INCORPORATION OF TEXTILE ARTIFICIAL MAGNETIC CONDUCTOR
INTO DIPOLE ANTENNA
MUHAMMAD AZFAR BIN ABDULLAH
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
INCORPORATION OF TEXTILE ARTIFICIAL MAGNETIC CONDUCTOR
INTO DIPOLE ANTENNA
MUHAMMAD AZFAR BIN ABDULLAH
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Electrical)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JULAI 2014
ii
I declare that this thesis entitled “Incorporation of Textile Artificial Magnetic
Conductor into Dipole Antenna” is the result of my own research except as cited in
the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not
concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature : ....................................................
Name : MUHAMMAD AZFAR BIN ABDULLAH
Date : JULAI 2014
iii
Specially dedicated to my mom and dad,
Norani binti Ibrahim and Abdullah bin Dohat,
My siblings and family, for their encouragement and support;
As well as all my friends who always inspired and motivated me along my excellent
Journey of education
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, thanks to ALLAH SWT for His continuous blessings and for
giving me the strength in completing this research.
Special thanks to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Mohamad Kamal A. Rahim,
for his guidance, motivations, support, and encouragement in accomplishing this
research.
I would like to recognize everyone who made this research possible. Million
thanks to members of P18, Dr Huda A. Majid, Osman Ayop, Muhammad Faizal
Ismail, Kamilia Kamardin and Mohammad Ezwan bin Jalil.
Finally, I want to express my greatest gratitude to my family whom I love the
most and owe a lot: my parents Norani binti Ibrahim and Abdullah bin Dohat, my
siblings Nur Fawwaz, Nur Izzati, Nur Atikah, Nur Aqilah, and Muhammad Syahmi
for their endless love and support. They were always praying for my success.
v
ABSTRACT
The radiation and gain characteristics of wearable dipole antenna which are
omni-radiation pattern and low gain are not sufficient to support the wearable on-
body system. So, to overcome these problems, the incorporation of textile dipole
antenna with Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) are designed and analysed. The
purpose of implementing the dipole antenna with AMC is to reduce the antenna
backward radiation towards the human body and to increase the antenna’s gain. By
implementing this concept, the dipole antenna’s beam direction is shifted outward
from the human body and the antenna’s gain is increased. In this thesis, the dipole
antenna with AMC is investigated and analysed. The antenna's substrate is made of
denim jeans. It has εr = 1.7, tan σ = 0.025 and 1mm thickness. The radiating
materials are made of two different conducting fabrics which are Shieldit Super
fabric and copper fabric. A flexible dipole antenna with 3 by 3 arrays flexible AMC,
operating at 2.4GHz is designed. In order to have better performance of the
integrated antennas, the properties of the fabric such as bending effect, wetness effect
and on-body measurement are investigated. The possibility of different positions of
the dipole antenna above the AMC which may alter the performance of the antenna
is also discussed. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software is used for the
antenna and AMC simulation. The performances of the dipole antenna with and
without AMC are compared. It shows that the performance of the antenna with AMC
increases the gain by 5 dB and the antenna’s radiation is more directive.
Furthermore, the resonant frequency of the antenna with AMC shifted due to the
bending effect. The best location to put the dipole antenna with AMC is at the back
of the human body.
