Municipal Authorities should frame necessary rules for regulating entry of street vendors on a time sharing basis in designated vending zonesc) Municipal Authorities should allocate sufficient space for temporary ‘Vendors’ Markets’ (e.g. Weekly Haats, Rehri Markets, Night Bazaars, Festival Bazaars, Food Streets / Street Food Marts etc.) whose use at other times may be different (e.g. public park, exhibition ground, parking lot etc.).d) Mobile vending should be permitted in all areas even outside the ‘Vendors Markets’, unless designated as ‘No-Vending Zone’ in the zonal, local area or layout plans under the master / development plan of each city / town”. However, theuseof ‘No-Vending Zones’ shouldbeminimisedas conflicts canoftenbe resolved throughinclusive design rather than an outright ban.
Section 4.4 Provision of Civic Facilities“Municipal Authorities need to provide basic civic facilities in Vending Zones / Vendors’ Markets which would include; solid waste disposal, public toilet, electricity, drinking water, storage facilities etc.”
The proposed Bill is aimed at protecting the livelihood rights and social security of street vendors andregulationofurbanstreetvendinginthecountryandensuringuniformityinthelegalframeworkforstreetvending across States and Union territories.
Under Chapter II, Registration of Street Vendors:3(1) Every person who has completed the age of fourteen years, or as the case may be, the age prescribed by the appropriate Government, and intends to do street vending, may make an application to the Town Vending Committee for registration as a street vendor.(4) Every street vendor who has been issued certificate of vending under sub-section(1) shall be issued identity cards in such form and manner as may be specified in the scheme.
Section 9(1) Every certificate of vending shall be valid for such period as may be specified in the scheme.
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Chapter III, Rights and Obligations of Street VendorsSection 12.(1) Every street vendor shall have right to carry on the business of street vending activities in the vending zones allotted to him in accordance with the terms and conditions mentioned in the certificate of vending
Section13.Every street vendor, who possesses a certificate of vending, shall, in case of his relocation under section 18, be entitled for new site or area, as the case may be, for carrying out his vending activities as may be determined by the local authority.
Section 15. Every street vendor shall maintain cleanliness and public hygiene in the vending zones and the adjoining areas.
Chapter VI, Plan for Street Vending
Section 21.(1) Every local authority shall, in consultation with the Planning Authority, once in every five years, make out a plan to promote a supportive environment for the vast mass of urban street vendors to carry out their vocation.Thefirstschedule(streetvendingplan)statesthat
Paragraph (1) The plan shall,—(a) Ensure that urban street vending activities do not lead to overcrowding and unsanitary conditions of public spaces, areas and streets and not impede the movement of the general public; (b)Ensure that the provision of space or area for street vending is reasonable and consistent with existing natural markets;(c)Take into account the civic facilities for appropriate use of identified spaces or areas as vending zones;
Paragraph (2) The plan shall contain all of the following matters, namely :— (a) Determination of spatial planning norms for street vending;(b) Earmarking of space or area for vending zones; (c) Determination of vending zones as restriction-free-vending zones, restricted vending zones and no-vending zones;(d) Making of spatial plans conducive and adequate for the prevalent number of street vendors in that city or town and also for the future growth, by adopting such norms as maybe necessary;(e)Consequential changes needed in the existing master plan, development plan, zonal plan, layout plan and any other plan for accommodating street vendors in the designated vending zones.
Under Chapter VII, Town Vending CommitteeSection27(2)Every Town Vending Committee shall maintain up-to-date records of registered street vendors and street vendors to whom a certificate of vending has been issued containing name of such street vendor, stall allotted to him, nature of business carried out by him, category of street vending and such other particulars which may be relevant to the street vendors, in such manner as may be prescribed.
Section(3) Every Town Vending Committee shall carry out social audit of its activities under the Act or the rules or the schemes made thereunder in such form and manner as may be specified in the scheme.
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