Incoterms® 2010 rules
What are the Incoterms® rules?
The Incoterms rules, published
by the International Chamber
of Commerce (ICC), are
intended to define the rights
and obligations of the parties
involved in the sale of a
product with regard to these
five aspects:
• Obligations assumed by the
buyer and seller according
to what was agreed upon in
the contract of sale.
• Costs assumed by each
party in relation to the
contracting of transport and other
logistics chain operations.
• Which party assumes the insurance of
the merchandise, in the event that it
has been contracted, and the extent of
the insurance coverage.
• Which party is required to look after
customs clearance in the event that it
is necessary.
• Place and time of the delivery of the
merchandise and transfer of risk from
the seller to the buyer.
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Incoterms®2010 multimodal rules
The Incoterms multimodal rules are
suitable for all sales transactions that
involve road, rail, air or multimodal
transport, including multimodal
• EXW (ex works)
container transport with a sea transport
phase as well as a combination of any of
these modes (except maritime port to
port). These rules are as follows:
• FCA (free carrier)
• CPT (carriage paid to)
• CIP (carriage and insurance paid to)
• DAT (delivered at terminal)
• DAP (delivered at place)
• DDP (delivered duty paid)
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EXW EXW Ex works
The selling company delivers the without loading it onto the vehicle sent by the
merchandise by making it available to the buyer. The latter assumes all costs from that
buyer in its own facilities moment onwards.
Seller Seller Transport Customs Terminal Main Terminal Customs Transport Buyer Buyer Transport
Risks Risks
Costs Costs
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FCA seller’s facilities Free carrier
The seller loads the goods on the vehicle of The goods are delivered once loaded,
the forwarder hired by the buyer. at which time the risks are transmitted to the
buying company.
Transport Customs Terminal Transport Terminal Customs Transport Seller Seller principal Buyer Buyer
Risks Risks
Costs Costs
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FCA other location Free carrier
The seller assumes the costs of offloading the goods from the vehicle. The
delivering the merchandise to the buyer assumes the costs y risks from
designated location (terminal), without that point onwards.
Transport Customs Terminal Transport Terminal Customs Transport Seller Seller hasta otro lugar principal Buyer Buyer
Risks Risks
Costs Costs
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CPT/CIP Carriage paid to / Carriage and insurance paid to
The selling company passes the risks on
to the buyer by placing the goods at the
disposal of the forwarder hired by the
seller. In the event that transportation is
carried out by several forwarders
(multimodal transport),
the risks are passed on when the
merchandise is delivered to the first of
them. Under CIP conditions, from this
point on the risks must be covered by
the insurance contracted by the selling
company under the terms stipulated by
the Incoterms rule.
Transport Customs Terminal Transport Terminal Customs Transport
Seller Seller principal Buyer Buyer
Risks Risks
Costs Costs
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DAT
Delivered at terminal
The seller assumes the costs and risks up
to delivery and offloading the merchandise
from the vehicle in the designated
DAT
destination terminal. From that moment
onwards, the costs and risks fall to the
buying company.
Transport Customs Terminal Transport Terminal Customs Transport Seller Seller principal Buyer Buyer
Risks Risks
Costs Costs
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DAP
Delivered at place
The selling company assumes the costs
and risks up to delivery of the
merchandise in the designated
destination without offloading it from the
vehicle. The cost of import clearance
falls to the purchasing company.
Transport Customs Terminal Transport Terminal Customs Transport Seller Seller principal Buyer Buyer
Risks Risks
Costs Costs
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DDP Delivered duty paid
The selling company assumes the costs designated destination without
and risks up to the delivery of the offloading the vehicle.
merchandise and import clearance at the
Transport Customs Terminal Transport Terminal Customs Transport Seller Seller principal Buyer Buyer
Risks Risks
Costs Costs
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The Incoterms ® 2010 rules for maritime
transport
This group of Incoterms rules for
maritime transport and inland waterways
is suitable for all sales transactions that
involve the transport of general cargo
that is uncontainerized, partial load, bulk,
etc., from port to port. It comprises four
rules:
• FAS free alongside ship.
• FOB free on board.
• CFR cost and freight.
• CIF cost, insurance and freight.
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FAS
Free alongside ship
The selling company assumes costs and risks up to delivery of the merchandise alongside the ship specified by the buyer at the designated port of loading.
FAS
From this point onwards, the costs fall
to the purchasing company, including
loading on board the ship.
Transport Customs Terminal Transport Terminal Customs Transport Seller Seller principal Buyer Buyer
Risks Risks
Costs Costs
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FOB
Free on board
The selling company assumes the costs
and risks up to delivering the goods on
board the ship specified by the buyer at the
FOB
designated port of loading. From this point
onwards, the costs fall to the purchasing
company.
Transport Customs Terminal Transport Terminal Customs Transport
Seller Seller principal Buyer Buyer
Risks Risks
Costs Costs
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CFR/CIF CFR/CIF Cost and freight / Cost, insurance and freight
The selling company assumes the
transportation cost until the merchandise
is delivered in the designated port of
destination, but passes on the risks when
it loads the goods on board the ship
specified by the buyer at the designated
port of loading. Under CIF conditions,
risks from this point onwards must be
covered by the insurance contracted by
the selling company under the terms
stipulated by the Incoterms rule.
Transport Customs Terminal Transport Terminal Customs Transport Seller Seller principal Buyer Buyer
Risks Risks
Costs Costs
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