vi
ABSTRAK
Ciri-ciri sinaran radiasi dan gandaan antenna dwikutub boleh-pakai
iaitu corak sinaran kesemua arah dan gandaan rendah tidak mencukupi untuk
menyokong system yang dipakai atas badan. Jadi, untuk mengatasi masalah ini,
gabungan tekstil antena dwikutub dengan pengalir magnet tiruan (AMC) direka dan
dianalisa. Tekstil AMC digunakan pada antenna dwikutub bertujuan bagi melindungi
tubuh manusia daripada sinaran antenna dari belakang dan meningkatkan gandaan
antena. Dengan melaksanakan konsep ini, arah sinaran radiasi antena dwikutub dialih
keluar menjauhi tubuh badan dan gandaan antena ditingkatkan. Dalam tesis ini,
antena dwikutub boleh-pakai dengan AMC disiasat dan dikaji. Substratum antena
diperbuat daripada kain jeans denim nilai εr = 1.7, tan σ = 0.025 dan ketebalan 1.0
mm. Bahan-bahan terpancar diperbuat daripada dua fabrik yang berbeza iaitu fabrik
Super Shieldit dan fabric kuprum. Antena dwikutub yang fleksibel dengan 3 x 3
tatasusun fleksibel AMC beroperasi pada frekuensi 2.4 GHz direka. Bagi
mendapatkan prestasi yang lebih baik daripada antena dwikutub beritegrasi AMC,
sifat-sifat fabric : seperti kesan lenturan, kelembapan dan pengukuran kuasa pada
badan disiasat. Kedudukan antena dwikutub yang berbeza atas AMC yang boleh
mengubah prestasi antenna juga turut dibincangkan. Technologi Simulasi Komputer
(CST) perisian digunakan untuk simulasi antena dan AMC. Prestasi antena dwikutub
dengan dan tanpa AMC dibandingkan. Ia menunjukkan bahawa prestasi antena
dengan AMC meningkatkan gandaan sebanyak 5 dB dan radiasi antena adalah lebih
terarah. Tambahan pula, frekuensi salunan antena dengan AMC telah beranjak
disebabkan oleh kesan lenturan. Lokasi terbaik untuk meletakkan antena dwikutub
dengan AMC adalah di belakang tubuh badan manusia.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEGMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF APPENDICES
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
x
xi
xv
xvi
xvii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 Research Background 1
1.1 Problem Statements 3
1.2 Research Objectives 4
1.3 Scope of Research and Limitations 4
1.4 Research Contributions 5
1.5 Thesis Organization 5
viii
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.0 Introduction 7
2.1 Printed Dipole Antenna 7
2.1.1 Microstrip Dipole Antenna 8
2.1.2
Dipole Antenna with Shorted
Pin
10
2.1.3
Dipole Antenna with Mirror
Structure
11
2.2
Textile Antenna 12
2.3 Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) 20
2.3.1 High Impedance Surface (HIS) 20
2.3.2
Properties of the Artificial
Magnetic Conductor (AMC)
22
2.3.3 Reflection Phase of the AMC 23
2.4 Textile Artificial Magnetic Conductor 25
2.5 Chapter Summary 32
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 33
3.0 Introduction 33
3.1 Research Flow Chart 33
3.2 Fabrication Process 36
3.3 Radiation Pattern Measurement Setup 38
3.4 Chapter Summary 40
4 TEXTILE DIPOLE ANTENNA 41
4.0 Introduction 41
4.1 Development Process of the Textile
Dipole Antenna
42
4.2 Design Specifications 43
4.3 Simulation and Measurement Results 46
4.4 Textile Dipole Antenna Investigations 48
4.4.1 Bending Effect 49
4.4.2 Wetness Effect 52
ix
4.4.3 On-Body Measurement 55
4.5 Chapter Summary 58
5 TEXTILE DIPOLE ANTENNA AND TEXTILE
ARTIFICIAL MAGNETIC CONDUCTOR 59
5.0 Introduction 59
5.1
Artificial Magnetic Conductor Design
Process
60
5.2
Square patch Artificial Magnetic
Conductor
62
5.2.1 Square-patch AMC Design 65
5.2.2 Square patch AMC Parametric
Study
66
5.3
Parametric Study of Antenna
Placement above AMC
69
5.4
Measurement of the Textile Dipole
Antenna with Textile AMC
74
5.5
Bending Experiment of the Textile
Dipole Antenna with AMC
76
5.6
On-Body Measurement of the Textile
Dipole Antenna with Textile AMC
79
5.7 Chapter Summary 82
6 CONLUSION 83
6.0 Overall Conclusion 83
6.1 Key Contributions 84
6.2 Future Research 85
REFERENCES 86
Appendices A – C 94
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Thickness fabric substrate material and the conducting materials 13
2.2 Dimension of the Antenna [41] 16
2.3 Design specification of various antennas [42]
17
2.4 Designed values of dimension of various antennas
developed [42]
18
2.5 Bending effects on performance characteristic of
rectangular polyester antenna [42]
19
4.1 Design specification of the dipole antenna 44
4.2 Bending effect results for both antennas 51
4.3 Comparison of reflection coefficient and bandwidth
for both fabrics 67
5.1 Simulated and measured bandwidth and realized gain
73
5.2 Comparison performance of dipole antenna with and
without AMC
76
5.3 Measured Resonance Frequency and Bandwidth 78
5.4 Comparison dipole antenna with and without AMC in
bending condition 79
5.5 Results of on-body Measurement 80
5.6 Comparison dipole antenna with and without AMC
on-body movement 81
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Layout of miniaturized antenna [20] 9
2.2 Antenna with parasitic element [20] 9
2.3 Configuration of microtrip dipole with the shorted
pin [22] 10
2.4 Reflection coefficient of microstrip dipole with and
without shorted pin [22] 11
2.5 The structure of printed folded dipole antenna with
mirror compensation structure [28] 12
2.6 Reflection coefficient of folded dipole antenna with
and without mirror compensation structure [28] 12
2.7 Geometry of Fully Textile UWB Antenna [31] 13
2.8 Comparison between simulated and measured S11
fully textile UWB antenna [31] 14
2.9 Planar ultra –wide band circular disc monopole
antenna [40] 15
2.10 Antenna Measurement for Bending purpose [40] 15
2.11 Geometry of rectangular patch antenna [42] 18
2.12 Various antenna bent with different radii [42] 19
2.13 Typical high-impedance surface: (a) cross-sectional
view and (b) front view[37] 20
2.14 Lumped Element Equivalent Circuit of HIS 21
2.15 A wire current on top of a PEC and AMC surface 22
xii
2.16 Radiation pattern of a vertical monopole antenna
(a) on a metal ground plane (PEC) and (b) on a high
impedance ground plane[35] 23
2.17 Typical simulation setup for determining the phase
reflection graph 24
2.18 A graph of reflection phase 25
2.19 Reflection phase of the AMC in flat and bent
condition and unit cell of the AMC [53] 26
2.20 Interwoven spiral element geometry [54] 27
2.21 Structure of body armor, HIS and antenna [54] 27
2.22 Measured reflection coefficient (S11) of the antenna
[54] 28
2.23 Dual-band (a) coplanar antenna (b) EBG substrate on
felt material [55] 29
2.24 (a) Antenna mounted on polystyrene (b) Measured
reflection coefficient [55] 30
2.25 (a) Antenna on thigh (b) Measured reflection
coefficient [55] 30
2.26 Geometry of crumpled dual-band AMC antenna [56] 31
2.27 Measured radiation pattern of AMC antenna in E-
plane [56]
a) 2.45GHz b) 5.8GHz 31
3.1
3.2
Flow chart of designing the integrated fabric antenna
Cutter machine
35
36
3.3 Steamer 37
3.4 Soldering process 37
3.5 Snapshot measurement process 38
3.6 The measurement of the radiation pattern in the
anechoic chamber 39
3.7 Radiation pattern and gain measurement layout 39
4.1 The flowchart of the development of dipole antenna 42
4.2 Textile planar straight dipole with its dimensions 44
4.3 Parametric study of dipole antenna length, l 45
xiii
4.4 Parametric study of dipole antenna width, w 45
4.5 (a) Cable Assembly (plug), (b) Receptacle 46
4.6 Prototype of the proposed textile dipole antenna 47
4.7 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient of two
dipole antennas 47
4.8 Simulated and measured radiation pattern of two
dipole antennas a) E-plane b) H-plane 48
4.9 3.5cm and 7.0cm radius of cylindrical foams 49
4.10 Comparison bending affect for both fabrics 50
4.11 Radiation pattern for both antennas in all conditions 52
4.12 Snapshot of antenna's weightiness 53
4.13 Percentage water level of copper fabric antenna 54
4.14 Percentage water level of Shield It antenna 54
4.15 Locations of the Antenna on the human body
measurement 55
4.16 Copper Fabric Antenna On-Body Measurement 56
4.17 Shield It Fabric Antenna On-Body Measurement 57
5.1 The structure of the dipole antenna with AMC 60
5.2 The development steps of the AMC as a ground plane
for the textile dipole antenna 61
5.3 ‘OPEN’ model in CST software simulation 63
5.4 Maximum phase value in Degree 63
5.5 ‘PEC’ model in CST software simulation 64
5.6 Result of ‘PEC’ model in CST software simulation 64
5.7 ‘ACTUAL’ model in CST software simulation 65
5.8 The unit cell and reflection phase of the 2.45GHz
square-patch AMC 66
5.9 The reflection phase graph when: (a) gap size, (b)
substrate thickness, (c) substrate permittivity, (d)
patch size 67
5.10 Six different positions of the dipole antenna
placement 69
5.11 Simulated reflection coefficient of dipole antenna 70
xiv
placements
5.12 Parametric study of simulated and measured
reflection |S11| 71
5.13 Simulated and measured radiation pattern 72
5.14 Current Distribution of dipole antenna at position a)
A, b) B, c) C 73
5.15 Prototype of dipole antenna with AMC 74
5.16 The reflection coefficient of dipole antenna with and
without AMC structure 75
5.17 The radiation pattern of dipole antenna with and
without AMC structure 75
5.18 3.5cm and 7.0cm radius of cylindrical foams 77
5.19 The radiation pattern of dipole antenna with and
without AMC structure 77
5.20 Measured reflection coefficient 78
5.21 Locations of the Antenna on the human body
measurement 79
5.22 Measured Reflection Coefficient On-body
Measurement 80
xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Zs - Surface impedance
εr - Substrate permittivity
h - Substrate thickness
δ - Tangent loss
d - Separation distance between dipole antenna and AMC
λ - Operating wavelength
Zo - Characteristic impedance
l - Length of the dipole
τ - Power transmission coefficient
Γ - Reflection coefficient
Grealized - Realized gain
fr - Operating frequency
L - Inductance
C - Capacitance
W - Patch width
g - Gap between the patches
fU - Upper frequency
fL - Lower frequency
εo - Free-space permittivity
µo - Free-space permeability
ηo - Free-space impedance
λo - Free-space wavelength
λg - Guided wavelength
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
HIS - High Impedance Surface
AMC - Artificial Magnetic Conductor
RF - Radio Frequency
PMC - Perfect Magnetic Conductor
PEC - Perfect Electric Conductor
CST - Computer Simulation Technology
RL - Return Loss
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A List of Publications 103
B Shieldit Super fabric datasheet 104
C Ultra Small Surface Mount Coaxial Connectors
datasheet 105
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Research Background
Recently, there has been much interest in body-centric communication [1,
2]. Future clothing may have a variety of consumer electronics built into the fabric
such as radio tagging, and remote camera [3]. They are purely made of textile or
fabric material. So, the antenna becomes flexible and easier for users to wear.
Needless to say, the textile material which cannot constantly be in a flat condition is
the problem for flexible, body worn antennas. The effect of the bending antenna
may alter the performance of the antenna [4-7]. Thus, one of the purposes of this
research is to suggest improvements to the existing body-worn wireless
communication system.
Antennas function as the collector and converter of electromagnetic waves
to electronic signals. Thus, it is vital to choose the appropriate antenna especially
for on-body wireless communication. Modern wireless applications like telemedical
and military communication systems have put enormous attention in developing
2
low profile antennas that can be integrated with compact systems [8]. As an
example, telemedical communication provides clinical healthcare at a distance to
improve medical services especially in an emergency situation. These technologies
offer communication between patient and medical staff or among medical staffs in
a hospital. However, any metal plate which is in the hospital may disturb the
performance of the communication. In technical terms, a very small gain is
obtained when the low profile antennas are placed above a perfect electrical
conducting surface due to destructive interference between the antenna and its
image [8]. This was the motivation in introducing the idea of using artificial
magnetic conductor (AMC) surfaces as supporting structure for such low profile
antennas. Besides, the AMC reduced backward radiation from the antenna and
hence a reduction in the radiation absorbed by the body [9, 10].
Due to the drawbacks mentioned, this research involves the design and
development of textile antenna with AMC at 2.45 GHz in order to minimize the
radiation absorbed by users and at the same time increase the gain of the antenna.
The designed antenna and AMC are fabricated based on the optimum simulation
results obtained. Experimental validations with and without the AMC is carried out
to verify the performance of the designs.
3
1.1 Problem Statements
In recent years, fabric or textile antenna has been rigorously studied by
researchers around the world to comply with wireless body-centric communication
system. For a small omni-directional flexible dipole antenna, the highest gain
achievable is about 2.0 dBi which is considered low. This antenna cannot fulfill the
acceptable gain for new technologies with different frequency bands. Furthermore, a
person who wears the antenna would be exposed to the antenna’s radiation. To
overcome this problem, a flexible artificial magnetic conductor is introduced and
presented.
Under on-body environment, it is difficult to keep the fabric material in a flat
condition [7]. The position of the fabric materials such as bending and crumpling
may influence the performance of the antenna. The properties of fabric material such
as bendable, crumpling and washable have to be taken into consideration to ensure
the good performance of the antenna.
4
1.2 Research Objectives
The main purposes of this research are:
1) To investigate and compare the performance of two textile dipole
antennas. The conducting fabrics used are purely copper fabric and
Shieldit Super fabric while the substrate used is denim jeans.
2) To design and analyze the dipole antenna with and without Artificial
Magnetic Conductor.
3) To analyze and compare the performance of the antenna with and without
AMC on bending condition and on-body movement.
1.3 Scope of Research and Limitations
Firstly, study and understand the concept of the dipole antennas and artificial
magnetic conductor. After understanding the concept of the antenna and the AMC
are done, the designs are simulated using CST software. The main parameters such
as return loss, radiation pattern, and reflection phase are achieved from the
simulation results. The optimization works of the simulated designs are done before
integrating the antenna with the AMC structure. Parametric study of position of the
dipole antenna above the AMC structure is done to choose the best position of the
antenna placement above the AMC. Thus, the performances of the antenna with and
without AMC are compared with each other.
5
Next, the antenna and the AMC are fabricated using fabric materials. The
denim is used as the substrate of the antenna and the AMC while pure copper fabric
and Shieldit Super fabric are used as the radiating patch. The fabricated designs are
measured in three different conditions which are bending condition, wet condition
and on human body. They are measured and compared in terms of return loss,
radiation pattern and realized gain.
1.4 Research Contributions
The research contributions are:
i. The AMC offers high gain to the antenna. The reflected wave of the
antenna is in-phase with the incident wave of the antenna consequently
high gain is increased.
ii. The degradation of antenna’s performance caused by human body can be
minimized by introducing the AMC structure.
1.5 Thesis Organization
Chapter 1 presents the research background, research benefits, problem
statements, objectives and scope of research and limitations. The research
background talks about the preview of the study in our life. The problem statements
are created from the research background. Then, the objectives of the research are
determined. The scopes of work are done to describe the limit or focus the research's
objectives.
6
Chapter 2 reviews the characteristic of dipole antenna and artificial magnetic
conductor. The previous authors described and explained the main parameters
involved in studying the dipole antenna and AMC. This chapter also presents
previous studies on textile antenna and textile AMC. Variable textiles have been used
in designing the antenna and the AMC.
Chapter 3 offers the overall research methodology about the experiments.
Firstly, the dipole antennas are designed and fabricated. Three conditions of the
antennas are analyzed and compared in terms of radiation pattern and reflection
coefficient. Then, a unit cell of AMC is designed. 3 x 3 arrays of the AMC are
fabricated. The performance of the dipole antenna is investigated by incorporating
the AMC into the dipole antenna. The measurements are done by using network
analyzer and anechoic chamber.
Chapter 4 presents the design specifications and performance of textile dipole
antenna. All simulation and measurement results of textile dipole antenna are
compared and discussed. Then, the fabricated designs are measured in three
conditions which are bending condition, wetness condition and on human body. The
parameters results in terms of return loss and bandwidth are compared.
Chapter 5 gives the detailed explanations of simulation setup in designing
AMC. There are three conditions that need to be simulated to obtain the reflection
phase diagram. The zero reflection phase is achieved at desired resonant frequency.
Then parametric study on position dipole antenna above the AMC is investigated to
determine the optimum condition result. The antenna with AMC is measured in two
conditions. The study parameters which include return loss, realized gain and
radiation pattern of the antenna are analyzed.
Finally, Chapter 6 draws some conclusions including the findings of the
research, key contributions and recommendations for future research work.
86
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